77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
ICS 77.040.20 Details
Non-destructive testing of metals
Zerstorungsfreie Prufung von Metallen
Essais non destructifs des métaux
Neporušitveno preskušanje kovin
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 77.040.20 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Non-destructive testing of metals". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 488 standards classified under ICS 77.040.20 (Non-destructive testing of metals). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic testing of spheroidal graphite cast iron castings and the techniques for determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique.
This document does not apply to ultrasonic testing of the nodularity of spheroidal graphite cast irons.
This document does not apply to phased array technique and to transmission technique.
NOTE The transmission technique has insufficient sensitivity to detect the discontinuities found in spheroidal graphite cast iron castings and is used in exceptional cases only.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic testing of steel castings (with ferritic structure) for general purposes and the methods for determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique.
This document is applicable to the ultrasonic testing of steel castings which have usually received a grain refining heat treatment and which have wall thicknesses up to and including 600 mm.
For greater wall thicknesses, special agreements are applicable with respect to test procedure and recording levels.
This document does not apply to austenitic steels and joint welds. For highly stressed components EN 12680-2 is applicable.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic testing of steel castings (with ferritic structure) for highly stressed components and the methods for determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique.
Highly-stressed means for example:
— High material utilization (close to Rp0,2)
— High static and cyclic load
— For fail-safe assessment, requiring a fracture-mechanic assessment
An example for a highly-stressed cast component is a turbine housing, subjected to combined high static, cyclic and thermal load.
Purchasers determine if components are highly stressed based on the need for performance or safety.
For lower-stressed cast components for general purposes, EN 12680-1 applies.
This document is applicable to the ultrasonic testing of steel castings which have usually received a grain-refining heat treatment and which have wall thicknesses up to and including 600 mm.
For greater wall thicknesses, special agreements are applicable with respect to test procedure and recording levels.
This document does not apply to austenitic steels and joint welds.
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic testing of steel castings (with ferritic structure) for highly stressed components and the methods for determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique.
Highly-stressed means for example:
— High material utilization (close to Rp0,2)
— High static and cyclic load
— For fail-safe assessment, requiring a fracture-mechanic assessment
An example for a highly-stressed cast component is a turbine housing, subjected to combined high static, cyclic and thermal load.
Purchasers determine if components are highly stressed based on the need for performance or safety.
For lower-stressed cast components for general purposes, EN 12680-1 applies.
This document is applicable to the ultrasonic testing of steel castings which have usually received a grain-refining heat treatment and which have wall thicknesses up to and including 600 mm.
For greater wall thicknesses, special agreements are applicable with respect to test procedure and recording levels.
This document does not apply to austenitic steels and joint welds.
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic testing of steel castings (with ferritic structure) for general purposes and the methods for determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique.
This document is applicable to the ultrasonic testing of steel castings which have usually received a grain refining heat treatment and which have wall thicknesses up to and including 600 mm.
For greater wall thicknesses, special agreements are applicable with respect to test procedure and recording levels.
This document does not apply to austenitic steels and joint welds. For highly stressed components EN 12680-2 is applicable.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic testing of spheroidal graphite cast iron castings and the techniques for determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique.
This document does not apply to ultrasonic testing of the nodularity of spheroidal graphite cast irons.
This document does not apply to phased array technique and to transmission technique.
NOTE The transmission technique has insufficient sensitivity to detect the discontinuities found in spheroidal graphite cast iron castings and is used in exceptional cases only.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides specifications for metallographic method for determining the maximum local content of ferrite in an austenitic matrix of stainless steel.
- Technical specification11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.
4.2 The acceptance criteria shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice for ultrasonic examination covers turbine and generator steel rotor forgings covered by Specifications A469/A469M, A470/A470M, A768/A768M, and A940/A940M. This practice shall be used for contact testing only.
1.2 This practice describes a basic procedure of ultrasonically inspecting turbine and generator rotor forgings. It does not restrict the use of other ultrasonic methods such as reference block calibrations when required by the applicable procurement documents nor is it intended to restrict the use of new and improved ultrasonic test equipment and methods as they are developed.
1.3 This practice is intended to provide a means of inspecting cylindrical forgings so that the inspection sensitivity at the forging center line or bore surface is constant, independent of the forging or bore diameter. To this end, inspection sensitivity multiplication factors have been computed from theoretical analysis, with experimental verification. These are plotted in Fig. 1 (bored rotors) and Fig. 2 (solid rotors), for a true inspection frequency of 2.25 MHz, and an acoustic velocity of 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s]. Means of converting to other sensitivity levels are provided in Fig. 3. (Sensitivity multiplication factors for other frequencies may be derived in accordance with X1.1 and X1.2 of Appendix X1.)
FIG. 1 Bored Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging bore surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 2 Solid Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging centerline surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 3 Conversion Factors to Be Used in Conjunction with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 if a Change in the Reference Reflector Diameter is Required
1.4 Considerable verification data for this method have been generated which indicate that even under controlled conditions very significant uncertainties may exist in estimating natural discontinuities in terms of minimum equivalent size flat-bottom holes. The possibility exists that the estimated minimum areas of natural discontinuities in terms of minimum areas of the comparison flat-bottom holes may differ by 20 dB (factor of 10) in terms of actual areas of natural discontinuities. This magnitude of inaccuracy does not apply to all results but should be recognized as a possibility. Rigid control of the actual frequency used, the coil bandpass width if tuned instruments are used, and so forth, tend to reduce the overall inaccuracy which is apt to develop.
