17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity
ICS 17.060 Details
Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity
Messungen von Volumen, Masse, Dichte, Viskositat
Mesurage de volume, masse, densité, viscosité
Merjenje prostornine, mase, gostote, viskoznosti
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 17.060 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 530 standards classified under ICS 17.060 (Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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This document specifies a method for determining the bulk density of solid biofuels using a standardized measuring container. This method is applicable to all pourable solid biofuels with a nominal top size of maximum 63 mm while the maximum particle length is 200 mm. For fuels with a nominal top size larger than 63 mm, a different method is described.
Bulk density is not an absolute value; therefore, conditions for its determination have to be standardized in order to gain comparative measuring results.
NOTE Bulk density of solid biofuels is subject to variation due to several factors such as vibration, shock, pressure, biodegradation, drying, and wetting. Measured bulk density can therefore deviate from actual conditions during transportation, storage, or transhipment.
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This document gives information on an interlaboratory comparison for the determination of the yield point, using rheological test methods. The yield point is the shear stress τ below which a material does not flow.
This document provides examples of fields of applications, in which important material properties are characterized with the aid of the yield point. These fields of application include:
— effectiveness of rheological additives;
— shelf life (e.g. with regard to sedimentation, separation and flocculation);
— stability of the structure at rest;
— behaviour when starting to pump;
— use in scraper systems;
— wet-film thickness;
— levelling and sagging behaviour (e.g. without brushmarks or sag formation);
— orientation of effect pigments.
- Technical report24 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document gives information on an interlaboratory comparison for the determination of the time-dependent structural change (thixotropy) using rheological test methods. Thixotropy is the reversible, time-dependent decrease of shear viscosity η at a constant shear rate or shear stress τ.
This document provides examples of fields of application, in which important material properties can be characterized by the thixotropy. These fields of application include:
— effectiveness of rheological additives and thixotropic agents, respectively;
— stability of the structure at rest (e.g. behaviour when starting to pump);
— wet film thickness after processing;
— levelling and sagging behaviour (e.g. without brushmarks or sag formation);
— orientation of effect pigments.
- Technical report43 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document gives information on an interlaboratory comparison for the determination of the time-dependent structural change (thixotropy) using rheological test methods. Thixotropy is the reversible, time-dependent decrease of shear viscosity η at a constant shear rate or shear stress τ.
This document provides examples of fields of application, in which important material properties can be characterized by the thixotropy. These fields of application include:
— effectiveness of rheological additives and thixotropic agents, respectively;
— stability of the structure at rest (e.g. behaviour when starting to pump);
— wet film thickness after processing;
— levelling and sagging behaviour (e.g. without brushmarks or sag formation);
— orientation of effect pigments.
- Technical report43 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document gives information on an interlaboratory comparison for the determination of the yield point, using rheological test methods. The yield point is the shear stress τ below which a material does not flow.
This document provides examples of fields of applications, in which important material properties are characterized with the aid of the yield point. These fields of application include:
— effectiveness of rheological additives;
— shelf life (e.g. with regard to sedimentation, separation and flocculation);
— stability of the structure at rest;
— behaviour when starting to pump;
— use in scraper systems;
— wet-film thickness;
— levelling and sagging behaviour (e.g. without brushmarks or sag formation);
— orientation of effect pigments.
- Technical report24 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the particle density of compressed fuels such as pellets or briquettes. Particle density is not an absolute value and conditions for its determination have to be standardized to enable comparative determinations to be made.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document describes the measurement uncertainty analysis of the measurement procedures described in ISO 23783-2, following the approach described in ISO/IEC Guide 98-3. This document also includes the determination of other uncertainty components related to the liquid delivery process and the device under test (DUT) to estimate the overall measurement uncertainty of delivered volumes by an automated liquid handling system (ALHS).
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in characterizing certain petroleum products, as one element in establishing uniformity of shipments and sources of supply.
5.2 See Guide D117 for applicability to mineral oils used as electrical insulating oils.
5.3 The Saybolt Furol viscosity is approximately one tenth the Saybolt Universal viscosity, and is recommended for characterization of petroleum products such as fuel oils and other residual materials having Saybolt Universal viscosities greater than 1000 s.
