CLC - European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
CENELEC is the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization and is responsible for standardization in the electrotechnical engineering field. CENELEC prepares voluntary standards, which help facilitate trade between countries, create new markets, cut compliance costs and support the development of a Single European Market.
CENELEC is a European regional standards organization that together with its sister organizations CEN, the European Committee for Standardization, and ETSI, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute, compose the so-called and known European Standards Organizations (ESOs) that are officially recognised by the European Commission and act as a European platform through which European Standards are developed.
IEC 63522-12:2025 Used for testing electromechanical elementary relays (electromechanical relays, reed relays, reed contacts, reed switches and technology combination of these) and evaluates their ability to perform under expected conditions of transportation, storage, and all aspects of operational use. This document defines a standard test method to provoke internal moisture inside relays by different methods. The device under test (DUT) is tested at its specified energization values throughout the defined temperature range. The test methods in this document are applicable to RT III, RT IV and RT V products only, i.e., wash-tight, sealed, and hermetically sealed DUTs.
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IEC 60704-2-4:2025 applies to single unit electrical washing machines and the washing and spinning function of combined appliances for household and similar use and to spin extractors for household and similar use. For washer-dryers, see IEC 60704-2-16:2019. Requirements for the declaration of noise emission values are not within the scope of this standard. For determining and verifying noise emission values declared in product specifications, see IEC 60704-3:2019. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2011. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) alignment to IEC 60704-1:2021; b) alignment to Edition 6 of IEC 60456:2024, especially regarding test programme and detergent; c) considering multi-compartment washing machines; d) considering wall-mounted washing machines; e) definition of the drum speed measurement; f) adapting parts for standard test load and test programme. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the fourth edition of IEC 60704-1:2021.
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IEC 61800-9-2:2023 specifies energy efficiency indicators of power electronics (complete drive modules (CDM), input or output sub drive modules (SDM), power drive systems (PDS) and motor starters, all used for motor driven equipment. This document is a group energy efficiency publication according to IEC Guide 119 and specifies the methodology for the determination of losses of the complete drive module (CDM), the sub drive module (SDM), the power drive system (PDS) and the motor system. It defines IE and IES classes, their limit values and provides test procedures for the classification of the overall losses of the motor system. Furthermore, this document proposes a methodology for the implementation of the best energy efficiency solution of drive systems. This depends on the architecture of the motor driven system, on the speed/torque profile and on the operating points over time of the driven load equipment. It provides a link for the energy efficiency evaluation and classification of the extended product. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) Additional IES Classes defined to IES5; b) Removed reference motor loss data and now point to IEC 60034-30-2; c) Expanded and modified factors in Clause 6 for CDMs; d) Annex C is now the Mathematical Model for CDM Losses; e) Moved the mathematical model for the CDM to Annex C; f) Added Sub Drive Input Module and Sub Drive Output Modules to Annex B; g) Annex D is now the Converter Topology (old Annex C); h) Annex E is now the Interpolation of Motor Losses (Old Annex D); i) Annex E expanded to include various motor connections and updated interpolation method; j) New Annex E for determination of Interpolation Coefficients; k) Annex F is the old Annex E; l) New Annex J Explanation of Correction Factors for the Reference Losses in Table 8.
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IEC 63522-11:2025 is used for testing electrical relay enclosures along with the appropriate severities and conditions for measurements and tests designed to assess the ability of DUTs to perform under expected conditions of transportation, storage and all aspects of operational use. This document defines standard test methods for appropriate enclosure sealing testing.
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IEC 63522-14:2025 is used for testing along with the appropriate severities and conditions for measurements and tests designed to assess the ability of DUTs to perform under expected conditions of transportation, storage and all aspects of operational use. This document defines a test for determining the extent to which electrical relays support mould growth and how any mould growth can affect the performance and other relevant properties/functions of a relay.
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This part of IEC 61558 deals with the safety of control transformers and power supply units incorporating control transformers. Transformers incorporating electronic circuits are also covered by this document. NOTE 1 Safety includes electrical, thermal and mechanical aspects. Unless otherwise specified, from here onward, the term transformer covers control transformers and power supply units incorporating control transformers. For power supply units (linear) this document is applicable. For switch mode power supply units IEC 61558-2-16 is applicable together with this document. Where two requirements are in conflict, the most severe take precedence. This document does not apply to transformers covered by IEC 60076-11. This document is applicable to stationary or portable, single-phase or polyphase, air-cooled (natural or forced) independent or associated dry- type transformers. The windings can be encapsulated or non-encapsulated. The rated supply voltage does not exceed 1 000 V AC and the rated supply frequency and the internal operating frequencies do not exceed 500 Hz. The rated thermal output does not exceed: - 25 kVA for single-phase transformers, - 40 kVA for polyphase transformers; This document is applicable to transformers without limitation of the rated thermal output, subject to an agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. NOTE 2 Transformers intended to supply distribution networks are not included in the scope. The no-load output voltage or the rated output voltage does not exceed 1 000 V AC or 1 415 V ripple-free DC. For independent transformers the no-load output voltage and / or the rated output voltage is not less than 50 V AC or 120 V ripple-free DC. This document is not applicable to external circuits and their components intended to be connected to the input terminals and output terminals of the transformers. NOTE 3 Transformers covered by this document are only used in applications where double or reinforced insulation between circuits is not required by the installation rules or by the end product standard. NOTE 4 Normally the control transformers are intended to be used with equipment to provide voltages different from the supply voltage for the functional requirements of the equipment. The protection against electric shock may be provided or completed by other features of the equipment, such as the body. Parts of output circuits may be connected to the input circuits or to protective earthing. Attention is drawn to the following: - for transformers intended to be used in vehicles, on board ships, and aircraft, additional requirements (from other applicable standards, national rules, etc.); - measures to protect the enclosure and the components inside the enclosure against external influences such as fungus, vermin, termites, solar-radiation, and icing; - the different conditions for transportation, storage, and operation of the transformers; - additional requirements in accordance with other appropriate standards and national rules may be applicable to transformers intended for use in special environments. Future technological development of transformers may necessitate a need to increase the upper limit of the frequencies. Until then this document may be used as a guidance document. This GROUP SAFETY PUBLICATION focusing on SAFETY guidance is primarily intended to be used as a PRODUCT SAFETY STANDARD for the products mentioned in the scope, but is also intended to be used by TCs in the preparation of publications for products similar to those mentioned in the scope of this GROUP SAFETY PUBLICATION, in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 104 and lSO/lEC Guide 51. One of the RESPONSIBILITIES of a TC is, wherever applicable, to make use of BSPs and/or GSPs in the preparation of its publications.
