75.160.10 - Solid fuels
ICS 75.160.10 Details
Solid fuels
Feste Brennstoffe
Combustibles solides
Trda goriva
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 75.160.10 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Solid fuels". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 1059 standards classified under ICS 75.160.10 (Solid fuels). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies a method for determination of the moisture content in a test portion of the laboratory sample by drying the test portion in an oven. This method is applicable for routine production control on site, e.g. if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is not required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
If the solid recovered fuel contains large amounts of oil-fractions, a lower temperature is advisable (e.g. 50 °C ± 10 °C) and a longer drying time until constant mass is achieved. As an alternative, the Karl-Fischer-Titration-Method (see ISO 760[1]) is advisable.
NOTE 1 The total moisture content of recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations.
NOTE 2 The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contain varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content of the general analyses sample by oven drying.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the bulk density of solid recovered fuels (SRF) by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all SRFs with a nominal top size of particle less than 1/3 of the container diameter specified in this document.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determination of the moisture content in a test portion of the laboratory sample by drying the test portion in an oven. This method is applicable for routine production control on site, e.g. if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is not required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
If the solid recovered fuel contains large amounts of oil-fractions, a lower temperature is advisable (e.g. 50 °C ± 10 °C) and a longer drying time until constant mass is achieved. As an alternative, the Karl-Fischer-Titration-Method (see ISO 760[1]) is advisable.
NOTE 1 The total moisture content of recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations.
NOTE 2 The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contain varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content of the general analyses sample by oven drying.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determination of the moisture content in a test portion of the laboratory sample by drying the test portion in an oven. This method is applicable for routine production control on site, e.g. if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is not required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels. If the solid recovered fuel contains large amounts of oil-fractions, a lower temperature is advisable (e.g. 50 °C ± 10 °C) and a longer drying time until constant mass is achieved. As an alternative, the Karl-Fischer-Titration-Method (see ISO 760[ REF Reference_ref_4 \r \h 1 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0034000000 ]) is advisable. NOTE 1 The total moisture content of recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations. NOTE 2 The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contain varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content of the general analyses sample by oven drying.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard7 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for determining the bulk density of solid recovered fuels (SRF) by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all SRFs with a nominal top size of particle less than 1/3 of the container diameter specified in this document.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the bulk density of solid recovered fuels (SRF) by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all SRFs with a nominal top size of particle less than 1/3 of the container diameter specified in this document.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard24 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document describes a method for the measurement of the swelling properties of hard coal using a dilatometer.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document sets out principles and procedures for testing the bias of test samples of coals or cokes, taken according to the ISO 13909 series.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the gross calorific value of coal and coke at constant volume and at the reference temperature of 25 °C in a combustion vessel calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid. The result obtained is the gross calorific value of the analysis sample at constant volume with all the water of the combustion products as liquid water. In practice, fuel is burned at constant (atmospheric) pressure and the water is not condensed but is removed as vapour with the flue gases. Under these conditions, the operative heat of combustion is the net calorific value of the fuel at constant pressure. The net calorific value at constant volume can also be used; formulae are given for calculating both values. General principles and procedures for the calibrations and the fuel tests are specified in the main text, whereas those pertaining to the use of a particular type of calorimetric instrument are described in Annexes A to C. Annex D contains checklists for performing calibration and fuel tests using specified types of calorimeters. Annex E gives examples illustrating some of the calculations. Annex F provides guidance around safe use, maintenance and testing of the calorimeter combustion vessel. NOTE Descriptors: solid fuels, coal, coke, tests, determination, calorific value, rules of calculation, calorimetry.
