AGO - Refuse derived fuel

This document specifies a method for determining the bulk density of solid recovered fuels (SRF) by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all SRFs with a nominal top size of particle less than 1/3 of the container diameter specified in this document.

This document specifies a method for determination of the moisture content in a test portion of the laboratory sample by drying the test portion in an oven. This method is applicable for routine production control on site, e.g. if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is not required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
If the solid recovered fuel contains large amounts of oil-fractions, a lower temperature is advisable (e.g. 50 °C ± 10 °C) and a longer drying time until constant mass is achieved. As an alternative, the Karl-Fischer-Titration-Method (see ISO 760[1]) is advisable.
NOTE 1        The total moisture content of recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations.
NOTE 2        The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contain varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content of the general analyses sample by oven drying.

This document specifies the methods for determination of the diameter and length of pellets. Concerning the pellet length, methods for the determination of fractions of specified lengths, such as pellets > 40 mm and particles < 10 mm and for determination of the average length are included.

This document specifies a method for determination of the mechanical durability of briquettes. The mechanical durability is a measure of the resistance of compressed fuels towards shocks and/or abrasion as a consequence of handling and transportation.

This document specifies methods for the determination of major and minor element concentrations in solid recovered fuels after digestion by the use of different acid mixtures and by addition of a fluxing agent for solid recovered fuel (SRF) ash.
a)       Method A: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid mixture (6 ml HCl; 2 ml HNO3; 2 ml HF) followed by boric acid complexation;
b)       Method AT: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (6 ml HCl; 2 ml HNO3; 4 ml HBF4);
c)        Method B: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid mixture (0,5 ml HCl; 6 ml HNO3; 1 ml HF) followed by boric acid complexation;
d)       Method BT: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (0,5 ml HCl; 6 ml HNO3; 2 ml HBF4);
e)       Method C: Microwave assisted digestion with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and hydrofluoric acid mixture (2,5 ml H2O2; 5 ml HNO3; 0,4 ml HF) and optional boric acid complexation;
f)         Method CT: Microwave assisted digestion with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (2,5 ml H2O2; 5 ml HNO3; 0,8 ml HBF4);
g)       Method D: Digestion of the ashed SRF sample with fluxing agent lithium metaborate in an oven at 1 050 °C.
This document is applicable for the following major and minor/trace elements:
—     Major elements: aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), silicon (Si) and titanium (Ti).
—     Minor/trace elements: arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), thallium (Tl), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn).
Method A is applicable for general use for SRF and ashed SRFs, but the amount of the test portion can be very low in case of high concentration of organic matter. Method AT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary.
Method B with a higher volume of nitric acid is applicable for SRFs with high organic matter (e.g. suitable for high plastic content) that can be difficult to digest with less nitric acid or as a substitute for method A if appropriate equipment is not available. Method BT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary.
Method C with combination of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and addition of hydrofluoric acid is applicable for wood based SRFs (e.g. demolition wood) or when there is a need for comparability to solid biofuel standards. Method CT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary.
Method D is specifically applicable for determination of major elements in ashed SRF samples.
XRF can be used for the analysis of major elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, Ti) after ashing (815 °C) of the samples and several major and minor/trace elements in SRF can be analysed by XRF after suitable calibration provided that the concentration levels are above instrumental detection limits of the XRF instrumentation and after proper preliminary testing and validation.
Digestion methods with HF and subsequent boric acid complexation or application of method D are applicable for determination of Si and Ti (better digestion efficiency).
Alternative digestion methods can be applied, if their performance is proved to be comparable with those of the methods described in this document.

This document specifies a method for determination of the mechanical durability of pellets. The mechanical durability is a measure of the resistance of compressed fuels towards shocks and/or abrasion as a consequence of handling and transportation.

