Latest Standards, Engineering Specifications, Manuals and Technical Publications

This document specifies a test method for determining the Vickers and Knoop hardness of monolithic fine ceramics at room temperature.

This part of IEC 61300 describes a method for measuring the endface geometry of rectangular multifibre ferrules having an IEC defined optical interface. The primary attributes are fibre position relative to the endface, endface angle relative to the guide holes, fibre tip radii and core dip for multimode fibres.

This part of IEC 63287 specifies guidelines for a reliability qualification plan for power semiconductor modules to assure reliability targets over the entire product life.
Power semiconductor modules with incorporated control circuits are excluded. Clamped packages that need external pressure for being mounted in a system are excluded, e.g. disctype pressure pack devices.
This document is not intended for medical, military, aeronautics and astronautics-related applications.
NOTE Throughout the document, the term power semiconductor module refers to multichip semiconductor power modules as defined in 3.3.

IEC 60086-2-2:2026 is applicable to primary batteries which are based on standardised lithium (non-aqueous) electrochemical systems.
It specifies:
- the physical dimensions,
- the discharge test conditions and discharge performance requirements.
This first edition cancels and replaces the fourteenth edition of IEC 60086-2 published in 2021. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) separation of batteries with aqueous electrolyte into a separate Part 2-1: Physical and electrical specifications;
b) maximum open circuit voltage of FR10G445 and FR14505 was changed from 1,83 to 1,90 V;
c) load of digital audio test for FR10G445 was changed from 50 mA to 75 mA and MAD was modified;
d) portable lighting test was added for FR10G445;
e) motor/toy and radio /clock /remote control test was added for FR14505;
f) in Clause 3, terms were reordered according their functions: electrochemical systems, electrochemical systems, electrical characteristics and specifications;
g) Annex D for common designation of IEC 60086 2:2021 was moved to IEC 60086 1:2026, as Annex H;
h) Annex E for Compliance checklist of IEC 60086 2:2021 was removed and merged into Annex J of IEC 60086 1:2026.

This document specifies general requirements for the performance and safety of smokeless moxibustion devices. It covers smoke density, moxibustion temperature, noxious gas and test methods for smokeless moxibustion devices. This document is applicable to any combustion-type device that claims to provide smokeless moxibustion. This document does not apply to devices that imitate moxibustion, such as electro moxibustion and infrared moxibustion devices.

IEC 60086-2-1:2026 is applicable to primary batteries which are based on standardised electrochemical systems using aqueous electrolytes.
It specifies:
- the physical dimensions,
- the discharge test conditions and discharge performance requirements.
IEC 60086-2-1: 2026 cancels and replaces the fourteenth edition of IEC 60086 2 published in 2021. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) separation of lithium batteries into IEC 60086-2-2: Physical and electrical specifications;
b) in Clause 3, terms were reordered according to their functions: electrochemical systems, electrical characteristics and specifications;
c) TR03 and TR6 were added in Category 1, Round batteries;
d) load of digital audio test for LR03, TR03 and R03 was changed from 50 mA to 75 mA and MAD was modified;
e) personal grooming test of LR6 was added instead of high drain application test;
f) high drain application test was added for TR6;
g) radio /clock /remote control test was added for R6S;
h) CD, digital audio, wireless gaming and accessories test was removed for LR6, R6P and R6S;
i) 4,5 V of common designation was added for 3LR12, 3R12P and 3R12S;
j) Annex D for common designation of IEC 60086 2:2021 was moved to IEC 60086 1:2026, as Annex H;
k) Annex E for Compliance checklist of IEC 60086 2:2021 was removed and merged into Annex J of IEC 60086 1:2026.

This document specifies the performance and test requirements of hose assemblies supplied in assembled condition using rubber hose according to ISO 3821 up to and including nominal size 20,0, for gas welding, cutting and allied processes. This document is not applicable to high-pressure hose assemblies upstream of the pressure regulators.

This part of IEC 62271 is applicable to prefabricated solid-insulation enclosed switchgear and controlgear assemblies designed for:
– alternating current;
– rated voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV;
– service frequencies up to and including 60 Hz;
– indoor installation;
– areas limited to authorized personnel.
The assembly can include either air-insulated or fluid-filled compartments, or both. For components installed in a solid-insulation enclosed switchgear and controlgear, this
document supplements or even replaces in some cases, the requirements as stated by the individual product standards.
The list of components which can be inside the solid-insulation enclosed switchgear and controlgear is not limited to the ones explicitly cited in this document.

