75.080 - Petroleum products in general
ICS 75.080 Details
Petroleum products in general
Erdolprodukte im allgemeinen
Produits pétroliers en général
Naftni proizvodi na splošno
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This document specifies three procedures, A, B and C, using the Pensky-Martens closed cup tester, for determining the flash point of combustible liquids, liquids with suspended solids, liquids that tend to form a surface film under the test conditions, biodiesel and other liquids in the temperature range of 40 °C to 370 °C.
NOTE 1 Although, technically, kerosene with a flash point above 40 °C can be tested using this document, it is standard practice to test kerosene according to ISO 13736.[5] Similarly, lubricating oils are normally tested according to ISO 2592.[2]
Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, biodiesel blends, heating oil and turbine fuels), new and in-use lubricating oils, paints and varnishes, and other homogeneous liquids not included in the scope of procedures B or C.
Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback residuals, used lubricating oils, mixtures of liquids with solids, and liquids that tend to form a surface film under test conditions or are of such kinematic viscosity that they are not uniformly heated under the stirring and heating conditions of procedure A.
Procedure C is applicable to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) as specified in specifications such as EN 14214[11] or ASTM D6751.[13]
This document is not applicable to water-borne paints and varnishes.
NOTE 2 Water-borne paints and varnishes can be tested using ISO 3679.[3] Liquids containing traces of highly volatile materials can be tested using ISO 1523[1] or ISO 3679.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an aging method for phosphate ester turbine control fluids. These products fall into category HFDR as specified in ISO 6743-4 and into categories TSD, TGD and TCD as specified in ISO 6743-5. The amount of acid developed during the test is used to assess the level of anti-aging performance. This document is applicable to the anti-aging performance determination for phosphate ester turbine control fluids that are both new and in-service.
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This document specifies three procedures, A, B and C, using the Pensky-Martens closed cup tester, for determining the flash point of combustible liquids, liquids with suspended solids, liquids that tend to form a surface film under the test conditions, biodiesel and other liquids in the temperature range of 40 °C to 370 °C.
NOTE 1 Although, technically, kerosene with a flash point above 40 °C can be tested using this document, it is standard practice to test kerosene according to ISO 13736.[5] Similarly, lubricating oils are normally tested according to ISO 2592.[2]
Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, biodiesel blends, heating oil and turbine fuels), new and in-use lubricating oils, paints and varnishes, and other homogeneous liquids not included in the scope of procedures B or C.
Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback residuals, used lubricating oils, mixtures of liquids with solids, and liquids that tend to form a surface film under test conditions or are of such kinematic viscosity that they are not uniformly heated under the stirring and heating conditions of procedure A.
Procedure C is applicable to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) as specified in specifications such as EN 14214[11] or ASTM D6751.[13]
This document is not applicable to water-borne paints and varnishes.
NOTE 2 Water-borne paints and varnishes can be tested using ISO 3679.[3] Liquids containing traces of highly volatile materials can be tested using ISO 1523[1] or ISO 3679.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies three procedures, A, B and C, using the Pensky-Martens closed cup tester, for determining the flash point of combustible liquids, liquids with suspended solids, liquids that tend to form a surface film under the test conditions, biodiesel and other liquids in the temperature range of 40 °C to 370 °C. NOTE 1 Although, technically, kerosene with a flash point above 40 °C can be tested using this document, it is standard practice to test kerosene according to ISO 13736.[ REF Reference_ref_9 \r \h 5 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0039000000 ] Similarly, lubricating oils are normally tested according to ISO 2592.[ REF Reference_ref_6 \r \h 2 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0036000000 ] Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, biodiesel blends, heating oil and turbine fuels), new and in-use lubricating oils, paints and varnishes, and other homogeneous liquids not included in the scope of procedures B or C. Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback residuals, used lubricating oils, mixtures of liquids with solids, and liquids that tend to form a surface film under test conditions or are of such kinematic viscosity that they are not uniformly heated under the stirring and heating conditions of procedure A. Procedure C is applicable to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) as specified in specifications such as EN 14214[ REF Reference_ref_15 \r \h 11 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310035000000 ] or ASTM D6751.[ REF Reference_ref_17 \r \h 13 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310037000000 ] This document is not applicable to water-borne paints and varnishes. NOTE 2 Water-borne paints and varnishes can be tested using ISO 3679.[3] Liquids containing traces of highly volatile materials can be tested using ISO 1523[1] or ISO 3679.
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This document specifies a method using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of the sulfur content of petroleum products, such as naphthas, unleaded motor gasolines, middle distillates, residual fuel oils, base lubricating oils and components. The method is applicable to products with sulfur content in the range of a mass fraction of 0,03 % to a mass fraction of 5,00 %.
This test method can be used for biofuel or biofuel blends.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the separation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from middle distillates by liquid chromatography (LC) and for the determination of the pattern of the fatty acid methyl esters by gas chromatography (GC) according to EN 14103.
