29.040 - Insulating fluids
ICS 29.040 Details
Insulating fluids
Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik
Fluides isolants
Izolacijski fluidi
General Information
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IEC 63177:2024 specifies the test method for the compatibility of construction materials with electrical insulating liquids for use in electrical equipment, such as liquid-immersed transformers and tap-changers, liquid-impregnated capacitors, and liquid-cooled rotating machines used in electrical vehicles and oil pumps. This document is applicable to mineral insulating liquids, natural esters, silicone insulating liquids, synthetic organic esters, modified esters, capacitor fluids based on synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons and e-transmission fluids used in electrical vehicles and oil pumps. The compatibility tests are not sufficient for a full qualification of construction materials for a given application without additional tests requested by the appropriate IEC Technical Committee or equipment manufacturers.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 60567:2023 deals with the techniques for sampling free gases from gas-collecting relays from power transformers. Three methods of sampling free gases are described. The techniques for sampling oil from oil-filled equipment such as power and instrument transformers, reactors, bushings, oil-filled cables and oil-filled tank-type capacitors are no longer covered by this document, but are instead described in IEC 60475:2022, 4.2. Before analysing the gases dissolved in oil, they are first extracted from the oil. Three basic methods are described, one using extraction by vacuum (Toepler and partial degassing), another by displacement of the dissolved gases by bubbling the carrier gas through the oil sample (stripping) and the last one by partition of gases between the oil sample and a small volume of the carrier gas (headspace). The gases are analysed quantitatively after extraction by gas chromatography; a method of analysis is described. Free gases from gas-collecting relays are analysed without preliminary treatment.
- Standard65 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60567:2023 deals with the techniques for sampling free gases from gas-collecting relays from power transformers. Three methods of sampling free gases are described. The techniques for sampling oil from oil-filled equipment such as power and instrument transformers, reactors, bushings, oil-filled cables and oil-filled tank-type capacitors are no longer covered by this document, but are instead described in IEC 60475:2022, 4.2. Before analysing the gases dissolved in oil, they are first extracted from the oil. Three basic methods are described, one using extraction by vacuum (Toepler and partial degassing), another by displacement of the dissolved gases by bubbling the carrier gas through the oil sample (stripping) and the last one by partition of gases between the oil sample and a small volume of the carrier gas (headspace). The gases are analysed quantitatively after extraction by gas chromatography; a method of analysis is described. Free gases from gas-collecting relays are analysed without preliminary treatment.
- Standard65 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60567:2023 deals with the techniques for sampling free gases from gas-collecting relays from power transformers. Three methods of sampling free gases are described. The techniques for sampling oil from oil-filled equipment such as power and instrument transformers, reactors, bushings, oil-filled cables and oil-filled tank-type capacitors are no longer covered by this document, but are instead described in IEC 60475:2022, 4.2. Before analysing the gases dissolved in oil, they are first extracted from the oil. Three basic methods are described, one using extraction by vacuum (Toepler and partial degassing), another by displacement of the dissolved gases by bubbling the carrier gas through the oil sample (stripping) and the last one by partition of gases between the oil sample and a small volume of the carrier gas (headspace). The gases are analysed quantitatively after extraction by gas chromatography; a method of analysis is described. Free gases from gas-collecting relays are analysed without preliminary treatment.
- Standard128 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard128 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This International Standard covers specifications and test methods for unused synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons intended for use as insulating liquid in electrical equipment.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This International Standard covers specifications and test methods for unused synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons intended for use as insulating liquid in electrical equipment.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60867:2022 covers specifications and test methods for unused synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons intended for use as insulating liquid in cables and capacitors.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 61333:2019 specifies marking locations and a coding system of marking on ferrite cores. An alphanumerical marking printed or attached to cores reduces the risk of incorrect assembly, mixing of materials and/or mixing of gapped cores on an assembly line. The markings of the inductance factor AL value or of the gap length are especially important to avoid this kind of problem, and their coding system is specified in this document. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition： a) the title of the document was changed; b) the scope of this document was expanded; c) the marking position instructions for ring cores, planar cores, RM-cores, PQ-cores and pot-cores were added in Clause 4 with a few additional descriptions; d) the four-digit-maximum limit of material identification code has been deleted in 5.2; e) in Table 1, the unit of AL has been changed from "nH" to "nH/N2".
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to the sampling procedure used for insulating liquids in delivery
containers and in electrical equipment such as power and instrument transformers, reactors,
bushings, oil-filled cables, oil-filled tank-type capacitors, switchgear and load tap changers
(LTCs).
