17 - METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENT. PHYSICAL PHENOMENA
ICS 17 Details
METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENT. PHYSICAL PHENOMENA
METROLOGIE. MESZWESEN. ANGEWANDTE PHYSIK
METROLOGIE ET MESURAGE. PHENOMENES PHYSIQUES
MEROSLOVJE IN MERJENJE. FIZIKALNI POJAVI
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IEC/IEEE 61869-21:2025 provides the requirements, the methods and the guidelines to be applied on the evaluation of uncertainty in testing the accuracy of instrument transformers (IT) with an analogue or a digital secondary signal for measuring, protection and control purposes, with rated frequencies from 15 Hz to 400 Hz.
This document covers the uncertainty evaluation in testing the accuracy of IT (including on-site testing of accuracy) independently of the technology used (either inductive or non-inductive).
This document reports on how to take into account the sources of uncertainty in the setups for accuracy and how to combine their effects in order to evaluate the uncertainty in the test results.
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This document specifies approaches for the determination of plutonium isotopes (238Pu, 239Pu and 240Pu) in urine using alpha spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). It is applicable to the measurement of plutonium isotopes at levels which are appropriate for — workers handling plutonium in planned exposure situations, where detection limits are sufficiently low to be in accordance with dose limits, and — workers, members of the public and emergency responders in emergency exposure situations, where required detection limits can be much higher, and results need to be reported in a short timescale. This document does not provide information on when monitoring is carried out or the interpretation of the results in terms of dose or biological effects.
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The ISO 11929 series specifies a procedure, in the field of ionizing radiation metrology, for the calculation of the “decision threshold”, the “detection limit” and the “limits of the coverage interval” for a non-negative ionizing radiation measurand when counting measurements with preselection of time or counts are carried out. The measurand results from a gross count rate and a background count rate as well as from further quantities on the basis of a model of the evaluation. In particular, the measurand can be the net count rate as the difference of the gross count rate and the background count rate, or the net activity of a sample. It can also be influenced by calibration of the measuring system, by sample treatment and by other factors. ISO 11929 has been divided into four parts covering elementary applications in ISO 11929-1, advanced applications on the basis of the GUM Supplement 1 in this document, applications to unfolding methods in ISO 11929-3, and guidance to the application in ISO 11929-4. ISO 11929-1 covers basic applications of counting measurements frequently used in the field of ionizing radiation metrology. It is restricted to applications for which the uncertainties can be evaluated on the basis of the ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 (JCGM 2008). In ISO 11929-1:2025, Annex A, the special case of repeated counting measurements with random influences is covered, while measurements with linear analogous ratemeters are covered in ISO 11929-1:2025, Annex B. ISO 11929-3 deals with the evaluation of measurements using unfolding methods and counting spectrometric multi-channel measurements if evaluated by unfolding methods, in particular, for alpha- and gamma‑spectrometric measurements. Further, it provides some advice on how to deal with correlations and covariances. ISO 11929-4 gives guidance to the application of ISO 11929, summarizes shortly the general procedure and then presents a wide range of numerical examples. Information on the statistical roots of ISO 11929 and on its current development may be found elsewhere[ REF Reference_ref_37 \r \h 30 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00330037000000 ][ REF Reference_ref_38 \r \h 31 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00330038000000 ]. ISO 11929 also applies analogously to other measurements of any kind especially if a similar model of the evaluation is involved. Further practical examples can be found, for example, in ISO 18589[ REF Reference_ref_8 \r \h 1 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0038000000 ], ISO 9696[ REF Reference_ref_9 \r \h 2 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0039000000 ], ISO 9697[ REF Reference_ref_10 \r \h 3 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310030000000 ], ISO 9698[ REF Reference_ref_11 \r \h 4 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310031000000 ], ISO 10703[ REF Reference_ref_12 \r \h 5 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310032000000 ], ISO 7503[ REF Reference_ref_13 \r \h 6 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310033000000 ], ISO 28218[ REF Reference_ref_14 \r \h 7 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310034000000 ] and ISO 11665[ REF Reference_ref_15 \r \h 8 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310035000000 ]. NOTE A code system, named UncertRadio, is available for calculations according t