This document is applicable for the determination of the pattern of the fatty acid methyl esters for the calculation of the average molecular mass of FAME according to EN 14078 [1].
Independently from the origin of the middle distillate, this method is applicable to FAME of vegetable or animal origin that contain fatty acid methyl esters between C6:0 and C24:1. The method is suitable for the separation and determination of FAME from middle distillates with FAME contents of at least 2 % (V/V).
NOTE For the purpose of this document, the terms % (V/V) and % (m/m) are used to express volume fractions in % or mass fractions in %.
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This document specifies a method using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of the sulfur content of petroleum products, such as naphthas, unleaded motor gasolines, middle distillates, residual fuel oils, base lubricating oils and components. The method is applicable to products with sulfur content in the range of a mass fraction of 0,03 % to a mass fraction of 5,00 %.
This test method can be used for biofuel or biofuel blends.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the chlorine and bromine content of liquid petroleum products, synthetic oils and fluids, and additives for petroleum products (including used oils) that are soluble in organic solvents of negligible or accurately known chlorine/bromine content. The method is applicable to products or additives with chlorine content in the range of a mass fraction of 0,000 5 % to 0,100 0 %, and bromine contents in the range of a mass fraction of 0,001 0 % to 0,100 0 %.
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This document specifies a method for the separation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from middle distillates by liquid chromatography (LC) and for the determination of the pattern of the fatty acid methyl esters by gas chromatography (GC) according to EN 14103.
This document is applicable for the determination of the pattern of the fatty acid methyl esters for the calculation of the average molecular mass of FAME according to EN 14078 [1].
Independently from the origin of the middle distillate, this method is applicable to FAME of vegetable or animal origin that contain fatty acid methyl esters between C6:0 and C24:1. The method is suitable for the separation and determination of FAME from middle distillates with FAME contents of at least 2 % (V/V).
NOTE For the purpose of this document, the terms % (V/V) and % (m/m) are used to express volume fractions in % or mass fractions in %.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of the sulfur content of petroleum products, such as naphthas, unleaded motor gasolines, middle distillates, residual fuel oils, base lubricating oils and components. The method is applicable to products with sulfur content in the range of a mass fraction of 0,03 % to a mass fraction of 5,00 %. This test method can be used for biofuel or biofuel blends.
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This document specifies the manual methods used for obtaining samples of liquid or semi-liquid hydrocarbons, tank residues and deposits from fixed tanks, railcars, road vehicles, ships and barges, drums and cans, or from liquids being pumped in pipelines.
It applies to the sampling of liquid products, including crude oils, intermediate products, synthetic hydrocarbons and bio fuels, which are stored at or near atmospheric pressure, or transferred by pipelines as liquids at elevated pressures and temperatures.
The sampling procedures specified are not intended for the sampling of special petroleum products which are the subject of other International Standards, such as electrical insulating oils (covered in IEC 60475), liquefied petroleum gases (covered in ISO 4257), liquefied natural gases (covered in ISO 8943) and gaseous natural gases (covered in ISO 10715).
This document refers to methods of sampling and sampling equipment in use at the time of writing. It does not exclude the use of new equipment, provided that such equipment enables samples to be obtained according to the requirements and procedures of this document.
- Standard79 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the manual methods used for obtaining samples of liquid or semi-liquid hydrocarbons, tank residues and deposits from fixed tanks, railcars, road vehicles, ships and barges, drums and cans, or from liquids being pumped in pipelines.
It applies to the sampling of liquid products, including crude oils, intermediate products, synthetic hydrocarbons and bio fuels, which are stored at or near atmospheric pressure, or transferred by pipelines as liquids at elevated pressures and temperatures.
The sampling procedures specified are not intended for the sampling of special petroleum products which are the subject of other International Standards, such as electrical insulating oils (covered in IEC 60475), liquefied petroleum gases (covered in ISO 4257), liquefied natural gases (covered in ISO 8943) and gaseous natural gases (covered in ISO 10715).
This document refers to methods of sampling and sampling equipment in use at the time of writing. It does not exclude the use of new equipment, provided that such equipment enables samples to be obtained according to the requirements and procedures of this document.
- Standard79 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the manual methods used for obtaining samples of liquid or semi-liquid hydrocarbons, tank residues and deposits from fixed tanks, railcars, road vehicles, ships and barges, drums and cans, or from liquids being pumped in pipelines. It applies to the sampling of liquid products, including crude oils, intermediate products, synthetic hydrocarbons and bio fuels, which are stored at or near atmospheric pressure, or transferred by pipelines as liquids at elevated pressures and temperatures. The sampling procedures specified are not intended for the sampling of special petroleum products which are the subject of other International Standards, such as electrical insulating oils (covered in IEC 60475), liquefied petroleum gases (covered in ISO 4257), liquefied natural gases (covered in ISO 8943) and gaseous natural gases (covered in ISO 10715). This document refers to methods of sampling and sampling equipment in use at the time of writing. It does not exclude the use of new equipment, provided that such equipment enables samples to be obtained according to the requirements and procedures of this document.