This document applies to liquids the viscosity of which at the sampling temperature is less than
1 500 mm2/s (or cSt). It applies to mineral oils and non-mineral oils (such as synthetic esters,
natural esters, vegetable oils or silicones).
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes how the concentrations of dissolved gases or free gases can be
interpreted to diagnose the condition of oil-filled electrical equipment in service and suggest
future action.
This document is applicable to electrical equipment filled with mineral insulating oil and
insulated with cellulosic paper or pressboard-based solid insulation. Information about specific
types of equipment such as transformers (power, instrument, industrial, railways, distribution),
reactors, bushings, switchgear and oil-filled cables is given only as an indication in the
application notes.
This document can be applied, but only with caution, to other liquid-solid insulating systems.
In any case, the indications obtained are given only as guidance with resulting action
undertaken only with proper engineering judgment.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This International Standard gives the requirements for polyimide films used for electrical purposes. Materials which conform to this specification meet established levels of performance. However, the selection of a material by a user for a specific application should be based on the actual requirements necessary for adequate performance in that application and not based on this specification alone. Safety warning: it is the responsibility of the user of the methods contained or referred to in this document to ensure that they are used in a safe manner.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes how the concentrations of dissolved gases or free gases can be interpreted to diagnose the condition of oil-filled electrical equipment in service and suggest future action. This document is applicable to electrical equipment filled with mineral insulating oil and insulated with cellulosic paper or pressboard-based solid insulation. Information about specific types of equipment such as transformers (power, instrument, industrial, railways, distribution), reactors, bushings, switchgear and oil-filled cables is given only as an indication in the application notes. This document can be applied, but only with caution, to other liquid-solid insulating systems. In any case, the indications obtained are given only as guidance with resulting action undertaken only with proper engineering judgment.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to the sampling procedure used for insulating liquids in delivery containers and in electrical equipment such as power and instrument transformers, reactors, bushings, oil-filled cables, oil-filled tank-type capacitors, switchgear and load tap changers (LTCs). This document applies to liquids the viscosity of which at the sampling temperature is less than 1 500 mm2/s (or cSt). It applies to mineral oils and non-mineral oils (such as synthetic esters, natural esters, vegetable oils or silicones).
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60312:2019 defines requirements for the characterization of unused modified esters or blends of unused esters used as insulating liquids for electrotechnical applications. It does not cover liquids that contain any proportion of used liquids. The liquids covered by this document are intended mainly for transformer applications. Unused modified/synthetized esters are derived from a natural or synthetic base, or are blends of both. This document covers a variety of ester liquids not covered by other standards specific to natural esters (IEC 62770) or synthetic esters (IEC 61099). As it addresses various categories of liquids, this document also covers a wide range of values for certain performance characteristics. An important property is viscosity, which can affect the design and cooling performance of electrical equipment. A categorization is defined based on the kinematic viscosity of the different liquids. The category of low viscosity ester liquids is established.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60599:2022 describes how the concentrations of dissolved gases or free gases can be interpreted to diagnose the condition of oil-filled electrical equipment in service and suggest future action. This document is applicable to electrical equipment filled with mineral insulating oil and insulated with cellulosic paper or pressboard-based solid insulation. Information about specific types of equipment such as transformers (power, instrument, industrial, railways, distribution), reactors, bushings, switchgear and oil-filled cables is given only as an indication in the application notes. This document can be applied, but only with caution, to other liquid-solid insulating systems. In any case, the indications obtained are given only as guidance with resulting action undertaken only with proper engineering judgment.
- Standard122 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard80 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 60475:2022 is applicable to the sampling procedure used for insulating liquids in delivery containers and in electrical equipment such as power and instrument transformers, reactors, bushings, oil-filled cables, oil-filled tank-type capacitors, switchgear and load tap changers (LTCs). This document applies to liquids the viscosity of which at the sampling temperature is less than 1 500 mm2/s (or cSt). It applies to mineral oils and non-mineral oils (such as synthetic esters, natural esters, vegetable oils or silicones).