This document specifies a method for determining the bulk density of solid biofuels using a standardized measuring container. This method is applicable to all pourable solid biofuels with a nominal top size of maximum 63 mm while the maximum particle length is 200 mm. For fuels with a nominal top size larger than 63 mm, a different method is described.
Bulk density is not an absolute value; therefore, conditions for its determination have to be standardized in order to gain comparative measuring results.
NOTE            Bulk density of solid biofuels is subject to variation due to several factors such as vibration, shock, pressure, biodegradation, drying, and wetting. Measured bulk density can therefore deviate from actual conditions during transportation, storage, or transhipment.

This document specifies procedures, criteria and indicators meeting the sustainability criteria of European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001 (RED II), the recast of the Renewable Energy Directive, for agricultural biomass and forest biomass for energy applications, i.e. biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels. This document is applicable to production, cultivation and harvesting of biomass from agricultural land and forest land for biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuel production.

This document specifies the terminology to be used in the field of sustainability and greenhouse gas emission saving criteria for biomass for energy applications. This document specifically considers some relevant terms and definitions used in European Commission Directive 2018/EU/2001, the recast of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II), and the European Commission Directive 2009/30/EC referred to as Fuel Quality Directive (FQD), or in other related European regulations.

This document specifies the determination of the share of material recovery in the case of energy recovery (i.e. co-processing) of solid recovered fuels (SRFs), for example, in a cement kiln. This share, called the recycling index (R-index), is calculated on the basis of the ash content and the ash composition.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the size distribution of particulate biofuels by the vibrating screen method. The method described is meant for particulate biofuels only, namely, materials that either have been reduced in size, such as most wood fuels, or are physically in a particulate form. This document applies to particulate uncompressed fuels with a nominal top size of 3,15 mm and below (e.g. sawdust).

This document specifies the requirements and method used to determine particle size distribution of disintegrated pellets. It is applicable for pellets that fully disintegrate in hot water.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the size distribution of particulate biofuels by the horizontally oscillating screen method. It applies to particulate uncompressed fuels with a nominal top size of 3,15 mm and above, e.g. wood chips, hog fuel, olive stones.
The method is intended to characterize material up to a particle size class (P) of P63. For larger P-classes and PL-classes, the characterization is mainly done by hand sorting.
NOTE            The definitions and specifications of P- and PL-classes are given in ISO 17225-1, ISO 17225-4 and ISO 17225-9.

This document specifies a method for determining the particle density of compressed fuels such as pellets or briquettes. Particle density is not an absolute value and conditions for its determination have to be standardized to enable comparative determinations to be made.

This document specifies a method of determining the moisture content of a test sample of solid biofuels by drying in an oven and is used when the highest precision is not needed, e.g. for routine production control on site. The method described in this document is applicable to all solid biofuels. The moisture content of solid biofuels (as received) is always reported based on the total mass of the test sample (wet basis).
NOTE            Biomass materials can contain small amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOC) which can evaporate when determining moisture content by oven drying (see References [1] and [2]). The release of such compounds is quite small relative to the overall moisture content as determined by this method and is disregarded in this document.

This document specifies an analytical method for quantification of the spontaneous heat generation from solid recovered fuels using isothermal calorimetry.
This document gives guidance on the applicability and use of the specified analytical method. It further establishes procedures for sampling and sample handling of solid recovered fuels prior to the analysis of spontaneous heat generation.
The test procedure given in this document quantifies the thermal power (heat flow) of the sample during the test. It does not identify the source of self-heating in the test portion analysed.

This document describes the method of determining the moisture content in the general analysis sample by drying in an oven. The method described in this document is applicable to all solid biofuels. The moisture content of solid biofuels (as received) is always reported based on the total mass of the test sample (wet basis).
Since biofuels in small particle size are very hygroscopic, their moisture content will change with humidity in the atmosphere and, therefore, the moisture of the general analysis sample is determined simultaneously with the determination of other properties being measured (e.g. calorific value, volatile matter, metals, etc.).
NOTE       Biomass materials can contain small amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOC) which can evaporate when determining moisture content by oven drying (see References [1] and [2]). The release of such compounds is quite small relative to the overall moisture content as determined by this method and is disregarded in this document.

