29.040.10 - Insulating oils
ICS 29.040.10 Details
Insulating oils
Magnetische Werkstoffe
Huiles isolantes
Izolacijska olja
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 29.040.10 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Insulating oils". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 353 standards classified under ICS 29.040.10 (Insulating oils). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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IEC 61203:2025 This document provides procedures and supervision for the use and maintenance of synthetic esters in transformers and other electrical equipment. This document includes recommendations on tests and evaluation procedures and outlines methods for reconditioning and reclaiming the liquid, when necessary
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 61203:2025 This document provides procedures and supervision for the use and maintenance of synthetic esters in transformers and other electrical equipment. This document includes recommendations on tests and evaluation procedures and outlines methods for reconditioning and reclaiming the liquid, when necessary
- Standard75 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 61039:2025 establishes the detailed classification of the N family (insulating liquids) that belongs to class L (lubricants, industrial oils and related products) in accordance with ISO 8681 and ISO 6743-99, affecting product categories that include products derived from petroleum processing, synthetic chemical products and synthetic and natural esters.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 61039:2025 establishes the detailed classification of the N family (insulating liquids) that belongs to class L (lubricants, industrial oils and related products) in accordance with ISO 8681 and ISO 6743-99, affecting product categories that include products derived from petroleum processing, synthetic chemical products and synthetic and natural esters.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 61039:2025 establishes the detailed classification of the N family (insulating liquids) that belongs to class L (lubricants, industrial oils and related products) in accordance with ISO 8681 and ISO 6743-99, affecting product categories that include products derived from petroleum processing, synthetic chemical products and synthetic and natural esters.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 60422:2024 provides monitoring guidance and procedures that are required for the use and maintenance of mineral insulating oils and other hydrocarbon-based liquids in transformers and other electrical equipment, including strategic spares and tanks for holding spare parts and components.
This document is applicable to mineral insulating oils, originally supplied conforming to IEC 60296, in transformers, switchgear and other electrical apparatus where oil sampling is reasonably practicable, and where the normal operating conditions specified in the equipment specifications apply.
This document is also intended to assist the power equipment operator to evaluate the condition of the oil and maintain it in a serviceable condition. It also provides a common basis for the preparation of more specific and complete local codes of practice.
The document includes recommendations on tests and evaluation procedures, and outlines methods for reconditioning and reclaiming oil, and the decontamination of oil contaminated with PCBs.
NOTE The condition monitoring of electrical equipment, for example by analysis of dissolved gases, furanic compounds or other means, is outside the scope of this document.
- Standard73 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 60422:2024 provides monitoring guidance and procedures that are required for the use and maintenance of mineral insulating oils and other hydrocarbon-based liquids in transformers and other electrical equipment, including strategic spares and tanks for holding spare parts and components. This document is applicable to mineral insulating oils, originally supplied conforming to IEC 60296, in transformers, switchgear and other electrical apparatus where oil sampling is reasonably practicable, and where the normal operating conditions specified in the equipment specifications apply. This document is also intended to assist the power equipment operator to evaluate the condition of the oil and maintain it in a serviceable condition. It also provides a common basis for the preparation of more specific and complete local codes of practice. The document includes recommendations on tests and evaluation procedures, and outlines methods for reconditioning and reclaiming oil, and the decontamination of oil contaminated with PCBs. NOTE The condition monitoring of electrical equipment, for example by analysis of dissolved gases, furanic compounds or other means, is outside the scope of this document.
- Standard73 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 60422:2024 provides monitoring guidance and procedures that are required for the use and maintenance of mineral insulating oils and other hydrocarbon-based liquids in transformers and other electrical equipment, including strategic spares and tanks for holding spare parts and components.
This document is applicable to mineral insulating oils, originally supplied conforming to IEC 60296, in transformers, switchgear and other electrical apparatus where oil sampling is reasonably practicable, and where the normal operating conditions specified in the equipment specifications apply.
This document is also intended to assist the power equipment operator to evaluate the condition of the oil and maintain it in a serviceable condition. It also provides a common basis for the preparation of more specific and complete local codes of practice.
The document includes recommendations on tests and evaluation procedures, and outlines methods for reconditioning and reclaiming oil, and the decontamination of oil contaminated with PCBs.
NOTE The condition monitoring of electrical equipment, for example by analysis of dissolved gases, furanic compounds or other means, is outside the scope of this document.
- Standard140 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 60567:2023 deals with the techniques for sampling free gases from gas-collecting relays from power transformers. Three methods of sampling free gases are described. The techniques for sampling oil from oil-filled equipment such as power and instrument transformers, reactors, bushings, oil-filled cables and oil-filled tank-type capacitors are no longer covered by this document, but are instead described in IEC 60475:2022, 4.2. Before analysing the gases dissolved in oil, they are first extracted from the oil. Three basic methods are described, one using extraction by vacuum (Toepler and partial degassing), another by displacement of the dissolved gases by bubbling the carrier gas through the oil sample (stripping) and the last one by partition of gases between the oil sample and a small volume of the carrier gas (headspace). The gases are analysed quantitatively after extraction by gas chromatography; a method of analysis is described. Free gases from gas-collecting relays are analysed without preliminary treatment.
- Standard65 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 60567:2023 deals with the techniques for sampling free gases from gas-collecting relays from power transformers. Three methods of sampling free gases are described. The techniques for sampling oil from oil-filled equipment such as power and instrument transformers, reactors, bushings, oil-filled cables and oil-filled tank-type capacitors are no longer covered by this document, but are instead described in IEC 60475:2022, 4.2. Before analysing the gases dissolved in oil, they are first extracted from the oil. Three basic methods are described, one using extraction by vacuum (Toepler and partial degassing), another by displacement of the dissolved gases by bubbling the carrier gas through the oil sample (stripping) and the last one by partition of gases between the oil sample and a small volume of the carrier gas (headspace). The gases are analysed quantitatively after extraction by gas chromatography; a method of analysis is described. Free gases from gas-collecting relays are analysed without preliminary treatment.