1.5 This practice for inspection applies to solid cylindrical forgings having outer diameters of not less than 2.5 in. [64 mm] nor greater than 100 in. [2540 mm]. It also applies to cylindrical forgings with concentric cylindrical bores having wall thicknesses of 2.5 [64 mm] in. or greater, within the same outer diameter limits as for solid cylinders. For solid sections less than 15 in. [380 mm] in diameter and for bored cylinders of less than 7.5 in. [190 mm] wall thickness the transducer used for the inspection will be different than the transducer used for larger sections.
1.6 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the...
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This document specifies the general requirements for the radiography of steel and iron castings by means of X-rays or gamma-rays.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the radiographic method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the NDT facility and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed procedure (see 6.1). Practices E1030/E1030M, E1032, and E1416 contain information to help develop detailed technique/procedure requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the minimum requirements for radiographic examination for metallic and nonmetallic materials.
1.2 Applicability—The criteria for the radiographic examination in this practice are applicable to all types of metallic and nonmetallic materials. When specified, it may be used for radiographic inspection of metallic or non-metallic materials, weldments, castings, and brazed materials. The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radiographic images and are not intended to establish acceptance criteria for parts and materials.
1.3 Basis of Application—There are areas in this practice that may require agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.
1.3.1 DoD contracts.
1.3.2 Personnel qualification, 5.1.1.
1.3.3 Agency qualification, 5.1.2.
1.3.4 Digitizing techniques, 5.4.5.
1.3.5 Alternate image quality indicator (IQI) types, 5.5.3.
1.3.6 Examination sequence, 6.6.
1.3.7 Non-film techniques, 6.7.
1.3.8 Radiographic quality levels, 6.9.
1.3.9 Optical density, 6.10.
1.3.10 IQI qualification exposure, 6.13.3.
1.3.11 Non-requirement for IQI, 6.18.
1.3.12 Examination coverage for welds, A2.2.2.
1.3.13 Electron beam welds, A2.3.
1.3.14 Geometric unsharpness, 6.23.
1.3.15 Responsibility for examination, 6.27.1.
1.3.16 Examination report, 6.27.2.
1.3.17 Retention of radiographs, 6.27.8.
1.3.18 Storage of radiographs, 6.27.9.
1.3.19 Reproduction of radiographs, 6.27.10 and 6.27.10.1.
1.3.20 Acceptable parts, 6.28.1.
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As with conventional radiography, radioscopic examination is broadly applicable to any material or examination object through which a beam of penetrating radiation may be passed and detected including metals, plastics, ceramics, composites, and other nonmetallic materials. In addition to the benefits normally associated with radiography, radioscopic examination may be either a dynamic, filmless technique allowing the examination part to be manipulated and imaging parameters optimized while the object is undergoing examination, or a static, filmless technique wherein the examination part is stationary with respect to the X-ray beam. Systems with digital detector arrays (DDAs) or an analog component such as an electro-optic device or an analog camera may be used in dynamic mode. If achievable video rates are not adequate to examine features of interest in dynamic mode then averaging techniques with no movement of the test object shall be used – in this case, if using a DDA, Practice E2698 shall be used. If used with a high speed camera system, the user must be aware of the various image conversion materials decay time such that the converter signal can change as fast or faster than the frame rate. Linear Detector Arrays (LDAs) and flying spot systems may be considered radioscopic configurations as they are included in as shown in Guide E1000.
5.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the radioscopic examination method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract.
5.3 Weld Examination—Additional information on radioscopic weld examination may be found in Practice E1416.
5.4 Casting Examination—Additional information on radioscopic casting examination may be found in Practice E1734.
5.5 Electronic Components—Radioscopic examination of electronic components shall comply with Practice E1161.
5.6 Explosives and Propellants—Radioscopic examination of exp...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers application details for radioscopic examination using penetrating radiation using an analog component such as an electro-optic device (for example, X-ray image intensifier (XRII) or analog camera, or both) or a Digital Detector Array (DDA) used in dynamic mode radioscopy. Radioscopy is a radiographic technique that can be used in (1) dynamic mode radioscopy to track motion or optimize radiographic parameters in real-time, or both (25 to 30 frames per second), near real-time (a few frames per second), or high speed (hundreds to thousands of frames per second) or (2) static mode radioscopy where there is no motion of the object during exposure as a filmless recording medium. This practice is not to be used for static mode radioscopy using DDAs. If static radioscopy using a DDA (that is, DDA radiography) is being performed, use Practice E2698.
1.1.1 This practice also may be used for Linear Detector Array (LDA) applications where an LDA uses relative perpendicular motion of either the detector or component under examination to build an image line by line.
1.1.2 This practice may also be used for “flying spot” applications where a pencil beam of X-rays rasters over an area to build an image point by point.
1.2 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for radioscopic examination of metallic and non-metallic materials using X-ray or gamma radiation. Since the techniques involved and the applications for radioscopic examination are diverse, this practice is not intended to be limiting or restrictive, but rather to address the general applications of the technology and thereby facilitate its use. Refer to Guides E94 and E1000, and Terminology E1316, provide additional information and guidance.
1.3 Basis of Application:
1.3.1 The requirements of this practice and Practice E1411 shall be used together. The requirements of Practice E1411 will provide the performance qualification ...
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers ultrasonic angle-beam procedure and acceptance standards for the detection of internal discontinuities not laminar in nature and of surface imperfections in a steel plate. This specification is intended for use only as a supplement to specifications which provide straight-beam ultrasonic examination. The ultrasonic frequency for the examination shall be the highest frequency that permits detection of the required calibration notch.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers an ultrasonic angle-beam procedure and acceptance standards for the detection of internal discontinuities not laminar in nature and of surface imperfections in a steel plate. This specification is intended for use only as a supplement to specifications which provide straight-beam ultrasonic examination.
