ISO/TC 300 - Solid recovered materials, including solid recovered fuels

This document specifies a method for determination of the moisture content in a test portion of the laboratory sample by drying the test portion in an oven. This method is applicable for routine production control on site, e.g. if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is not required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels. If the solid recovered fuel contains large amounts of oil-fractions, a lower temperature is advisable (e.g. 50 °C ± 10 °C) and a longer drying time until constant mass is achieved. As an alternative, the Karl-Fischer-Titration-Method (see ISO 760[ REF Reference_ref_4 \r \h 1 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0034000000 ]) is advisable. NOTE 1 The total moisture content of recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations. NOTE 2 The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contain varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content of the general analyses sample by oven drying.

This document specifies a method for determining the bulk density of solid recovered fuels (SRF) by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all SRFs with a nominal top size of particle less than 1/3 of the container diameter specified in this document.

This document specifies methods for the determination of major and minor element concentrations in solid recovered fuels after digestion by the use of different acid mixtures and by addition of a fluxing agent for solid recovered fuel (SRF) ash. a) Method A: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid mixture (6 ml HCl; 2 ml HNO3; 2 ml HF) followed by boric acid complexation; b) Method AT: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (6 ml HCl; 2 ml HNO3; 4 ml HBF4); c) Method B: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid mixture (0,5 ml HCl; 6 ml HNO3; 1 ml HF) followed by boric acid complexation; d) Method BT: Microwave assisted digestion with hydrochloric, nitric and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (0,5 ml HCl; 6 ml HNO3; 2 ml HBF4); e) Method C: Microwave assisted digestion with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and hydrofluoric acid mixture (2,5 ml H2O2; 5 ml HNO3; 0,4 ml HF) and optional boric acid complexation; f) Method CT: Microwave assisted digestion with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and tetrafluoroboric acid mixture (2,5 ml H2O2; 5 ml HNO3; 0,8 ml HBF4); g) Method D: Digestion of the ashed SRF sample with fluxing agent lithium metaborate in an oven at 1 050 °C. This document is applicable for the following major and minor/trace elements: — Major elements: aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), silicon (Si) and titanium (Ti). — Minor/trace elements: arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), thallium (Tl), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn). Method A is applicable for general use for SRF and ashed SRFs, but the amount of the test portion can be very low in case of high concentration of organic matter. Method AT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary. Method B with a higher volume of nitric acid is applicable for SRFs with high organic matter (e.g. suitable for high plastic content) that can be difficult to digest with less nitric acid or as a substitute for method A if appropriate equipment is not available. Method BT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary. Method C with combination of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and addition of hydrofluoric acid is applicable for wood based SRFs (e.g. demolition wood) or when there is a need for comparability to solid biofuel standards. Method CT can be used if an alternative to HF is necessary. Method D is specifically applicable for determination of major elements in ashed SRF samples. XRF can be used for the analysis of major elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, Ti) after ashing (815 °C) of the samples and several major and minor/trace elements in SRF can be analysed by XRF after suitable calibration provided that the concentration levels are above instrumental detection limits of the XRF instrumentation and after proper preliminary testing and validation. Digestion methods with HF and subsequent boric acid complexation or application of method D are applicable for determination of Si and Ti (better digestion efficiency). Alternative digestion methods can be applied, if their performance is proved to be comparable with those of the methods described in this document.

This document specifies the determination of the share of material recovery in the case of energy recovery (i.e. co-processing) of solid recovered fuels (SRFs), for example, in a cement kiln. This share, called the recycling index (R-index), is calculated on the basis of the ash content and the ash composition.

This document specifies an analytical method for quantification of the spontaneous heat generation from solid recovered fuels using isothermal calorimetry. This document gives guidance on the applicability and use of the specified analytical method. It further establishes procedures for sampling and sample handling of solid recovered fuels prior to the analysis of spontaneous heat generation. The test procedure given in this document quantifies the thermal power (heat flow) of the sample during the test. It does not identify the source of self-heating in the test portion analysed.

This document gives guidance on basket heating tests for characterization of self-heating properties of solid recovered fuels (SRFs). This document includes: a) a compilation of basket heating test methods; b) guidance on the applicability and use of basket heating tests for SRF; c) information on the application of basket heating test data for calculations of critical conditions in storage. Data on spontaneous heat generation determined using this document is only associated with the specific quality and age of the sample material. The information derived using this document is intended for use in quality control and in hazard and risk assessments related to the procedures given in ISO 21912.