- Standard65 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 In most of their uses, insulating liquids are continually in contact with metals that are subject to corrosion. The presence of elemental sulfur or corrosive sulfur compounds will result in deterioration of these metals and cause conductive or high resistive films to form. The extent of deterioration is dependent upon the quantity and type of corrosive agent and time and temperature factors. Detection of these undesirable impurities, even though not in terms of quantitative values, is a means for recognizing the hazard involved.
3.2 Two methods are provided, one for copper corrosion and one for silver corrosion. Copper is slightly less sensitive to sulfur corrosion than silver but the results are easier to interpret and less prone to error. The silver corrosion procedure is provided especially for those users who have applications where the insulating liquid is in contact with a silver surface.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the detection of corrosive sulfur compounds (both inorganic and organic) in electrical insulating liquids.
1.2 New and in-service insulating liquids may contain elemental sulfur or sulfur compounds, or both, that cause corrosion under certain conditions of use. This test method is designed to detect the presence of, or the propensity to form, free (elemental) sulfur and corrosive sulfur compounds by subjecting copper or silver to contact with an insulating liquid under prescribed conditions.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are included for informational purposes.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 60567:2023 deals with the techniques for sampling free gases from gas-collecting relays from power transformers. Three methods of sampling free gases are described. The techniques for sampling oil from oil-filled equipment such as power and instrument transformers, reactors, bushings, oil-filled cables and oil-filled tank-type capacitors are no longer covered by this document, but are instead described in IEC 60475:2022, 4.2. Before analysing the gases dissolved in oil, they are first extracted from the oil. Three basic methods are described, one using extraction by vacuum (Toepler and partial degassing), another by displacement of the dissolved gases by bubbling the carrier gas through the oil sample (stripping) and the last one by partition of gases between the oil sample and a small volume of the carrier gas (headspace). The gases are analysed quantitatively after extraction by gas chromatography; a method of analysis is described. Free gases from gas-collecting relays are analysed without preliminary treatment.
- Standard128 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard128 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.
5.2 Results obtained by this practice are similar to, but not identical with, results obtained from Test Method D3238. The relationship between the two and the equations used in deriving Fig. 1 are discussed in the literature.4
5.3 Although this practice tends to give consistent results, it may not compare with direct measurement test methods such as Test Method D2007.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.
FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % CA, % CN, and % CP
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Accurate sampling, whether of the complete contents or only parts thereof, is extremely important from the standpoint of evaluating the quality of the liquid insulant sampled. Obviously, examination of a test specimen that, because of careless sampling procedure or contamination in sampling equipment, is not directly representative, leads to erroneous conclusions concerning quality and in addition results in a loss of time, effort, and expense in securing, transporting, and testing the sample.
4.2 A study of gases and moisture contained in insulating oils from transformers and other electrical power apparatus can frequently give an early indication of abnormal behavior of the apparatus, and may indicate appropriate action be taken on the equipment before it suffers greater damage. Specific gas and moisture content can be determined from oil sampled for this purpose.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover sampling of new electrical insulating liquids including oils, askarels, silicones, synthetic liquids, and natural ester insulating liquids as well as those insulating liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus. These practices apply to liquids having a viscosity of less than 6.476 × 10-4 m2/s (540 cSt) at 40 °C (104 °F).
1.2 Representative samples of electrical insulating liquids are taken for test specimens so that the quality pertinent to their use may be determined. The quality in different portions of a given container, or the average quality of the whole bulk may be ascertained if desired.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard where applicable. Inch pound units are used where there is no SI equivalent.
1.4 These practices also include special techniques and devices for sampling for dissolved gases-in-oil (DGA) (D3612), water (D1533) and particles (D6786).
1.5 For ease of use, this document has been indexed as follows:
Section Title
Section/Paragraph
Mandatory Conditions and General Information
Section 5
Description of Sampling Devices and Containers
Section 6, Annex A1, Appendix X2
Most Frequently Used Sampling Techniques for Electrical Apparatus
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Bottles and Cans
Section 7, Appendix X1, Appendix X2
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Glass Syringes (DGA and Water Analysis)
Section 8
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Stainless Steel Cylinders (DGA and Water Analysis)
Section 9
Sampling of Cans, Drums, Tank Cars, Tank Trucks and Small Electrical Equipment
Sampling Using the Dip-Type Device (drum thief)
Section 10
Sampling Using the Pressure-Type Device
Section 11, Annex A1.1
Sampling Using the Tank Car-Type Device
Section 12, Annex A1.2
Sampling Cable Feeders
Mandatory Conditions
Section 13
General Considerations
Section 14
Sampling Using the Manifold-Type Device
Section 15, Annex A1.3
Cleaning, Preparation, Storage, and Handling of Sampling Containers
Section 16
Storage, Packaging and Shipping of Samples
Section 17
Cleaning and Storage of Sampling Devices
Section 18
Sample Information
Section 19
Mandatory Information—Construction of Sampling Devices
Annex A1
Determination of Electrical Apparatus Temperature
Appendix X1
Sample Container Types
Appendix X2
1.6 Handle askarels containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) according to federal and local regulations existing for that country. For example, the federal regulations concerning PCBs in the United States can be found in 40 CFR Part 761.