- Standard90 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard60 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This document provides criteria for the re-use of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and its mixtures after recovery and reclaiming from electrical equipment (e.g. for maintenance, at the end-oflife). Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), nitrogen (N2) and carbon tetrafluoride (CF4), are gases commonly used for electrical equipment. Taking into account environmental concerns, particular attention is paid to re-use criteria for SF6 and its mixtures with N2 and CF4 for its use in electrical equipment. Procedures for recovering and reclaiming used SF6 and its mixtures are outside the scope of this document and are described in IEC 62271-4. This document provides several annexes on the description of the different methods of analysis, on by-products, on the procedure for evaluating the potential health effects from byproducts, on cryogenic reclaiming of SF6, and on reclaiming recommendations. Storage, transportation and disposal of SF6 and its mixtures are outside the scope of this document and are covered by IEC 62271-4. Procedures to determine SF6 leakages are described in IEC 60068-2-17 [4]1. For the purposes of this document, the complementary gases used in SF6 mixtures will be limited to N2 or CF4.
- Standard51 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
Specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity of mineral insulating oils, both transparent and opaque, at very low temperatures, after a cold soaking period of at least 20 h, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity throught a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. Applies at all temperatures to both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids having viscosities of up to 20 000 mm2/s.
- Standard48 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 62961:2018 establishes the measurement of the interfacial tension between insulating liquid and water by means of the Du Noüy ring method close to equilibrium conditions. In order to obtain a value that provides a realistic expression of the real interfacial tension, a measurement after a surface age of approximately 180 s is recorded.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC TR 63025:2021(E) specifies two test methods for methanol and ethanol determination in insulating liquids.
Methanol (MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH) are two light alcohols generated during the degradation process of cellulosic materials. They are soluble in insulating liquids so they can be regarded as ageing tracers whose concentrations in oil reflect the degradation of insulating cellulosic materials in liquid-impregnated transformers.
- Technical report26 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 60376:2018 defines the quality for technical grade sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and complementary gases such as nitrogen (N2) and carbon tetra-fluoride (CF4), for use in electrical equipment. Detection techniques, covering both laboratory and in-situ portable instrumentation, applicable to the analysis of SF6, N2 and CF4 gases prior to the introduction of these gases into the electrical equipment are also described in this document. This document provides some information on sulphur hexafluoride in Annex A and on the environmental effects of SF6 in Annex B. Information about SF6 by-products and the procedure for evaluating the potential effects of SF6 by-products on human health are covered by IEC 60480, their handling and disposal being carried out according to international and local regulations with regard to the impact on the environment. Handling of SF6 and its mixtures is covered by IEC 62271-4. Procedures to determine SF6 leakages are described in IEC 60068-2-17. For the purposes of this document, the complementary gases used in SF6 mixtures will be limited to N2 or CF4. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2005. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) the requirements for the use of SF6 in electrical equipment have been confirmed; b) a specification for complementary gases to be used in SF6 mixtures with N2 and CF4 has been included; c) the introduction and scope have been merged; d) a new repartition of the annexes of IEC 60376, IEC 60480 and IEC 62271-4 has been included.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 61125:2018 describes a test method for evaluating the oxidation stability of insulating liquids in the delivered state under accelerated conditions regardless of whether or not antioxidant additives are present. The duration of the test can be different depending on the insulating liquid type and is defined in the corresponding standards (e.g. in IEC 60296, IEC 61099, IEC 62770). The method can be used for measuring the induction period, the test being continued until the volatile acidity significantly exceeds 0,10 mg KOH/g in the case of mineral oils. This value can be significantly higher in the case of ester liquids. Additional test methods such as those described in IEC TR 62036 based on differential scanning calorimetry can also be used as screening tests, but are out of the scope of this document. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1992 and Amendment 1: 2004. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) the title has been modified to include insulating liquids different from mineral insulating oils (hydrocarbon); b) the method applies for insulating liquids in the delivered state; c) former Method C is now the main normative method; d) precision data of the main normative method has been updated concerning the dissipation factor; e) former Method A has been deleted; f) former Method B has been transferred to Annex B; g) a new method evaluating the thermo-oxidative behaviour of esters is included in Annex C.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 62975:2021 provides procedures and guidelines that are intended for the use and maintenance of natural ester liquid in sealed transformers and other electrical equipment.
This document is applicable to natural esters, originally supplied conforming to IEC 62770 and other applicable standards (e.g. ASTM D6871) in transformers, switchgear and electrical apparatus where liquid sampling is practical and where the normal operating conditions specified in the equipment specifications apply.
At present, there is a limited amount of information available for electrical equipment other than transformers.
This document is also intended to assist the power equipment operator to evaluate the condition of the natural ester and maintain it in a serviceable condition. It also provides a common basis for the preparation of more specific and complete local codes of practice.
The document includes recommendations on tests and evaluation procedures and outlines methods for reconditioning and reclaiming the liquid, when necessary.