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This document specifies a method to identify and compare the compositional characteristics of oil samples. Specifically, it describes the detailed analytical and data processing methods for identifying the characteristics of spill samples and establishing their correlation to suspected source oils. Even when samples or data from suspected sources are not available for comparison, establishing the specific nature (e.g. refined petroleum, crude oil, waste oil, etc.) of the spilled oil still helps to constrain the possible source(s).
This methodology is restricted to petroleum related products containing a significant proportion of hydrocarbon-components with a boiling point above 150 °C. Examples are: crude oils, higher boiling condensates, diesel oils, residual bunker or heavy fuel oils, lubricants, and mixtures of bilge and sludge samples, as well as distillate fuels and blends. While the specific analytical methods are perhaps not appropriate for lower boiling oils (e.g. kerosene, jet fuel, or gasoline), the general concepts described in this methodology, i.e. statistical comparison of weathering-resistant diagnostic ratios, are applicable in spills involving these kinds of oils.
Paraffin based products (e.g. waxes, etc.) are outside the scope of this method because too many compounds are removed during the production process [37]. However, the method can be used to identify the type of product involved.
Although not directly intended for identifying oil recovered from groundwater, vegetation, wildlife/tissues, soil, or sediment matrices, they are not precluded. However, caution is needed as extractable compounds can be present in these matrices that alter and/or contribute additional compounds compared to the source sample. If unrecognized, the contribution from the matrix can lead to false “non-matches”. It is therefore advisable to analyse background sample(s) of the matrix that appear unoiled.
When analysing “non-oil” matrices additional sample preparation (e.g. clean-up) is often required prior to analysis and the extent to which the matrix affects the correlation achieved is to be considered. Whether the method is applicable for a specific matrix depends upon the oil concentration compared to the “matrix concentration”. In matrices containing high concentrations of oil, a positive match can still be concluded. In matrices containing lower concentrations of oil, a false “non-match” or an “inconclusive match” can result from matrix effects. Evaluation of possible matrix effects is beyond the scope of this document.
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This document specifies a method to identify and compare the compositional characteristics of oil samples. Specifically, it describes the detailed analytical and data processing methods for identifying the characteristics of spill samples and establishing their correlation to suspected source oils. Even when samples or data from suspected sources are not available for comparison, establishing the specific nature (e.g. refined petroleum, crude oil, waste oil, etc.) of the spilled oil still helps to constrain the possible source(s).
This methodology is restricted to petroleum related products containing a significant proportion of hydrocarbon-components with a boiling point above 150 °C. Examples are: crude oils, higher boiling condensates, diesel oils, residual bunker or heavy fuel oils, lubricants, and mixtures of bilge and sludge samples, as well as distillate fuels and blends. While the specific analytical methods are perhaps not appropriate for lower boiling oils (e.g. kerosene, jet fuel, or gasoline), the general concepts described in this methodology, i.e. statistical comparison of weathering-resistant diagnostic ratios, are applicable in spills involving these kinds of oils.
Paraffin based products (e.g. waxes, etc.) are outside the scope of this method because too many compounds are removed during the production process [37]. However, the method can be used to identify the type of product involved.
Although not directly intended for identifying oil recovered from groundwater, vegetation, wildlife/tissues, soil, or sediment matrices, they are not precluded. However, caution is needed as extractable compounds can be present in these matrices that alter and/or contribute additional compounds compared to the source sample. If unrecognized, the contribution from the matrix can lead to false “non-matches”. It is therefore advisable to analyse background sample(s) of the matrix that appear unoiled.
When analysing “non-oil” matrices additional sample preparation (e.g. clean-up) is often required prior to analysis and the extent to which the matrix affects the correlation achieved is to be considered. Whether the method is applicable for a specific matrix depends upon the oil concentration compared to the “matrix concentration”. In matrices containing high concentrations of oil, a positive match can still be concluded. In matrices containing lower concentrations of oil, a false “non-match” or an “inconclusive match” can result from matrix effects. Evaluation of possible matrix effects is beyond the scope of this document.
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This document specifies the gas chromatographic (GC) method for the determination of saturated, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons in automotive motor gasoline, small engine petrol and ethanol (E85) automotive fuel. Additionally, the benzene and toluene content, oxygenated compounds and the total oxygen content can be determined.
Although specifically developed for the analysis of automotive motor gasoline that contains oxygenates, this test method can also be applied to other hydrocarbon streams having similar boiling ranges, such as naphthas and reformates.
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This document specifies a procedure, at temperatures up to 100 °C, to determine whether a liquid product, that would be classified as “flammable” by virtue of its flash point, sustains combustion at the temperature(s) specified, for example, in regulations.