5.4 Determination of the Saybolt Furol viscosity of bituminous materials at higher temperatures is covered by Test Method E102/E102M.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the empirical procedures for determining the Saybolt Universal or Saybolt Furol viscosities of petroleum products at specified temperatures between 21 and 99 °C [70 and 210 °F]. A special procedure for waxy products is indicated.
Note 1: Test Methods D445 and D2170/D2170M are preferred for the determination of kinematic viscosity. They require smaller samples and less time, and provide greater accuracy. Kinematic viscosities may be converted to Saybolt viscosities by use of the tables in Practice D2161. It is recommended that viscosity indexes be calculated from kinematic rather than Saybolt viscosities.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.
Note 1: For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
Note 2: ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been included.
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6 m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides user guidance regarding the selection of piston-operated volumetric apparatus (POVA) (including exchangeable parts) and best practices for their use. This document also specifies requirements for user training and competence. Further, this document introduces performance tolerances and testing of POVA to ensure fitness for their intended use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method has found acceptance in the lithographic ink industry in predicting rheological behavior of a vehicle under press conditions caused by extrusion, shear-thinning rollers and dot gain recovery.
5.2 This test method is restricted within the torque limitations and strain resolution of the rheometer used.
5.3 Results may not be reproducible if the vehicle is not homogenous.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the viscoelastic properties of printing ink vehicles by measuring the G', G”, and tan delta using a controlled strain cone and plate oscillatory rheometer.
1.2 This test method provides the flexibility of using several different types of rheometers to determine viscoelastic properties in ink vehicles.
1.3 This test method is not intended for systems that are volatile at procedure temperatures as evaporation may occur effectively changing the percent solids before testing is finished and significantly altering the rheology.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides those using standards related to soil, rock, and related construction materials, with a means for selecting the balance required for a particular standard.
4.2 This guide provides those writing standards pertaining to soil, rock, and related construction materials with a means for specifying the balance capabilities required for a particular standard and for describing the balance selected in a uniform fashion.
4.3 This guide provides agencies conducting soil, rock, and related construction materials, testing with guidance for selecting and evaluating general purpose balances and standard masses.
4.4 This guide provides inspection organizations with criteria for evaluating general purpose balances and standard masses.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides minimum requirements for general-purpose balances and standard masses used in testing soil, rock, and related construction materials.
1.2 This guide provides guidance for evaluating, selecting, and specifying general purpose balances and standard masses used in testing soil, rock, and related construction materials.
1.3 The accuracy requirements for balances are specified in terms of the combined effect of all sources of error contributing to overall balance performance. The measurement of specific sources of error and consideration of details pertaining to balance construction has been intentionally avoided.
1.4 This guide does not include requirements for balances having accuracies greater than those generally required in testing soil, rock, and related construction materials or for research programs or specialized testing requirements.
1.5 This guide does not apply to nongraduated balances.
1.6 This guide does not address the methods used to verify or quantify specific parameters dealing with balances. For a description of tests used in evaluating balance performance, see NIST Handbook 44.
1.7 This guide is not intended to be used as a specification for the purchase of balances.
Note 1: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) publish standards or practices that specify construction requirements as well as performance guides for balances. ASTM, OIML, and NIST publish construction standards and tolerances for standard masses.
Note 2: The terms “mass” and “determine the mass of” are used in this standard instead of the more commonly used terms “weight” and “weigh” to comply with standard metric practice. In addition, the term “standard mass(es)” is used instead of “standard weight(s)” when referring to a piece of material of known specified mass used to compare or measure the mass of other masses.
1.8 The values states in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standard...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Kinematic viscosity is a physical property which is of importance in the design of systems in which flowing liquids are used or handled.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of kinematic viscosity of transparent, Newtonian liquids which because of their reactivity, instability, or volatility cannot be used in conventional capillary kinematic viscometers. This test method is applicable up to 2 × 10−5 N/m2 (2 atm) pressure and temperature range from −53 °C to +135 °C (−65 °F to +275 °F).
1.1.1 For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity of other liquids, see Test Method D445. The difference between the two methods is in the viscometers. The viscometers specified in used Specification D446 are open to the atmosphere, while the viscometers in this method are sealed. When volatile liquids are measured in sealed viscometers, the density of the vapor may not be negligible compared with the density of the liquid and the working equation of the viscometer has to account for that. See Section 11 for details.