This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded densified solid biofuels produced from thermally treated biomass for commercial applications and industrial use. This document covers pellets and briquettes produced from the following raw materials (see ISO 17225‑1:2021, Table 1):
—    woody biomass;
—    herbaceous biomass;
—    fruit biomass;
—    aquatic biomass;
—    blends and mixtures.
Subcategories of these raw materials are included.
This document does not consider products which are marketed as charcoal or as charcoal products. For these products, see ISO 17225‑1:2021, Table 14.
NOTE      Health, safety and environmental issues for solid biofuels are important and need special attention; however, they are outside the scope of this document.

This document specifies the requirements and method used to determine the volatile matter of solid biofuels. It is intended for persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools and entire plants related to solid biofuels, and for all persons and organisations involved in producing, purchasing, selling and utilizing solid biofuels.

This document specifies a method for determining the amount of material passing through a sieve with 3,15-mm-diameter round holes. It is intended for use in all applications (e.g. laboratories, production sites, field locations) where the measurement of fines is required.

This document specifies a method for the determination of ash content of all solid biofuels.

This document describes the method of determining the moisture content of a test sample of solid biofuels by drying in an oven and can be used when high precision of the determination of moisture content is necessary. The method described in this document is applicable to all solid biofuels. The moisture content of solid biofuels (as received) is always reported based on the total mass of the test sample (wet basis).
NOTE       Biomass materials can contain small amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOC) which can evaporate when determining moisture content by oven drying (see References [1] and [2]). The release of such compounds is quite small relative to the overall moisture content as determined by this method and is disregarded in this document.

This document gives guidance on basket heating tests for characterization of self-heating properties of solid recovered fuels (SRFs).
This document includes:
a) a compilation of basket heating test methods;
b) guidance on the applicability and use of basket heating tests for SRF;
c) information on the application of basket heating test data for calculations of critical conditions in storage.
Data on spontaneous heat generation determined using this document is only associated with the specific quality and age of the sample material.
The information derived using this document is intended for use in quality control and in hazard and risk assessments related to the procedures given in ISO 21912.

This document specifies methods for sample preparation to ensure representativeness of the samples throughout the preparation procedures to produce general analysis samples. Suitable test portions can be taken from the laboratory or general analysis samples and used for analysis according to the specific requirements defined in the corresponding analytical procedures.
This document specifies the correct sample preparation sequence to be applied to:
a) the composite sample, in order to produce a laboratory sample (taking into account large pieces of solid recovered fuel);
b) each sub-sampling step throughout the testing programme;
c) the laboratory sample, in order to obtain suitable test portions;
d) ensure the representativeness of the test portions that have been taken according to the sample preparation plan, prior to physical analysis, chemical analysis or both (e.g. extractions, digestion, analytical determinations).
The methods specified in this document can be used for sample preparation, for example, when the samples are to be tested for bulk density, biomass content determination, mechanical durability, particle size distribution, moisture content, ash content, ash melting behaviour, calorific value, chemical composition, impurities and self-heating properties. The methods are not intended to be applied to the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.

This document defines a method for determination of off-gassing (permanent gases) and oxygen depletion from woody as well as non-woody biomass, including densified materials such as pellets and briquettes, as well as non-densified materials such as chips. The method is also applicable for thermally treated materials, including torrefied and carbonized materials.
The emission and depletion factor and emission and depletion rate for various gas species emitted from sample within a closed test container is determined by means of gas chromatography.
The emission and depletion factor and emission and depletion rate provide guidance for ventilation requirements to keep gas concentrations below Permissible Exposure Levels (PEL) in spaces where workers can be exposed to the enclosed atmosphere.

This document specifies basket heating tests for the characterization of self-heating properties of solid biofuel pellets.
This document includes:
a)   a compilation of basket heating test methods;
b)   guidance on the applicability and use of basket heating tests for solid biofuel pellets;
c)   information on the application of basket heating test data for calculations of critical conditions in storages.
Data on spontaneous heat generation determined using this document is only associated with the specific quality and age of the sample material.
The information derived using this document is for use in quality control and in hazard and risk assessments related to the procedures given in ISO 20024.
The described methods can be used for other substances than solid biofuel pellets (e.g. wood chips).