NOTE Many national and international regulations classify liquids as presenting a flammable hazard based on their flash point, as determined by a recognized method. Some of these regulations allow a derogation if the substance cannot “sustain combustion” at some specified temperature(s).
The procedure is applicable to paints (including water-borne paints), varnishes, paint binders, solvents, petroleum or related products and adhesives, that have a flash point. It is not applicable to painted surfaces in respect of assessing their potential fire hazards.
This test method is applicable, in addition to test methods for flash point, for assessing the fire hazard of a product.
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This document specifies the gas chromatographic (GC) method for the determination of saturated, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons in automotive motor gasoline, small engine petrol and ethanol (E85) automotive fuel. Additionally, the benzene and toluene content, oxygenated compounds and the total oxygen content can be determined.
Although specifically developed for the analysis of automotive motor gasoline that contains oxygenates, this test method can also be applied to other hydrocarbon streams having similar boiling ranges, such as naphthas and reformates.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the gas chromatographic (GC) method for the determination of saturated, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons in automotive motor gasoline, small engine petrol and ethanol (E85) automotive fuel. Additionally, the benzene and toluene content, oxygenated compounds and the total oxygen content can be determined. Although specifically developed for the analysis of automotive motor gasoline that contains oxygenates, this test method can also be applied to other hydrocarbon streams having similar boiling ranges, such as naphthas and reformates.
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This document specifies a fluorescent indicator adsorption method for the determination of hydrocarbon types over the concentration ranges from 5 % (V/V) to 99 % (V/V) aromatic hydrocarbons, 0,3 % (V/V) to 55 % (V/V) olefins, and 1 % (V/V) to 95 % (V/V) saturated hydrocarbons in petroleum fractions that distil below 315 °C. This method can apply to concentrations outside these ranges, but the precision has not been determined.
When samples containing oxygenated blending components are analysed, the hydrocarbon type results can be reported on an oxygenate-free basis or, when the oxygenate content is known, the results can be corrected to a total-sample basis.
This test method is applicable to full boiling range products. Cooperative data have established that the precision statement does not apply to petroleum fractions with narrow boiling ranges near the 315 °C limit. Such samples are not eluted properly, and results are erratic.
It does not apply to samples containing dark-coloured components that interfere with reading the chromatographic bands that cannot be analysed.
NOTE 1 The oxygenated blending components methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE), methyl tert-pentyl ether (TAME) and tert-butyl ethyl ether (ETBE) do not interfere with the determination of hydrocarbon types at concentrations normally found in commercial petroleum blends. These oxygenated compounds are not detected since they elute with the alcohol desorbent. The effects of other oxygenated compounds are individually verified.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this document, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.
WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This document specifies a method for determining the pour point of petroleum products by means of automatic equipment for detecting movement of the test specimen using a linear cooling technique. A separate procedure suitable for the determination of the lower pour point of fuel oils, heavy lubricant base stock, and products containing residual fuel components is also described. The procedure described in this document is not suitable for crude oils. Test results from this method can be determined in either 1 °C or 3 °C testing intervals NOTE The equipment referenced in this method can also generate results at 1 °C testing intervals, which is an acceptable alternative procedure, but for which precision and bias have not been determined.
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This document specifies a fluorescent indicator adsorption method for the determination of hydrocarbon types over the concentration ranges from 5 % (V/V) to 99 % (V/V) aromatic hydrocarbons, 0,3 % (V/V) to 55 % (V/V) olefins, and 1 % (V/V) to 95 % (V/V) saturated hydrocarbons in petroleum fractions that distil below 315 °C. This method can apply to concentrations outside these ranges, but the precision has not been determined.
When samples containing oxygenated blending components are analysed, the hydrocarbon type results can be reported on an oxygenate-free basis or, when the oxygenate content is known, the results can be corrected to a total-sample basis.
This test method is applicable to full boiling range products. Cooperative data have established that the precision statement does not apply to petroleum fractions with narrow boiling ranges near the 315 °C limit. Such samples are not eluted properly, and results are erratic.
It does not apply to samples containing dark-coloured components that interfere with reading the chromatographic bands that cannot be analysed.
NOTE 1 The oxygenated blending components methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE), methyl tert-pentyl ether (TAME) and tert-butyl ethyl ether (ETBE) do not interfere with the determination of hydrocarbon types at concentrations normally found in commercial petroleum blends. These oxygenated compounds are not detected since they elute with the alcohol desorbent. The effects of other oxygenated compounds are individually verified.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this document, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.
WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a procedure for the determination of kinematic viscosity, ν, by calculation from dynamic viscosity, η, and density, ρ, of both transparent and opaque liquid petroleum products and crude oils using the Stabinger type viscometer.
The result obtained using the procedure described in this document depends on the rheological behaviour of the sample. This document is predominantly applicable to liquids whose shear stress and shear rate are proportional (Newtonian flow behaviour). If the viscosity changes significantly with the shear rate, comparison with other measuring methods is not possible except at similar shear rates.