1.2 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, and Annex A1.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document provides guidance and establishes requirements for collecting and examining volumetric performance data of automated liquid handling systems (ALHS). It specifies how to index and track volumetric performance data and provides descriptive statistics for the evaluation of these data. This document also specifies reporting requirements of ALHS volumetric performance.
This document is applicable to all ALHS with complete, installed liquid handling devices, including tips and other essential parts needed for delivering a specified volume, which perform liquid handling tasks without human intervention into labware.
NOTE For terminology and general requirements of automated liquid handling systems, see ISO 23783-1. Measurement procedures for the determination of volumetric performance are given in ISO 23783-2.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies procedures for the determination of volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems (ALHS), including traceability and estimations of measurement uncertainty of measurement results.
This document is applicable to all ALHS with complete, installed liquid handling devices, including tips and other essential parts needed for delivering a specified volume, which perform liquid handling tasks without human intervention into labware.
NOTE For terminology and general requirements of automated liquid handling systems, see ISO 23783-1. Determination, specification, and reporting of volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems is described in ISO 23783-3.
- Standard85 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies procedures for the determination of volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems (ALHS), including traceability and estimations of measurement uncertainty of measurement results.
This document is applicable to all ALHS with complete, installed liquid handling devices, including tips and other essential parts needed for delivering a specified volume, which perform liquid handling tasks without human intervention into labware.
NOTE For terminology and general requirements of automated liquid handling systems, see ISO 23783-1. Determination, specification, and reporting of volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems is described in ISO 23783-3.
- Standard85 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides guidance and establishes requirements for collecting and examining volumetric performance data of automated liquid handling systems (ALHS). It specifies how to index and track volumetric performance data and provides descriptive statistics for the evaluation of these data. This document also specifies reporting requirements of ALHS volumetric performance.
This document is applicable to all ALHS with complete, installed liquid handling devices, including tips and other essential parts needed for delivering a specified volume, which perform liquid handling tasks without human intervention into labware.
NOTE For terminology and general requirements of automated liquid handling systems, see ISO 23783-1. Measurement procedures for the determination of volumetric performance are given in ISO 23783-2.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Shipping regulations often require the identification of a material as either a liquid or a solid. This test method may be used to make that determination for regulatory purposes. (See also Test Method D4359.)
5.2 For liquid thermosetting resin, as cure progresses, the liquid resin becomes a solid. A thermosetting resin is more easily worked or shaped while in the liquid-like form and becomes more difficult to do so as the cure advances. The point at which the solid-like character becomes dominant is called the gel point and is considered to be the end of the period where the thermosetting resin is workable. Gel point is identified as that point where tan δ = 1 as determined in Test Method D4473.
Note 1: Gel point at ambient temperature is seldom a useful parameter. Use of this test method at the more useful elevated temperatures requires capabilities readily available but outside of 7.2.6, 7.2.7, and Section 10.
5.3 This test method may be used in research, development, and for regulatory compliance.
SCOPE
1.1 Using rheometry, this test method determines, for regulatory purposes, whether a viscose viscous material is a liquid or a solid. Very small amounts of material (typically less than 3 g) may be used for this measurement.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the change of mass and the change of volume of self-levelling and non-sagging sealants used in joints in building construction.
NOTE This test procedure is not intended to determine the absolute maximum value of loss of mass and volume of a tested sealant, but it is an indicative measurement of the loss of mass and volume under specified parameters.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for determining the viscosity of transparent liquids by bubble time method. The transparent liquids should be free from crystalline or gel particles. Test apparatus include a constant-temperature bath, standard viscosity tubes, a series of standard viscosity tubes as reference standards, timing device, tube racks, and viscosity tube corks.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the viscosity in bubble seconds by timing. The bubble seconds are approximately equal to stokes for most liquids.
1.2 The test method is applicable to transparent liquids that are free from crystalline or gel particles.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rolled erosion control products are intended to protect seed beds from erosion and provide an environment that encourages seed germination. Maintaining a moist environment by gradually releasing absorbed moisture helps provide a beneficial growth environment. The ability of a product to absorb moisture is commonly specified. This test method can be used for quality control and to determine product conformance to a specification.