- Standard61 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method of determining the total carbon and the total hydrogen in coal and coke, by the Liebig method.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method of determining the characteristic fusion temperatures of ash from hard coal. NOTE Descriptors: fossil fuels, ash, ashes, tests, high temperature tests, determination, and fusibility.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies procedures for the mechanical sampling of coal from stationary lots, for example, from wagons, barges, ships and stockpiles. These procedures are to be used when it is not possible to sample the lots during loading or discharge according to ISO 13909-2. Procedures for sample preparation are given in ISO 13909-4. This document is applicable to mechanical sampling from stationary coal lots, to obtain samples from which test samples for the determination of moisture, and for general analysis including physical and chemical tests, can be prepared in accordance with the requirements and recommendations set out in ISO 13909-4. In this document, the principles and procedures for designing a sampling scheme are given, together with typical examples of applications; in addition, practices for the execution of sampling in different sampling situations are described. The methods described are limited to those on which it is possible to conduct a test for bias.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document defines the basic terms used in the sampling of coal and coke, describes the general principles of sampling and details the information to be provided in the documentation and the sampling report. It also lists the other parts of the ISO 13909 series and gives guidance on the selection of the appropriate part. The ISO 13909 series also includes sampling of brown coals and lignites.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document describes the preparation of samples of coal from the combination of primary increments to the preparation of samples for specific tests.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies procedures and requirements for the design and establishment of mechanical samplers for the sampling of coal from moving streams and describes the methods of sampling used. It does not cover mechanical sampling from stationary lots, which is dealt with in ISO 13909-3.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the method for determining the true relative density of coke, in relation to water. NOTE “True relative density” varies according to the displacement liquid used.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document describes the preparation of samples of coke from the combination of primary increments to the preparation of samples for specific tests.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document defines methods for estimating overall precision and for deriving values for primary increment variance which can be used to modify the sampling scheme to change the precision. Methods for checking the variance of sample preparation and testing are also described. In this document, formulae are developed which link the variables that contribute to overall sampling precision.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies procedures and requirements for the design and establishment of sampling schemes for the mechanical sampling of coke from moving streams and the methods of sampling used. The diversity of types of equipment for sampling and the conditions under which mechanical sampling is performed make it inappropriate to specify standard designs for samplers which will be applicable to all situations.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the method for the determination the porosity of the coke.
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the method for the determination of the apparent relative density of coke, i.e. the ratio of the mass of a volume of dry coke to the mass of an equal volume of water.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document describes the extraction from coal by dilute hydrochloric acid and determination of extractable sodium, potassium, calcium, iron and magnesium.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a procedure for the determination of the total cadmium mass fraction of coal.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a reduced molybdophosphate photometric method for the determination of the total phosphorus mass fraction of hard coal, lignites and coke. Two methods for taking the phosphorus into solution are specified, namely extraction from the coal or coke ash with acid or by repeated oxidation of the coal or coke, by acid, to remove carbonaceous matter.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method using Eschka's mixture during ashing, extraction of the ash residue with acid, and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry or hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry, for the determination of arsenic and selenium in solid mineral fuels. The method is also applicable for the determination of the analytes by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies methods for the determination of major and minor element concentrations in solid recovered fuels after digestion by the use of different acid mixtures and by addition of a fluxing agent for solid recovered fuel (SRF) ash.
a) Method A: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid mixture (6 ml HCl; 2 ml HNO3; 2 ml HF) followed by boric acid complexation;
b) Method AT: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (6 ml HCl; 2 ml HNO3; 4 ml HBF4);
c) Method B: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid mixture (0,5 ml HCl; 6 ml HNO3; 1 ml HF) followed by boric acid complexation;
d) Method BT: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (0,5 ml HCl; 6 ml HNO3; 2 ml HBF4);
e) Method C: Microwave assisted digestion with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and hydrofluoric acid mixture (2,5 ml H2O2; 5 ml HNO3; 0,4 ml HF) and optional boric acid complexation;
f) Method CT: Microwave assisted digestion with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (2,5 ml H2O2; 5 ml HNO3; 0,8 ml HBF4);
g) Method D: Digestion of the ashed SRF sample with fluxing agent lithium metaborate in an oven at 1 050 °C.
This document is applicable for the following major and minor/trace elements:
— Major elements: aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), silicon (Si) and titanium (Ti).
— Minor/trace elements: arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), thallium (Tl), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn).
Method A is applicable for general use for SRF and ashed SRFs, but the amount of the test portion can be very low in case of high concentration of organic matter. Method AT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary.
Method B with a higher volume of nitric acid is applicable for SRFs with high organic matter (e.g. suitable for high plastic content) that can be difficult to digest with less nitric acid or as a substitute for method A if appropriate equipment is not available. Method BT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary.
Method C with combination of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and addition of hydrofluoric acid is applicable for wood based SRFs (e.g. demolition wood) or when there is a need for comparability to solid biofuel standards. Method CT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary.