The precision has been determined only for the materials, density ranges and temperatures described in Clause 13. The test method can be applied to a wider range of viscosity, density, temperature and materials. It is possible that the precision and bias are applicable for materials which are not listed in Clause 13.
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This document specifies a procedure for the determination of kinematic viscosity, ν, by calculation from dynamic viscosity, η, and density, ρ, of both transparent and opaque liquid petroleum products and crude oils using the Stabinger type viscometer.
The result obtained using the procedure described in this document depends on the rheological behaviour of the sample. This document is predominantly applicable to liquids whose shear stress and shear rate are proportional (Newtonian flow behaviour). If the viscosity changes significantly with the shear rate, comparison with other measuring methods is not possible except at similar shear rates.
The precision has been determined only for the materials, density ranges and temperatures described in Clause 13. The test method can be applied to a wider range of viscosity, density, temperature and materials. It is possible that the precision and bias are applicable for materials which are not listed in Clause 13.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a procedure for the determination of kinematic viscosity, ν, by calculation from dynamic viscosity, η, and density, ρ, of both transparent and opaque liquid petroleum products and crude oils using the Stabinger type viscometer. The result obtained using the procedure described in this document depends on the rheological behaviour of the sample. This document is predominantly applicable to liquids whose shear stress and shear rate are proportional (Newtonian flow behaviour). If the viscosity changes significantly with the shear rate, comparison with other measuring methods is not possible except at similar shear rates. The precision has been determined only for the materials, density ranges and temperatures described in Clause 13. The test method can be applied to a wider range of viscosity, density, temperature and materials. It is possible that the precision and bias are applicable for materials which are not listed in Clause 13.
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This document specifies a method for the determination, using an oscillating U-tube density meter, of the density of crude petroleum and related products within the range 600 kg/m3 to 1 100 kg/m3, which can be handled as single-phase liquids at the test temperature and pressure.
This document is applicable to liquids of any vapour pressure as long as suitable precautions are taken to ensure that they remain in single phase. Loss of light components leads to changes in density during both the sample handling and the density determination.
This method is not intended for use with in-line density meters.
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This document specifies a test method for the determination of the content of mono-aromatic, di aromatic and tri+-aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel fuels, paraffinic diesel fuels and petroleum distillates.
This document specifies two procedures, A and B.
Procedure A is applicable to diesel fuels that may contain fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) up to 30 % (V/V) (as in [1], [2] or [3]) and petroleum distillates in the boiling range from 150 °C to 400 °C (as in [4].
Procedure B is applicable to paraffinic diesel fuels with up to 7 % (V/V) FAME. This procedure does not contain a dilution of the sample in order to determine the low levels of aromatic components in these fuels.
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content is calculated from the sum of di-aromatic and tri+-aromatic hydrocarbons and the total content of aromatic compounds is calculated from the sum of the individual aromatic hydrocarbon types.
Compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen can interfere in the determination; mono-alkenes do not interfere, but conjugated di-alkenes and poly-alkenes, if present, can do so. The measurement ranges that apply to this method are given in Table 2 and Table 3.
NOTE 1 For the purpose of this document, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent the mass fraction, µ, and the volume fraction, φ, of a material respectively.
NOTE 2 By convention, the aromatic hydrocarbon types are defined on the basis of their elution characteristics from the specified liquid chromatography column relative to model aromatic compounds. Their quantification is performed using an external calibration with a single aromatic compound for each of them, which may or may not be representative of the aromatics present in the sample. Alternative techniques and test methods may classify and quantify individual aromatic hydrocarbon types differently.
NOTE 3 Backflush is part of laboratory-internal maintenance.
WARNING - The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of users of this document to take appropriate measures to ensure the safety and health of personnel prior to application of the standard, and fulfil statutory and regulatory requirements for this purpose.
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This document specifies a method for the determination, using an oscillating U-tube density meter, of the density of crude petroleum and related products within the range 600 kg/m3 to 1 100 kg/m3, which can be handled as single-phase liquids at the test temperature and pressure. This document is applicable to liquids of any vapour pressure as long as suitable precautions are taken to ensure that they remain in single phase. Loss of light components leads to changes in density during both the sample handling and the density determination. This method is not intended for use with in-line density meters.
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This document specifies a test method for the determination of the content of mono-aromatic, di aromatic and tri+-aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel fuels, paraffinic diesel fuels and petroleum distillates.
This document specifies two procedures, A and B.
Procedure A is applicable to diesel fuels that may contain fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) up to 30 % (V/V) (as in [1], [2] or [3]) and petroleum distillates in the boiling range from 150 °C to 400 °C (as in [4].
Procedure B is applicable to paraffinic diesel fuels with up to 7 % (V/V) FAME. This procedure does not contain a dilution of the sample in order to determine the low levels of aromatic components in these fuels.