- Standard73 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This document provides specifications and test methods for unused and recycled mineral
insulating oils (see Clause 3 for definitions). It applies to mineral oil delivered according to the
contractual agreement, intended for use in transformers, switchgear and similar electrical
equipment in which oil is required for insulation and heat transfer. Both unused oil and
recycled oil under the scope of this document have not been used in, nor been in contact with
electrical equipment or other equipment not required for manufacture, storage or transport.
Unused oils are obtained by refining, modifying and/or blending of petroleum products and
other hydrocarbons from virgin feedstock.
Recycled oils are produced from oils previously used as mineral insulating oils in electrical
equipment that have been subjected to re-refining or reclaiming (regeneration) by processes
employed offsite. Such oils will have originally been supplied in compliance with a recognized
unused mineral insulating oil specification. This document does not differentiate between the
methods used to recycle mineral insulating oil. Oils treated on-site (see IEC 60422) are not
within the scope of this document.
Oils with and without additives are both within the scope of this document.
This document does not apply to mineral insulating oils used as impregnating medium in
cables or capacitors.
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60296:2020 provides specifications and test methods for unused and recycled mineral insulating oils. It applies to mineral oil delivered according to the contractual agreement, intended for use in transformers, switchgear and similar electrical equipment in which oil is required for insulation and heat transfer. Both unused oil and recycled oil under the scope of this document have not been used in, nor been in contact with electrical equipment or other equipment not required for manufacture, storage or transport. Unused oils are obtained by refining, modifying and/or blending of petroleum products and other hydrocarbons from virgin feedstock. Recycled oils are produced from oils previously used as mineral insulating oils in electrical equipment that have been subjected to re-refining or reclaiming (regeneration) by processes employed offsite. Such oils will have originally been supplied in compliance with a recognized unused mineral insulating oil specification. This document does not differentiate between the methods used to recycle mineral insulating oil. Oils treated on-site (see IEC 60422) are not within the scope of this document. Oils with and without additives are both within the scope of this document. This document does not apply to mineral insulating oils used as impregnating medium in cables or capacitors. This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition published in 2012. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: – This International Standard is applicable to specifications and test methods for unused and recycled mineral insulating oils in the delivered state. – Within the transformer insulating oils, two groups, Type A and Type B, are defined, based on their performance. – A new method for stray gassing under thermo-oxidative stress of mineral insulating oils, which has been tested in a joint round robin test (RRT) between CIGRE D1 and IEC technical committee 10, has been included.
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60296:2020 provides specifications and test methods for unused and recycled mineral insulating oils. It applies to mineral oil delivered according to the contractual agreement, intended for use in transformers, switchgear and similar electrical equipment in which oil is required for insulation and heat transfer. Both unused oil and recycled oil under the scope of this document have not been used in, nor been in contact with electrical equipment or other equipment not required for manufacture, storage or transport.
Unused oils are obtained by refining, modifying and/or blending of petroleum products and other hydrocarbons from virgin feedstock.
Recycled oils are produced from oils previously used as mineral insulating oils in electrical equipment that have been subjected to re-refining or reclaiming (regeneration) by processes employed offsite. Such oils will have originally been supplied in compliance with a recognized unused mineral insulating oil specification. This document does not differentiate between the methods used to recycle mineral insulating oil. Oils treated on-site (see IEC 60422) are not within the scope of this document.
Oils with and without additives are both within the scope of this document.
This document does not apply to mineral insulating oils used as impregnating medium in cables or capacitors.
This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition published in 2012. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
– This International Standard is applicable to specifications and test methods for unused and recycled mineral insulating oils in the delivered state.
– Within the transformer insulating oils, two groups, Type A and Type B, are defined, based on their performance.
– A new method for stray gassing under thermo-oxidative stress of mineral insulating oils, which has been tested in a joint round robin test (RRT) between CIGRE D1 and IEC technical committee 10, has been included.
- Standard82 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This Standard defines requirements for the characterization of unused modified esters or blends of unused esters used as insulating liquids for electrotechnical applications. It does not cover liquids that contain any proportion of used liquids. The liquids covered by this document are intended mainly for transformer applications. Unused modified/synthetized esters are derived from a natural or synthetic base, or are blends of both. This document covers a variety of ester liquids not covered by other standards specific to natural esters (IEC 62770) or synthetic esters (IEC 61099). As it addresses various categories of liquids, this document also covers a wide range of values for certain performance characteristics. An important property is viscosity, which can affect the design and cooling performance of electrical equipment. A categorization is defined based on the kinematic viscosity of the different liquids. The category of low viscosity ester liquids is established.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides criteria for the re-use of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and its mixtures
after recovery and reclaiming from electrical equipment (e.g. for maintenance, at the end-oflife).