This document specifies requirements for the chemical and physical properties, and for minimum performance in defined test methods, of fire extinguishing powders suitable for use against fires of classes A, B, C and D. Requirements are also given for the information and data to be declared by the manufacturer.
NOTE The classification of fires is given in ISO 3941.

The present document specifies the general aspects of HI2 and HI3 interfaces for handover via IP based networks. The present document:
• specifies the modular approach used for specifying IP based handover interfaces;
• specifies the header(s) to be added to IRI and CC sent over the HI2 and HI3 interfaces respectively;
• specifies protocols for the transfer of IRI and CC across the handover interfaces;
• specifies protocol profiles for the handover interface.
The present document is designed to be used where appropriate in conjunction with other deliverables that define the service-specific IRI data formats (including ETSI TS 102 227 [i.1], ETSI TS 101 909-20-1 [33], ETSI TS 101 909-20-2 [34], ETSI TS 102 232-2 [5], ETSI TS 102 232-3 [6], ETSI TS 102 232-4 [32], ETSI TS 102 232-5 [37], ETSI TS 102 232-6 [36] and ETSI TS 102 232-7 [38]). Where possible, the present document aligns with 3GPP TS 33.108 [9] and ETSI TS 101 671 [4] and supports the requirements and capabilities defined in ETSI TS 101 331 [i.9] and ETSI TR 101 944 [i.4].
For the handover of intercepted data within GSM/UMTS PS and CS domains, the present document does not override or supersede any specifications or requirements in 3GPP TS 33.108 [9].
For the handover of services defined in 3GPP TS 33.128 [46], in the event of conflict between the present document and 3GPP TS 33.128 [46], the terms of 3GPP TS 33.128 [46] apply.

This document specifies strategies for risk estimation and evaluation of biological harms with respect to:
genotoxicity;
carcinogenicity;
reproductive toxicity; and
developmental toxicity.
This document is applicable when the need to evaluate a medical device for potential genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity has been established.
This document is not applicable to active pharmaceutical ingredients of device-drug combination products or biological components of device-biologic combination products which are covered by regulations.
NOTE            Guidance on selecting relevant biological effects for medical devices is covered in ISO 10993-1.

IEC 60076-4:2026 applies to lightning and switching impulse tests on power transformers and reactors. Information is given on waveforms, test circuits including test connections, earthing practices, failure detection methods, test procedures, measuring techniques and interpretation of results.

This part of IEC 61850 specifies the logical node classes for use in the domain of hydroelectric power stations, steam and gas turbines.
This IEC61850 domain information model standard utilizes the existing Logical Node (LN) classes defined in IEC 61850-7-4, Basic communication structure – Compatible logical node classes and data object classes where possible, while defining new and extended domain specific LN classes to provide the necessary data objects for application to functions and systems in the domain of hydroelectric power stations, steam and gas turbines. The domain information model includes the interface towards a central operator centre’s control functions.
The Scope of this document, related to steam and gas turbine specifics, is limited to overall control functions and generator and turbine control functions. For hydroelectric power, the scope includes the entire power station automation system.
Edition 3 is intended to form a basis for extensions in local implementations. Such extensions may be defined in profiles. Many of the Logical Nodes defined in this document are designed to be suitable for use in domains beyond the scope of hydro power plants and steam and gas turbines. A suggested structure of the Logical Nodes into packages for integration with other domains is provided in Annex G (informative), Migration of this document to the future edition of IEC 61850.

This document specifies the toughness requirements of metallic materials for use at a temperature below −80 °C to ensure their suitability for cryogenic vessels. This document does not apply to unalloyed steels and cast materials.

This document specifies the method of the peel test using a tensile testing machine to evaluate the adhesion strength of metallic coatings on plastic substrates under controlled temperatures. It also specifies the designations of the peel test results. The designation consists of the adhesion of metallic coatings to the substrate and test temperature, as well as the substrate material and the principal component, manufacturing process and thickness of the metallic coatings.

This document provides a semantic base that allows the representation of relevant information related to tourism destinations, including resources and services within the destination, travel experiences, and the destination itself. It establishes the terminology, hierarchy, and the minimum properties and relationships required for the definition of a reference semantic structure, ensuring the interoperability of local, territorial and country tourism information technology (IT) platforms with third-party digital systems. This document provides tourism destinations with semantic data structures that primarily benefit final users (i.e. tourists and other interested parties), as these structures allow destinations to provide access to relevant information in an intuitive and agile way, and improve the interaction between tourists and the systems that manage, publish, carry transactions and accompany tourists during their journey. Furthermore, destination managers, data managers and data publishers, applying this document can also benefit from such implementation.