Method D is specifically applicable for determination of major elements in ashed SRF samples.
XRF can be used for the analysis of major elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, Ti) after ashing (815 °C) of the samples and several major and minor/trace elements in SRF can be analysed by XRF after suitable calibration provided that the concentration levels are above instrumental detection limits of the XRF instrumentation and after proper preliminary testing and validation.
Digestion methods with HF and subsequent boric acid complexation or application of method D are applicable for determination of Si and Ti (better digestion efficiency).
Alternative digestion methods can be applied, if their performance is proved to be comparable with those of the methods described in this document.
- Standard92 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the total carbon and the total hydrogen in coal and coke by a high temperature combustion method.
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This document specifies a procedure for the determination of the total mercury mass fraction of coal.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for determining the swelling properties of hard coal when heated in a covered crucible. NOTE The "crucible swelling number" (CSN) is also known as the "free swelling index" (FSI).
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies methods for the determination of major and minor element concentrations in solid recovered fuels after digestion by the use of different acid mixtures and by addition of a fluxing agent for solid recovered fuel (SRF) ash.
a) Method A: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid mixture (6 ml HCl; 2 ml HNO3; 2 ml HF) followed by boric acid complexation;
b) Method AT: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (6 ml HCl; 2 ml HNO3; 4 ml HBF4);
c) Method B: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid mixture (0,5 ml HCl; 6 ml HNO3; 1 ml HF) followed by boric acid complexation;
d) Method BT: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (0,5 ml HCl; 6 ml HNO3; 2 ml HBF4);
e) Method C: Microwave assisted digestion with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and hydrofluoric acid mixture (2,5 ml H2O2; 5 ml HNO3; 0,4 ml HF) and optional boric acid complexation;
f) Method CT: Microwave assisted digestion with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (2,5 ml H2O2; 5 ml HNO3; 0,8 ml HBF4);
g) Method D: Digestion of the ashed SRF sample with fluxing agent lithium metaborate in an oven at 1 050 °C.
This document is applicable for the following major and minor/trace elements:
— Major elements: aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), silicon (Si) and titanium (Ti).
— Minor/trace elements: arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), thallium (Tl), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn).
Method A is applicable for general use for SRF and ashed SRFs, but the amount of the test portion can be very low in case of high concentration of organic matter. Method AT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary.
Method B with a higher volume of nitric acid is applicable for SRFs with high organic matter (e.g. suitable for high plastic content) that can be difficult to digest with less nitric acid or as a substitute for method A if appropriate equipment is not available. Method BT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary.
Method C with combination of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and addition of hydrofluoric acid is applicable for wood based SRFs (e.g. demolition wood) or when there is a need for comparability to solid biofuel standards. Method CT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary.
Method D is specifically applicable for determination of major elements in ashed SRF samples.
XRF can be used for the analysis of major elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, Ti) after ashing (815 °C) of the samples and several major and minor/trace elements in SRF can be analysed by XRF after suitable calibration provided that the concentration levels are above instrumental detection limits of the XRF instrumentation and after proper preliminary testing and validation.
Digestion methods with HF and subsequent boric acid complexation or application of method D are applicable for determination of Si and Ti (better digestion efficiency).
Alternative digestion methods can be applied, if their performance is proved to be comparable with those of the methods described in this document.