Note 1: An internal discontinuity that is laminar in nature is one whose principal plane is parallel to the principal plane of the plate.
1.2 Individuals performing examinations in accordance with this specification shall be qualified and certified in accordance with the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalent standard is one which covers the qualification and certification of ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and which is acceptable to the purchaser.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This test method deals with the procedures for the standard practice of performing pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heat-treated carbon, low-alloy, and martensitic stainless steel castings by the longitudinal-beam technique. Calibration shall be executed by either flat-bottomed hole or back-wall reflection. The instrument to be used for examination shall be the ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type. Personnel and equipment qualifications, materials preparation, casting and test conditions, data recording methods, and the acceptance standards for both types of testing procedure are all detailed thoroughly.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the standards and procedures for the pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heat-treated carbon, low-alloy, and martensitic stainless steel castings.
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that castings are to be subjected to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A609/A609M.
1.3 This practice contains two procedures. Procedure A is the original A609/A609M practice and requires calibration using a series of test blocks containing flat-bottomed holes. It also provides supplementary requirements for angle beam testing. Procedure B requires calibration using a back wall reflection from a series of solid calibration blocks.
Note 1: Ultrasonic examination and radiography are not directly comparable. This examination technique is intended to complement Guide E94/E94M in the detection of discontinuities.
1.4 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.5.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.
1.5.2 This practice is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M-specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices ...
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ABSTRACT
This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.
4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. The straight beam techniques include utilization of the DGS (Distance Gain-Size) method. See Appendix X3.
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A388/A388M.
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This procedure is suitable for manufacturing control and for verifying that the product meets specifications. It provides rapid, multi-element determinations with sufficient accuracy to assure product quality. The analytical performance data included may be used as a benchmark to determine if similar X-ray spectrometers provide equivalent precision and accuracy, or if the performance of a particular spectrometer has changed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the analysis of nickel and cobalt based alloys by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for determination of the following elements:
Element
Composition Range
Aluminum
0.0X to X.XX
Chromium
0.XX to XX.XX
Copper
0.0X to XX.XX
Cobalt
0.XX to XX.XX
Hafnium
0.0X to 0.XX
Iron
0.XX to XX.XX
Manganese
0.XX to X.XX
Molybdenum
0.0X to XX.XX
Nickel
XX.XX to XX.XX
Niobium
0.XX to X.XX
Phosphorus
0.00X to 0.0XX
Silicon
0.0X to 0.XX
Tantalum
0.00X to X.XX
Titanium
0.XX to X.XX
Tungsten
0.XX to X.XX
Vanadium
0.00X to 0.XX
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This method has been interlaboratory tested for the elements and quantification ranges specified in 1.1. The ranges in 1.1 indicate intervals within which results have been demonstrated to be quantitative by the interlaboratory study. It may be possible to extend this method to other elements or different composition ranges provided that a method validation study as described in Guide E2857 is performed and that the results of this study show that the method extension is meeting laboratory data quality objectives.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This procedure covers the standard and acceptance standards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examination of rolled carbon and alloy steel plates. The amplitude linearity of the apparatus to be used shall be checked by positioning the transducer over the depth resolution notch in the IIW or similar block. The inspection shall be performed in an area free of operations that interfere with proper performance of the test. The test shall be performed either by direct contact, immersion, or liquid column coupling. Grid scanning shall be conducted along a continuous perpendicular line on the center. All discontinuities causing complete loss of reflection shall be recorded.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers the procedure and acceptance standards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examination of rolled carbon and alloy steel plates, 3/8 in. [10 mm] in thickness and over, for special applications. The method will detect internal discontinuities parallel to the rolled surfaces. Three levels of acceptance standards are provided. Supplementary requirements are provided for alternative procedures.
1.2 Individuals performing examinations in accordance with this specification shall be qualified and certified in accordance with the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalent standard is one which covers the qualification and certification of ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and which is acceptable to the purchaser.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard procedure and acceptance for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examination of rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates. The equipment shall be of the pulse-echo straight beam type. Nondestructive examination of the material shall be conducted in an area free of operations that interfere with proper functioning of the equipment. The test shall be done by one of the following methods: direct contact, immersion, or liquid column coupling. Ultrasonic examination shall be made on either major surface of the plate. Grid scanning shall be continuous along perpendicular grid lines or shall be continuous along parallel paths, transverse to the major plate axis, or shall be continuous along parallel paths, parallel to the major plate axis, or smaller centers. Any discontinuity indication causing a total loss of back reflection which cannot be contained within a circle is unacceptable.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers the procedure and acceptance standards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examination of rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates, 1/2 in. [12.5 mm] and over in thickness. It was developed to assure delivery of steel plates free of gross internal discontinuities such as pipe, ruptures, or laminations and is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the plates are to be subjected to ultrasonic examination.
1.2 Individuals performing examinations in accordance with this specification shall be qualified and certified in accordance with the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalent standard is one which covers the qualification and certification of ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and which is acceptable to the purchaser.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document categorises additive manufacturing (AM) defects in DED and PBF laser and electron beam category of processes, provides a review of relevant current NDT standards, details NDT methods that are specific to AM and complex 3D geometries and outlines existing non‑destructive testing techniques that are applicable to some AM types of defects.