IEC 60953-4:2026 is intended to establish a Supplementary Standard for routine test of steam turbines. The rules given in this document follow the guidance given in IEC 60953-0, but contain amendments and supplements regarding the analysis and supervision of relative performance by routine testing of steam turbine.
General principles for the preparation, performance evaluation, trends of performance parameters and the determination of the measurement uncertainty of periodic routine tests are given in this document.
This document is applicable to routine testing covering a wide range of accuracy on steam turbines of every type, rating and application, operating with superheated or saturated steam.
This document is not intended for application in acceptance tests of new units or retrofits and its application for such is strongly not recommended.
The purpose of this document is to cover the existing steam turbine components which influence the efficiency of the power plant. This document helps the parties determine the most appropriate parameters that characterize the relative performance change and that could be used as long-term performance monitoring and analysis.

This document provides a taxonomy, reference model, considerations for a security framework and a security problem definition for digital currency hardware wallets (DCHWs). It also specifies security objectives to address security issues related to the security problem definition. This document is applicable to organizations that develop and operate DCHWs, e.g. mobile device manufacturers, chip manufacturers and companies that provide DCHW solutions. This document is also relevant to third parties that provide services to these stakeholders. It addresses sovereign or fiat digital currencies issued by a specific entity, e.g. a central bank.

This document specifies requirements for lithium-ion traction battery packs or systems used in battery electric, hybrid electric and fuel cell electric road vehicles. This document describes the most relevant environmental stresses and specifies tests and test boundary conditions. This document establishes a classification of battery packs or systems and defines different stress levels for testing when a classification is applicable and required. The objective of this document is to specify standard test procedures and conditions to enable the observation of the reliability of the lithium-ion traction battery in the vehicle. This document specifies tests for a battery pack or system of voltage class A and B. This document provides the necessary information to set up a dedicated test plan for a battery pack or system subject to agreement between the customer and supplier. If required, the relevant test procedures and/or test conditions can also be selected from this document. NOTE This document only covers requirements and test conditions for a traction battery pack or system used in passenger cars.

IEC 60794-1-102:2026 specifies the test procedures used to establish uniform requirements on abrasion resistance for optical fibre cables.
This document applies to optical fibre cables for use with telecommunication equipment and devices employing similar techniques, and to cables having a combination of both optical fibres and electrical conductors.
Method E2A evaluates the ability of the sheath to resist abrasion; method E2B evaluates the ability of cable markings (include text or graphic markers, and continuous coloured lines on cable) to resist abrasion.
This first edition of IEC 60794-1-102 cancels and replaces Method E2 of the first edition of IEC 60794-1-21 published in 2015.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) addition of sample surface cleaning requirements;
b) addition of the number of tests to be performed for method E2B;
c) addition of details to be reported.

IEC 63584-210:2026 The Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) provides the communication between a Charging Station and a Charging Station Management System (CSMS) and is designed to accommodate any type of charging technique.
It is based on Open Charge Point Protocol 2.1 and was submitted as a Fast -Track document.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2025. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) part 5 and 6 have been introduced, which contain the certification profiles responsible for the test cases;
b) resolved issues and added clarifications to the specification, most of which are related to newly in OCPP 2.1 introduced features like; DER control, V2X, ISO 15118-20, based on lessons learned from the market;
c) all OCPP 2.0.1 errata also have been incorporated into OCPP 2.1, due to the versions being backwards-compatible.

IEC 63584-201:2026 The Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) provides the communication between a Charging Station and a Charging Station Management System (CSMS) and is designed to accommodate any type of charging technique. It is based on OCPP 2.0.1 and was submitted as a Fast-Track document.
This second edition cancels and replaces IEC 63584 published in 2024. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to IEC 63584:2024:
a) introduced clarifications/improvements to requirements, use cases and sequence diagrams based on member feedback and TWG taskgroup meetings;
b) renamed all "OCTT" references in part 5 and 6 to "Test System" based on IEC feedback;
c) structural changes to the part 6 testcase descriptions to improve readability;
d) continuous improvements to part 6 testcase descriptions based on feedback from active certification program and CWG taskgroup meetings.