- Standard92 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for the determination of major and minor element concentrations in solid recovered fuels after digestion by the use of different acid mixtures and by addition of a fluxing agent for solid recovered fuel (SRF) ash. a) Method A: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid mixture (6 ml HCl; 2 ml HNO3; 2 ml HF) followed by boric acid complexation; b) Method AT: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (6 ml HCl; 2 ml HNO3; 4 ml HBF4); c) Method B: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid mixture (0,5 ml HCl; 6 ml HNO3; 1 ml HF) followed by boric acid complexation; d) Method BT: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (0,5 ml HCl; 6 ml HNO3; 2 ml HBF4); e) Method C: Microwave assisted digestion with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and hydrofluoric acid mixture (2,5 ml H2O2; 5 ml HNO3; 0,4 ml HF) and optional boric acid complexation; f) Method CT: Microwave assisted digestion with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (2,5 ml H2O2; 5 ml HNO3; 0,8 ml HBF4); g) Method D: Digestion of the ashed SRF sample with fluxing agent lithium metaborate in an oven at 1 050 °C. This document is applicable for the following major and minor/trace elements: - Major elements: aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), silicon (Si) and titanium (Ti). - Minor/trace elements: arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), thallium (Tl), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn). Method A is applicable for general use for SRF and ashed SRFs, but the amount of the test portion can be very low in case of high concentration of organic matter. Method AT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary. Method B with a higher volume of nitric acid is applicable for SRFs with high organic matter (e.g. suitable for high plastic content) that can be difficult to digest with less nitric acid or as a substitute for method A if appropriate equipment is not available. Method BT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary. Method C with combination of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and addition of hydrofluoric acid is applicable for wood based SRFs (e.g. demolition wood) or when there is a need for comparability to solid biofuel standards. Method CT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary. Method D is specifically applicable for determination of major elements in ashed SRF samples. XRF can be used for the analysis of major elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, Ti) after ashing (815 °C) of the samples and several major and minor/trace elements in SRF can be analysed by XRF after suitable calibration provided that the concentration levels are above instrumental detection limits of the XRF instrumentation and after proper preliminary testing and validation. Digestion methods with HF and subsequent boric acid complexation or application of method D are applicable for determination of Si and Ti (better digestion efficiency). Alternative digestion methods can be applied, if their performance is proved to be comparable with those of the methods described in this document.
- Standard83 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard92 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies an alternative method of determining the total sulfur mass fraction of coal and coke by high-temperature combustion by Coulomb titration.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen in coal and coke by instrumental methods. NOTE This document has been validated for coal only, in accordance with the principles of ISO 5725-1. The suite of samples used in the interlaboratory study (ILS) to determine the precision data did not include coke and therefore there is insufficient data to state precision limits for coke.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for barbecues that burn solid fuels with regard to materials, construction, design, test methods, markings and instructions relating to them.
This document also applies to barbecues originally burning non-solid fuels that have been converted to burn solid fuels.
This document does not apply to single use barbecues. Single use barbecues are covered by EN 1860-4.
- Standard39 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements and the test methods for creosotes for industrial wood preservation.
Different grades of creosote are used depending on the desired properties of the treated wood.
WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document cannot address all of the safety implications associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate health and safety practices and assess the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. The warnings to use are covered in Annex C.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the volatile matter of hard coal and of coke. It is not applicable to brown coals and lignites.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document defines terms commonly employed in the sampling, testing and analysis of coal (3.39) and coke (3.42). Alternative names are given for several terms. In some cases, the use of the alternative name is deprecated (as indicated).
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the determination of the share of material recovery in the case of energy recovery (i.e. co-processing) of solid recovered fuels (SRFs), for example, in a cement kiln. This share, called the recycling index (R-index), is calculated on the basis of the ash content and the ash composition.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the ash of coal and coke.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the determination of the share of material recovery in the case of energy recovery (i.e. co-processing) of solid recovered fuels (SRFs), for example, in a cement kiln. This share, called the recycling index (R-index), is calculated on the basis of the ash content and the ash composition.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the determination of the share of material recovery in the case of energy recovery (i.e. co-processing) of solid recovered fuels (SRFs), for example, in a cement kiln. This share, called the recycling index (R-index), is calculated on the basis of the ash content and the ash composition.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Summarizing the ash mass fraction and the mass fraction of the organic constituents in a specific format under the heading, Ultimate Analysis, provides a convenient and uniform system for comparing coals or cokes. This tabulation used with that of Proximate Analysis (Practice D3172) permits cursory valuation of coals for use as fuel or in other carbonaceous processes and of cokes for metallurgical purpose.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the term ultimate analysis as it is applied to the analysis of coal and coke. The information derived is intended for the general utilization by applicable industries, to provide the basis for evaluation, beneficiation, or for other purposes.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.2.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for determining the moisture in the general analysis test sample of coke. It can be used for the determination of moisture in blast-furnace coke, foundry-coke and other high-temperature carbonization products.
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SCOPE
1.1 This terminology defines the technical terms used in standards that are the responsibility of Committee D05 on Coal and Coke. The terms are used in:
1.1.1 The sampling of coal and coke under conditions required for most commercial and technical purposes related to coal and coke.