This document is aimed at users and producers of AM processes and it applies, in particular, to the following:
— safety critical AM applications;
— assured confidence in AM;
— reverse engineered products manufactured by AM;
— test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.
- Technical report168 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Technical report168 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document categorises additive manufacturing (AM) defects in DED and PBF laser and electron beam category of processes, provides a review of relevant current NDT standards, details NDT methods that are specific to AM and complex 3D geometries and outlines existing non‑destructive testing techniques that are applicable to some AM types of defects.
This document is aimed at users and producers of AM processes and it applies, in particular, to the following:
— safety critical AM applications;
— assured confidence in AM;
— reverse engineered products manufactured by AM;
— test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.
- Technical report168 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Technical report168 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document categorises additive manufacturing (AM) defects in DED and PBF laser and electron beam category of processes, provides a review of relevant current NDT standards, details NDT methods that are specific to AM and complex 3D geometries and outlines existing non‑destructive testing techniques that are applicable to some AM types of defects. This document is aimed at users and producers of AM processes and it applies, in particular, to the following: - safety critical AM applications; - assured confidence in AM; - reverse engineered products manufactured by AM; - test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images to produce satisfactory and consistent results. This practice is not intended for controlling the acceptability of the casting. The radioscopic method may be used for detecting volumetric discontinuities and density variations that are within the sensitivity range of this practice. The dynamic aspects of radioscopy are useful for maximizing defect response.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of castings. Radioscopic examination of weldments can be found in E1416.
1.2 This practice applies only to radioscopic examination in which an image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for evaluation. Test part acceptance may be based on a static or dynamic image. The examination results may be recorded for later review. This practice does not apply to fully automated systems in which evaluation is performed automatically by a computer.
1.3 Due to the many complex geometries and part configurations inherent with castings, it is necessary to recognize the potential limitations associated with obtaining complete radioscopic coverage. Consideration shall be given to areas where geometry or part configuration does not allow for complete radioscopic coverage.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classification of film systems used for industrial radiography. The film system consists of the film and associated processing system (the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 9 describes specific parameters used for this test method. In general, the classification for hard X-rays, as described in Section 9, can be transferred to other radiation energies and metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. The usage of film system parameters outside the energy ranges specified may result in changes to a film/system performance classification.
4.1.1 The film performance is described by contrast and noise parameters. The contrast is represented by gradient and the noise by granularity.
4.1.2 A film system is assigned a particular class if it meets the minimum performance parameters: for Gradient G at D – D0 = 2.0 and D – D0 = 4.0, and gradient/noise ratio at D – D0 = 2.0, and the maximum performance parameter: granularity σD at D = 2.0.
4.2 This test method describes how the parameters shall be measured and demonstrates how a classification table can be constructed.
4.3 Manufacturers of industrial radiographic film systems and developer chemistry will be the users of this test method. The result is a classification table as shown by the example given in Table 2. Another table also includes speed data for user information. Users of industrial radiographic film systems may also perform the tests and measurements outlined in this test method, provided that the required test equipment is used and the methodology is followed strictly. (A) Family of films ranging in speed and image quality.
4.4 The publication of classes for industrial radiography film systems will enable specifying bodies and contracting parties to agree to particular system classes, which are capable of providing known image qualities. See 8.2.
4.5 ISO 11699–1 and European standard EN 584-1 describe the same m...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the performance of film systems used for industrial radiography. This test method establishes minimum requirements that correspond to system classes.
1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The performance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) intensifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test method.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This practice covers the acceptance criteria for surface inspection of investment castings through visual examination. The material shall conform to Levels II, III, and IV acceptance criteria for features of surface pits, positive metal, parting line and ejector pin marks, gate height, and surface roughness. The material shall be free of any linear discontinuity.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the acceptance criteria for surface inspection of investment castings by visual examination.
1.2 This practice is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M-specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The forming limit curve (FLC) is specific to the material sampled. It can change if the material is subjected to cold work or any annealing process. Thus, two samples from a given lot of material can produce different curves if their processing is varied.
5.2 The processing history of the material must be known if the test is to be considered representative of a grade of a product.
5.3 A forming limit curve (FLC) defines the maximum (limiting) strain that a given sample of a sheet metal can undergo for a range of forming conditions, such as deep drawing, plane strain, biaxial stretching, and bending over a radius in a press and die drawing operation, without developing a localized zone of thinning (localized necking) that would indicate incipient failure.
5.3.1 FLCs may be obtained empirically by using a laboratory hemispherical punch biaxial stretch test and also a tension test to strain metal sheet test specimens, from a material sample, from beyond their elastic limit to just prior to localized necking and fracture.
5.3.1.1 Since the location of localized necking and fracture cannot be predetermined, one or both surfaces of test specimens are covered with a pattern of gauge length measurement units, usually as squares or small diameter circles, by a suitable method such as scribing, photo-grid, or electro-etching, and then each test specimen is formed to the point of localized necking, or fracture.
5.3.2 Strains in the major (e1) and minor (e2) directions are measured using individual gauge length measurement units on the pattern in the area of the localized necking or fracture.
5.3.2.1 Test specimens of varied widths are used to produce a wide range of strain states in the minor (e2) direction.
5.3.2.2 The major strain (e1) is determined by the capacity of the material to be stretched in one direction as simultaneous surface forces either stretch, do not change, or compress, the metal in the minor strain (e2) direction.
5.3.2.3 In the ten...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method gives the procedure for constructing a forming limit curve (FLC) for a metallic sheet material by using a hemispherical deformation punch test and a uniaxial tension test to quantitatively simulate biaxial stretching and deep drawing processes.