This document specifies methods for sample preparation to ensure representativeness of the samples throughout the preparation procedures to produce general analysis samples. Suitable test portions can be taken from the laboratory or general analysis samples and used for analysis according to the specific requirements defined in the corresponding analytical procedures. This document specifies the correct sample preparation sequence to be applied to: a) the composite sample, in order to produce a laboratory sample (taking into account large pieces of solid recovered fuel); b) each sub-sampling step throughout the testing programme; c) the laboratory sample, in order to obtain suitable test portions; d) ensure the representativeness of the test portions that have been taken according to the sample preparation plan, prior to physical analysis, chemical analysis or both (e.g. extractions, digestion, analytical determinations). The methods specified in this document can be used for sample preparation, for example, when the samples are to be tested for bulk density, biomass content determination, mechanical durability, particle size distribution, moisture content, ash content, ash melting behaviour, calorific value, chemical composition, impurities and self-heating properties. The methods are not intended to be applied to the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.

This document specifies the procedure for a determination of major and minor element concentrations in solid recovered fuel material by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry or wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry using a calibration with solid recovered fuel reference materials or solid recovered fuel samples with known content. A semiquantitative determination can be carried out using matrix independent standards. This document is applicable to the following elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Mo, Cd, Sb, Sn, Tl and Pb. Concentration levels between approximately 0,000 1 % and 100 % can be determined depending on the element, the calibration materials used and the instrument used. NOTE X-ray fluorescence spectrometry can be used as a fast method for a qualitative overview of elements and impurities and after suitable calibration it is very useful for determining major elements or even minor elements (except Hg) in order to quickly identify increased concentrations of minor elements in solid recovered fuels (SRF), for example during SRF-production.

This document addresses the provision of background references that are helpful in defining a more detailed specification for SRF according to its specific end use for energy conversion (EfW plants) and to support the SRF market. The aim is to enable all the interested stakeholders – producers, end users, legislators, local authority bodies and standardization bodies – to guarantee that the SRF complies fully with technical, environmental and economic requirements and to facilitate its social acceptability when utilized for energy conversion. This document is intended to provide references for the specification of SRF produced from non-hazardous waste streams and traded to EfW plants as waste. The quality of such SRF is specified through values for relevant fuel properties, appropriate to the subsequent end uses that have an expected growth or an established/well consolidated role in heat and power generation in waste-to-energy systems: — coal co-combustion in cement kilns, — gasification, — coal co-combustion in power plants. The SRF can also be used in other end-use applications but these are not addressed in this document.

This document specifies a method for the determination of gross calorific value of solid recovered fuels at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a combustion vessel calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid.

This document specifies a classification system for solid recovered fuels (SRF), and a template containing a list of characteristics for the specification of their properties, enabling trade and use of SRF supporting the protection of the environment. SRF are produced from non-hazardous waste. NOTE 1 Untreated municipal solid waste as such cannot be considered SRF. Untreated municipal solid waste can however be feedstock to plants producing SRF. NOTE 2 Chemically treated solid biofuels that do not contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals at levels higher than those in typical virgin material, can be defined as solid biofuels and thus be part of the standard series ISO 17225[1].

This document specifies methods for taking samples of solid recovered fuels for example from production plants, from deliveries or from stock. It includes manual and mechanical methods. It is not applicable to solid recovered fuels that are formed by liquid or sludge, but it includes dewatered sludge.

This document specifies the requirements and a method for the determination of volatile matter of solid recovered fuels.

This document specifies a method for the determination of moisture in a general analysis sample by drying the sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use for general analysis samples in accordance with CEN/TS 15414‑1[3][1]. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels. If solid recovered fuels contain large amounts of oil-fractions the Karl-Fischer-Method (for example ISO 760) is advisable. Otherwise, a lower temperature is recommended (e.g. 50 °C ± 10 °C) and a longer drying time until constant mass is achieved. NOTE The term moisture content, when used with recovered materials, can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e. g. biomass, frequently contain varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content of the general analyses sample by oven drying. [1] The adoption of the standard series EN 15414 as standard series ISO 21660 is planned. ISO 21660‑3 is published in parallel at CEN level as EN 21660-3.

This document specifies methods for the determination of ash content of all solid recovered fuels.

This document provides principles and requirements for safe handling, treatment and storage of solid recovered fuels (SRF), prepared from non-hazardous waste, to be used for energy purposes. This document covers process stages from point of acceptance of material to point of delivery of SRF. This document excludes fuels that are included in the scope of ISO/TC 238 Solid biofuels and ISO/TC 28 Petroleum products and related products of synthetic or biological origin. It uses a risk-based approach to determine what safety measures are to be considered. Although unloading and loading of e.g. vessels, trains or trucks are included, the safety issues following the loading and transport itself are not.

This document specifies three methods for the determination of the biomass content in solid recovered fuels: the 14C content method, the selective dissolution and the manual sorting methods.

This document defines terms for solid recovered fuels to enable the user to understand the scope of the work of ISO/TC 300. Where a term and definition are required in a single standard, the term and definition will be referenced in that standard.

This document specifies the determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur in solid recovered fuels by instrumental method. Depending on the amount of test portion, micro or macro instrumental apparatus are used. This method is applicable for concentrations on dry matter basis of C > 0,1 %, N > 0,1 %, H > 0,1 % and S > 0,05 %.