1.7 Properly contain, package and dispose of any liquid or material resulting from the use of these practices in a manner that is in accordance with local and state regulations specific to the country in w...
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)—This is a measure of the dielectric losses in an electrical insulating liquid when used in an alternating electric field and of the energy dissipated as heat. A low dissipation factor or power factor indicates low ac dielectric losses. Dissipation factor or power factor may be useful as a means of quality control, and as an indication of changes in quality resulting from contamination and deterioration in service or as a result of handling.
4.1.1 The loss characteristic is commonly measured in terms of dissipation factor (tangent of the loss angle) or of power factor (sine of the loss angle) and may be expressed as a decimal value or as a percentage. For decimal values up to 0.05, dissipation factor and power factor values are equal to each other within about one part in one thousand. In general, since the dissipation factor or power factor of insulating oils in good condition have decimal values below 0.005, the two measurements (terms) may be considered interchangeable.
4.1.2 The exact relationship between dissipation factor (D) and power factor (PF ) is given by the following equations:
The reported value of D or PF may be expressed as a decimal value or as a percentage. For example:
4.2 Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)—Insulating liquids are used in general either to insulate components of an electrical network from each other and from ground, alone or in combination with solid insulating materials, or to function as the dielectric of a capacitor. For the first use, a low value of relative permittivity is often desirable in order to have the capacitance be as small as possible, consistent with acceptable chemical and heat transfer properties. However, an intermediate value of relative permittivity may sometimes be advantageous in achieving a better voltage distribution of ac electric fields between the liquid and solid insulating materials with which the liquid may be in series. When ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes testing of new electrical insulating liquids as well as liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus.
1.2 This test method provides a procedure for making referee tests at a commercial frequency of between 45 Hz and 65 Hz.
1.3 Where it is desired to make routine determinations requiring less accuracy, certain modifications to this test method are permitted as described in Sections 16 to 24.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in 11.3.3.
1.6 Mercury has been designated by the EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA's website for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is intended as a rapid method for the evaluation of the oxidation stability of new mineral insulating oils containing a synthetic oxidation inhibitor. This test is considered of value in checking the oxidation stability of new mineral insulating oils containing 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol, or both, in order to control the continuity of this property from shipment to shipment. The applicability of this procedure for use with inhibited mineral insulating oils of more than 12 cSt at 40 °C (approximately 65 SUS at 100 °F) has not been established.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard except where there is no direct equivalent for hardware designed on the inch-pound unit basis.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See warning in 6.7.)
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the rapid determination of 12 elements in insulating oils, and it provides rapid screening of used oils for indications of wear. Test times approximate several minutes per test specimen, and detectability is in the 10 μg/kg through 100 μg/kg range.
5.2 This test method can be used to monitor equipment condition and help to define when corrective action is needed. It can also be used to detect contamination such as from silicone fluids (via Silicon) or from dirt (via Silicon and Aluminum).
5.3 This test method can be used to indicate the efficiency of reclaiming used insulating oil.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of metals and contaminants in insulating oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific elements are listed in Table 1. This test method is similar to Test Method D5185, but differs in methodology, which results in the greater sensitivity required for insulating oil applications.
1.2 This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble particulates. Analytical results are particle size dependent, and low results are obtained for particles larger than several micrometers.2
1.3 This test method determines the dissolved metals (which can originate from overheating or arcing, or both) and a portion of the particulate metals (which generally originate from a wear mechanism). While this ICP method detects nearly all particles less than several micrometers, the response of larger particles decreases with increasing particle size because larger particles are less likely to make it through the nebulizer and into the sample excitation zone.
1.4 This test method includes an option for filtering the oil sample for those users who wish to separately determine dissolved metals and particulate metals (and hence, total metals).
1.5 Elements present at concentrations above the upper limit of the calibration curves can be determined with additional, appropriate dilutions and with no degradation of precision.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This International Standard covers specifications and test methods for unused synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons intended for use as insulating liquid in electrical equipment.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers rerefined previously used mineral insulating liquid of petroleum origin for reuse as an insulating and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, liquid filled circuit breakers, switchgear, and attendant equipment.
1.2 This specification is intended to define a rerefined mineral insulating liquid that is functionally interchangeable and miscible with existing mineral insulating liquids, is compatible with existing apparatus, and with appropriate field maintenance2 will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristics in its application in electrical equipment. This specification applies only to rerefined mineral insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Liquids that undergo treatment in-situ are not covered by this specification.
1.3 Formulated rerefined mineral insulating liquids may contain additives such as inhibitors, passivators, pour point depressants, flow modifiers, gassing tendency modifiers, and other compounds. This specification will address some of these but not all. It is the responsibility of the supplier to disclose information concerning the presence of all known additives and their concentration to the user.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification describes a high fire-point mineral oil based electrical insulating fluid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatuses, such as transformers and switchgear. The material discussed here is miscible with other petroleum based insulating oils, and may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The insulating oils shall be compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in its application. This specification applies only to new insulating material oil as received prior to any processing. Sampled specimens shall undergo appropriate tests, and shall conform correspondingly to specified physical (appearance upon visual examination, color in ASTM units, fire point, flash point, aniline point, interfacial tension, pour point, relative density, and kinematic viscosity), electrical (dielectric breakdown voltage, gassing tendency, and dissipation factor), and chemical (corrosion behavior against sulfur, inorganic chlorides and sulfates content, acid number, water content, oxidation stability, oxidation inhibitor content, and PCB content) property requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification describes a less flammable mineral electrical insulating liquid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers and switchgear.