1.1.1 Fig. 1 shows an example of a forming limit curve on a schematic forming limit diagram (FLD).
FIG. 1 Schematic Forming Limit Diagram
Note 1: The upper curve represents the forming limit curve. Strains below the lower curve do not occur during forming metallic sheet products in the most stamping press operations. Curves to the left of % e2 = 0 are for constant area of the test specimen surface.
1.2 FLCs are useful in evaluating press performance by metal fabrication strain analysis.
1.3 The method applies to metallic sheet from 0.5 mm (0.020 in.) to 3.3 mm (0.130 in.).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of RQIs is a significant departure from normal practice in industrial radiology because it is not a standard design and is dependent on the application, material, and process and therefore cannot be a simple plaque or wire. The use of an RQI provides documented evidence that radiologic images have the level of quality necessary to reveal those nonconformances for which the parts are being examined by ensuring adequate spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in the areas of interest.
5.2 Where conventional IQIs conforming to Practice E747 or E1025 can be used effectively, those practices should be followed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the radiological examination of unique materials or processes, or both, for which conventionally designed image quality indicators (IQIs), such as those described in Practices E747 and E1025, may be inadequate in controlling the quality and repeatability of the radiological image.
1.2 Where appropriate, representative image quality indicators (RQIs) may also represent criteria levels of the acceptance or rejection of images of discontinuities.
1.3 This practice is applicable to most radiological methods of examination.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The methods described provide indirect measurement of the thickness of sections of materials not exceeding temperatures of 1200°F [650°C]. Measurements are made from one side of the object, without requiring access to the rear surface.
5.2 Ultrasonic thickness measurements are used extensively on basic shapes and products of many materials, on precision machined parts, and to determine wall thinning in process equipment caused by corrosion and erosion.
5.3 Recommendations for determining the capabilities and limitations of ultrasonic thickness gages for specific applications can be found in the cited references (1,2).6
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for measuring the thickness of materials using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMAT), a non-contact pulse-echo method, at temperatures not to exceed 1200°F [650°C].
1.2 This practice is applicable to any electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material, or both, in which ultrasonic waves will propagate at a constant velocity throughout the part, and from which back reflections can be obtained and resolved.
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Within the present state of the radiographic art, this guide is generally applicable to available materials, processes, and techniques where industrial radiographic films are used as the recording media.
4.2 Limitations—This guide does not take into consideration the benefits and limitations of nonfilm radiography such as radioscopy, digital detector arrays, or computed radiography. Refer to Guides E1000, E2736, and E2007.
4.3 Although reference is made to documents that may be used in the identification and grading, where applicable, of representative discontinuities in common metal castings and welds, no attempt has been made to set standards of acceptance for any material or production process.
4.4 Radiography will be consistent in image quality (contrast sensitivity and definition) only if all details of techniques, such as geometry, film, filtration, viewing, etc., are obtained and maintained.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide2 covers satisfactory X-ray and gamma-ray radiographic examination as applied to industrial radiographic film recording. It includes statements about preferred practice without discussing the technical background which justifies the preference. A bibliography of several textbooks and standard documents of other societies is included for additional information on the subject.
1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined; radiographic examination techniques and production methods; radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage; maintenance of inspection records; and a list of available reference radiograph documents.
Note 1: Further information is contained in Guide E999, Practice E1025, Practice E1030/E1030M, and Practice E1032.
1.3 The use of digital radiography has expanded and follows many of the same general principles of film based radiography but with many important differences. The user is referred to standards for digital radiography [E2597, E2698, E2736, and E2737 for digital detector array (DDA) radiography and E2007, E2033, E2445/E2445M, and E2446 for computed radiography(CR)] if considering the use of digital radiography.
1.4 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide, beyond listing the available reference radiograph documents for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement between producer and purchaser.
1.5 Safety Practices—Problems of personnel protection against X-rays and gamma-rays are not covered by this guide. For information on this important aspect of radiography, reference should be made to the current document of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Federal Register, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, National Bureau of Standards, and to state and local regulations, if such exist. For specific radiation safety information, refer to NIST Handbook ANSI 43.3, 21 CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or state regulations for agreement states.
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system should be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.7 If an NDT agency is used, the agency should be qualified in accordance with Specification E543.
1.8 Personnel Qualification—If specified in the contractual agreement, personnel performing examinations to this guide should be qualified in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, assoc...
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- Guide14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the procedures and acceptance standards for straight beam, pulse echo, ultrasonic examination of rolled structural shapes. The section surfaces shall be sufficiently clean and smooth to maintain a back reflection from the opposite side of the flanges, legs and webs. Ultrasonic testing shall be made on the major surface of each flange and one major web surface. Evaluation of indications may require inspection from an opposite surface. Two levels of acceptance standards are included. Level II is intended for normal applications where freedom from gross internal discontinuities is desired, particularly in connection regions. Level I is intended for critical applications such as welded chord members used in tension loading.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the procedure and acceptance standards for straight beam, pulse echo, ultrasonic examination of rolled structural shapes having a minimum section thickness of 1/2 in. [12.5 mm]. It was developed to ensure delivery of steel structural shapes free of gross internal discontinuities such as pipe, ruptures, or laminations and is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the shapes are to be ultrasonically examined. Two levels of acceptance standards are included. Level II is intended for normal applications where freedom from gross internal discontinuities is desired, particularly in connection regions. Level I is intended for critical applications such as welded chord members used in tension loading, where internal discontinuities could be detrimental. Level II is normally applicable unless otherwise specified in contract documents or the purchase order. Supplementary requirements for alternative scanning coverages are provided.