1.1.2 Bias and related statistical testing,
1.1.3 The description of coal, both visually in the field and microscopically in the laboratory,
1.1.4 Chemical and physical analyses of coal and coke,
1.1.5 Classification of coal, and
1.1.6 Certain other related practices and guides applicable to the coal and coke industries.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose—This guide provides a process for reclamation of existing CCPs placed in active and inactive storage areas. The guide includes information on the following activities required for the safe and effective reclamation of CCPs from storage areas: (1) Background Review of CCP Storage Areas; (2) Detailed Characterization of CCP Storage Areas; (3) Harvesting Planning and Scoping of CCP Storage Areas; (4) Harvesting Detailed Design and Approval of CCP Storage Areas; and (5) Harvesting Implementation of CCP Storage Areas. More detailed descriptions of these activities are in Sections 6 through 10.
4.2 Potential Beneficial Uses of CCPs—There are many CCP storage areas that are potentially harvestable and can provide a functional benefit in a wide variety of beneficial uses. The beneficial use of CCPs contained in these storage areas can have significant environmental and economic benefits for the facility, the facility owner and the local economy, and can significantly reduce disposal operations (1-4).4 Beneficial use of CCPs can provide industry with a safe and responsible way to economically manage the CCPs, while promoting conservation and recycling/reuse, meeting sustainability goals, and addressing the shortage of CCPs in some building product market areas (1, 2, 5). CCPs consist of fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash, economizer ash, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material (see Terminology E2201 for definitions of CCPs) (6, 7).
4.2.1 Fly ash is the most abundant CCP in existing storage areas. Its beneficial uses include, but are not limited to: partial replacement for cement in concrete and concrete products – once in concrete, fly ash reacts with Portland cement to create additional reaction products that improve the strength and durability of concrete; raw feed for the production clinker – fly ash can be calcined along with other minerals to produce clinker; blended cements – fly ash can be an important component ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a framework to address critical aspects related to the harvesting of CCPs placed in active (operational) and inactive (closed or no longer receiving CCPs) storage areas. These storage areas may be used for wet or dry material, and may be located at active or inactive facilities (that is, coal-fired electric utilities or independent power producers that are currently generating electricity or have ceased to do so, respectively). Also, CCPs may be harvested from active or inactive storage areas located on-site or off-site of the facility.
1.2 This guide does not include information on how to determine what storage areas or facilities, or both, should be selected for potential harvesting of CCPs, as each entity may approach a harvesting program in accordance with their own harvesting pursuits and regulatory requirements. In addition, it does not include information on how an energy company or other interested parties should evaluate inventories to determine the order of their storage areas for potential harvesting, including consideration of risk, performance, and cost. This guide is intended to be used to evaluate the potential harvesting of the storage areas once the storage areas are selected for evaluation.
1.3 This guide is comprised of the following sections: Scope, Section 1; Referenced Documents, Section 2; Terminology, Section 3; Significance and Use, Section 4; Project Planning and Scoping, Section 5: Background Review of CCP Storage Areas, Section 6; Detailed Characterization of CCP Storage Areas, Section 7; Harvesting Planning and Scoping of CCP Storage Areas, Section 8; Harvesting Detailed Design and Approval (as applicable) of CCP Storage Areas, Section 9; and Harvesting Implementation of CCP Storage Areas, Section 10. Not all information within this guide will be necessary for each harvesting project, and the user should determine the applicability of each section.
1.3.1 Section...
- Guide18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When a fluid containing an adsorbate is passed through a bed of activated carbon, chemical reactions may take place between the activated carbon, its other noncarbonaceous constituents, and the adsorbate-containing fluid. The pH of the carbon may be a significant parameter of such a reaction and therefore may be an important characteristic of the carbon.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the pH of a water extract of activated carbon.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Activated carbons used in gas-phase adsorption may be subjected to heating, either from heat applied externally to the carbon bed, or heat generated by radioactive4 contaminants, or by the adsorption process itself. If the application of heat is sudden, or if no ample means to conduct the heat from the carbon bed exists, the carbon bed may ignite. This test method provides a controlled laboratory test to determine the temperatures at which such ignition occurs. As stated in 1.2, this does not necessarily give the temperature at which ignition will occur under a specific bed operating condition. This test method does, however, allow some ranking of carbons with regard to ignition temperature, and is a useful quality control method for unused carbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of reference ignition temperature of granular activated carbon in flowing air. This test method provides a basis for comparing the ignition characteristics of different carbons, or the change in ignition characteristics of the same carbon after a period of service.