1.2 Less flammable insulating liquid differs from conventional mineral insulating liquid by possessing a fire-point of at least 300 °C. This property is necessary in order to comply with certain application requirements of the National Electrical Code (Article 450-23) or other agencies. The material discussed in this specification is miscible with other petroleum based insulating liquids. Mixing less flammable liquids with lower fire point hydrocarbon insulating liquids (for example, Specification D3487 mineral liquid) may result in fire points of less than 300 °C.
1.3 This specification is intended to define a less flammable electrical mineral insulating liquid that is compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in this application. The material described in this specification may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The user should contact the manufacturer of the less flammable insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.
1.4 This specification applies only to new electrical insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Information on in-service maintenance testing is available in appropriate guides.2 The user should contact the manufacturers of the equipment or liquid if questions of recommended characteristics or maintenance procedures arise.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This International Standard covers specifications and test methods for unused synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons intended for use as insulating liquid in electrical equipment.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 60867:2022 covers specifications and test methods for unused synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons intended for use as insulating liquid in cables and capacitors.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This document describes how the concentrations of dissolved gases or free gases can be interpreted to diagnose the condition of oil-filled electrical equipment in service and suggest future action.
This document is applicable to electrical equipment filled with mineral insulating oil and insulated with cellulosic paper or pressboard-based solid insulation. Information about specific types of equipment such as transformers (power, instrument, industrial, railways, distribution), reactors, bushings, switchgear and oil-filled cables is given only as an indication in the application notes.
This document can be applied, but only with caution, to other liquid-solid insulating systems.
In any case, the indications obtained are given only as guidance with resulting action undertaken only with proper engineering judgment.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers less-flammable (high fire point) synthetic ester insulating liquids for use as a dielectric and cooling in new and existing electrical power apparatus including power and distribution transformers, switchgear, and other associated equipment
1.2 Synthetic ester insulating liquids differ from conventional mineral oil and other less-flammable (high fire point) liquids in that they are products derived from the chemical reaction, processing, and physical treatments of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
1.3 This specification is intended to define synthetic ester electrical insulating liquids that are compatible with typical materials of construction of existing apparatus and are expected to maintain their functional characteristics in these applications. The material described in this specification is not always miscible with other electrical insulating liquids. The user should contact the manufacturer of the synthetic ester insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.
1.4 This specification applies only to unused synthetic ester insulating liquids as received prior to any processing. The user should contact the manufacturer of the equipment or liquid, or both, if questions of recommended characteristics or liquid maintenance procedures arise.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document describes how the concentrations of dissolved gases or free gases can be interpreted to diagnose the condition of oil-filled electrical equipment in service and suggest future action. This document is applicable to electrical equipment filled with mineral insulating oil and insulated with cellulosic paper or pressboard-based solid insulation. Information about specific types of equipment such as transformers (power, instrument, industrial, railways, distribution), reactors, bushings, switchgear and oil-filled cables is given only as an indication in the application notes. This document can be applied, but only with caution, to other liquid-solid insulating systems. In any case, the indications obtained are given only as guidance with resulting action undertaken only with proper engineering judgment.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to the sampling procedure used for insulating liquids in delivery containers and in electrical equipment such as power and instrument transformers, reactors, bushings, oil-filled cables, oil-filled tank-type capacitors, switchgear and load tap changers (LTCs). This document applies to liquids the viscosity of which at the sampling temperature is less than 1 500 mm2/s (or cSt). It applies to mineral oils and non-mineral oils (such as synthetic esters, natural esters, vegetable oils or silicones).
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 By use of this test method and Test Methods D1500 or D2129 the color and condition of a test specimen of electrical insulating liquid may be estimated during a field inspection, thus assisting in the decision as to whether or not the sample should be sent to a central laboratory for full evaluation. Cloudiness, particles of insulation, products of metal corrosion, or other undesirable suspended materials, as well as any unusual change in color may be detected.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method for visual examination is applicable to electrical insulating liquids that have been used in transformers, oil circuit breakers, or other electrical apparatus as insulating or cooling media, or both.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 60312:2019 defines requirements for the characterization of unused modified esters or blends of unused esters used as insulating liquids for electrotechnical applications. It does not cover liquids that contain any proportion of used liquids. The liquids covered by this document are intended mainly for transformer applications. Unused modified/synthetized esters are derived from a natural or synthetic base, or are blends of both. This document covers a variety of ester liquids not covered by other standards specific to natural esters (IEC 62770) or synthetic esters (IEC 61099). As it addresses various categories of liquids, this document also covers a wide range of values for certain performance characteristics. An important property is viscosity, which can affect the design and cooling performance of electrical equipment. A categorization is defined based on the kinematic viscosity of the different liquids. The category of low viscosity ester liquids is established.
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IEC 60599:2022 describes how the concentrations of dissolved gases or free gases can be interpreted to diagnose the condition of oil-filled electrical equipment in service and suggest future action. This document is applicable to electrical equipment filled with mineral insulating oil and insulated with cellulosic paper or pressboard-based solid insulation. Information about specific types of equipment such as transformers (power, instrument, industrial, railways, distribution), reactors, bushings, switchgear and oil-filled cables is given only as an indication in the application notes. This document can be applied, but only with caution, to other liquid-solid insulating systems. In any case, the indications obtained are given only as guidance with resulting action undertaken only with proper engineering judgment.
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IEC 60475:2022 is applicable to the sampling procedure used for insulating liquids in delivery containers and in electrical equipment such as power and instrument transformers, reactors, bushings, oil-filled cables, oil-filled tank-type capacitors, switchgear and load tap changers (LTCs). This document applies to liquids the viscosity of which at the sampling temperature is less than 1 500 mm2/s (or cSt). It applies to mineral oils and non-mineral oils (such as synthetic esters, natural esters, vegetable oils or silicones).