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IEC 61558-2-5:2024 is available as IEC 61558-2-5:2024 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 61558-2-5:2024 deals with the safety of shaver transformers, power supply units incorporating a shaver transformer, and shaver supply units. Shaver transformers incorporating electronic circuits are also covered by this document. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2010. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) adjustment of structure and references in accordance with IEC 61558-1:2017; b) new symbol for power supply unit with linearly regulated output voltage. It has the status of a group safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104.
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IEC 61558-2-8:2024 is available as IEC 61558-2-8:2024 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 61558-2-8:2024 deals with the safety of bell and chime transformers and power supply units incorporating bell and chime transformers. Transformers incorporating electronic circuits are also covered by this document. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2010. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) adjustment of structure and references in accordance with IEC 61558-1:2017; b) new symbol for power supply unit with linearly regulated output voltage. It has the status of a group safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104.
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This part of IEC 61558 deals with the safety of variable transformers for general applications and power supply units incorporating variable transformers for general applications. Variable transformers incorporating electronic circuits are also covered by this document. NOTE 1 Safety includes electrical, thermal, mechanical and chemical aspects. Unless otherwise specified, from here onward, the term transformer covers variable transformers for general applications and power supply units incorporating variable transformers for general applications. For power supply units (linear) this document is applicable. For switch mode power supply units, IEC 61558-2-16 is applicable together with this document. Where two requirements are in conflict, the most severe take precedence. This document does not apply to transformers covered by IEC 60076-11. This document is applicable to stationary or portable, single-phase or polyphase, air-cooled (natural or forced) independent or associated variable dry-type transformers. - variable auto-transformers; - variable separating transformers; - variable isolating transformers; - variable safety isolating transformers. The windings can be encapsulated or non-encapsulated. The rated supply voltage does not exceed 1 000 V AC and the rated supply frequency and the internal operational frequencies do not exceed 500 Hz. The rated output does not exceed: - 40 kVA for single-phase variable auto-transformers; - 200 kVA for poly-phase variable auto-transformers; - 1 kVA for single-phase variable separating transformers; - 5 kVA for poly-phase variable separating transformers; - 25 kVA for single-phase variable isolating transformers; - 40 kVA for poly-phase variable isolating transformers; - 10 kVA for single-phase variable safety isolating transformers; - 16 kVA for poly-phase variable safety isolating transformers. This document is applicable to variable transformers without limitation of the rated output subject to an agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. NOTE 2 Transformers intended to supply distribution networks are not included in the scope. [...]
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IEC 61987-100:2025 provides the semantics of the data needed for the area of process automation, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and smart manufacturing. Classification and description of products with classes and properties for future objects within the scope of TC 65 (Industrial-process measurement, control and automation) will be developed as IEC 61987 DB standard and published via IEC CDD data dictionary IEC 61987.
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IEC 60156:2025 specifies the method for determining the dielectric breakdown voltage of insulating liquids at power frequency. The test procedure is performed in a specified apparatus, where the oil sample is subjected to an increasing AC electrical field until breakdown occurs. The method applies to all types of insulating liquids of nominal viscosity up to 350 mm2/s at 40 °C. It is appropriate both for acceptance testing on unused liquids at the time of their delivery and for establishing the condition of samples taken in monitoring and maintenance of equipment.
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This document applies to electric forced convection ovens, steam cookers and combination ovens for professional use. These appliances are used in professional kitchens, such as restaurants, canteens, hospitals and in businesses such as butcher shops. NOTE 1 These appliances are designed for one or more of the following cooking methods: blanching, frying, steaming, proofing, roasting, toasting, au gratin, sous vide cooking, etc This document does not apply to: - appliances that exclusively perform rethermalizing processes; NOTE 2 Rethermalizing process is used for maintaining the temperature of hot food and for the warming of pre-cooked food (e.g. hot cupboard). - pizza ovens; - bakery ovens; - static ovens; - pressure steam ovens; - appliances designed exclusively for industrial purposes. The purpose is to define the principal performance characteristics of electric forced convection ovens, steam cookers and combination ovens for professional use and to describe the standard methods for measuring these characteristics. This document does not deal with safety, food quality and or minimum performance requirements.