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 CT may be performed on an object when it is in the as-cast, intermediate, or final machined condition. A CT examination can be used as a design tool to improve wax forms and moldings, establish process parameters, randomly check process control, perform final quality control (QC) examination for the acceptance or rejection of parts, and analyze failures and extend component lifetimes.
4.2 The most common applications of CT for castings are for the following: locating and characterizing discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink; measuring as-cast part dimensions for comparison with design dimensions; and extracting dimensional measurements for reverse engineering.
4.3 The extent to which a CT image reproduces an object or a feature within an object is dictated largely by the competing influences of spatial resolution, contrast discrimination, the specific geometry and material of the object itself, and artifacts of the imaging system. Operating parameters strike an overall balance between image quality, examination time, and cost.
4.4 Artifacts are often the limiting factor in CT image quality. (See Practice E1570 for an in-depth discussion of artifacts.) Artifacts are reproducible features in an image that are not related to actual features in the object. Artifacts can be considered correlated noise because they form repeatable fixed patterns under given conditions yet carry no object information. For castings, it is imperative to recognize what is and is not an artifact since an artifact can obscure or masquerade as a discontinuity. Artifacts are most prevalent in castings with long straight edges or complex geometries, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for the examination of castings by the computed tomography (CT) technique. The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the nondestructive examination by CT and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of the castings. This practice implicitly suggests the use of penetrating radiation, specifically X rays and gamma rays.
1.2 This practice provides a uniform procedure for a CT examination of castings for one or more of the following purposes:
1.2.1 Examining for discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink;
1.2.2 Performing metrological measurements and determining dimensional conformance; and
1.2.3 Determining reverse engineering data, that is, creating computer-aided design (CAD) data files.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the magnetic flux.
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for aerospace applications using the wet fluorescent method. Refer to Practice E3024/E3024M for industrial applications. Guide E709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.
Note 1: This practice replaces MIL-STD-1949.
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.
1.3 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
1.4 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.
1.5 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.
1.5.1 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The examination is performed by passing the tube lengthwise through or near an eddy current sensor energized with alternating current of one or more frequencies. The electrical impedance of the eddy current sensor is modified by the proximity of the tube. The extent of this modification is determined by the distance between the eddy current sensor and the tube, the dimensions, and electrical conductivity of the tube. The presence of metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities in the tube will alter the apparent impedance of the eddy current sensor. During passage of the tube, the changes in eddy current sensor characteristics caused by localized differences in the tube produce electrical signals which are amplified and modified to actuate either an audio or visual signaling device or a mechanical marker to indicate the position of discontinuities in the tube length. Signals can be produced by discontinuities located either on the external or internal surface of the tube or by discontinuities totally contained within the tube wall.
4.2 The depth of penetration of eddy currents in the tube wall is influenced by the conductivity (alloy) of the material being examined and the excitation frequency employed. As defined by the standard depth of penetration equation, the eddy current penetration depth is inversely related to conductivity and excitation frequency (Note 2). Beyond one standard depth of penetration (SDP), the capacity to detect discontinuities by eddy currents is reduced. Electromagnetic examination of seamless aluminum alloy tube is most effective when the wall thickness does not exceed the SDP or in heavier tube walls when discontinuities of interest are within one SDP. The limit for detecting metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities by way of conventional eddy current sensors is generally accepted to be approximately three times the SDP point and is referred to as the effective depth of penetration (EDP).
Note 2: The standard depth of penetratio...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 is for standardizing eddy current equipment employed in the examination of seamless aluminum-alloy tube. Artificial discontinuities consisting of flat-bottomed or through holes, or both, are employed as the means of standardizing the eddy current system. General requirements for eddy current examination procedures are included.
1.2 Procedures for fabrication of reference standards are given in X1.1 and X2.1.
1.3 This practice is intended for the examination of tubular products having nominal diameters up to 4 in. (101.6 mm) and wall thicknesses up to the standard depth of penetration (SDP) of eddy currents for the particular alloy (conductivity) being examined and the examination frequency being used.
Note 1: This practice may also be used for larger diameters or heavier walls up to the effective depth of penetration (EDP) of eddy currents as long as adequate resolution is obtained and as specified by the using party or parties.
1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria. They must be established by the using party or parties.
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—Ultrasonic testing is a widely used nondestructive method for the examination of a material. The majority of ultrasonic examinations are performed using transducers that directly convert electrical energy into acoustic energy through the use of piezoelectric crystals. This guide describes an alternate technique in which electromagnetic energy is used to produce acoustic energy inside an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material. EMATs have unique characteristics when compared to conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic search units, making them a significant tool for some ultrasonic examination applications.
4.2 Principle—An electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) generates and receives ultrasonic waves without the need to contact the material in which the acoustic waves are traveling. The use of an EMAT requires that the material to be examined be electrically conductive or ferromagnetic, or both. There are two basic components of an EMAT system, a magnet and a coil. The magnet may be an electromagnet or a permanent magnet, which is used to produce a magnetic field in the material under test. The coil is driven using alternating current at the desired ultrasonic frequency. The coil and AC current also induce a surface magnetic field in the material under test. In the presence of the static magnetic field, the surface current experiences Lorentz forces that produce the desired ultrasonic waves. Upon reception of an ultrasonic wave, the surface of the conductor oscillates in the presence of a magnetic field, thus inducing a voltage in the coil. The transduction process occurs within an electromagnetic skin depth. The EMAT forms the basis for a very reproducible noncontact system for generating and detecting ultrasonic waves.