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ABSTRACT
This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating oils of petroleum origin intended for use in electrical cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the oils are used as insulating, or heat transfer media, or both. This guide is classified into the following categories: sampling practices, physical tests, electrical tests, chemical tests, and specifications. The test methods shall be as follows: aniline point; coefficient of thermal expansion; color; examination; flash and fire point; interfacial tension; pour point of petroleum products; refractive index; relative density; specific heat; thermal conductivity; turbidity; viscosity; dielectric breakdown voltage; dissipation factor and relative permittivity; gassing tendency; resistivity; stability under electrical discharge; acidity; carbon-type composition; compatibility with construction material; copper content; furanic compounds; gas analysis; gas content; inorganic chlorides and sulfates; neutralization numbers; oxidation inhibitor content; oxidation stability; polychlorinated biphenyl content; sediment and soluble sludge; sulfur; water content; mineral insulating oil for electrical apparatus; and high firepoint electrical insulating oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating liquids intended for use in electrical cables, transformers, liquid-filled circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the liquids are used as insulating, or heat transfer media, or both.
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to outline the applicability of the available test methods. Where more than one is available for measuring a given property, their relative advantages are described, along with an indication of laboratory convenience, precision, (95 % confidence limits), and applicability to specific types of electrical insulating liquids.
1.3 This guide is classified into the following categories: Sampling Practices, Physical Tests, Electrical Tests, Chemical Tests, and Specifications. Within each test category, the test methods are listed alphabetically by property measured. A list of standards follows:
Category
Section
ASTM Standard
Sampling:
3
D923
Physical Tests:
Aniline Point
4
D611
Coefficient of Thermal Ex-
pansion
5
D1903
Color
6
D1500
Examination: Visual Infrared
7
D1524, D2144, D2129
Flash and Fire Point
8
D92
Interfacial Tension
9
D971
Pour Point of Petroleum
Products
10
D97, D5949, D5950
Particle Count in Mineral
Insulating Oil
11
D6786
Refractive Index and Specific
Optical Dispersion
12
D1218
Relative Density (Specific
Gravity)
13
D287, D1217, D1298, D1481, D4052
Specific Heat
14
D2766
Thermal Conductivity
15
D2717
Viscosity
16
D445, D2161, D7042
Electrical Tests:
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage
17
D877, D1816, D3300
Dissipation Factor and Rela-
tive Permittivity (Dielectric
Constant)
18
D924
Gassing Characteristic
Under Thermal Stress
19
D7150
Gassing Tendency
20
D2300
Resistivity
21
D1169
Chemical Tests:
Acidity, Approximate
22
D1534
Carbon-Type Composition
23
D2140
Compatibility with Construc-
tion Material
24
D3455
Copper Content
25
D3635
Elements by Inductively
Coupled Plasma (ICP-AES)
26
D7151
Furanic Compounds in
Electrical Insulating Liquids
27
D5837
Dissolved Gas Analysis
28
D3612
Gas Content of Cable and
Capacitor Liquids
29
D831, D1827, D2945
Neutralization (Acid and
Base) Numbers
30
D664, D974
Oxidation Inhibitor Content
31
D2668, D4768
Oxidation Stability
32
D1934, D2112, D2440
P...
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Specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity of mineral insulating oils, both transparent and opaque, at very low temperatures, after a cold soaking period of at least 20 h, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity throught a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. Applies at all temperatures to both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids having viscosities of up to 20 000 mm2/s.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The quantitative determination of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in a new electrical insulating oil measures the amount of this material that has been added to the oil as protection against oxidation. In a used oil it measures the amount remaining after oxidation has reduced its concentration. The test is also suitable for manufacturing control and specification acceptance.
3.2 When an infrared spectrum is obtained of an electrical insulating oil inhibited with either of these compounds there is an increase in absorbance of the spectrum at several wavelengths (or wavenumbers). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl paracresol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1), and 11.63 μm (860 cm−1 ). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1) and 13.42 μm (745 cm −1).
3.3 When making this test on other than a highly oxidized oil or when using a double-beam spectrophotometer, it has been found convenient to obtain the spectrum between 2.5 μm (4000 cm−1) and 2.9 μm (3450 cm−1) because the instrument is compensated for the presence of moisture and the band is not influenced by intermolecular forces (associations). However, when testing a highly oxidized oil or when using a single-beam instrument better results may be obtained if the scan is made between 10.90 μm (918 cm−1) and 14.00 μm (714 cm−1).
3.4 Increased absorption at 11.63 μm (860 cm −1) or 13.42 μm (745 cm−1) or both, will identify the inhibitor as 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol respectively (Note 1).
Note 1: The absorbance at 745 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol and at 860 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol for equal concentrations will be in the approximate ratio of 2.6 to 1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight percent of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol (DBPC) and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol (DBP) in new or used electrical insulating oil in concentrations up to 0.5 % by measuring its absorbance at the specified wavelengths in the infrared spectrum.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The infrared spectrum of an electrical insulating oil is a record of the absorption of infrared energy over a range of wavelengths. The spectrum indicates the general chemical composition of the test specimen.