5.2 Change in mass of RECPs submerged in water may be used to control the quality of many RECPs. Change in mass of RECPs submerged in water has not been proven to relate to field performance for all materials.
5.3 The change in mass of RECPs submerged in water may vary considerably depending on the composition of the materials used in the product or due to inconsistency within the product. This test method enables the characterization and control of product consistency.
5.4 This test method may be used to determine the effect of different component materials and makeup of RECPs on the change in mass when submerged in water.
5.5 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of RECPs. Comparative tests as directed in 5.6 may be advisable.
5.6 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier shall conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the evaluation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties shall take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are formed from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens shall be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories shall be compared using Student’s t-test for unpaired date and an acceptable probability level ch...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the change in mass of a rolled erosion control product when specimens are submerged in water for a prescribed period of time. The change in mass is reported as a percentage of the original dry mass of the specimen.
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [given in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.2.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit of mass. However, the use of balances and scales recording pounds of mass (lbf) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for t...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Viscosity is a measure of the fluidity of a material. Viscosity data are useful in the determination of the ease of stirring, pumping, dip coating, or other flow-related properties of paints and related fluids.
5.2 This type of cup is used to measure viscosity because it is easy to use, robust, and may be used in tanks, reservoirs, and reactors.
5.3 There are other types of apparatus for measuring viscosity in the laboratory that provide better precision and bias, including the Ford viscosity cup (Test Method D1200), and the rotational viscometer (Test Methods D2196).
5.4 Certain higher shear rate devices such as cone/plate viscometers (Test Method D4287) provide more information about sprayability, roll coatability, and other high-shear rate related properties of coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of viscosity of paints, varnishes, lacquers, inks, and related liquid materials by dip-type viscosity cups. This test method is recommended for viscosity control work within one plant or laboratory and should be used to check compliance with specifications only when sufficient controls have been instituted to ensure adequate comparability of results.
1.2 Viscosity cups are designed for testing of Newtonian and near-Newtonian liquids. If the test material is non-Newtonian, for example, shear-thinning or thixotropic, another method, such as Test Methods D2196, should be used. Under controlled conditions, comparisons of the viscosity of non-newtonian materials may be helpful, but viscosity determination methods using controlled shear rate or shear stress are preferred.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to validate the performance of a specific rotational viscometer apparatus.
5.2 This test method may be used to validate the performance of a specific method based upon the measurement of viscosity using rotational viscometer apparatus.
5.3 This test method may be used to determine the repeatability of a specific apparatus, operator, or laboratory.
5.4 This test method may be used for specification or regulatory compliance purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides procedures for validating viscosity measurements by rotational viscometers of Newtonian fluids. Performance parameters determined include viscosity repeatability (precision), detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, and bias.
1.2 Validation of apparatus performance and analytical methods is requested or required for quality initiatives or where results may be used for legal purposes.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Extensional viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a liquid to stretching forces, such as those occurring during the disruption of liquid films and the formation of sprays used in agriculture and other purposes including painting operations or metal working. This method for measurement of a Screen Factor, gives a relative value for extensional viscosity, which may be used:
4.1.1 To compare the potential for drift control of different polymers.
4.1.2 To compare the relative extensional viscosity component of different spray tank mixtures.
4.1.3 To determine the extent of breakdown of polymer solutions used as drift control additives during the recirculation of the solutions through pumps and screens.
4.1.4 To use as a parameter in the Spray Drift Task Force Models for droplet size prediction.
4.2 It should also be noted that many drift control polymers are irreversibly destroyed during the recirculation of spray mixes by pumping with high shear pumps such as gear or centrifugal pumps. It is advisable to subject the test mixture to similar pumping regimes to simulate practical conditions before carrying out the extensional viscosity test. Measurements of extensional viscosity are the only presently known method of determining the extent of this breakdown properties of dilute polymer solutions.
4.3 This method is intended to produce a relative value for extensional viscosity. The purpose of the method is to compare the extensional viscosity produced by different polymer types or concentrations of polymer in spray tank mixes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative extensional viscosity or Screen Factor (SF) of dilute agricultural spray mixes.