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), nitrogen (N2) and carbon tetrafluoride (CF4), are gases commonly
used for electrical equipment. Taking into account environmental concerns, particular
attention is paid to re-use criteria for SF6 and its mixtures with N2 and CF4 for its use in
electrical equipment. Procedures for recovering and reclaiming used SF6 and its mixtures are
outside the scope of this document and are described in IEC 62271-4.
This document provides several annexes on the description of the different methods of
analysis, on by-products, on the procedure for evaluating the potential health effects from byproducts,
on cryogenic reclaiming of SF6, and on reclaiming recommendations.
Storage, transportation and disposal of SF6 and its mixtures are outside the scope of this
document and are covered by IEC 62271-4. Procedures to determine SF6 leakages are
described in IEC 60068-2-17 [4]1.
For the purposes of this document, the complementary gases used in SF6 mixtures will be
limited to N2 or CF4.
- Standard51 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 63012:2019 defines requirements for the characterization of unused modified esters or blends of unused esters used as insulating liquids for electrotechnical applications. It does not cover liquids that contain any proportion of used liquids. The liquids covered by this document are intended mainly for transformer applications.
Unused modified/synthetized esters are derived from a natural or synthetic base, or are blends of both. This document covers a variety of ester liquids not covered by other standards specific to natural esters (IEC 62770) or synthetic esters (IEC 61099). As it addresses various categories of liquids, this document also covers a wide range of values for certain performance characteristics. An important property is viscosity, which can affect the design and cooling performance of electrical equipment. A categorization is defined based on the kinematic viscosity of the different liquids. The category of low viscosity ester liquids is established.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 60480:2019 provides criteria for the re-use of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and its mixtures after recovery and reclaiming from electrical equipment (e.g. for maintenance, at the end-of-life).
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), nitrogen (N2) and carbon tetrafluoride (CF4), are gases commonly used for electrical equipment. Taking into account environmental concerns, particular attention is paid to re-use criteria for SF6 and its mixtures with N2 and CF4 for its use in electrical equipment. Procedures for recovering and reclaiming used SF6 and its mixtures are outside the scope of this document and are described in IEC 62271-4.
This document provides several annexes on the description of the different methods of analysis, on by-products, on the procedure for evaluating the potential health effects from by-products, on cryogenic reclaiming of SF6, and on reclaiming recommendations.
Storage, transportation and disposal of SF6 and its mixtures are outside the scope of this document and are covered by IEC 62271-4. Procedures to determine SF6 leakages are described in IEC 60068-2-17.
For the purposes of this document, the complementary gases used in SF6 mixtures will be limited to N2 or CF4.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition, published in 2004. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
• specifications for the re-use of SF6 have been confirmed;
• specifications for the re-use of SF6 mixtures, namely SF6/N2 and SF6/CF4 mixtures are included;
• as a result of a new repartition of annexes in IEC 60376, IEC 60480 and IEC 62271-4, this new edition now contains the following five annexes:
– Annex A: Description of methods of analysis (on-site and laboratory);
– Annex B: By–products of SF6 and its mixtures;
– Annex C: Procedure for evaluating the potential effects on health from by products of SF6 and its mixtures;
– Annex D: Reclaiming recommendations.
– Annex E: Cryogenic reclaiming of SF6;
- Standard97 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This document establishes the measurement of the interfacial tension between insulating
liquid and water by means of the Du Noüy ring method close to equilibrium conditions. In
order to obtain a value that provides a realistic expression of the real interfacial tension, a
measurement after a surface age of approximately 180 s is recorded.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60599:2015 is available as IEC 60599:2015 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition. IEC 60599:2015 describes how the concentrations of dissolved gases or free gases may be interpreted to diagnose the condition of oil-filled electrical equipment in service and suggest future action. This standard is applicable to electrical equipment filled with mineral insulating oil and insulated with cellulosic paper or pressboard-based solid insulation. Information about specific types of equipment such as transformers (power, instrument, industrial, railways, distribution), reactors, bushings, switchgear and oil-filled cables is given only as an indication in the application notes. This standard may be applied, but only with caution, to other liquid-solid insulating systems. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 1999 and Amendment 1:2007. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) revision of 5.5, 6.1, 7, 8, 9, 10, A.2.6, A.3, A.7; b) addition of new sub-clause 4.3; c) expansion of the Bibliography; d) revision of Figure 1; e) addition of Figure B.4.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 62961:2018 establishes the measurement of the interfacial tension between insulating liquid and water by means of the Du Noüy ring method close to equilibrium conditions. In order to obtain a value that provides a realistic expression of the real interfacial tension, a measurement after a surface age of approximately 180 s is recorded.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This document defines the quality for technical grade sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and
complementary gases such as nitrogen (N2) and carbon tetra-fluoride (CF4), for use in
electrical equipment. Detection techniques, covering both laboratory and in-situ
portable instrumentation, applicable to the analysis of SF6, N2 and CF4 gases prior to the
introduction of these gases into the electrical equipment are also described in this document.