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IEC 61846:2025 is applicable to: – therapy equipment using extracorporeally induced focused pressure pulse waves; – therapy equipment producing focused mechanical energy excluding thermal energy. This document does not apply to percutaneous and laser lithotripsy equipment. This document does not apply to: – histotripsy or other therapeutic ultrasound bursts of longer time duration than that of the pressure pulse; – non-focused pressure pulse equipment. This document specifies: – measurable parameters which could be used in the declaration of the acoustic output of extracorporeal focused pressure pulse equipment; – methods of measurement and characterization of the pressure field generated by focused pressure pulse equipment. While this document has been developed for equipment intended for use in lithotripsy, it has been developed such that, as long as no other specific standards are available to be used for other medical applications of therapeutic extracorporeal focused pressure pulse equipment, this document can be used as a guideline. IEC 61846:2025 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1998. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) Change of title: "pressure pulse lithotripters" in the previous edition is changed to "therapeutic focused short pressure pulse sources" in order to take into account the development in the relevant technical and biomedical applications of such sources, which were originally used only for (kidney) lithotripsy, while recent applications include a wide range for the treatment of, for example, stone diseases, orthopaedic pain, tissue, cardiac and brain diseases. The term "focused" was added to differentiate IEC 61846 from IEC 63045. The term "short" was added to align the nomenclature to IEC 63045 and to differentiate IEC 61846 from standards in the HIFU and HITU fields. b) Clause 1 and elsewhere in the document: The term "lithotripsy" is changed to "therapy" in order to account for the wide range of applications beyond stone diseases. c) Clause 3: The "−6 dB" parameter definitions are replaced by "−n dB" to avoid misconceptions in the significance and use of these parameters and to account for newer findings in literature. Additional "n MPa" parameters are introduced for the same reasons. The definitions of "derived" parameters are aligned to those in recently published standards, for example IEC 62127-1. New definitions were added which describe parameters appearing in newer relevant literature, for example "momentum", "average positive acoustic pressure", "cavitation induction index", "pulse to pulse variability", "total pressure pulse energy dose". d) Clause 6: The terms "focus hydrophone" and "field hydrophone" were removed to account for newer technical developments. New terms distinguish between "hydrophones for pressure pulse measurements" and "hydrophones for quality assurance". e) Annexes: Descriptions, tables and figures were edited to account for newer literature and standards as well as technical developments.
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IEC 61558-2-23:2024 is available as IEC 61558-2-23:2024 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 61558-2-23:2024 deals with the safety of transformers for construction sites and power supply units incorporating transformers for construction sites. Transformers incorporating electronic circuits are also covered by this document. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2010. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) adjustment of structure and references in accordance with IEC 61558-1:2017; b) new symbol for power supply units with linearly regulated output voltage. It has the status of a group safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104.
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IEC 63360:2025 This document specifies the quality of gases alternative to SF6 (subsequently referred to as gases) for use in electrical power equipment. Detection techniques, applicable to the analysis of gases prior to their introduction into the electrical power equipment, are also described in this document.
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IEC 61558-2-9:2024 is available as IEC 61558-2-9:2024 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 61558-2-9:2024 deals with the safety of transformers for class III handlamps and power supply units incorporating transformers for class III handlamps. Transformers incorporating electronic circuits are also covered by this document. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2010. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) adjustment of structure and references in accordance with IEC 61558-1:2017; b) addition of a new symbol for power supply unit with linearly regulated output voltage; c) document is not only valid for transformers for tungsten filament handlamps. It has the status of a group safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104.
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This part of IEC 61558 deals with the safety of auto-transformers for general applications and power supply units incorporating auto-transformers for general applications. Transformers incorporating electronic circuits are also covered by this document. NOTE 1 Safety includes electrical, thermal and mechanical aspects. Unless otherwise specified, from here onward, the term transformer covers auto-transformers for general applications and power supply units incorporating auto-transformers for general applications. For power supply units (linear) this document is applicable. For switch mode power supply units IEC 61558-2-16 is applicable. This document is applicable to stationary or portable, single-phase or polyphase, air-cooled (natural or forced) independent or associated dry- type transformers. The windings may be encapsulated or non-encapsulated. The rated supply voltage does not exceed 1 000 V AC, and the rated supply frequency and the internal operating frequencies do not exceed 500 Hz. The core power does not exceed: - 2 kVA for single-phase transformers; - 10 kVA for polyphase transformers. The rated output does not exceed: - 40 kVA for single-phase transformers; - 200 kVA for polyphase transformers. This document is applicable to transformers without limitation of the core power and the rated output both being subject to an agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. Where applicable, the no-load output voltage or the rated output voltage does not exceed 1 000 V AC or 1 415 V ripple-free DC. For independent transformers, the no-load output voltage and the rated output voltage is not less than 50 V AC or 120 V ripple-free DC. This document is not applicable to external circuits and their components intended to be connected to the input terminals and output terminals of the transformers. NOTE 2 Transformers covered by this document are used only in applications where no insulation between circuits is required by the installation rules or by the end product standard. Attention is drawn to the following: - for transformers intended to be used in vehicles, on board ships, and aircraft, additional requirements (from other applicable standards, national rules, etc.); - measures to protect the enclosure and the components inside the enclosure against external influences such as fungus, vermin, termites, solar-radiation, and icing; - the different conditions for transportation, storage, and operation of the transformers; - additional requirements in accordance with other appropriate standards and national rules may be applicable to transformers intended for use in special environments. Future technological development of transformers may necessitate a need to increase the 202 upper limit of the frequencies. Until then this document may be used as a guidance document. This GROUP SAFETY PUBLICATION focusing on SAFETY guidance is primarily intended to be used as a PRODUCT SAFETY STANDARD for the products mentioned in the scope, but is also intended to be used by TCs in the preparation of publications for products similar to those mentioned in the scope of this GROUP SAFETY PUBLICATION, in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 104 and lSO/lEC Guide 51. One of the RESPONSIBILITIES of a TC is, wherever applicable, to make use of BSPs and/or GSPs in the preparation of its publications.
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IEC 61558-2-12:2024 is available as IEC 61558-2-12:2024 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 61558-2-12:2024 deals with the safety of constant voltage transformers for general applications and power supply units for constant voltage for general applications. Constant voltage transformers incorporating electronic circuits are also covered by this document. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2011. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) adjustment of structure and references in accordance with IEC 61558-1:2017; b) description of constructions moved to IEC 61558-1:2017; c) new symbol for power supply unit with linearly regulated output voltage. It has the status of a group safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104.