IEC 61850-80-6:2026, which is a technical specification, provides a comprehensive overview of the various aspects that need to be considered while using IEC 61850 for information exchange between power system automation equipment and control or maintenance centres or other system level applications. This document:
defines use cases and communication requirements that require an information exchange between power system automation equipment and control or maintenance centres;
describes the usage of the configuration language of IEC 61850‑6;
gives guidelines for the selection of communication services and architectures compatible with IEC 61850;
describes the engineering workflow;
introduces the use of a Proxy/Gateway concept;
describes the links regarding the Specific Communication Service Mapping (SCSM);
defines the abstract conformance test cases that build the basis for the conformance test procedures elaborated by the UCAIug Testing Sub Committee.
This document does not define constraints or limitations for specific device implementations. There is no specific clause for cyber security, which is tackled when it is necessary. The model for IEC TS 61850-80-6 provides security functions based upon the security threats and security functions found in IEC TS 62351-1 and IEC TS 62351-2. This document touches on several security aspects with the following basic assumptions:
Information authentication and integrity (e.g., the ability to provide tamper detection) is needed.
In case of operational issues, encryption (to achieve confidentiality) is optional. This typically applies for GOOSE and SV messages in the power utility automation system LAN.
End-to-end information authentication and integrity methods, regardless of information hierarchies, need to be provided. The typical method to provide this security function is through some type of information/message authentication code. IEC 62351-4 and IEC 62351-9 describe how authentication and integrity is achieved for IEC 61850-8-1. IEC 62351-4 provides means to ensure end-to-end data integrity through Proxy/Gateways.
Beneath information authentication and integrity, information availability is an important aspect for telecontrol. This document provides redundancy architectures to enhance the availability of information in control and maintenance centres

IEC TS 60870-5-604:2016(E) describes test cases for conformance testing of telecontrol equipment, Substation Automation Systems (SAS) and telecontrol systems, including front-end functions of SCADA, using the IEC 60870-5-104 companion standard and IEC 60870-5-6, Guidelines for conformance testing for the IEC 60870-5 companion standards. The use of this part of IEC 60870 facilitates interoperability by providing a standard method of testing protocol implementations. This new edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- resolution of ambiguities;
- refinement of some test cases to enhance operability between tested devices;
- addition of some test cases (mainly negative test cases).

IEC 60115-8-10:2026 is applicable to the drafting of detail specifications for surface mount (SMD) low-power film resistors, classified to level G, based on the definition of the product classification levels in IEC 60115‑1:2020, 3.4.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition IEC 60115‑8‑1:2014:
a) it supports solderability testing for both traditional lead-bearing soldering and up-to-date lead-free soldering, as required;
b) it supports the provision of detailed visual acceptance criteria;
c) it includes the requirement for a visual examination of the primary and proximity packaging;
d) it provides for the inclusion of specific visual acceptance criteria, to be applied in addition to those given in Annex B of the sectional specification IEC 60115‑8:2023.

IEC 63087:2026 sets out the requirements for the provision of assistive listening systems (ALS) in places or situations where there is a benefit for hearing-aid, cochlear implant, and other hearing device users, compared to listening to the acoustic signal directly at that location.
This document applies to all ALS used for communication, entertainment, or educational purposes in public, private, domestic and public transport installations.
This document does not apply to other forms of audio transmission, for example simultaneous interpretation or audio description or audio-streams other than those broadcast as part of an ALS. However, this document provides useful ancillary information for such systems which can be applied.
Personal listening and intelligibility enhancement devices and systems are also included within the scope as they constitute a special case and incorporate some unique features and requirements (Annex C).
This document does not apply to hearing aids and medical hearing devices themselves or to speech enhancement and communication systems found in some private motor vehicles which are sometimes referred to as assistive listening.

IEC 60086-2-2:2026 is applicable to primary batteries which are based on standardised lithium (non-aqueous) electrochemical systems. It specifies: - the physical dimensions, - the discharge test conditions and discharge performance requirements. This first edition cancels and replaces the fourteenth edition of IEC 60086-2 published in 2021. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) separation of batteries with aqueous electrolyte into a separate Part 2-1: Physical and electrical specifications; b) maximum open circuit voltage of FR10G445 and FR14505 was changed from 1,83 to 1,90 V; c) load of digital audio test for FR10G445 was changed from 50 mA to 75 mA and MAD was modified; d) portable lighting test was added for FR10G445; e) motor/toy and radio /clock /remote control test was added for FR14505; f) in Clause 3, terms were reordered according their functions: electrochemical systems, electrochemical systems, electrical characteristics and specifications; g) Annex D for common designation of IEC 60086 2:2021 was moved to IEC 60086 1:2026, as Annex H; h) Annex E for Compliance checklist of IEC 60086 2:2021 was removed and merged into Annex J of IEC 60086 1:2026.