This document provides some information on sulphur hexafluoride in Annex A and on the
environmental effects of SF6 in Annex B.
Information about SF6 by-products and the procedure for evaluating the potential effects of
SF6 by-products on human health are covered by IEC 60480, their handling and disposal
being carried out according to international and local regulations with regard to the impact on
the environment. Handling of SF6 and its mixtures is covered by IEC 62271-4.
Procedures to determine SF6 leakages are described in IEC 60068-2-17.
For the purposes of this document, the complementary gases used in SF6 mixtures will be
limited to N2 or CF4.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60836:2015 covers specifications and test methods for unused silicone liquids intended for use in transformers and other electrotechnical equipment. Besides the standard transformer applications there are other applications of silicone liquids, such like cable accessories, capacitors, electrical magnets etc. This edition includes the following major technical changes with regard to the second edition: a) classification of liquids according to IEC 61039 have been adapted with respect to the latest edition of IEC 61039:2008; b) classification of liquids according to IEC 61100:1992 have been removed as IEC 61100 has been withdrawn; c) minimum requirements for other silicone liquids for electrotechnical purposes have been added.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60156:2018 is now available as IEC 60156:2018 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC 60156:2018 specifies the method for determining the dielectric breakdown voltage of insulating liquids at power frequency. The test procedure is performed in a specified apparatus, where the oil sample is subjected to an increasing AC electrical field until breakdown occurs. The method applies to all types of insulating liquids of nominal viscosity up to 350 mm2/s at 40 °C. It is appropriate both for acceptance testing on unused liquids at the time of their delivery and for establishing the condition of samples taken in monitoring and maintenance of equipment. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 1995. This edition constitutes a technical revision and, mainly, confirms the content of the previous edition even if some advances are included. The test method has not been changed for practical reason due to the very large number of instrumentation disseminated around the world, even if the use of stirring is now recommended.
- Standard60 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard37 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 60376:2018 defines the quality for technical grade sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and complementary gases such as nitrogen (N2) and carbon tetra-fluoride (CF4), for use in electrical equipment. Detection techniques, covering both laboratory and in-situ portable instrumentation, applicable to the analysis of SF6, N2 and CF4 gases prior to the introduction of these gases into the electrical equipment are also described in this document.
This document provides some information on sulphur hexafluoride in Annex A and on the environmental effects of SF6 in Annex B.
Information about SF6 by-products and the procedure for evaluating the potential effects of SF6 by-products on human health are covered by IEC 60480, their handling and disposal being carried out according to international and local regulations with regard to the impact on the environment. Handling of SF6 and its mixtures is covered by IEC 62271-4.
Procedures to determine SF6 leakages are described in IEC 60068-2-17.
For the purposes of this document, the complementary gases used in SF6 mixtures will be limited to N2 or CF4.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2005. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) the requirements for the use of SF6 in electrical equipment have been confirmed;
b) a specification for complementary gases to be used in SF6 mixtures with N2 and CF4 has been included;
c) the introduction and scope have been merged;
d) a new repartition of the annexes of IEC 60376, IEC 60480 and IEC 62271-4 has been included.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard37 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This European Standard specifies the general principles for leak detection systems for use with double-skin tanks, single-skin tanks and pipework designed for water polluting fluids.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes a test method for evaluating the oxidation stability of insulating
liquids in the delivered state under accelerated conditions regardless of whether or not
antioxidant additives are present. The duration of the test can be different depending on the
insulating liquid type and is defined in the corresponding standards (e.g. in IEC 60296,
IEC 61099, IEC 62770). The method can be used for measuring the induction period, the test
being continued until the volatile acidity significantly exceeds 0,10 mg KOH/g in the case of
mineral oils. This value can be significantly higher in the case of ester liquids.