Note 2: The infrared spectrum of a pure chemical compound is probably the most characteristic property of that compound. However, in the case of oils, multicomponent systems are being examined whose spectra are the sum total of all the spectra of the individual components. Because the absorption bands of the components may overlap, the spectrum of the oil is not as sharply defined as that for a single compound. For these reasons, these practices may not in every case be suitable for the quantitative estimation of the components of such a complex mixture as mineral oil.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices are to be used for the recording and interpretation of infrared absorption spectra of electrical insulating oils from 4000 cm−1 to 400 cm−1 (2.5 μm to 25 μm).
Note 1: While these practices are specific to ratio recording or optical null double-beam dispersive spectrophotometers, single-beam and HATR (horizontal attenuated total reflectance), Fourier-transform rapid scan infrared spectrophotometers may also be used. By computerized subtraction techniques, ratio methods can be used. Any of these types of equipment may be suitable if they comply with the specifications described in Practice E932.
1.2 Two practices are covered, a Reference Standard Practice and a Differential Practice.
1.3 These practices are designed primarily for use as rapid continuity tests for identifying a shipment of oil from a supplier by comparing its spectrum with that obtained from previous shipments, or with the sample on which approval tests were made. They also may be used for the detection of certain types of contamination in oils, and for the identification of oils in storage or service, by comparison of the spectra of the unknown and known oils. The practices are not intended for the determination of the various constituents of an oil.
1.4 Warning—Infrared absorption is a tool of high resolving power. Conclusions as to continuity of oil quality should not be drawn until sufficient data have been accumulated so that the shipment-to-shipment variation is clearly established, for example.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The significance and use of each test method will depend on the system in use and the purpose of the test method listed under Section 6. Use the most recent editions of the test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information without specific limits, for selecting standard test methods for testing hydrocarbon-based quench oils for quality and aging.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.2.1 Exception—The units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Electrical insulating oil may contain small amounts of dissolved metals derived either directly from the base oil or from contact with metals during refining or service. When copper is present, it acts as a catalyst in promoting oxidation of the oil. This test method is useful for research for new oils and to assess the condition of service-aged oils. Consideration should be given to the limits of detection outlined in the scope.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of copper in new or used electrical insulating oil of petroleum origin by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
1.2 The lowest limit of detectability is primarily dependent upon the method of atomization, but also upon the energy source, the fuel and oxidant, and the degree of electrical expansion of the output signal. The lowest detectable concentration is usually considered to be equal to twice the maximum variation of the background. For flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is generally in the order of 0.1 ppm or 0.1 mg/kg. For non-flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is less than 0.01 ppm.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The oxidation stability test of mineral transformer oils is a method for assessing the amount of sludge and acid products formed in a transformer oil when the oil is tested under prescribed conditions. Good oxidation stability is necessary in order to maximize the service life of the oil by minimizing the formation of sludge and acid. Oils that meet the requirements specified for this test in Specification D3487 tend to minimize electrical conduction, ensure acceptable heat transfer, and preserve system life. There is no proven correlation between performance in this test and performance in service, since the test does not model the whole insulation system (oil, paper, enamel, wire). However, the test can be used as a control test for evaluating oxidation inhibitors and to check the consistency of oxidation stability of production oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the resistance of mineral transformer oils to oxidation under prescribed accelerated aging conditions. Oxidation stability is measured by the propensity of oils to form sludge and acid products during oxidation. This test method is applicable to new oils, both uninhibited and inhibited, but is not well defined for used or reclaimed oils.
Note 1: A shorter duration oxidation test for evaluation of inhibited oils is available in Test Method D2112.
Note 2: For those interested in the measurement of volatile acidity, reference is made to IEC Method 61125. 2
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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IEC 62961:2018 establishes the measurement of the interfacial tension between insulating liquid and water by means of the Du Noüy ring method close to equilibrium conditions. In order to obtain a value that provides a realistic expression of the real interfacial tension, a measurement after a surface age of approximately 180 s is recorded.
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IEC TR 63025:2021(E) specifies two test methods for methanol and ethanol determination in insulating liquids.
Methanol (MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH) are two light alcohols generated during the degradation process of cellulosic materials. They are soluble in insulating liquids so they can be regarded as ageing tracers whose concentrations in oil reflect the degradation of insulating cellulosic materials in liquid-impregnated transformers.
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IEC 61125:2018 describes a test method for evaluating the oxidation stability of insulating liquids in the delivered state under accelerated conditions regardless of whether or not antioxidant additives are present. The duration of the test can be different depending on the insulating liquid type and is defined in the corresponding standards (e.g. in IEC 60296, IEC 61099, IEC 62770). The method can be used for measuring the induction period, the test being continued until the volatile acidity significantly exceeds 0,10 mg KOH/g in the case of mineral oils. This value can be significantly higher in the case of ester liquids. Additional test methods such as those described in IEC TR 62036 based on differential scanning calorimetry can also be used as screening tests, but are out of the scope of this document. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1992 and Amendment 1: 2004. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) the title has been modified to include insulating liquids different from mineral insulating oils (hydrocarbon); b) the method applies for insulating liquids in the delivered state; c) former Method C is now the main normative method; d) precision data of the main normative method has been updated concerning the dissipation factor; e) former Method A has been deleted; f) former Method B has been transferred to Annex B; g) a new method evaluating the thermo-oxidative behaviour of esters is included in Annex C.
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IEC 62975:2021 provides procedures and guidelines that are intended for the use and maintenance of natural ester liquid in sealed transformers and other electrical equipment.
This document is applicable to natural esters, originally supplied conforming to IEC 62770 and other applicable standards (e.g. ASTM D6871) in transformers, switchgear and electrical apparatus where liquid sampling is practical and where the normal operating conditions specified in the equipment specifications apply.
At present, there is a limited amount of information available for electrical equipment other than transformers.