4.3 Specific Advantages—Since an EMAT technique does not have to be in contact with the material under examination, no fluid couplant is required. Important consequences of this include applications to moving objects, in...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended primarily for tutorial purposes. It provides an overview of the general principles governing the operation and use of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for ultrasonic examination.
1.2 This guide describes a non-contact technique for coupling ultrasonic energy into an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material, or both, through the use of electromagnetic fields. This guide describes the theory of operation and basic design considerations as well as the advantages and limitations of the technique.
1.3 This guide is intended to serve as a general reference to assist in determining the usefulness of EMATs for a given application as well as provide fundamental information regarding their design and operation. This guide provides guidance for the generation of longitudinal, shear, Rayleigh, and Lamb wave modes using EMATs.
1.4 This guide does not contain detailed procedures for the use of EMATs in any specific applications; nor does it promote the use of EMATs without thorough testing prior to their use for examination purposes. Some applications in which EMATs have been applied successfully are outlined in Section 9.
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Co...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The chemical composition of catalysts and catalyst materials is an important indicator of catalyst performance and is a valuable tool for assessing parameters in a FCCU process. This practice will be useful to catalyst manufacturers and petroleum refiners for quality verification and performance evaluation, and to environmental authorities at the state and federal levels for evaluation and verification of various compliance programs (1, 2, 3).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the analysis of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts, rare earth exchanged zeolitic materials, additive and related materials when analyzed by ICP-OES for the six most common rare earth elements.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this Practice.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Appendix X3.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flux in the part.
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for industrial applications. Refer to Practice E1444/E1444M for aerospace applications. Guide E709 may be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.
1.3 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the Level III or the cognizant engineering organization, as applicable, and the supplier.
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.4.1 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice outlines a procedure to standardize an instrument and to use the instrument to examine ferromagnetic wire rope products in which the magnetic flux and magnetic flux leakage methods are used. If properly applied, the magnetic flux method is capable of detecting the presence, location, and magnitude of metal loss from wear, broken wires, and corrosion, and the magnetic flux leakage method is capable of detecting the presence and location of flaws such as broken wires and corrosion pits.
5.2 The instrument's response to the rope's fabrication, installation, and in-service-induced flaws can be significantly different from the instrument's response to artificial flaws such as wire gaps or added wires. For this reason, it is preferable to detect and mark (using set-up standards that represent) real in-service-induced flaws whose characteristics will adversely affect the serviceability of the wire rope.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the application and standardization of instruments that use the electromagnetic, the magnetic flux, and the magnetic flux leakage examination method to detect flaws and changes in metallic cross-sectional areas in ferromagnetic wire rope products.
1.1.1 This practice includes rope diameters up to 2.5 in. (63.5 mm). Larger diameters may be included, subject to agreement by the users of this practice.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The magnetic particle method of nondestructive testing indicates the presence of surface and near-surface discontinuities in materials that can be magnetized (ferromagnetic). This method can be used for production examination of parts/components or structures and for field applications where portability of equipment and accessibility to the area to be examined are factors. The ability of the method to find small discontinuities can be enhanced by using fluorescent particles suspended in a suitable vehicle and by introducing a magnetic field of the proper strength whose orientation is as close as possible to 90° to the direction of the suspected discontinuity (see 4.3.2). A smoother surface or a pulsed current improves mobility of the magnetic particles under the influence of the magnetic field to collect on the surface where magnetic flux leakage occurs.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide2 covers techniques for both dry and wet magnetic particle testing, a nondestructive method for detecting cracks and other discontinuities at or near the surface in ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, semifinished material (billets, blooms, castings, and forgings), finished material and welds, regardless of heat treatment or lack thereof. It is useful for preventive maintenance testing.
1.1.1 This guide is intended as a reference to aid in the preparation of specifications/standards, procedures and techniques.
1.2 This guide is also a reference that may be used as follows:
1.2.1 To establish a means by which magnetic particle testing, procedures recommended or required by individual organizations, can be reviewed to evaluate their applicability and completeness.
1.2.2 To aid in the organization of the facilities and personnel concerned in magnetic particle testing.
1.2.3 To aid in the preparation of procedures dealing with the examination of materials and parts. This guide describes magnetic particle testing techniques that are recommended for a great variety of sizes and shapes of ferromagnetic materials and widely varying examination requirements. Since there are many acceptable differences in both procedure and technique, the explicit requirements should be covered by a written procedure (see Section 21).
1.3 This guide does not indicate, suggest, or specify acceptance standards for parts/pieces examined by these techniques. It should be pointed out, however, that after indications have been produced, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there should be a separate code, specification, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, degree of alignment and spacing, area concentration, and orientation of indications that are unacceptable in a specific part versus those which need not be removed before part acceptance. Conditions where rework or repair is not permitted should be specified.
1.4 This guide describes the use of the following magnetic particle method techniques.
1.4.1 Dry magnetic powder (see 8.4),
1.4.2 Wet magnetic particle (see 8.5),
1.4.3 Magnetic slurry/paint magnetic particle (see 8.5.7), and
1.4.4 Polymer magnetic particle (see 8.5.8).
1.5 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations in accordance with this guide should be qualified and certified in accordance with ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT Standard CP-189, NAS 410, or as specified in the contract or purchase order.
1.6 Nondestructive Testing Agency—If a nondestructive testing agency as described in Specification E543 is used to perform the examination, the nondestructive testing agency should meet the requirements of Specification E543.
1.7 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.8 Warning—...