This document establishes a vocabulary for solid biofuels. This document only includes raw and processed material originating from
—    forestry and arboriculture,
—    agriculture and horticulture, and
—    aquaculture.
NOTE 1   Chemically treated material cannot include halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals at levels higher than those in typical virgin material values (see also ISO 17225-1:2021, Annex B) or higher than typical values of the country of origin.
NOTE 2   Raw and processed material includes woody, herbaceous, fruit and aquatic biomass and biodegradable waste originating from above sectors.
Materials originating from different recycling processes of end-of-life-products are outside the scope of this document but relevant terms are included for information. Liquid biofuels (ISO/TC 28/SC 7), natural gas (ISO/TC 193) and solid recovered fuels (ISO/TC 300) are outside the scope of this document.

This document describes a method for determination of grindability of graded thermally treated and densified biomass fuels such as classified in ISO/TS 17225-8, for the purpose of preparing fuels with a defined particle size distribution for effective combustion in pulverized fuel boilers. The grindability characteristics determined by the test method provide guidance as to the pulverizing mill performance when utilizing such fuels.
Apart from pelletized materials as described in ISO/TS 17225-8, the method can also be applied to non-compressed or non-densified thermally treated biomass as specified in ISO 17225-1:2021, Table 14 and Table 15.
The results created with this method are not relevant for large wood chips, since limitations apply for large pulverizing coal mills, which are typically not used for grinding materials such as chips.

This document specifies the procedure for a determination of major and minor element concentrations in solid recovered fuel material by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry or wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry using a calibration with solid recovered fuel reference materials or solid recovered fuel samples with known content. A semiquantitative determination can be carried out using matrix independent standards.
This document is applicable to the following elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Mo, Cd, Sb, Sn, Tl and Pb. Concentration levels between approximately 0,000 1 % and 100 % can be determined depending on the element, the calibration materials used and the instrument used.
NOTE            X-ray fluorescence spectrometry can be used as a fast method for a qualitative overview of elements and impurities and after suitable calibration it is very useful for determining major elements or even minor elements (except Hg) in order to quickly identify increased concentrations of minor elements in solid recovered fuels (SRF), for example during SRF-production.

This document specifies a method for the determination of gross calorific value of solid recovered fuels at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a combustion vessel calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid.

This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded non-woody pellets. This document covers only non-woody pellets produced from the following raw material (see ISO 17225‑1:2021, Table 1):
—    2 Herbaceous biomass
—    3 Fruit biomass
—    4 Aquatic biomass
—    5 Biomass blends and mixtures
NOTE 1    Herbaceous biomass originates from plants that have a non-woody stem and which die back at the end of the growing season. It includes grains or seeds crops from food production or processing industry and their by-products such as cereals.
NOTE 2    Blends and mixtures include blends and mixtures from the main origin-based solid biofuel groups woody biomass, herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass and aquatic biomass.
Blends are intentionally mixed biofuels, whereas mixtures are unintentionally mixed biofuels. The origin of the blend and mixture is to be described using ISO 17225‑1:2021, Table 1.
If solid biofuel blend or mixture contains chemically treated material it shall be stated.
NOTE 3    Thermally treated biomass pellets (e.g. torrefied pellets) are not included in the scope of this document.

This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded firewood. This document covers only firewood produced from the following raw materials (see ISO 17725‑1:2021, Table 1):
—    1.1.1 Whole trees without roots;
—    1.1.3 Stem wood;
—    1.1.4 Logging residues (thick branches, tops etc.);
—    1.2.1 Chemically untreated by-products and residues from wood processing industry.