1.2 The ignition temperature, as determined by this test method, cannot be interpreted as the probable ignition temperature of the same carbon under the operating conditions of a specific application unless those conditions are essentially the same as those in this test method.2 If it is desired to determine the ignition temperature of the carbon under a specific set of operating conditions, the test may be modified to simulate such conditions, taking into consideration the following variables: (1) air flow rate; (2) moisture content of the carbon; (3) bed depth; (4) relative humidity of the air stream; (5) heating rate; (6) contaminants (for example, hydrocarbons, etc.) in the air stream; and (7) contaminants that may have been adsorbed by the carbon under prior service conditions.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The calculations of analytical data for the coal and coke test parameters listed in Section 6, assume the analysis sample has been prepared according to Practice D2013 and Test Method D3302.
4.2 This practice provides formulas, to enable calculations of data from the as-determined analysis sample to various moisture bases, in common use by the coal and coke industry.
4.3 This practice provides guidance to enable calculations of weight-average data from various lots or sublots, which, initially, are provided at different moisture bases.
4.4 The principles given in this practice are applicable to the calculation of cumulative data (e.g., for trade purposes or for sieve analyses or washability analyses).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice lists formulas that allow analytical data to be expressed in various bases in common use. Such bases are: as received, dry, equilibrium moisture, dry ash free, and others.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vibrated bulk density, VBD, is an indicator of calcined petroleum coke porosity, which affects its suitability for use in pitch-bonded carbon applications. (Warning—Vibrated bulk density for a sample of calcined petroleum coke is strongly dependent upon average particle size and particle size range. Bulk density tends to increase with decreasing coke size. A narrow particle size range for this test minimizes the possibility for variation due to skewing of the test sample toward either screen defining the sample. Particle size range tested should be agreed upon by the purchaser and supplier.)
Note 1: An example of the use of VBD to characterize coke for prebaked anodes for aluminum smelting is reported by Belitskus3 who found particles passing through a 0.59 mm opening, No. 30, sieve and retained on a 0.30 mm opening, No. 50, sieve to be preferred. Other popular ranges are particles passing through a 2.36 mm opening, No. 8, sieve and retained on a 1.17 mm opening, No. 16, sieve for the continuous Soderberg anode process and particles passing through a 6.68 mm opening sieve (equivalent to a 0.265 in. USA Series) and retained on a 3.33 mm opening, No. 6, sieve for graphite electrode manufacture.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk density of a representative 2 kg sample of calcined petroleum coke, after vibration to increase compaction.
1.2 The procedure is limited to particles passing through a 6.68 mm opening sieve (equivalent to a 0.265 in. USA Series) and retained on a 0.21 mm opening sieve (equivalent to a 70 mesh USA Series). Further, the procedure is limited to a specific test sample having particles retained between screens having openings that differ by a factor of less than and preferably less than 2.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The HGI is used to predict the ranking of raw petroleum cokes or calcined petroleum cokes in industrial size mills used for crushing operations. The rankings are based on energy required and feed rate or both.
5.2 The HGI is also used to select raw petroleum cokes and coals that are compatible with each other when milled together in a blend so that segregation of the blend does not occur during particle size reduction.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hardgrove grindability index (HGI) of those petroleum cokes that contain no dedusting additive. The procedure for this test method is the same as in Test Method D409. Sections of this test method contain the significance and use of the HGI of petroleum coke, preliminary sample preparation procedures, and procedure and precision and bias data specific to petroleum coke.
Note 1: The size consistency (particle size distribution) of fluid petroleum coke is generally 100 % passing a 6.7 mm [0.265 in.] sieve and greater than 80 % passing a 2 mm [No. 10] sieve. Much of fluid cokes will pass a 600 μm [No. 30] sieve. Because of this fineness the HGI value is related to the coarser particles in fluid coke and large samples are required to prepare sufficient material of the correct particle size for Test Method D409.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.2.1 Exception—Hardgrove grindability index is unitless.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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