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content is calculated from the sum of di-aromatic and tri+-aromatic hydrocarbons and the total content of aromatic compounds is calculated from the sum of the individual aromatic hydrocarbon types.
Compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen can interfere in the determination; mono-alkenes do not interfere, but conjugated di-alkenes and poly-alkenes, if present, can do so. The measurement ranges that apply to this method are given in Table 2 and Table 3.
NOTE 1 For the purpose of this document, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent the mass fraction, µ, and the volume fraction, φ, of a material respectively.
NOTE 2 By convention, the aromatic hydrocarbon types are defined on the basis of their elution characteristics from the specified liquid chromatography column relative to model aromatic compounds. Their quantification is performed using an external calibration with a single aromatic compound for each of them, which may or may not be representative of the aromatics present in the sample. Alternative techniques and test methods may classify and quantify individual aromatic hydrocarbon types differently.
NOTE 3 Backflush is part of laboratory-internal maintenance.
WARNING - The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of users of this document to take appropriate measures to ensure the safety and health of personnel prior to application of the standard, and fulfil statutory and regulatory requirements for this purpose.
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This document specifies a procedure for determining dynamic viscosity, η, and density, ρ, for the calculation of kinematic viscosity, ν, of middle distillate fuels, fatty acid methyl ester fuels (FAME) and mixtures thereof, up to 60 % with middle distillate fuels, and lubricating oils (e.g. base oils, formulated oils), and synthetics, using a constant pressure viscometer. The range of kinematic viscosities covered in this test method is from 0,5 mm2/s to 2 000 mm2/s, with precision at 40 °C from 1,0 mm2/s to 1 286 mm2/s, and precision at 100 °C from 3,0 mm2/s to 157 mm2/s.
The result obtained using the procedure described in this document depends on the rheological behaviour of the sample. This document is predominantly applicable to liquids whose shear stress and shear rate are proportional (Newtonian flow behaviour). However, if the viscosity changes significantly with the shear rate, comparison with other measuring methods is only permissible at similar shear rates.
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This document specifies a procedure for determining dynamic viscosity, η, and density, ρ, for the calculation of kinematic viscosity, ν, of middle distillate fuels, fatty acid methyl ester fuels (FAME) and mixtures thereof, up to 60 % with middle distillate fuels, and lubricating oils (e.g. base oils, formulated oils), and synthetics, using a constant pressure viscometer. The range of kinematic viscosities covered in this test method is from 0,5 mm2/s to 2 000 mm2/s, with precision at 40 °C from 1,0 mm2/s to 1 286 mm2/s, and precision at 100 °C from 3,0 mm2/s to 157 mm2/s.
The result obtained using the procedure described in this document depends on the rheological behaviour of the sample. This document is predominantly applicable to liquids whose shear stress and shear rate are proportional (Newtonian flow behaviour). However, if the viscosity changes significantly with the shear rate, comparison with other measuring methods is only permissible at similar shear rates.
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This document specifies statistical methodology for assessing the expected agreement between two test methods that purport to measure the same property of a material, and for deciding if a simple linear bias correction can further improve the expected agreement.
This document is applicable for analytical methods which measure quantitative properties of petroleum or petroleum products resulting from a multi-sample-multi-lab study (MSMLS). These types of studies include but are not limited to interlaboratory studies (ILS) meeting the requirements of ISO 4259-1 or equivalent, and proficiency testing programmes (PTP) meeting the requirements of ISO 4259-3 or equivalent.
The methodology specified in this document establishes the limiting value for the difference between two results where each result is obtained by a different operator using different apparatus and two methods X and Y, respectively, on identical material. One of the methods (X or Y) has been appropriately bias-corrected to agree with the other in accordance with this practice. This limit is designated as the between-methods reproducibility. This value is expected to be exceeded with a probability of 5 % under the correct and normal operation of both test methods due to random variation.
NOTE Further conditions for application of this methodology are given in 5.1 and 5.2.
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This document specifies a procedure for determining dynamic viscosity, η, and density, ρ, for the calculation of kinematic viscosity, ν, of middle distillate fuels, fatty acid methyl ester fuels (FAME) and mixtures thereof, up to 60 % with middle distillate fuels, and lubricating oils (e.g. base oils, formulated oils), and synthetics, using a constant pressure viscometer. The range of kinematic viscosities covered in this test method is from 0,5 mm2/s to 2 000 mm2/s, with precision at 40 °C from 1,0 mm2/s to 1 286 mm2/s, and precision at 100 °C from 3,0 mm2/s to 157 mm2/s. The result obtained using the procedure described in this document depends on the rheological behaviour of the sample. This document is predominantly applicable to liquids whose shear stress and shear rate are proportional (Newtonian flow behaviour). However, if the viscosity changes significantly with the shear rate, comparison with other measuring methods is only permissible at similar shear rates.
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This document specifies statistical methodology for assessing the expected agreement between two test methods that purport to measure the same property of a material, and for deciding if a simple linear bias correction can further improve the expected agreement.