This document is also intended to assist the power equipment operator to evaluate the condition of the natural ester and maintain it in a serviceable condition. It also provides a common basis for the preparation of more specific and complete local codes of practice.
The document includes recommendations on tests and evaluation procedures and outlines methods for reconditioning and reclaiming the liquid, when necessary.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Methanol and ethanol are generated by the degradation of cellulosic materials used in the solid insulation systems of electrical equipment. More particularly, methanol comes from the depolymerization of cellulosic materials.3, 4, 5, 6
5.2 Methanol and ethanol, which are soluble in an insulating liquid to an appreciable degree, will proportionally migrate to that liquid after being produced from the cellulose.
5.3 High concentrations or unusual increases in the concentrations of methanol or ethanol, or both, in an insulating liquid may indicate cellulose degradation from aging or incipient fault conditions. Testing for these alcohols may be used to complement dissolved gas-in-oil analysis and furanic compounds as performed in accordance with Test Methods D3612 and D5837 respectively.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of by-products of cellulosic materials degradation found in electrical insulation systems that are immersed in insulating liquid. Such materials include paper, pressboard, wood and cotton materials. This test method allows the analysis of methanol and ethanol from the sample matrix by headspace GC-MS or GC-FID.
1.2 This test method has been used to test for methanol and ethanol in mineral insulating liquids and less flammable electrical insulating liquids of mineral origin as defined in D3487 and D5222 respectively. Currently, this method is not a practical application for ester liquids.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The gas content of cable and capacitor oils is considered to be important, since the evolution of gas in the form of bubbles can have an adverse effect on the insulating properties of these fluids. It is customary to degas these oils prior to use, and this test method provides a means of determining the gas content before and after degassing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gas content of electrical insulating oils of low and medium viscosities in the general range up to 190 mm2/s at 104°F [40°C], such as are used in capacitors and paper-insulated electric cables and cable systems of the oil-filled type. The determination of gas content is desirable for any insulating oil having these properties and intended for use in a degassed state.
Note 1: For testing insulating oils with viscosities of 19 mm2/s or below at 40°C, see Test Method D2945.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Open-beaker oxidative aging methods have been used for many years in laboratories of insulating liquid companies, electrical equipment manufacturers, and electric utility companies interested in the stability of electrical insulating liquids under oxidative conditions. They are particularly useful as a check on the continuity of production and shipment of insulating liquids. They are also useful as process and product checks for applicable type insulating liquids.
5.2 Specification limits for insulating liquids subjected to open-beaker oxidative aging by this method are established by agreement between individual producers and consumers of applicable type insulating liquids. These properties of the insulating liquid involved in specification limits for aging stability may be measured after the oxidative aging (and sometimes before aging) by appropriate test methods such as Test Methods D924, D971, D1169, and D974 or D664. Other test methods such as D445 can be used when deemed appropriate.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for subjecting electrical insulating liquids to oxidative aging:
1.1.1 Procedure A, without a metal catalyst, and
1.1.2 Procedure B, with a metal catalyst.
1.2 This test method is applicable to insulating liquids used as impregnating or pressure media in electrical power transmission cables if less than 10 % of the insulating liquid evaporates during the aging procedures. It applies and is generally useful primarily in the evaluation and quality control of unused insulating liquids, either inhibited or uninhibited.
1.3 This test method is applicable to study the long-term behavior of an insulating liquid being considered for free breathing transformers. An unsealed vessel aging procedure, in presence of air or oxygen, allows greatly increased oxidation rate of the liquid. This procedure is rapid and provides a controlled thermal stress assessment.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 An open beaked test shall only be carried out on liquids with flash points at or above 130°C or 15°C above the oven temperature. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.5 for a specific warning statement.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests covered in this standard may be used for quality control and design considerations.
4.2 Included in each test method is a brief statement describing its significance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of silicone liquids for use in transformers, capacitors, and electronic assemblies as an insulating or cooling medium, or both. These methods are generally suitable for specification acceptance (Specification D4652), factory control, referee testing, and research.
1.2 Although some of the test methods listed here apply primarily to petroleum-based fluids, they are, with minor revisions, equally applicable to silicone liquids.
1.3 Silicone liquids are used for electrical insulating purposes because of their stable properties at high and low temperatures and their relative environmental inertness.
1.4 A list of the properties and standards are as follows:
Property Measured
Section
ASTM Test Method
Physical:
Color
6
D2129
Flash point
7
D92
Fire point
7
D92
Polychlorinated biphenyl
content
8
D4059
Pour point
9
D97
Refractive index
10
D1807
Specific gravity
11
D1298, D1481, D4052
Volatility
12
D4559
Viscosity
13
D445
Chemical:
Acid number
14
D974
Water content
15
D1533
Electrical:
Relative permittivity
16
D9242
Dielectric breakdown
voltage
17
D8773
Dielectric breakdown
voltage
17
D1816
Dissipation factor
18
D9242
Specific resistance
19
D11692
Compatibility
20
D5282
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is most commonly performed using a negative polarity needle or a sharp defined point to an opposing grounded sphere (NPS). The NPS breakdown voltage of fresh unused liquids measured in the highly divergent field in this configuration depends on the insulating liquid composition, decreasing with increasing concentration of aromatic, particularly polyaromatic, hydrocarbon molecules in liquids of petroleum origin and decreasing with ester molecular structure, either natural or synthetic.
3.2 This test method may be used to evaluate the continuity of composition of an insulating liquid from shipment to shipment. The NPS impulse breakdown voltage of an insulating liquid can also be substantially lowered by contact with materials of construction, by service aging, particulate matter, and by other impurities. Test results lower than those expected for a given fresh liquid may also indicate use or contamination.