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IEC 61558-2-20:2022 is available as IEC 61558-2-20:2022 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 61558-2-20:2022 deals with the safety of small reactors for general applications. Small reactors incorporating electronic circuits are also covered by this document. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2010. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - adjustment of structure and references in accordance with IEC 61558-1:2017. - additional Annex AA with references for characteristic parameter measurements. - additional Annex BB for associated reactors with frequencies above 500 Hz. - additional Annex CC for partial discharge. It has the status of a group safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104.
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No change from existing scope of EN 50367:2020 + A1:2022 EN 50367 specifies requirements for the technical compatibility between pantographs and overhead contact lines, to achieve free access to the lines of the European railway network.
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IEC 60086-4:2025 specifies tests and requirements for primary lithium batteries to ensure their safe operation under intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. This sixth edition cancels and replaces the fifth edition published in 2019. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - Added definitions for leakage and venting, in addition to the test criteria; - Revised overdischarge test; - Revised marking requirements; - Revised criteria for the child resistant packaging test; - Changed the purpose of Annex F from "informative" to "normative"; - Added a new Annex G with additional measures against misuse of batteries not intended for consumer replacement; - Integrated the contents of Interpretation Sheet 1 (IEC 60086-4:2019/ISH1:2020); - In Clause 3, terms were reordered according their functions: basic terms, electrochemical systems, battery shapes, battery sizes, electrical characteristics, specifications, safety aspects, failure modes; - In 6.4.4, the exemption for the shock acceleration for lithium primary batteries was reduced from 12 kg to 4,482 kg in order to reflect the fact that this is the threshold in IEC 62281, Test T-4, where the peak acceleration decreases below 150 gn.
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This part of IEC 60898 applies to DC circuit-breakers, having a DC rated voltage not exceeding 440V, a rated current not exceeding 125 A and a rated short-circuit capacity not exceeding 10 000 A.
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This part of IEC 60898 applies to DC circuit-breakers, having a DC rated voltage not exceeding 440V, a rated current not exceeding 125 A and a rated short-circuit capacity not exceeding 10 000 A.
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This part of IEC 60898 applies to DC circuit-breakers, having a DC rated voltage not exceeding 440V, a rated current not exceeding 125 A and a rated short-circuit capacity not exceeding 10 000 A.
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This document establishes the acceptance criteria according to EN 50388-1:2022, 10.2 for compatibility between traction units and power supply for known phenomena and known technologies. That is in relation to: - co-ordination between controlled elements and also between these elements and resonances in the electrical infrastructure in order to achieve network system stability; - co-ordination of harmonic behaviour with respect to excitation of electrical resonances. The following electric traction systems are within the scope: - railways; - guided mass transport systems that are integrated with railways; - material transport systems that are integrated with railways. Public three-phase networks are out of the scope, but networks which are dedicated to railways are included. This document is applied in accordance with the requirements in EN 50388-1:2022, Clause 10. It does not apply retrospectively to rolling stock or railway power supply elements already in service. It is the aim of this Part 2 to support acceptance of new elements (rolling stock or infrastructure) by specifying precise requirements and methods for demonstration of compliance. This document acts as “code of practice” quoted in EN 50388-1:2022, 10.2. However, it is still admissible to use the process as defined in EN 50388-1:2022, 10.3 instead. This version of the standard only applies to AC systems. Later versions might include similar effects in DC networks in addition, see Annex D. The main phenomena identified and treated in this document are: - electrical resonance stability; - low frequency stability; - overvoltages caused by harmonics. The interaction with signalling (including track circuits) is not dealt with in this document.
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This document specifies the requirements and test methods concerning, in particular the construction, safety, and fitness for purpose, as well as the capability and marking of a hand-held battery powered pressure and leakage measurement instrument, hereafter referred to as "pressure meters", for gas pipework in buildings, gas pipes of appliances and draught in chimneys. NOTE Areas of application can be supply pressure of gas appliances, nozzle pressure of gas appliances (see relevant instruction manuals of gas appliances) as well as strength test, tightness test and fitness test of gas pipework as defined in EN 1775 (see Annex A) and relevant national standards (see Annex B) for gas pipework in buildings, and draught measurement in chimneys of heating appliances. This document covers pressure meters with the capability of - use with air, natural gas, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), hydrogen and mixtures of natural gas and hydrogen, - measuring pressure in units of bar, mbar, Pa, hPa, kPa, MPa, in H2O, mm H2O, or PSI, - measuring leakage rate in l/h, - withstanding the every-day working environment encountered by installation and service engineers in domestic, commercial, or industrial premises. Such pressure meters might be capable of - being switchable between units by the user, - storing and/or transmitting said measurements to a remote user.