This document is applicable for analytical methods which measure quantitative properties of petroleum or petroleum products resulting from a multi-sample-multi-lab study (MSMLS). These types of studies include but are not limited to interlaboratory studies (ILS) meeting the requirements of ISO 4259-1 or equivalent, and proficiency testing programmes (PTP) meeting the requirements of ISO 4259-3 or equivalent.
The methodology specified in this document establishes the limiting value for the difference between two results where each result is obtained by a different operator using different apparatus and two methods X and Y, respectively, on identical material. One of the methods (X or Y) has been appropriately bias-corrected to agree with the other in accordance with this practice. This limit is designated as the between-methods reproducibility. This value is expected to be exceeded with a probability of 5 % under the correct and normal operation of both test methods due to random variation.
NOTE Further conditions for application of this methodology are given in 5.1 and 5.2.
- Standard56 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies statistical methodology for assessing the expected agreement between two test methods that purport to measure the same property of a material, and for deciding if a simple linear bias correction can further improve the expected agreement. This document is applicable for analytical methods which measure quantitative properties of petroleum or petroleum products resulting from a multi-sample-multi-lab study (MSMLS). These types of studies include but are not limited to interlaboratory studies (ILS) meeting the requirements of ISO 4259-1 or equivalent, and proficiency testing programmes (PTP) meeting the requirements of ISO 4259-3 or equivalent. The methodology specified in this document establishes the limiting value for the difference between two results where each result is obtained by a different operator using different apparatus and two methods X and Y, respectively, on identical material. One of the methods (X or Y) has been appropriately bias-corrected to agree with the other in accordance with this practice. This limit is designated as the between-methods reproducibility. This value is expected to be exceeded with a probability of 5 % under the correct and normal operation of both test methods due to random variation. NOTE Further conditions for application of this methodology are given in 5.1 and 5.2.
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This document specifies Procedure A, using manual glass viscometers, and Procedure B, using glass capillary viscometers in an automated assembly, for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, is obtained by multiplying the measured kinematic viscosity by the density, ρ, of the liquid. The range of kinematic viscosities covered in this test method is from 0,2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s over the temperature range –20 °C to +150 °C. The products it is applicable to contain kerosene, diesel fuels, biodiesel fuels, and biodiesel fuel blends.
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This document specifies Procedure A, using manual glass viscometers, and Procedure B, using glass capillary viscometers in an automated assembly, for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of both transparent and opaque products. The scope includes liquid petroleum products, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), paraffinic diesel, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), gas to liquid (GTL) and biofuel diesel mixtures up to 50 % FAME. The kinematic viscosity is determined by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, is obtained by multiplying the measured kinematic viscosity by the density, ρ, of the liquid. The range of kinematic viscosities covered in this test method is from 0,2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s over the temperature range –20 °C to +150 °C.
NOTE The result obtained from this document is dependent upon the behaviour of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behaviour). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results can be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behaviour, have been included.
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This document specifies Procedure A, using manual glass viscometers, and Procedure B, using glass capillary viscometers in an automated assembly, for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of both transparent and opaque products. The scope includes liquid petroleum products, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), paraffinic diesel, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), gas to liquid (GTL) and biofuel diesel mixtures up to 50 % FAME. The kinematic viscosity is determined by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, is obtained by multiplying the measured kinematic viscosity by the density, ρ, of the liquid. The range of kinematic viscosities covered in this test method is from 0,2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s over the temperature range –20 °C to +150 °C. NOTE The result obtained from this document is dependent upon the behaviour of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behaviour). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results can be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behaviour, have been included.
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This document specifies a method for determining the pour point of petroleum products by means of automated equipment, in which movement of the test specimen is detected using a step-wise cooling technique. A separate procedure suitable for the determination of the lower pour point of fuel oils, heavy lubricant base stock, and products containing residual fuel components is also described. The procedure described in this document is not suitable for crude oils. Test results from this method are determined in 3 °C testing intervals. NOTE Some equipment can also generate results at 1 °C testing intervals, which is an acceptable alternative procedure, but for which precision and bias have not been determined.
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This document provides guidance on taking and handling samples related to oil spill identification in legal proceedings. Guidance is given on obtaining samples from both the spill and its potential source.
Preservation of evidence is an essential part of legal procedures and this document presents appropriate oil sampling procedures.
WARNING - The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment.
This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of users of this document to take appropriate measures to ensure the safety and health of personnel prior to the application of the standard, and to determine the applicability of any other restrictions for this purpose.
IMPORTANT - Most countries have teams with specialists trained in sampling on board of ships. Do not take unnecessary risks, seek assistance from such teams where available.
NOTE For the sake of clarity, the word ‘oil’ is used throughout this document. It can equally refer to crude oil, a petroleum product or mixtures of such.
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This document provides guidance on taking and handling samples related to oil spill identification in legal proceedings. Guidance is given on obtaining samples from both the spill and its potential source.