IEC 60127-4:2026 relates to universal modular fuse-links (UMF) for printed circuits and other substrate systems, used for the protection of electric appliances, electronic equipment, and component parts thereof, normally intended to be used indoors. It does not apply to fuse-links for appliances intended to be used under special conditions, such as in a corrosive or explosive atmosphere. These fuses are normally intended to be mounted or replaced only by appropriately skilled persons using specialized equipment. This document applies in addition to the requirements of IEC 60127-1. The objectives of this part of IEC 60127 are as given in IEC 60127-1, with the additional requirement of a degree of non-interchangeability. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2005, Amendment 1:2008 and Amendment 2:2012. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) align to IEC 60127-1:2023, third edition; b) enhance the rated current of UMFs to 100A and provide the corresponding maximum voltage drop and maximum sustained dissipation; c) modify the figures; d) update the normative references to the latest version. This International Standard is to be used in conjunction with IEC 60127-1:2023

IEC 61400-40:2026 provides the EMC requirements and test methods that apply to the individual wind turbine and all the sub systems which are part of the wind turbine. The current document applies to measurements on individual wind turbines and not multiple wind turbines. This document defines the requirements and test methods for the verification of the wind turbine performance against radiated emissions and the immunity of their components against conducted and radiated phenomena. This document is applicable to onshore and offshore wind turbines.

This part of IEC 63287 specifies guidelines for a reliability qualification plan for power semiconductor modules to assure reliability targets over the entire product life.
Power semiconductor modules with incorporated control circuits are excluded. Clamped packages that need external pressure for being mounted in a system are excluded, e.g. disctype pressure pack devices.
This document is not intended for medical, military, aeronautics and astronautics-related applications.
NOTE Throughout the document, the term power semiconductor module refers to multichip semiconductor power modules as defined in 3.3.

This document specifies test methods for the determination of the efficiency of frequency conversion from the electrical input, and of the available and workload microwave output power in industrial microwave heating installations, as well as operational flexibility.
This document is in principle applicable to industrial microwave heating equipment and installations in the frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz but focussed on the microwave ISM frequencies below 6 GHz.
This document relates to industrial microwave heating equipment operating as intended by the manufacturer's specifications for normal operation.
This document does not apply to appliances for household and similar use (covered by IEC 60335-2-25 [1]1), commercial use (covered by IEC 60335-2-90 [2] and IEC 60335-2-110 [3]) or laboratory use (covered by IEC 61010-2-010 [4]).

IEC TS 60870-5-601:2015(E) describes test cases for conformance testing of telecontrol equipment, Substation Automation Systems (SAS) and telecontrol systems, including front-end functions of SCADA. The use of this part of IEC 60870 facilitates interoperability by providing a standard method of testing protocol implementations, but it does not guarantee interoperability of devices. It is expected that using this part of IEC 60870 during testing will minimize the risk of non-interoperability. The goal of this part of IEC 60870 is to enable unambiguous and standardised evaluation of IEC 60870-5 companion standard protocol implementations. The guidelines and conditions for the testing environment are described in IEC 60870-5-6. This new edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- resolving ambiguities and inconsistencies between IEC 0870-5-101:2003 and IEC TS 60870-5-601:2006;
- enhancements and optimisation of test cases which are needed to prove conformance with IEC 60870-5-101:2003.
This publication is to be read in conjunction with IEC 60870-5-101:2003

This document classifies polymer-based crown and veneering materials used in dentistry and specifies their requirements. It also specifies the test methods to be used to determine conformity to these requirements.
This document is applicable to polymer-based crown and veneering materials for laboratory fabricated permanent veneers or crowns. It also applies to polymer-based dental crown and veneering materials for which the manufacturer claims adhesion to the substructure without macro-mechanical retention such as beads or wires.

1.1   Scope of EN 1993-7
(1) This document is applicable for the design of structural or self-supporting systems made of sandwich panels with steel and stainless steel faces and core material with a Declaration of Performance (according to EN 14509) used as internal and external walls, roofs and ceilings.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990-1, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993‐1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993‐7 are applicable if:
-   the construction materials and products are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 14509, or
-   in the relevant material and product specifications.

This document:
provides requirements and guidance for the management of identity information and for ensuring that an identity management system conforms to ISO/IEC 24760-1 and ISO/IEC 24760-2;
is applicable to any information system where information relating to identity is processed or stored;
is considered to be a horizontal document for the following reasons:
it applies concepts such as distinguishing the term “identity” from the term “identifier” on the implementation of systems for the management of identity information and on the requirements for the implementation and operation of a framework for identity management,
it provides an important contribution to assess identity management systems with regard to their privacy-friendliness and their ability to assure the relevant attributes of an identity, and consequently it provides a foundation and a common understanding for any other standard addressing identity, identity information, and identity management.