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These particular requirements apply to single unit electric tumble dryers for household and similar use intended for placing on the floor against a wall, for building-in or placing under a counter, a kitchen worktop or under a sink, for wall-mounting or on a counter. This standard is also applicable for gas-fired electric tumble dryers
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IEC 62813:2025 specifies the electrical characteristics (capacitance, internal resistance, discharge accumulated electric energy, and voltage maintenance rate) test methods of lithium-ion capacitors (LIC) for use in electric and electronic equipment. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) The document has been restructured to comply with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
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Scope unchanged, see EN61121:2013
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IEC 80601-2-71:2025 applies to the BASIC SAFETY and ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE of FUNCTIONAL NIRS EQUIPMENT, as defined in 201.3.205, intended to be used by itself, or as a part of an ME SYSTEM hereinafter referred to as ME EQUIPMENT. HAZARDS inherent in the intended physiological function of ME EQUIPMENT or ME SYSTEMS within the scope of this document are not covered by specific requirements in this document except in IEC 60601-1:2005, IEC 60601-1:2005/AMD1:2012 and IEC 60601-1:2005/AMD2:2020, 7.2.13 and 8.4.1. This document is not applicable to – equipment for the measurement of oxygen saturation of the haemoglobin in the micro vessels (capillaries, arterioles and venules), i.e. tissue oximeters; – frequency-domain and time-domain equipment for functional near-infrared spectroscopy; – equipment for the measurement of changes in the concentration of chromophores other than oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin; – equipment for the measurement of changes in the concentration of oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin in tissues other than the brain. This document does not specify the requirements for: – cerebral tissue oximeter equipment, which are given in ISO 80601-2-85; and – pulse oximeter equipment, which are given in ISO 80601-2-61. IEC 80601-2-71:2025 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2015. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) alignment with IEC 60601-1:2005, IEC 60601-1:2005/AMD1:2012, IEC 60601-1:2005/AMD2:2020, IEC 60601-1-8:2006, IEC 60601-1-8:2006/AMD1:2012, IEC 60601-1-8:2006/AMD2:2020, IEC 60601-1-2:2014, IEC 60601-1-2:2014/AMD1:2020, IEC 60601-1-6:2010, IEC 60601-1-6:2010/AMD1:2013 and IEC 60601-1-6:2010/AMD2:2020; b) added requirements for ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE; c) added requirements for PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS; d) added requirements for protection against excessive temperatures; e) added requirements for the display legibility for OPERATORS wearing personal protective equipment; f) harmonization with ISO 20417, where appropriate.
- Standard60 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 61400-3-2:2025 specifies requirements for assessment of the external conditions at a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) site and specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of FOWTs. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all anticipated hazards during the planned lifetime. This document focuses on the engineering integrity of the structural components of a FOWT but is also concerned with subsystems such as control and protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems and mechanical systems. This first edition cancels and replaces IEC TS 61400-3-2, published in 2019. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to IEC TS 61400‑3-2: a) The relevant contents of IEC 61400-3-1 have been migrated into IEC 61400-3-2, making IEC 61400-3-2 a self-standing document that does not have to be read directly in conjunction with IEC 61400-3-1. b) Several modifications have been made regarding metocean conditions in Clause 6 considering the nature of FOWT and the offshore site where FOWT will be installed, including: (1) the importance of wave directional spreading has been highlighted as it may result in larger loads for FOWT, including the addition of the new informative Annex O and Annex P and (2) the characteristic of swell has been explained, which may be relevant for some FOWT projects, including the addition of new informative Annex R regarding the characteristic of swell. c) Subclauses 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 and 7.5 have been changed to include a revised DLC table and its related descriptions, including amongst others updated requirements on directionality, wave conditions, redundancy check and damage stability cases, and a robustness check case; further updates are made related to guidance and necessities provided on load calculations and simulation requirements. d) Subclause 7.6 has been updated with guidance on fatigue assessment along with clarifications on serviceability analysis and the applicable material for WSD; related Annex L has been updated and a new Annex M has been added for clarification of the safety factors and load and load effect approach for floating substructures e) The concept of floater control system that will interact with the wind turbine controller has been introduced in Clause 8. f) Clause 11 has been renamed from "Foundation and substructure design" to "Anchor design" and requirements for the transient conditions have been added. g) A more detailed clause regarding concrete design has been added to Clause 16 together with an informative Annex Q. h) Clause 15 has been updated with the aim to improve ease of use, using experience from oil and gas and considering unique wind turbine characteristics; updates included guidance for TLPs, damage stability, dynamic stability, testing and the addition for Annex S regarding how to analyse collision probability.
- Standard168 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Amendment5 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60601-2-16:2025 applies to the BASIC SAFETY and ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE of HAEMODIALYSIS, HAEMODIAFILTRATION and HAEMOFILTRATION EQUIPMENT, hereafter referred to as HAEMODIALYSIS EQUIPMENT. It applies to HAEMODIALYSIS EQUIPMENT intended for use either by medical staff or under the supervision of medical experts, including HAEMODIALYSIS EQUIPMENT operated by the PATIENT, regardless of whether the HAEMODIALYSIS EQUIPMENT is used in a hospital or domestic environment. If a clause or subclause is specifically intended to be applicable to ME EQUIPMENT only, or to ME SYSTEMS only, the title and content of that clause or subclause will say so. If that is not the case, the clause or subclause applies both to ME EQUIPMENT and to ME SYSTEMS, as relevant. This document does not take into consideration specific safety details of the DIALYSIS FLUID control system of HAEMODIALYSIS EQUIPMENT using regeneration of DIALYSIS FLUID or CENTRAL DELIVERY SYSTEMS for DIALYSIS FLUID. It does, however, take into consideration the specific safety requirements of such HAEMODIALYSIS EQUIPMENT concerning electrical safety and PATIENT safety. This document specifies the minimum safety