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ABSTRACT
This practice covers a test procedure for measuring ultrasonic velocities in materials with conventional ultrasonic pulse echo flaw detection equipment in which results are displayed in an A-scan display, and describes a method whereby unknown ultrasonic velocities in a material sample are determined by comparative measurements using a reference material whose ultrasonic velocities are accurately known. The ultrasonic testing system that shall be used shall consist of the test instrument, search unit, couplant, and the standard reference blocks. The test procedure shall include both longitudinal and transverse wave velocity measurements, which should conform to the theoretical values of the parameters.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice describes a test procedure for the application of conventional ultrasonic methods to determine unknown ultrasonic velocities in a material sample by comparative measurements using a reference material whose ultrasonic velocities are accurately known.
5.2 Although not all methods described in this practice are applied equally or universally to all velocity measurements in different materials, it does provide flexibility and a basis for establishing contractual criteria between users, and may be used as a general guideline for preparing a detailed procedure or specification for a particular application.
5.3 This practice is directed towards the determination of longitudinal and shear wave velocities using the appropriate sound wave form. This practice also outlines methods to determine elastic modulus and can be applied in both contact and immersion mode.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a test procedure for measuring ultrasonic velocities in materials with conventional ultrasonic pulse echo flaw detection equipment in which results are displayed in an A-scan display. This practice describes a method whereby unknown ultrasonic velocities in a material sample are determined by comparative measurements using a reference material whose ultrasonic velocities are accurately known.
1.2 This procedure is intended for solid materials 5 mm (0.2 in.) thick or greater. The surfaces normal to the direction of energy propagation shall be parallel to at least ±3°. Surface finish for velocity measurements shall be 3.2 μm (125 μin.) root-mean-square (rms) or smoother.
Note 1: Sound wave velocities are cited in this practice using the fundamental units of meters per second, with inches per second supplied for reference in many cases. For some calculations, it is convenient to think of velocities in units of millimeters per microsecond. While these units work nicely in the calculations, the more natural units were chosen for use in the tables in this practice. The values can be simply converted from m/s to mm/μs by moving the decimal point three places to the left, that is, 3500 m/s becomes 3.5 mm/μs.
1.3 Ultrasonic velocity measurements are useful for determining several important material properties. Young's modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, acoustic impedance, and several other useful properties and coefficients can be calculated for solid materials with the ultrasonic velocities if the density is known (see Appendix X1).
1.4 More accurate results than those obtained using this method can be obtained with more specialized ultrasonic equipment, auxiliary equipment, and specialized techniques. Some of the supplemental techniques are described in Appendix X2. (Material contained in Appendix X2 is for informational purposes only.)
Note 2: Factors including techniques, equipment, types of material, and operator variables will result in variations in absolute velocity readings, sometimes by as much as ±5 %. Relative results with a single combination of the above factors can be expected to be much more accurate (probably within a 1 % tolerance).
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI uni...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers a procedure for experimentally determining macroscopic residual stress tensor components of quasi-isotropic bearing steel materials by XRD. Here the stress components are represented by the tensor σij as shown in Eq 1 (1,5 p. 40). The stress strain relationship in any direction of a component is defined by Eq 2 with respect to the azimuth phi(φ) and polar angle psi(ψ) defined in Fig. 1 (1, p. 132).
5.1.1 Alternatively, Eq 2 may also be shown in the following arrangement (2, p. 126):
5.2 Using XRD and Bragg’s law, interplanar strain measurements are performed for multiple orientations. The orientations are selected based on a modified version of Eq 2, which is dictated by the mode used. Conflicting nomenclature may be found in literature with regard to mode names. For example, what may be referred to as a ψ (psi) diffractometer in Europe may be called a χ (chi) diffractometer in North America. The three modes considered here will be referred to as omega, chi, and modified-chi as described in 9.5.
5.3 Omega Mode (Iso Inclination) and Chi Mode (Side Inclination)—Interplanar strain measurements are performed at multiple ψ angles along one φ azimuth (let φ = 0°) (Figs. 2 and 3), reducing Eq 2 to Eq 3. Stress normal to the surface (σ33) is assumed to be insignificant because of the shallow depth of penetration of X-rays at the free surface, reducing Eq 3 to Eq 4. Post-measurement corrections may be applied to account for possible σ33 influences (12.12). Since the σij values will remain constant for a given azimuth, the s1{hkl} term is renamed C.
FIG. 2 Omega Mode Diagram for Measurement in σ11 Direction
FIG. 3 Chi Mode Diagram for Measurement in σ11 Direction
Note 1: Stress matrix is rotated 90° about the surface normal compared to Fig. 2 and Fig. 14.
5.3.1 The measured interplanar spacing values are converted to strain using Eq 24, Eq 25, or Eq 26. Eq 4 is used to fit the strain versus sin2ψ data yiel...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for experimentally determining macroscopic residual stress tensor components of quasi-isotropic bearing steel materials by X-ray diffraction (XRD).
1.2 This test method provides a guide for experimentally determining stress values, which play a significant role in bearing life.
1.3 Examples of how tensor values are used are:
1.3.1 Detection of grinding type and abusive grinding;
1.3.2 Determination of tool wear in turning operations;
1.3.3 Monitoring of carburizing and nitriding residual stress effects;
1.3.4 Monitoring effects of surface treatments such as sand blasting, shot peening, and honing;
1.3.5 Tracking of component life and rolling contact fatigue effects;
1.3.6 Failure analysis;
1.3.7 Relaxation of residual stress; and
1.3.8 Other residual-stress-related issues that potentially affect bearings.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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