1.2 The test can be used for tank mixes containing dissolved, emulsified or dispersed materials, or mixtures.
1.3 Results may be affected by the quality of the water used. Make-up water quality should therefore be specified in the presentation of results.
1.4 Proper safety and hygiene precautions must be taken when working with pesticide formulations to prevent skin or eye contact, vapor inhalation, and environmental contamination. Read and follow all handling instructions for the specific formulation and conduct the test in accordance with good laboratory practice.
Note 1: References to the development of extensional viscosity from dissolved polymers, extensional viscosity effects on the droplet size distribution of sprays, and measurements of screen factor on recirculated spray mixes containing polymers are available.2,3
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document gives detailed information regarding the evaluation of uncertainty for the photometric reference measurement procedure specified in ISO 8655-8 and the photometric procedure specified in ISO 8655-7:2022, Annex B according to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3. This document also describes the determination of other uncertainty components related to the liquid delivery process of a piston-operated volumetric apparatus (POVA), e.g. repeatability and handling. Furthermore, it provides examples for the calculation and application of the uncertainty of the mean delivered volume and the uncertainty in use of a single delivered volume.
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This document gives detailed information regarding the evaluation of uncertainty for the gravimetric reference measurement procedure specified in ISO 8655-6[1] and the gravimetric procedure specified in ISO 8655-7:2022[1], Annex A, according to the ISO/IEC Guide 98-3[16]. This document also includes the determination of other uncertainty components related to the liquid delivery process of a piston-operated volumetric apparatus (POVA), e.g. repeatability and handling. Furthermore, it provides examples for the calculation and application of the uncertainty of the mean delivered volume and the uncertainty in use of a single delivered volume.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method enables the measurement of the volume of the apparent density cup to ensure that it complies with the specified volume of 25.00 cm3 ± 0.03 cm3 (cylindrical cup), or 16.39 cm3 ± 0.05 cm3 (square cup). Use of an out-of-specification cup will give erroneous apparent density values using the formulae in Test Methods B212, B329, and B417.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the volume of the apparent density cups used in Test Methods B212, B329, and B417.
1.2 The apparent density cup, particularly its rim, may become worn during use, and it is recommended that the volume of the cup be checked periodically (at least every 6 months) in order to ensure that it complies with the specified volume.
1.3 Units—With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A significant feature of this practice is the ability to survey coating rheology over a broad range of shear rates with the same bench viscometers and test protocol that paint formulators and paint quality control (QC) analysts routinely use. By using this procedure, measurement of the shear rheology of a coating is possible without using an expensive laboratory rheometer, and performance predictions can be made based on those measurements.
5.2 Low-Shear Viscosity (LSV)—The determination of low-shear viscosity in this practice can be used to predict the relative “in-can” performance of coatings for their ability to suspend pigment or prevent syneresis, or both. The LSV can also predict relative performance for leveling and sag resistance after application by roll, brush or spray. Fig. 1 shows the predictive low-shear viscosity relationships for several coatings properties.
FIG. 1 Low Shear Viscosity (LSV)
5.3 Mid-Shear Viscosity (MSV)—The determination of MSV (coating consistency) in this practice is often the first viscosity obtained. This viscosity reflects the coatings resistance to flow on mixing, pouring, pumping, or hand stirring. Architectural coatings nearly always have a target specification for mid-shear viscosity, which is usually obtained by adjusting the level of thickener in the coating. Consequently, mid-shear viscosity is ideally a constant for a given series of coatings being tested to provide meaningful comparisons of low-shear and high-shear viscosity. With viscosities at the same KU value, MSV can also be used to obtain the relative Mid-Shear Thickener Efficiency (MSTE) of different thickeners in the same coating expressed as lb thickener/100 gal wet coating or g thickener/L wet coating.
5.4 High-Shear Viscosity (HSV)—High-shear viscosity in this practice is a measure of the coatings resistance to flow on application by brush or roller, which is often referred to as brush-drag or rolling resistance respectively. This viscosity rela...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a popular industry protocol for the rheological characterization of waterborne architectural coatings using three commonly used rotational bench viscometers. Each viscometer operates in a different shear rate regime for determination of coating viscosity at low shear rate, mid shear rate, and at high shear rate respectively as defined herein. General guidelines are provided for predicting some coating performance properties from the viscosity measurements made. With appropriate correlations and subsequent modification of the performance guidelines, this practice has potential for characterization of other types of aqueous and non-aqueous coatings.