’This document specifies a possible test setup and test methodology on how bearing arrangements can be tested in which the bearing outer ring instead of the inner ring is the rotating component. The bearing arrangement can be based on cartridge bearings but also on a symmetric or asymmetric combination of single row roller bearings which do not constitute a self-contained unit. This document focusses on grease lubricated bearing arrangements. A test setup for oil lubricated bearing arrangements is different.
The document also suggests test acceptance criteria based on the thermal behaviour of the bearings which takes the special loading and application conditions into consideration. This document offers the possibility to be referred to if bearing arrangements with rotating outer ring undergo performance testing in line with EN 12082-1 for conventional bearings.
The necessary type and extent of testing are specified by the deployment procedure specified in EN 12082-2, with respect to design requirements on the axlebox and its components.
A compliance with EN 12080 and EN 12081 of bearing and grease is not a pre-requisite for the application of this document.

This document establishes comprehensive frameworks and models for innovative developments in procurement across all sectors, providing systematic methodologies and organizational frameworks enabling transformation of procurement practices through structured governance and innovation management.
This document applies to:
—   Organizations
•   public sector procurement authorities at local, regional, national, and European levels;
•   private sector organizations engaging in innovation partnerships with public entities;
•   research and development institutions participating in cross-sector innovation;
•   SMEs and large enterprises involved in public-private innovation ecosystems;
•   international organizations seeking to implement European innovation procurement approaches.
—   Innovation Coverage
•   cross-sector innovation frameworks applicable to both public and private organizations;
•   enhanced Pre-Commercial Procurement (PCP) and Public Procurement of Innovation (PPI) frameworks;
•   system-of-Systems (SoS) orchestration for complex multi-organizational coordination;
•   four-dimensional innovation architecture covering business models, operations, sourcing, and technology.
—   Framework Applications
•   strategic innovation planning and implementation across organizational boundaries;
•   digital transformation and technology integration for all sectors;
•   circular economy and sustainable procurement models;
•   cross-border collaboration and harmonization mechanisms.

This document specifies the conditions to be taken into consideration when calculating the strength and the stability of GSE. It also specifies general test methods.
This part of EN 1915 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1915-1:2023, EN ISO 31915-3:2026 (for self-propelled GSE) and EN 1915-4:2004+A1:2009, and with the relevant part of EN 12312 to give the requirements for the types of GSE within the scope of EN 12312.
When EN 12312 does not contain a relevant part for a GSE, EN 1915 (all parts) gives general requirements that may apply, although additional machine specific requirements, to be determined by the manufacturer, are likely to be required.
NOTE   The methods given in this document demonstrate one way of achieving an acceptable safety level. Methods that produce comparable results can be used.
This document does not establish additional requirements for the following:
a)   operation elsewhere than in an airport environment;
b)   operation in severe conditions, e.g. ambient temperature below −20 °C or over 50 °C, tropical or saturated salty atmospheric environment;
c)   hazards caused by wind velocity in excess of the figures given in this document;
d)   earthquake, flood, landslide, lightning and more generally any natural catastrophe.
This document is not applicable to GSE which are manufactured before the date of publication by CEN of this document.

This document provides a common language covering NTTM in food and feed authentication. It provides:
—   definitions of terms involved in the development and validation of NTTM;
—   a general structure and guidelines for development of NTTM;
—   general considerations for the validation of NTTM.
NOTE   “Food and feed” is implied whenever the term “food” is used in this document.

This document specifies the test method for the determination of the magnitude of one-dimensional collapse that occurs when unsaturated soils are inundated with water. This method is used to determine two parameters related to the collapsibility of a soil: the collapse index and the collapse potential.
This test method specifies the technique for specimen preparation, the apparatus and the procedure for quantifying the amount of height change associated with collapse and procedures for reporting test results.
The procedure given in this test method is applicable to both undisturbed samples or remolded specimens. It is a one single sample test procedure.

This document specifies requirements for a quality management system when an organization:
needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide products and services that meet customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements;
aims to enhance customer satisfaction through the effective application of the system, including processes for improvement of the system and the assurance of conformity to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.
All the requirements of this document are generic.
This document is applicable to any organization, regardless of its type or size, or the products and services it provides.
NOTE 1        In this document, the terms “product” or “service” only apply to products and services intended for, or required by, a customer.
NOTE 2        Statutory and regulatory requirements can be expressed as legal requirements.

This document specifies electronic fee collection (EFC) requirements for the preparation and evaluation of security requirements specifications, referred to as protection profiles (PP) in the ISO/IEC 15408 series and in ISO/IEC TR 15446.