requirements for HAEMODIALYSIS EQUIPMENT. These HAEMODIALYSIS EQUIPMENT are intended for use either by medical staff or for use by the PATIENT or other trained personnel under medical supervision. This document includes all ME EQUIPMENT that is intended to deliver a HAEMODIALYSIS, HAEMODIAFILTRATION and HAEMOFILTRATION treatment to a PATIENT, independent of the treatment duration and location. If applicable, this document applies to the relevant parts of ME EQUIPMENT intended for other extracorporeal blood purification treatments. The particular requirements in this document do not apply to: – EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCUITS (see ISO 8637-2), – DIALYSERS (see ISO 8637-1 [2]), – DIALYSIS FLUID CONCENTRATES (see ISO 23500-4), – pre-manufactured DIALYSIS FLUID bags, – DIALYSIS WATER supply systems (see ISO 23500-2), – CENTRAL DELIVERY SYSTEMS for DIALYSIS FLUID CONCENTRATES (see ISO 23500-4), described as systems for bulk mixing concentrate at a dialysis facility, – equipment used to perform PERITONEAL DIALYSIS (see IEC 60601-2-39). IEC 60601-2-16:2024 cancels and replaces the fifth edition published in 2018. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) update of references to IEC 60601‑1:2005, IEC 60601‑1:2005/AMD1:2012 and IEC 60601‑1:2005/AMD2:2020, of references to IEC 60601‑1‑2:2014 and IEC 60601‑1‑2:2014/AMD1:2020, of references to IEC 60601‑1‑8:2006, IEC 60601‑1‑8:2006/AMD1:2012 and IEC 60601‑1‑8:2006/AMD2:2020, of references to IEC 60601‑1‑9:2007, IEC 60601‑1‑9:2007/AMD1:2013 and IEC 60601‑1‑9:2007/AMD2:2020, of references to IEC 60601‑1‑10:2007, IEC 60601‑1‑10:2007/AMD1:2013 and IEC 60601‑1‑10:2007/AMD2:2020 and of references to IEC 60601‑1‑11:2015 and IEC 60601‑1‑11:2015/AMD1:2020; b) consideration of ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE in SINGLE FAULT CONDITION regarding IEC 60601‑1:2005/AMD1:2012/ISH1:2021; c) including the information given in the document 62D/1771A/INF regarding 201.11.8; d) including withdrawn IEC PAS 63023 as Annex CC; e) including SECURITY (CYBERSECURITY) requirements; f) consideration of HAEMODIALYSIS EQUIPMENT using pre-manufactured DIALYSIS FLUID bags; g) improvements for labelling; h) other minor technical improvements; i) editorial improvements.
- Standard106 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 62127-2:2025 specifies: - absolute hydrophone calibration methods; - relative (comparative) hydrophone calibration methods. Recommendations and references to accepted literature are made for the various relative and absolute calibration methods in the frequency range covered by this document. This document is applicable to - hydrophones used for measurements made in water and in the ultrasonic frequency range 50 kHz to 100 MHz; - hydrophones employing piezoelectric sensor elements, designed to measure the pulsed wave and continuous wave ultrasonic fields generated by ultrasonic equipment; - hydrophones with or without a hydrophone pre-amplifier. IEC 62127-2:2025 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2007, Amendment 1:2013 and Amendment 2:2017. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) the upper frequency limit of 40 MHz has been removed; b) hydrophone sensitivity definitions have been changed to recognize sensitivities as complex-valued quantities; c) directional response measurement and effective size determination procedures have been updated in 12.5.1 to align with recent changes in IEC 62127-3; d) Annex F has been amended to comprise a calibration technique for high-frequency complex-valued calibration; e) the reciprocity method description in Annex K was extended to also comprise focusing transducers.
- Standard117 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60947-2:2024 applies to circuit-breakers, intended to be installed and operated by instructed or skilled persons, the main contacts of which are intended to be connected to circuits, the rated voltage of which does not exceed 1 000 V AC or 1 500 V DC; it also contains additional requirements for integrally fused circuit-breakers. This document also applies to circuit-breakers with ratings at or below 1 000 V AC, additionally having one or more ratings above 1 000 V AC but not exceeding 1 500 V AC. This sixth edition cancels and replaces the fifth edition published in 2016 and its Amendment 1: 2019. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) suitability for isolation (see Clause 1); b) removal of the classification according to the interrupting medium, according to the design, according to the suitability for isolation (see Clause 4); c) adjustment of current settings with an external device connectable to the release (see 5.7.3); d) requirements for circuits with protective separation (see 8.2.3.8); e) additional tests for ground-fault overcurrent releases (see 9.3.4.2.5); f) additional tests concerning dielectric properties in tripped position (see 9.3.4.3); g) use of DC voltage for dielectric tests (see 9.3.4.6.2 and 9.4.6); h) tests of individual pole breaking capacity under phase-to-neutral AC voltage (see 9.3.11); i) improvement of measurement of power loss in Annex G; j) changes in EMC tests (see Annex J); k) introduction of CBI class W in Annex L.
- Standard281 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 62148-11:2024 covers physical interface specifications for 14-pin modulator integrated laser diode transmitter modules and for 14-pin pump laser diode modules. This document specifies the physical requirements of modulator integrated laser diode modules and pump laser diode modules to enable mechanical interchangeability of modules complying with this document, both at the printed circuit board level and with respect to panel mounting requirements. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2009. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) change of the document title to better reflect the type of modules covered by this document; b) separation of the electrical and mechanical interface specifications for modulator integrated laser diode modules and for pump laser diode modules into independent subclauses; c) updates of the dimensions specified in Figure 4 to reflect the latest market situation; d) removal of former subclause 6.3 ("Drawings of footprint").
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60601-2-40:2024 applies to the BASIC SAFETY and ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE of ELECTROMYOGRAPHS and EVOKED RESPONSE EQUIPMENT, hereafter referred to as ME EQUIPMENT. The following ME EQUIPMENT are excluded: - ME EQUIPMENT intended for therapeutic application; - ME EQUIPMENT intended for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators and electrical muscle stimulators (ME EQUIPMENT covered by IEC 60601-2-10). IEC 60601-2-40:2024 cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2016. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) added requirements for constant voltage stimulators; b) clarified requirements for VISUAL STIMULATORS.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 62746-4:2024 describes CIM profiles for Demand-Side Resource Interface and is based on the use case shown in Annex A of this document. Schemas associated with this document were generated using the CIM101 UML and leverages the Market package. This document defines profiles complimentary to other standards, namely those in IEC 61970, IEC 61968, and IEC 62325.