1.2 The values in common viscosity units (Krebs Units, KU and Poise, P) are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the performance of an NMR spectrometer for a particular test on any given day with the instrument's prior performance for that test. The practice can also provide sufficient quantitative performance information for problem diagnosis and solving. If complete information about how a test is carried out is supplied and sufficient replicates are collected to substantiate statistical relevance, the tests in this practice can be used to establish the setting and meeting of relevant performance specifications. This practice is not necessarily meant for the comparison of different instruments with each other, even if the instruments are of the same type and model. This practice is not meant for the comparison of the performance of different instruments operated under conditions differing from those specified for a particular test.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for measuring and reporting the performance of Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers (FT-NMRs) using liquid samples.
1.2 This practice is not directly applicable to FT-NMR spectrometers outfitted to measure gaseous, anisotropically structured liquid, semi-solid, or solid samples; those set up to work with flowing sample streams; or those used to make hyperpolarization measurements.
1.3 This practice was expressly developed for FT-NMR spectrometers operating with proton resonance frequencies between 200 MHz and 1200 MHz.
1.4 This practice is not directly applicable to continuous wave (scanning) NMR spectrometers.
1.5 This practice is not directly applicable to instruments using single-sideband detection.
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to calibrate or verify calibration of a rotational viscometer with coaxial spindle geometries.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calibration or calibration verification of rotational viscometers in which the rotational element is immersed in a Newtonian reference material under ambient temperature conditions. The method is applicable to rotational-type viscometers where a constant rotational speed results in a measured torque generated by the test specimen, and to Stormer viscometers where a constant applied torque results in a measured rotational speed. It is not intended for cone-and-plate or parallel plate viscometers.
1.2 Calibration shall be performed with Newtonian reference materials using experimental conditions such as temperature, viscosity range, and shear rate (rotational speed), as close as practical to those to be used for measurement of test specimens.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Common viscosity units of Poise (P) are related to the SI units by the equivalency 1 cP = 1 mPa·s.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The significance of this test method is that it provides a means for a reliable field determination of kinematic viscosity at 40 °C without requiring solvents or chemicals for cleaning. Field use implies that the fluid may be very opaque, such as an in-service engine oil. The device may be cleaned with a disposable lint-free oil-absorbent material such as a clean cotton shop rag, and requires only 60 µL of sample for operation. As such the device provides a unique service to a range of industries where it is difficult or undesirable to obtain chemicals of any sort in order to determine the kinematic viscosity of their fluid of interest. Examples of such industries include many marine-based systems where a laboratory does not exist on-board, mines where equipment is needed for on-the-spot determination of asset viscosity, and large industrial plants where a walk-around inspection of oil sumps greatly increases efficiency. By using this test method, one can serve these crucial use-cases where a direct, immediate measure of kinematic viscosity at 40 °C may otherwise be difficult to obtain.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a means for measuring the kinematic viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids such as new and in-service lubricating oils using a miniature microchannel viscometer at 40 °C in the range of 12.9 mm2/s to 174 mm2/s
1.2 The precision has only been determined for those materials and viscosity ranges, as indicated in Section 17 on Precision and Bias.
1.3 This test method is specifically tailored to obtaining a rapid, direct, temperature- stabilized measure of the kinematic viscosity of new and in-service lubricants in the field in real- time without the use of solvents or chemical cleaning agents. The measurement takes place at 40 °C and kinematic viscosity is directly obtained. No temperature extrapolations or density corrections are necessary.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 9 on Hazards.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are applicable for measuring the rheological properties of varnishes and paints. In particular, the low to moderate shear rate measurements provide information related to sag resistance, leveling, etc.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. These test methods are applicable to liquids having viscosities in the range from 5 × 10−4 Pa·s to 103 Pa·s (0.5 cP to 106 cP). The shear rate range is dependent upon the needle used and viscosity of the liquid and may vary from 10−4 s−1 to 103 s−1. With an extension bar and applied weight, a shear rate of 104 s–1 may be achieved.