The insulating liquid sample is maintained at 120 °C in the presence of a solid copper catalyst
whilst bubbling air at a constant flow. The degree of oxidation stability is estimated by
measurement of volatile acidity, soluble acidity, sludge, dielectric dissipation factor, or from
the time to develop a given amount of volatile acidity (induction period with air).
In informative Annex B, a test method for evaluating the oxidation stability of inhibited mineral
insulating oils in the delivered state by measurement of the induction period with oxygen is
described. The method is only intended for quality control purposes. The results do not
necessarily provide information on the performance in service. The oil sample is maintained
at 120 °C in the presence of a solid copper catalyst whilst bubbling through a constant flow of
oxygen. The degree of oxidation stability is estimated by the time taken by the oil to develop a
determined amount of volatile acidity (induction period with oxygen). Additional criteria such
as soluble and volatile acidities, sludge and dielectric dissipation factor can also be
determined after a specified duration.
In informative Annex C, a test method intended to simulate the thermo-oxidative behaviour of
ester insulating liquids (headspace of air at 150 °C for 164 h) is described.
Additional test methods such as those described in IEC TR 62036 based on differential
scanning calorimetry can also be used as screening tests, but are out of the scope of this
document.
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IEC TR 62697-2:2018(E) specifies a test method for the quantitative determination of total corrosive sulfur (TCS) in unused and used insulating liquids and solid matrices through the conversion of corrosive sulfur species to metal (copper, silver etc.) sulfides. The sulfides formed are quantitatively converted to sulfates; sulfates are determined through turbidity measurement or with ion chromatography.
The method is applicable with the following matrices:
a) Unused and used insulating liquids, for example mineral insulating oils and natural esters, which allow the determination of corrosive sulfur compounds over concentrations ranging between 2,5 mg kg-1 to 80 mg kg-1 TCS.
b) Solid matrices that come in contact with the insulating liquid, for example insulating papers in electrical equipment. The quantification limits for these matrices depend on the amount of matrix used during the determination. The method can be used for the quantitative or semi-quantitative determination of copper sulfide on paper after the test according to IEC 62535. The method can provide unambiguous quantitative assessment of copper sulfide present on paper rather than qualitative results obtained with the SEM-EDX examination stipulated in case of doubts in the interpretation of results obtained from the inspection of paper according to IEC 62535:2008, 6.3.
c) Paper and other solid insulating material/s obtained from failed transformers, reactors and other electrical equipment to assist in failure diagnostics.
d) Metal deactivator or passivators additives present in insulating liquids (qualitative assessment).
However, the method is not applicable for assessing corrosion phenomena for example the dissolution of copper in insulating liquids and deposition on solid matrices, which do not lead to sulfide formation.
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IEC TR 62697-3:2018(E) specifies a test method for the quantitative determination of elemental sulfur in used and unused insulating liquids over a 2 mg kg–1 to 400 mg kg–1 concentration range.
- Technical report24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 61125:2018 describes a test method for evaluating the oxidation stability of insulating liquids in the delivered state under accelerated conditions regardless of whether or not antioxidant additives are present. The duration of the test can be different depending on the insulating liquid type and is defined in the corresponding standards (e.g. in IEC 60296, IEC 61099, IEC 62770). The method can be used for measuring the induction period, the test being continued until the volatile acidity significantly exceeds 0,10 mg KOH/g in the case of mineral oils. This value can be significantly higher in the case of ester liquids.
Additional test methods such as those described in IEC TR 62036 based on differential scanning calorimetry can also be used as screening tests, but are out of the scope of this document.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1992 and Amendment 1: 2004. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) the title has been modified to include insulating liquids different from mineral insulating oils (hydrocarbon);
b) the method applies for insulating liquids in the delivered state;
c) former Method C is now the main normative method;
d) precision data of the main normative method has been updated concerning the dissipation factor;
e) former Method A has been deleted;
f) former Method B has been transferred to Annex B;
g) a new method evaluating the thermo-oxidative behaviour of esters is included in Annex C.
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IEC 62820-3-1:2017 gives guidelines for planning, installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance of Building Intercom Systems (BIS), for use in security applications. The different technical requirements for BIS are specified in IEC 62820-1-1 and IEC 62820-1-2. The objectives of this document are to:
- provide a framework to assist system integrators, installers, consultant engineers and system owners in establishing their requirements;
- assist specifiers and system owners in determining the appropriate equipment required for a given application.