Preservation of evidence is an essential part of legal procedures and this document presents appropriate oil sampling procedures.
WARNING - The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment.
This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of users of this document to take appropriate measures to ensure the safety and health of personnel prior to the application of the standard, and to determine the applicability of any other restrictions for this purpose.
IMPORTANT - Most countries have teams with specialists trained in sampling on board of ships. Do not take unnecessary risks, seek assistance from such teams where available.
NOTE For the sake of clarity, the word ‘oil’ is used throughout this document. It can equally refer to crude oil, a petroleum product or mixtures of such.
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This document specifies the process and methodology for the construction, operation, and maintenance of statistical control charts to assess if a laboratory's execution of a standard test method is in-statistical-control and how to establish and validate the 'in-statistical-control' status.
It specifies control charts that are most appropriate for ISO/TC 28 test methods where the dominant common cause variation is associated with the long term, multiple operator conditions. The control charts specified for determination of in-statistical-control are: individual (I), moving range of 2 (MR2), and either the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) or zone-based run rules [similar to Western Electric (WE) run rules[3]] as sensitivity enhancement strategy to support the I-chart.
The procedures in this document have been primarily designed for numerical results obtained from testing of control samples prepared from a homogenous source of petroleum and related products in a manner that preserves the homogeneity of properties of interest between control samples. If the test method permits, a certified reference material (CRM) sample is used as a control sample provided the sample composition is representative of the material being tested and is not a pure compound; if this is done then the laboratory best establishes its own mean for the CRM sample.
This document is applicable to properties of interest that are (known to be) stable over time, and for data sets with sufficient resolution to support validation of the assumption that the data distribution can be approximately represented by the normal (Gaussian) model. Mitigating strategies are suggested for situations where the assumption cannot be validated.
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This document describes three procedures (A, B and C) covering determinations of flash no-flash and flash point.
Rapid equilibrium procedures A and B are applicable to flash no-flash and flash point tests of paints, including water-borne paints, varnishes, binders for paints and varnishes, adhesives, solvents, petroleum products including aviation turbine, diesel and kerosene fuels, fatty acid methyl esters and related products over the temperature range –30 °C to 300 °C. The rapid equilibrium procedures are used to determine whether a product will or will not flash at a specified temperature (flash no-flash procedure A) or the flash point of a sample (procedure B). When used in conjunction with the flash detector (A.1.6), this document is also suitable to determine the flash point of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The validity of the precision is given in Table 2.
Non-equilibrium procedure C is applicable to petroleum products including aviation turbine, diesel and kerosine fuels, and related petroleum products, over the temperature range –20 °C to 300 °C. The non-equilibrium procedure is automated to determine the flash point. Precision has been determined over the range 40 °C to 135 °C.
For specifications and regulations, procedures A or B are routinely used (see 10.1.1).
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This document describes three procedures (A, B and C) covering determinations of flash no-flash and flash point.
Rapid equilibrium procedures A and B are applicable to flash no-flash and flash point tests of paints, including water-borne paints, varnishes, binders for paints and varnishes, adhesives, solvents, petroleum products including aviation turbine, diesel and kerosene fuels, fatty acid methyl esters and related products over the temperature range –30 °C to 300 °C. The rapid equilibrium procedures are used to determine whether a product will or will not flash at a specified temperature (flash no-flash procedure A) or the flash point of a sample (procedure B). When used in conjunction with the flash detector (A.1.6), this document is also suitable to determine the flash point of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The validity of the precision is given in Table 2.
Non-equilibrium procedure C is applicable to petroleum products including aviation turbine, diesel and kerosine fuels, and related petroleum products, over the temperature range –20 °C to 300 °C. The non-equilibrium procedure is automated to determine the flash point. Precision has been determined over the range 40 °C to 135 °C.
For specifications and regulations, procedures A or B are routinely used (see 10.1.1).
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This document describes three procedures (A, B and C) covering determinations of flash no-flash and flash point. Rapid equilibrium procedures A and B are applicable to flash no-flash and flash point tests of paints, including water-borne paints, varnishes, binders for paints and varnishes, adhesives, solvents, petroleum products including aviation turbine, diesel and kerosene fuels, fatty acid methyl esters and related products over the temperature range –30 °C to 300 °C. The rapid equilibrium procedures are used to determine whether a product will or will not flash at a specified temperature (flash no-flash procedure A) or the flash point of a sample (procedure B). When used in conjunction with the flash detector (A.1.6), this document is also suitable to determine the flash point of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The validity of the precision is given in Table 2. Non-equilibrium procedure C is applicable to petroleum products including aviation turbine, diesel and kerosine fuels, and related petroleum products, over the temperature range –20 °C to 300 °C. The non-equilibrium procedure is automated to determine the flash point. Precision has been determined over the range 40 °C to 135 °C. For specifications and regulations, procedures A or B are routinely used (see 10.1.1).
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