1.2 The yield stress of liquids having this property may also be determined.
1.3 These test methods consist of determining liquid viscosities of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (clear or opaque) by measuring the steady-state (constant) or terminal velocities of cylindrical needles as they fall through the test liquid under the influence of gravity. Yield stresses of non-Newtonian liquids may be measured using the same procedure.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a gravimetric reference measurement procedure for the determination of volume of piston-operated volumetric apparatus (POVA). The procedure is applicable to complete systems comprising the basic apparatus and all parts selected for use with the apparatus, disposable or reusable, involved in the measurement by delivery (Ex) or contained (In).
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- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies
— metrological requirements,
— maximum permissible errors,
— requirements for marking and
— information to be provided for users,
for dispensers. It is applicable to dispensers with nominal volumes from 1 μl up to 200 ml, designed to deliver their volume (Ex).
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This document specifies
— metrological requirements,
— maximum permissible errors,
— requirements for marking and
— information to be provided for users,
for burettes. This document is applicable to burettes with nominal volumes up to 100 ml, designed to deliver their specified volume (Ex).
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This document specifies
— metrological requirements,
— maximum permissible errors,
— requirements for marking and
— information to be provided for users,
for manually operated precision laboratory syringes made of glass or glass and metal designed to deliver their selected volume (Ex).
Manually operated precision laboratory syringes are instruments used for delivering liquids and gases. The barrel is typically made of glass and the plunger and the needle are typically made of metal.
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This document specifies
— metrological requirements,
— maximum permissible errors,
— requirements for marking and
— information to be provided for users,
for dilutors with a sample uptake capacity (In) from 5 μl to 1 ml and a diluent capacity (Ex) from 50 μl to 100 ml. They are designed to deliver the sample and diluent together in measured proportion and measured volume.
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This document specifies alternative measurement procedures for the determination of volume of piston-operated volumetric apparatus.
The procedures are applicable to complete systems comprising the basic apparatus and all parts selected for use with the apparatus, disposable or reusable, involved in the measurement by delivery process (Ex). Methods described in this document are suitable for various maximum nominal volumes of piston-operated volumetric apparatus. It is the responsibility of the user to select the appropriate method.
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This document specifies
— metrological requirements,
— maximum permissible errors,
— requirements for marking and
— information to be provided for users,
for air-displacement (type A) and positive displacement (type D) single-channel and multi-channel pipettes, complete with their selected tip(s) and any other essential, consumable parts, designed to deliver the selected volume (Ex).
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This document specifies the photometric reference measurement procedure for the determination of volume of piston-operated volumetric apparatus (POVA). The procedure is applicable to complete systems comprising the basic apparatus with a maximum nominal volume of 5 000 µl and all parts selected for use with the apparatus, disposable or reusable, involved in the measurement by delivery (Ex).
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This document specifies general requirements for piston-operated volumetric apparatus (POVA). It is applicable to pipettes, burettes, dilutors, dispensers and manually operated precision laboratory syringes. It furthermore defines terms for the use of piston-operated volumetric apparatus and gives user recommendations.
This document does not apply to medical products intended for use on humans, e.g. for medical syringes.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice covers a series of methods offered to aid users in calibrating U-tube density meters to provide a measure of density and an associated expanded uncertainty. The reference density, as obtained from either an equation of state (EOS) or CRM has an uncertainty that arises from the uncertainty of the measurements of temperature, pressure, and also the chemical purity of the substance studied (origin) or for that matter of the certified reference material. This uncertainty results in an additional uncertainty for the density of these samples. Because the measurements made with U-tube density meters are not absolute, the uncertainty with which the instrument calibration is determined is directly related to the uncertainty of the density obtained.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the calibration of U-tube density cells. It is applicable to instruments capable of determining fluid density at temperatures in the range –10 °C to 200 °C and pressures from just greater than the saturation pressure to 140 MPa. The practice refers to density cells as they are utilized to make measurements of fluids primarily in the compressed-liquid state. Examples of substances for which the density can be determined with a calibrated U-tube density meter include: crude oils, gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends, diesel and jet fuels, hydraulic fluids, and lubricating oils.