This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded non-woody briquettes. This document covers only non-woody briquettes produced from the following raw materials (see ISO 17225‑1:2021, Table 1):
—    2 Herbaceous biomass
—    3 Fruit biomass
—    4 Aquatic biomass
—    5 Biomass blends and mixtures
NOTE 1    Herbaceous biomass originates from plants that have a non-woody stem and which die back at the end of the growing season. It includes grains or seeds crops from food production or processing industry and their by-products such as cereals.
NOTE 2    Blends and mixtures include blends and mixtures from the main origin-based solid biofuel groups woody biomass, herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass and aquatic biomass.
Blends are intentionally mixed biofuels, whereas mixtures are unintentionally mixed biofuels. The origin of the blend and mixture is to be described using ISO 17225‑1:2021, Table 1.
If solid biofuel blend or mixture contains chemically treated material it shall be stated.
NOTE 3              Thermally treated biomass briquettes (e.g. torrefied briquettes) are not included in the scope of this document

This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded hog fuel and wood chips for industrial use. It covers only hog fuel and wood chips produced from the following raw materials (see ISO 17225-1, Table 1):
—    1.1 Forest, plantation and other virgin wood;
—    1.2 By-products and residues from wood processing industry;
—    1.3 Used wood;
—    1.4 Blends and mixtures.
This document covers hog fuel that has pieces of varying size and shape, produced by crushing with blunt tools such as rollers, hammers, or flails, and wood chips which are defined as chipped woody biomass with a sub-rectangular shape and a typical length of 5 mm to 50 mm typically in the form of pieces with a defined particle size produced by mechanical treatment with sharp tools such as knives.
See 1.1.2 in ISO 17225-1, Table 1 for by-products and residues from wood processing industry, which can include chemically treated material (e.g. glued, painted, laminated), are not allowed to contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals at levels higher than those in typical virgin material values or higher than typical values of the country of origin (see Annex B in ISO 17225-1).
NOTE       If 1.4 Blends and mixtures includes 1.3.2 Chemically treated used wood, it can be only used in the installations permitted to use 1.3.2.

This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications for solid biofuels of raw and processed materials originating from
a) forestry and arboriculture;
b) agriculture and horticulture;
c) aquaculture.
Chemically treated material may not include halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals at levels higher than those in typical virgin material values (see Annex B) or higher than typical values of the country of origin.
NOTE       Raw and processed material includes woody, herbaceous, fruit, aquatic biomass and biodegradable waste originating from above sectors.

This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded wood pellets for non-industrial and industrial use. This document covers only wood pellets produced from the following raw materials (see ISO 17225‑1:2021, Table 1):
—    1.1 Forest, plantation and other virgin wood;
—    1.2 By-products and residues from wood processing industry;
—    1.3.1 Chemically untreated used wood.
Thermally treated biomass pellets (e.g. torrefied pellets) are not included in the scope of this document.

This document specifies a classification system for solid recovered fuels (SRF), and a template containing a list of characteristics for the specification of their properties, enabling trade and use of SRF supporting the protection of the environment.
SRF are produced from non-hazardous waste.
NOTE 1    Untreated municipal solid waste as such cannot be considered SRF. Untreated municipal solid waste can however be feedstock to plants producing SRF.
NOTE 2    Chemically treated solid biofuels that do not contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals at levels higher than those in typical virgin material, can be defined as solid biofuels and thus be part of the standard series ISO 17225[1].

This document specifies a method for the determination of water sorption in a laboratory setting and provides a measure for how the durability is impacted as a result of immersion in water. Post-immersion durability reduction is calculated as the difference between the durability of the as-received sample and the durability of the wetted product.

This document specifies methods for taking samples of solid recovered fuels for example from production plants, from deliveries or from stock. It includes manual and mechanical methods.
It is not applicable to solid recovered fuels that are formed by liquid or sludge, but it includes dewatered sludge.

This document specifies the requirements and a method for the determination of volatile matter of solid recovered fuels.

This document specifies a method for the determination of moisture in a general analysis sample by drying the sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use for general analysis samples in accordance with CEN/TS 15414‑1[3][1]. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
If solid recovered fuels contain large amounts of oil-fractions the Karl-Fischer-Method (for example ISO 760) is advisable. Otherwise, a lower temperature is recommended (e.g. 50 °C ± 10 °C) and a longer drying time until constant mass is achieved.
NOTE  The term moisture content, when used with recovered materials, can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e. g. biomass, frequently contain varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content of the general analyses sample by oven drying.
[1]   The adoption of the standard series EN 15414 as standard series ISO 21660 is planned. ISO 21660‑3 is published in parallel at CEN level as EN 21660-3.