RTBR/SMG-0019R1

DEN/ERM-TGAERO-31-1

The present document specifies technical requirements, limits and test methods for Short Range Devices in the non-
specific category operating in the frequency range 25 MHz to 1 000 MHz.
The non specific SRD category is defined by the EU Commission Decision 2019/1345/EU [i.3] as:
"The non-specific short-range device category covers all kinds of radio devices, regardless of the application or the
purpose, which fulfil the technical conditions as specified for a given frequency band. Typical uses include telemetry,
telecommand, alarms, data transmissions in general and other applications".
These radio equipment types are capable of transmitting up to 500 mW effective radiated power and operating indoor or
outdoor.
NOTE: The relationship between the present document and the essential requirements of article 3.2 of
Directive 2014/53/EU [i.2] is given in Annex A

DEN/ERM-TG28-561

REN/MSG-TFES-15-3

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The kinematic viscosity characterizes flow behavior. The method is used to determine the consistency of liquid asphalt as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply. The specifications are usually at temperatures of 60 and 135 °C.
Note 3: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of kinematic viscosity of liquid asphalts, road oils, and distillation residues of liquid asphalts all at 60 °C [140 °F] and of liquid asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] (see table notes, 11.1) in the range from 6 to 100 000 mm2/s [cSt].  
1.2 Results of this test method can be used to calculate viscosity when the density of the test material at the test temperature is known or can be determined. See Annex A1 for the method of calculation.  
Note 1: This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures and at lower kinematic viscosities, but the precision is based on determinations on liquid asphalts and road oils at 60 °C [140 °F] and on asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] only in the viscosity range from 30 to 6000 mm2/s [cSt].
Note 2: Modified asphalt binders or asphalt binders that have been conditioned or recovered are typically non-Newtonian under the conditions of this test. The viscosity determined from this method is under the assumption that asphalt binders behave as Newtonian fluids under the conditions of this test. When the flow is non-Newtonian in a capillary tube, the shear rate determined by this method may be invalid. The presence of non-Newtonian behavior for the test conditions can be verified by measuring the viscosity with viscometers having different-sized capillary tubes. The defined precision limits in 11.1 may not be applicable to non-Newtonian asphalt binders.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior ...