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IEC TS 60079-46:2017 specifies requirements for the design, construction, assembly, testing, inspection, marking, documenting and assessment of equipment assemblies for use in explosive atmospheres under the responsibility of the manufacturer of the equipment assembly. The requirements of this document apply to individual items according to the IEC 60079 series or ISO 80079 series that comprise the assembly and that have individual certificates. These individual items are then integrated as part of the equipment assembly. Also included are requirements to address aspects for the assembly which may be beyond the certificates of the individual items forming the assembly. The scope of this document includes assessment of the additional requirements for assemblies for hazardous areas and does not include requirements for non-hazardous areas. It is assumed that compliance with other electrical or mechanical requirements that are applicable for non-hazardous areas will be verified by either the same or different party in addition to the requirements of this document. This document does not apply to:
- equipment which is covered, in its entirety, by one or more IEC 60079 and ISO 80079 equipment types of protection;
- pressurized rooms, “p”, in accordance with IEC 60079-13, artificial ventilation for the protection of analyzer(s) houses in accordance with IEC TR 60079-16, and other standards addressing specific Ex assemblies;
- installation at the end-user site under the scope of IEC 60079-14;
- classification of the hazardous area;
- equipment assemblies for mines susceptible to firedamp (Group I applications);
- inherently explosive situations and dust from explosives or pyrophoric substances (for example explosives manufacturing and processing);
- rooms used for medical purposes;
- electrical installations in areas where the hazard is due to flammable mist.
The specification is only intended to provide validation for the initial supply of an assembly.
Keywords: equipment assemblies for use in explosive atmospheres
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IEC 62766-4-1:2017(E) specifies the protocols, which apply to the following reference point interfaces identified in the architecture described in Annex B of IEC 62766-1:2017.
- The UNI interfaces, between the consumer domain and the network or service provider domains.
- The HNI interfaces, between the functional entities in the consumer network domain.
- Interfaces to external systems, which include DLNA networks in the consumer domain.
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IEC 60871-1:2014 is applicable to both capacitor units and capacitor banks intended to be used, particularly, for power-factor correction of a.c. power systems having a rated voltage above 1 000 V and frequencies of 15 Hz to 60 Hz. This part of IEC 60871 also applies to capacitors intended for use in power filter circuits. The object of this part of IEC 60871 is as follows: - to formulate uniform rules regarding the performance and rating of units and banks, and the testing of units; to formulate specific safety rules; - to provide a guide for installation and operation. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2005. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - the overvoltage cycling test has been moved to this standard from the IEC 60871-2; - the ranges of the standardized values of the highest voltage for equipment have been modified; - for installations installed on altitudes above 1 000 m a correction factor to all insulation requirements has been introduced; - new standard insulation tables have been defined. Keywords: capacitor units and capacitor banks, power filter circuits
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IEC 62021-3:2014 describes two procedures for the determination of the acidity of unused and used electrical non-mineral insulating oils. Method A is potentiometric titration and Method B is colourimetric titration. The method may be used to indicate relative changes that occur in non-mineral insulating oil during use under oxidizing conditions regardless of the colour or other properties of the resulting non-mineral oil. The acidity can be used in the quality control of unused non-mineral insulating oil. As a variety of oxidation products present in used non-mineral insulating oil contribute to acidity and these products vary widely in their corrosion properties, the test cannot be used to predict corrosiveness of non-mineral insulating oil under service conditions.
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IEC 62770:2013 describes specifications and test methods for unused natural esters in transformers and similar oil-impregnated electrical equipment in which a liquid is required as an insulating and heat transfer medium. Natural esters with additives are within the scope of this standard. Because of their different chemical composition, natural esters differ from insulating mineral oils and other insulating fluids that have high fire points, such as synthetic esters or silicone fluids. Natural, ester-derived insulating fluids with low viscosity have been introduced but are not covered by this standard. Pertinent properties of such fluids are given in Annex B. This standard is applicable only to unused natural esters. Reclaimed natural esters and natural esters blended with non-natural esters fluids are beyond the scope of this standard.
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Describes how the concentrations of dissolved gases or free gases may be interpreted to diagnose the condition of oil-filled electrical equipment in service and suggests future action. Applicable to electrical equipment filled with mineral insulating oil and insulated with cellulosic paper or pressboard-based solid insulation. Information about specific types of equipment such as transformers (power, instrument, industrial, railways, distribution), reactors, bushings, switchgear and oil-filled cables is given only as an indication in the application notes. May be applied only with caution to other liquid-solid insulating systems. In any case, the indications obtained should be viewed only as guidance and any resulting action should be undertaken only with proper engineering judgement.
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Describes methods for the determination of water in insulating liquids and in oil-impregnated cellulosic insulation with coulmetrically generated Karl Fischer reagent.
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