This document specifies methods for the determination of ash content of all solid recovered fuels.

This document provides principles and requirements for safe handling, treatment and storage of solid recovered fuels (SRF), prepared from non-hazardous waste, to be used for energy purposes. This document covers process stages from point of acceptance of material to point of delivery of SRF.
This document excludes fuels that are included in the scope of ISO/TC 238 Solid biofuels and ISO/TC 28 Petroleum products and related products of synthetic or biological origin.
It uses a risk-based approach to determine what safety measures are to be considered.
Although unloading and loading of e.g. vessels, trains or trucks are included, the safety issues following the loading and transport itself are not.

This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded wood chips. This document covers only wood chips produced from the following raw materials (see ISO 17225-1:2021, Table 1):
1.1 Forest, plantation and other virgin wood;
1.2 By-products and residues from wood processing industry;
1.3.1 Chemically untreated used wood.
This document covers only wood chips, which are produced with sharp tools, and does not cover hog fuel, which is produced with blunt tools.

This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded wood briquettes. This document covers only wood briquettes produced from the following raw materials (see ISO 17225‑1: 2021, Table 1):
1.1 Forest, plantation and other virgin wood
1.2 By-products and residues from wood processing industry
1.3.1 Chemically untreated used wood
NOTE     Thermally treated biomass briquettes (e.g. torrefied briquettes) are not included in the scope of this document.

This document specifies three methods for the determination of the biomass content in solid recovered fuels: the 14C content method, the selective dissolution and the manual sorting methods.

This document defines terms for solid recovered fuels to enable the user to understand the scope of the work of ISO/TC 300. Where a term and definition are required in a single standard, the term and definition will be referenced in that standard.

This document specifies the determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur in solid recovered fuels by instrumental method. Depending on the amount of test portion, micro or macro instrumental apparatus are used.
This method is applicable for concentrations on dry matter basis of C > 0,1 %, N > 0,1 %, H > 0,1 % and S > 0,05 %.

This document:
a)   specifies a general test procedure for quantification of the spontaneous heat generation from solid biofuel pellets using isothermal calorimetry;
b)   specifies a screening test procedure for wood pellets using an instrument temperature of 60 °C;
c)   establishes procedures for sampling and sample handling of solid biofuel pellets prior to the analysis of spontaneous heat generation; and
d)   gives guidance on the applicability and use of isothermal calorimetry for calculation of the net reaction rate of the heat producing reactions of solid biofuel pellets.
The test procedure given in this document quantifies the thermal power (heat flow) of the sample during the test, it does not identify the source of self-heating in the test portion analysed.
Data on spontaneous heat generation determined using this document is only associated with the specific quality and age of the sample material. The results are product specific.
This document is applicable to solid biofuel pellets only.
The information derived using this document is for use in quality control and in hazard and risk assessments related to the procedures given in ISO 20024:2020.

This document provides principles and requirements for safe handling and storage of solid biofuels pellets in commercial and industrial applications. This document is using a risk-based approach to determine what safety measures should be considered.
Facilities with a storage capacity <100 t are covered by ISO 20023. Generally, for end-user facilities with a storage capacity of <1 000 t, ISO 20023 could also be applicable if storage principle and facility complexity is in-line with the objectives of ISO 20023.
This document covers the handling and storage process of pellets in the following applications:
—     at a pellet production plant from the outlet of the cooler unit until loaded for transportation;
—     at a commercial distributor from the receiving station until loaded for transportation; and
—     at an industrial end-user from the receiving station until fed into the fuel preparation or combustion process.
Although unloading and loading of e.g. vessels, trains or trucks are included in the operational envelops defined above, the safety aspect of the transportation itself is beyond the scope of this document.
This document also gives specific guidance on detection and suppression systems and preparatory measures to enable safe and efficient firefighting operations. Guidance on the management of fire and explosion incidents is also specified.