- Standard76 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 This document specifies the electrical requirements for the design of automatic electrostatic application systems for liquid coating materials which can be ignited in an atomised state, used within a temperature range from 5 °C to 40 °C. This document considers automatic electrostatic application systems for processing ignitable liquid coating materials, where the conductivity of the complete system is limited up to 50 nS/cm. Together with additional measures like e.g. potential separation systems, these requirements can also be applied to ignitable liquid coating materials, where the conductivity of the complete system is limited up to 2 000 μS/cm. Ignition hazards related to the generated explosive atmosphere and the protection of persons against electric shock are considered. 1.2 This document specifies - requirements for an interface to machinery according to EN 16985:2018, - additional requirements for machinery covered by EN 1953:2025 and EN 12621:2025. 1.3 This document also specifies requirements for a safe operation of electrostatic application systems, including the electrical installation. The requirements consider both the processing of coating materials and the cleaning and purge processes. 1.4 This document applies to three types of spraying systems; see 5.1.1. Spraying systems are classified as equipment of group II, category 2G (for intended use in zone 1 or zone 2) or category 3G (for intended use in zone 2). Only electrostatic spraying systems operating with a d.c. sinusoidal ripple of not more than 10 % of the r.m.s. value are considered. 1.5 For electrostatic application systems used in food and pharmaceutical industry, additional requirements may apply. 1.6 This document does not apply to - potential separation systems; - selection, installation and application of other electrical and non-electrical equipment in areas with explosion hazard, see EN 60079-14:2014 and EN 16985:2018; - quality assurance systems for electrostatic spraying equipment (see EN ISO/IEC 80079-34:2020, ZB.11).
- Draft50 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 This document specifies the electrical requirements for hand-held or hand-operated electrostatic application equipment for non-ignitable liquid coating materials which — do not generate an explosive atmosphere inside the spraying area, — are used to process coating materials with a conductivity of the complete system up to 2 000 µS/cm, — operate with direct current having a d.c. sinusoidal ripple of not more than 10 % of the r.m.s. value and — are used within a temperature range from 5 °C to 40 °C. 1.2 This document specifies — requirements for an interface to machinery according to EN 16985:2018, — additional requirements for machinery according to EN 1953:— and EN 12621:— . 1.3 This document also specifies requirements for a safe operation of electrostatic application equipment, including the electrical installation. The requirements consider both the processing of coating materials and the cleaning and purge processes. 1.4 For electrostatic application equipment used in food and pharmaceutical industry, additional requirements can apply. 1.5 This document does not apply to — electrostatic hand-held spraying equipment for ignitable materials, see EN 50050:2013, Parts 1 to 3; — cleaning systems for spraying devices; — quality assurance systems for electrostatic spraying equipment (see EN ISO/IEC 80079-34:2020, Annex ZB 11).
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 63203-201-4:20204 specifies a test procedure to measure the sheet resistance of conductive fabrics after abrasion treatment using the Martindale abrasion machine. This document is applicable to woven, knitted conductive fabrics, conductive nonwovens, coated conductive fabrics, and embroidery fabrics using conductive yarns.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 63584:2024 The Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) provides the communication between a Charging Station and a Charging Station Management System (CSMS) and is designed to accommodate any type of charging technique. It is based on OCPP 2.0.1 and was submitted as a Fast-Track document.
- Standard1535 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60601-2-39:2024 applies to the BASIC SAFETY and ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE of PERITONEAL DIALYSIS ME EQUIPMENT, hereafter referred to as PD EQUIPMENT. It applies to PD EQUIPMENT intended for use either by medical staff or under the supervision of medical experts, including PD EQUIPMENT operated by the PATIENT, regardless of whether the PD EQUIPMENT is used in a hospital or domestic environment. If a clause or subclause is specifically intended to be applicable to ME EQUIPMENT only, or to ME SYSTEMS only, the title and content of that clause or subclause will say so. If that is not the case, the clause or subclause applies both to ME EQUIPMENT and to ME SYSTEMS, as relevant. This document does not take into consideration specific safety details of the DIALYSING SOLUTION control system of PD EQUIPMENT using regeneration of DIALYSING SOLUTION or CENTRAL DELIVERY SYSTEMS for DIALYSING SOLUTION. It does, however, take into consideration the specific safety requirements of such PD EQUIPMENT concerning electrical safety and PATIENT safety. This document specifies the minimum safety requirements for PD EQUIPMENT. These PD EQUIPMENT are intended for use either by medical staff or for use by the PATIENT or other trained personnel under medical supervision. This document includes all ME EQUIPMENT that is intended to deliver a PERITONEAL DIALYSIS treatment to a PATIENT, independent of the treatment duration and location. These particular requirements do not apply to: – PRE-MANUFACTURED DIALYSING SOLUTION bags, – DIALYSING SOLUTION CIRCUITS, – DIALYSING SOLUTION CONCENTRATE, – DIALYSIS WATER supply systems (see ISO 23500-2) , – CENTRAL DELIVERY SYSTEMS for DIALYSING SOLUTION CONCENTRATES, described as systems for bulk mixing concentrate at a dialysis facility, – equipment used to perform HAEMODIALYSIS (see IEC 60601-2-16). IEC 60601-2-39:2024 cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2018. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) update of references to IEC 60601-1:2005, IEC 60601-1:2005/AMD1:2012 and IEC 60601 1:2005/AMD2:2020, of references to IEC 60601 1 2:2014 and IEC 60601 1 2:2014/AMD1:2020, of references to IEC 60601-1-8:2006, IEC 60601 1 8:2006/AMD1:2012 and IEC 60601 1 8:2006/AMD2:2020, of references to IEC 60601 1 9:2007, IEC 60601 1 9:2007/AMD1:2013 and IEC 60601 1 9:2007/AMD2:2020, of references to IEC 60601 1 10:2007, IEC 60601 1 10:2007/AMD1:2013 and IEC 60601 1 10:2007/AMD2:2020 and of references to IEC 60601 1 11:2015 and IEC 60601 1 11:2015/AMD1:2020; b) consideration of ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE in SINGLE FAULT CONDITION regarding IEC 60601 1:2005/AMD1:2012/ISH1:2021; c) including the information given in the document 62D/1771A/INF regarding 201.11.8; d) including the information given in the document 62D/1734/INF regarding technical issues of the previous edition; e) including SECURITY (CYBERSECURITY) requirements; f) additions related to online PD SOLUTION generation (ONLINE PD); g) improvements regarding the definition of the APPLIED PART; h) improvement of the essential performance requirements clause/subclauses; i) improvements for labelling; j) other minor technical improvements; k) editorial improvements.