3.3 Although polarity of the voltage wave has little or no effect on the breakdown strength of an insulating liquid in uniform fields, polarity does have a marked effect on the breakdown voltage in nonuniform electric fields.
3.4 Transient voltages may also vary over a wide range in both the time to reach crest value and the time to decay to half crest or to zero magnitude. The IEEE standard lightning impulse test (see 2.2) specifies a 1.2 by 50-μs negative polarity wave.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dielectric breakdown voltage of insulating liquids in a highly divergent field under impulse conditions and has been found applicable to liquids of petroleum origin, natural and synthetic esters.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Electrical characteristics of an insulating liquid may be affected deleteriously by excessive water content. A high water content may make a dielectric liquid unsuitable for some electrical applications due to deterioration of properties such as the dielectric breakdown voltage.
4.2 This test is suitable for use in acceptance specifications, in control of processing, and in evaluating the condition of dielectric liquids in service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of water present in insulating liquids by coulometric Karl Fischer titration. This test method is used commonly for test specimens below 100 % relative saturation of water in oil. The coulometric test method is known for its high degree of sensitivity (typically 10 μg H2O). This test method requires the use of equipment specifically designed for coulometric titration.
1.2 This test method recommends the use of commercially available coulometric Karl Fischer titrators and reagents.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see 8.1 and A2.1.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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IEC 60296:2020 provides specifications and test methods for unused and recycled mineral insulating oils. It applies to mineral oil delivered according to the contractual agreement, intended for use in transformers, switchgear and similar electrical equipment in which oil is required for insulation and heat transfer. Both unused oil and recycled oil under the scope of this document have not been used in, nor been in contact with electrical equipment or other equipment not required for manufacture, storage or transport.
Unused oils are obtained by refining, modifying and/or blending of petroleum products and other hydrocarbons from virgin feedstock.
Recycled oils are produced from oils previously used as mineral insulating oils in electrical equipment that have been subjected to re-refining or reclaiming (regeneration) by processes employed offsite. Such oils will have originally been supplied in compliance with a recognized unused mineral insulating oil specification. This document does not differentiate between the methods used to recycle mineral insulating oil. Oils treated on-site (see IEC 60422) are not within the scope of this document.
Oils with and without additives are both within the scope of this document.
This document does not apply to mineral insulating oils used as impregnating medium in cables or capacitors.
This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition published in 2012. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
– This International Standard is applicable to specifications and test methods for unused and recycled mineral insulating oils in the delivered state.
– Within the transformer insulating oils, two groups, Type A and Type B, are defined, based on their performance.
– A new method for stray gassing under thermo-oxidative stress of mineral insulating oils, which has been tested in a joint round robin test (RRT) between CIGRE D1 and IEC technical committee 10, has been included.
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 60296:2020 provides specifications and test methods for unused and recycled mineral insulating oils. It applies to mineral oil delivered according to the contractual agreement, intended for use in transformers, switchgear and similar electrical equipment in which oil is required for insulation and heat transfer. Both unused oil and recycled oil under the scope of this document have not been used in, nor been in contact with electrical equipment or other equipment not required for manufacture, storage or transport. Unused oils are obtained by refining, modifying and/or blending of petroleum products and other hydrocarbons from virgin feedstock. Recycled oils are produced from oils previously used as mineral insulating oils in electrical equipment that have been subjected to re-refining or reclaiming (regeneration) by processes employed offsite. Such oils will have originally been supplied in compliance with a recognized unused mineral insulating oil specification. This document does not differentiate between the methods used to recycle mineral insulating oil. Oils treated on-site (see IEC 60422) are not within the scope of this document. Oils with and without additives are both within the scope of this document. This document does not apply to mineral insulating oils used as impregnating medium in cables or capacitors. This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition published in 2012. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: – This International Standard is applicable to specifications and test methods for unused and recycled mineral insulating oils in the delivered state. – Within the transformer insulating oils, two groups, Type A and Type B, are defined, based on their performance. – A new method for stray gassing under thermo-oxidative stress of mineral insulating oils, which has been tested in a joint round robin test (RRT) between CIGRE D1 and IEC technical committee 10, has been included.
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 60296:2020 provides specifications and test methods for unused and recycled mineral insulating oils. It applies to mineral oil delivered according to the contractual agreement, intended for use in transformers, switchgear and similar electrical equipment in which oil is required for insulation and heat transfer. Both unused oil and recycled oil under the scope of this document have not been used in, nor been in contact with electrical equipment or other equipment not required for manufacture, storage or transport.
Unused oils are obtained by refining, modifying and/or blending of petroleum products and other hydrocarbons from virgin feedstock.
Recycled oils are produced from oils previously used as mineral insulating oils in electrical equipment that have been subjected to re-refining or reclaiming (regeneration) by processes employed offsite. Such oils will have originally been supplied in compliance with a recognized unused mineral insulating oil specification. This document does not differentiate between the methods used to recycle mineral insulating oil. Oils treated on-site (see IEC 60422) are not within the scope of this document.
Oils with and without additives are both within the scope of this document.
This document does not apply to mineral insulating oils used as impregnating medium in cables or capacitors.
This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition published in 2012. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
– This International Standard is applicable to specifications and test methods for unused and recycled mineral insulating oils in the delivered state.
– Within the transformer insulating oils, two groups, Type A and Type B, are defined, based on their performance.
– A new method for stray gassing under thermo-oxidative stress of mineral insulating oils, which has been tested in a joint round robin test (RRT) between CIGRE D1 and IEC technical committee 10, has been included.
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