1.2 This practice specifies a procedure for the determination of the expanded uncertainty of the density measurement.
1.3 This practice pertains to fluids with viscosities
1.4 4 The values listed in SI units are regarded as the standard, unless otherwise stated. The SI unit for mass density is kilograms per cubic metre (kg·m-3) and can be given as grams per cubic centimetre (g·cm-3).
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document provides guidance and establishes requirements for collecting and examining volumetric performance data of automated liquid handling systems (ALHS). It specifies how to index and track volumetric performance data and provides descriptive statistics for the evaluation of these data. This document also specifies reporting requirements of ALHS volumetric performance. This document is applicable to all ALHS with complete, installed liquid handling devices, including tips and other essential parts needed for delivering a specified volume, which perform liquid handling tasks without human intervention into labware. NOTE For terminology and general requirements of automated liquid handling systems, see ISO 23783-1. Measurement procedures for the determination of volumetric performance are given in ISO 23783-2.
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This document specifies procedures for the determination of volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems (ALHS), including traceability and estimations of measurement uncertainty of measurement results. This document is applicable to all ALHS with complete, installed liquid handling devices, including tips and other essential parts needed for delivering a specified volume, which perform liquid handling tasks without human intervention into labware. NOTE For terminology and general requirements of automated liquid handling systems, see ISO 23783-1. Determination, specification, and reporting of volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems is described in ISO 23783-3.
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This document provides methods for the testing, calibration and use of volumetric instruments made from glass and plastic in order to obtain the best accuracy in use.
NOTE Testing is the process by which the conformity of the individual volumetric instrument with the appropriate standard is determined, resulting in the determination of its error of measurement at one or more points.
This document is applicable to volumetric instruments with nominal capacities in the range of 100 µl to 10 000 ml. These include single-volume pipettes (see ISO 648), graduated pipettes (see ISO 835), burettes (see ISO 385), volumetric flasks (see ISO 1042 and ISO 5215), and graduated measuring cylinders (see ISO 4788 and ISO 6706).
The methods are not intended for testing of volumetric instruments with capacities below 100 µl such as micro-glassware.
This document does not deal specifically with pycnometers as specified in ISO 3507. However, the procedures specified for the determination of volume of glassware can, for the most part, also be followed for the determination of a pycnometer volume. For some types of pycnometers, special handling can be necessary.
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ABSTRACT
This practice establishes the standard procedures for calibrating leak artifacts of a specified gas, that may be used for determining the response of leak detectors, or in other situations where a known small flow of gas is required. The purpose of this practice is to establish calibration without reference to other calibrated leaks in as straightforward a manner as possible using the likeliest available equipment. The two types of leaks considered here are Type I, which is pressure to vacuum, and Type II, which is pressure to atmosphere. Three calibration methods are described under each type of reference leak, as follows: Method A—accumulation comparison using a known volume of tracer gas at specified conditions of temperature and pressure as a reference; Method B—accumulation comparison using a reference leak artifact calibrated using Method A; and Method C—direct measurement of leak rate by timing the movement (displacement) of a liquid slug, by the leak, in a capillary tube of known dimensions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for calibrating leak artifacts of a specified gas, that may be used for determining the response of leak detectors, or in other situations where a known small flow of gas is required. The purpose of this practice is to establish calibration without reference to other calibrated leaks in as straightforward a manner as possible using the likeliest available equipment. While the uncertainties associated with these procedures will most likely be greater than those obtained via traceable calibration chains (on the order of 10 %), these procedures allow independent means of establishing or verifying the leakage rate from leak artifacts of questionable history, or when traceable leak artifacts are not available.
1.2 Two types of leaks are considered:
1.2.1 Type I—Pressure to vacuum.
1.2.2 Type II—Pressure to atmosphere.
1.3 Three calibration methods are described under each type of reference leak:
1.3.1 Method A—Accumulation comparison, using a known volume of gas at specified conditions of temperature and pressure as a reference.
1.3.2 Method B—Accumulation comparison, using a leak artifact calibrated using Method A.
1.3.3 Method C—Displacement of a liquid slug, by the leak, in capillary tube of known dimensions.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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