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the manufacture, testing, and performance requirements of two types of asphalt-based emulsions for use in a relatively thick film as a protective coating for metal surfaces. Type I are quick-setting emulsified asphalt suitable for continuous exposure to water within a few days after application and drying. Type II, on the other hand, are emulsified asphalt suitable for continuous exposure to the weather, only after application and drying. Upon being sampled appropriately, the materials shall conform to composition requirements as to density, residue by evaporation, nonvolatile matter soluble in trichloroethylene, and ash and water content. They shall also adhere to performance requirements as to uniformity, consistency, stability, wet flow, firm set, heat test, flexibility, resistance to water, and loss of adhesion.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers emulsified asphalt suitable for application in a relatively thick film as a protective coating for metal surfaces.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the testing and requirements for two types and two classes of asbestos-free asphalt roof cement consisting of an asphalt base, volatile petroleum solvents, and mineral and/or other stabilizers, mixed to a smooth, uniform consistency suitable for trowel application to roofing and flashing. Type I is made from asphalts characterized as self-healing, adhesive, and ductile, while Type II is made from asphalt characterized by high softening point and relatively low ductility. Class I is used for application to essentially dry surfaces, while Class II is used for application to damp, wet, or underwater surfaces. The roof cements shall comply with composition limits for water, nonvolatile matter, mineral and/or other stabilizers, and bitumen (asphalt). They shall also meet physical requirements such as uniformity, workability, and pliability and behavior at given temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers asbestos-free asphalt roof cement suitable for trowel application to roofings and flashings.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the physical requirements and testing of three types of lap cement for use with asphalt roll roofing. Type I is a brushing consistency lap cement intended for use in the exposed-nailing method of roll roofing application, and contains no mineral or other stabilizers. This type is further divided into two grades, as follows: Grade 1, which is made with an air-blown asphalt; and Grade 2, which is made with a vacuum-reduced or steam-refined asphalt. Both Types II and III, on the other hand, are heavy brushing or light troweling consistency lap cement intended for use in the concealed-nailing method of roll roofing application, only that Type II cement contains a quantity of short-fibered asbestos, while Type III cement contains a quantity of mineral or other stabilizers, or both, but contains no asbestos. The lap cements shall be sampled for testing, and shall adhere to specified values of the following properties: water content; distillation (total distillate at given temperatures); softening point of residue; solubility in trichloroethylene; and strength at indicated age.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers lap cement consisting of asphalt dissolved in a volatile petroleum solvent with or without mineral or other stabilizers, or both, for use with roll roofing. The fibered version of these cements excludes the use of asbestos fibers.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat applies only to the test method portion, Section 6, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a screening basis for acceptance or rejection of transparencies during manufacturing so that units with identifiable flaws will not be carried to final inspection for rejection at that time.  
4.2 This practice may also be employed as a go-no go technique for acceptance or rejection of the finished product.  
4.3 This practice is simple, inexpensive, and effective. Flaws identified by this practice, as with other optical methods, are limited to those that produce temperature gradients when electrically powered. Any other type of flaw, such as minor scratches parallel to the direction of electrical flow, are not detectable.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a standard procedure for detecting flaws in the conductive coating (heater element) by the observation of polarized light patterns.  
1.2 This practice applies to coatings on surfaces of monolithic transparencies as well as to coatings imbedded in laminated structures.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers coal tar roof cement suitable for trowel application in coal tar roofing and flashing systems. The chemical composition of coal tar roof cement shall conform to the requirements prescribed. The water, non-volatile matter, insoluble matter, behaviour at 60 deg. C, adhesion to wet surfaces, and flash point shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers coal tar roof cement suitable for trowel application in coal tar roofing and flashing systems.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.  
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and small industrial burners.  
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Motor O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under severe conditions of operation.  
5.2 Motor O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines.  
5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation:
Values of k1, k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-octane number determinations.  
5.2.2 Motor O.N., in conjunction with Research O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the United States, and is referred to in vehicle manuals.
This is more commonly presented as:
5.3 Motor O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates.  
5.4 Motor O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications.  
5.5 Motor O.N. is utilized to determine, by correlation equation, the Aviation method O.N. or performance number (lean-mixture aviation rating) of aviation spark-ignition engine fuel.7
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Motor octane number, including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested in a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The octane number scale is defined by the volumetric composition of primary reference fuel blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more primary reference fuel blends. The octane number of the primary reference fuel blend that matches the knock intensity of the sample fuel establishes the Motor octane number.  
1.2 The octane number scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number, but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 octane number. Typical commercial fuels produced for automotive spark-ignition engines rate in the 80 to 90 Motor octane number range. Typical commercial fuels produced for aviation spark-ignition engines rate in the 98 to 102 Motor octane number range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Motor octane number range.  
1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pounds units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.  
1.4 For purposes of determining conformance with all specified limits in this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific hazard statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3(6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.12.4, and X4.5.1.8. ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Research O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under mild conditions of operation.  
5.2 Research O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines.  
5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation:
Values of k1,  k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-O.N. determinations.  
5.2.2 Research O.N., in conjunction with Motor O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the Road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the U.S., and is referred to in vehicle manuals.
This is more commonly presented as:
5.2.3 Research O.N. is also used either alone or in conjunction with other factors to define the Road O.N. capabilities of spark-ignition engine fuels for vehicles operating in areas of the world other than the United States.  
5.3 Research O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates.  
5.4 Research O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Research O.N., including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested using a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The O.N. scale is defined by the volumetric composition of PRF blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more PRF blends. The O.N. of the PRF blend that matches the K.I. of the sample fuel establishes the Research O.N.  
1.2 The O.N. scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 Research O.N. Typical commercial fuels produced for spark-ignition engines rate in the 88 to 101 Research O.N. range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Research O.N. range.  
1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.  
1.4 For purposes of determining conformance with all specified limits in this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3 (6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.11.4, and X4.5.1.8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Gu...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers emulsified asphalt suitable for use as a protective coating for built-up roofs and other exposed surfaces with specified inclines. The emulsified asphalts are grouped into three types, as follows: Type I, which contains fillers or fibers including asbestos; Type II, which contains fillers or fibers other than asbestos; and Type III, which do not contain any form of fibrous reinforcement. These types are further subdivided into two classes, as follows: Class 1, which is prepared with mineral colloid emulsifying agents; and Class 2, which is prepared with chemical emulsifying agents. Other than consistency and homogeneity of the final products, they shall also conform to specified physical property requirements such as weight, residue by evaporation, ash content of residue, water content flammability, firm set, flexibility, resistance to water, and behavior during heat and direct flame tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers emulsified asphalt suitable for use as a protective coating for built-up roofs and other exposed surfaces with inclines of not less than 4 % or 42 mm/m [1/2 in./ft].  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

RTS/TSGC-0329523vh70

RTS/TSGC-0329521vh50

DEN/ERM-TGAERO-31-2

RTS/LI-00190-2

RTS/ITS-00188