- Standard59 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60794-2-20:2024 is part of a family specification covering multi-fibre optical cables for indoor use. The requirements of the sectional specification IEC 60794-2 are applicable to cables covered by this document. Annex B contains a blank detail specification and general guidance in case the cables are intended to be used in installations governed by the MICE table of ISO/IEC 11801-1. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2013. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) update of the normative references; b) review update of parameters and requirements for mechanical tests and environmental tests, maintaining alignment with additional relevant standards in the IEC 60794-2 series; c) addition of cabled fibre attenuation requirements; d) addition of cable design examples. This document is to be used in conjunction with IEC 60794-1-1:2023, IEC 60794-1-2:2021, IEC 60794‑1‑21:2015 and IEC 60794‑1‑21:2015/AMD:2020, IEC 60794-1-22:2017, IEC 60794‑1-23:2019 and IEC 60794‑2:2017.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 62680-1-2:2024 The USB Power Delivery specification defines a power delivery system covering all elements of a USB system including Hosts, Devices, Hubs, Chargers and cable assemblies. This specification describes the architecture, protocols, power supply behavior, connectors and cabling necessary for managing power delivery over USB at up to 100W. This specification is intended to be fully compatible and extend the existing USB infrastructure. It is intended that this specification will allow system OEMs, power supply and peripheral developers adequate flexibility for product versatility and market differentiation without losing backwards compatibility. IEC 62680-1-2:2024 cancels and replaces the sixth edition published in 2022 and constitutes a technical revision. Extended Power Range (EPR) including Adjustable Voltage Supply (AVS) has been added. This document is the USB-IF publication Universal Serial Bus Power Delivery Specification Revision 3.2, Version 1.0.
- Draft1115 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 62386-105:2024 applies to control gear and control devices for control by digital signals of electronic lighting equipment. Typically, a bus unit according to the IEC 62386 series contains firmware. There are circumstances where it can be necessary to change the firmware after production or shipping of the product, for example if the bus unit does not operate as intended. In such a case, a firmware update of a bus unit via the interface is beneficial. This firmware update process is primarily designed to be a bug fix process, not a feature extension process. Nevertheless, the firmware update process can be used for feature extensions. But it is important that the risk of negative effects to the complete system be considered in detail. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2020. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) several commands have been modified, renamed and added; b) variables have been modified and added; c) recommendations for implementation within emergency control gear have been added; d) requirements for block acceptance have been changed; e) example process-flow diagrams have been added; f) requirements for restarting and power-on have been changed.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 63206:2024 specifies the characterization, the classification (e.g.: analogue chart recorder, digital recorder, X-Y recorder, paperless recorder, event recorder, data logger, and data acquisition device, etc.) and performance evaluation methods of recorders. It covers type tests as well as routine tests. This document is applicable to recorder devices and recorder modules for control systems. IEC 63206 is intended for use by manufacturers to determine the performance of their products and by users or independent testing bodies to verify manufacturers’ performance specifications. IEC 63206 has fully covered IEC 60873-1 and IEC 60873-2 which are withdrawn.
- Draft37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 62680-1-3:2024 This specification defines the USB Type-C® receptacles, plug and cables. The USB Type-C Cable and Connector Specification is guided by the following principles: - Enable new and exciting host and device form-factors where size, industrial design and style are important parameters - Work seamlessly with existing USB host and device silicon solutions - Enhance ease of use for connecting USB devices with a focus on minimizing user confusion for plug and cable orientation The USB Type-C Cable and Connector Specification defines a receptacle, plug, cable, and detection mechanisms that are compatible with existing USB interface electrical and functional specifications. This specification covers the following aspects that are needed to produce and use this new USB cable/connector solution in newer platforms and devices, and that interoperate with existing platforms and devices: - USB Type-C receptacles, including electro-mechanical definition and performance requirements - USB Type-C plugs and cable assemblies, including electro-mechanical definition and performance requirements - USB Type-C to legacy cable assemblies and adapters - USB Type-C-based device detection and interface configuration, including support for legacy connections - USB Power Delivery optimized for the USB Type-C connector The USB Type-C Cable and Connector Specification defines a standardized mechanism that supports Alternate Modes, such as repurposing the connector for docking-specific applications. IEC 62680-1-3:2024 cancels and replaces the fifth edition published in 2022 and constitutes a technical revision. This standard is the USB-IF publication Universal Serial Bus Type-C Cable and Connector Specification Revision 2.3. New release primarily for deprecating the Audio Adapter Accessory Mode and replacing it with the Liquid Corrosion Mitigation Mode, and for updating the Multi-port Charger Shared Capacity definition and behaviors. Also includes incorporation of all approved ECNs as of the revision date plus editorial clean-up.
- Draft426 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day