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This document specifies the identification of radionuclides and the measurement of their activity in soil using in situ gamma spectrometry with portable systems equipped with germanium or scintillation detectors. This document is suitable to rapidly assess the activity of artificial and natural radionuclides deposited on or present in soil layers of large areas of a site under investigation. This document can be used in connection with radionuclide measurements of soil samples in the laboratory (see ISO 18589-3) in the following cases: — routine surveillance of the impact of radioactivity released from nuclear installations or of the evolution of radioactivity in the region; — investigations of accident and incident situations; — planning and surveillance of remedial action; — decommissioning of installations or the clearance of materials. It can also be used for the identification of airborne artificial radionuclides, when assessing the exposure levels inside buildings or during waste disposal operations. Following a nuclear accident, in situ gamma spectrometry is a powerful method for rapid evaluation of the gamma activity deposited onto the soil surface as well as the surficial contamination of flat objects. NOTE The method described in this document is not suitable when the spatial distribution of the radionuclides in the environment is not precisely known (influence quantities, unknown distribution in soil) or in situations with very high photon flux. However, the use of small volume detectors with suitable electronics allows measurements to be performed under high photon flux.
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IEC 60216-1:2025 specifies the general ageing conditions and procedures to be used for deriving thermal endurance characteristics and gives guidance in using the detailed instructions and guidelines in the other parts of IEC 60216. Although originally developed for use with electrical insulating materials and simple combinations of such materials, the procedures are considered to be of more general applicability and are widely used in the assessment of materials not intended for use as electrical insulation. In the application of this document, it is assumed that a practically linear relationship exists between the logarithm of the time required to cause the predetermined property change and the reciprocal of the corresponding absolute temperature (Arrhenius relationship). For the valid application of this document, no transition, in particular no first-order transition, is expected to occur in the temperature range under study.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) the definition for temperature index (TI) has been updated;
b) requirements for selection of related materials used, e.g. in different colours (5.1.2), have been added;
c) test procedure for thickness sensitivity (5.5 et 6.6) has been added;
d) Annex C "Concepts in earlier editions" has been deleted.
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The ISO 11929 series specifies a procedure, in the field of ionizing radiation metrology, for the calculation of the “decision threshold”, the “detection limit” and the “limits of the coverage interval” for a non-negative ionizing radiation measurand when counting measurements with preselection of time or counts are carried out. The measurand results from a gross count rate and a background count rate as well as from further quantities on the basis of a model of the evaluation. In particular, the measurand can be the net count rate as the difference of the gross count rate and the background count rate, or the net activity of a sample. It can also be influenced by calibration of the measuring system, by sample treatment and by other factors. ISO 11929 has been divided into four parts covering elementary applications in this document, advanced applications on the basis of the ISO/IEC Guide 3-1 in ISO 11929-2, applications to unfolding methods in ISO 11929-3, and guidance to the application in ISO 11929-4. This document covers basic applications of counting measurements frequently used in the field of ionizing radiation metrology. It is restricted to applications for which the uncertainties can be evaluated on the basis of the ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 (JCGM 2008). In REF Annex_sec_A \r \h Annex A 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000C00000041006E006E00650078005F007300650063005F0041000000 , the special case of repeated counting measurements with random influences is covered, while measurements with linear analogous ratemeters are covered in REF Annex_sec_B \r \h Annex B 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000C00000041006E006E00650078005F007300650063005F0042000000 . ISO 11929-2 extends the former ISO 11929:2010 to the evaluation of measurement uncertainties according to the ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008/Suppl 1:2008. ISO 11929-2 also presents some explanatory notes regarding general aspects of counting measurements and on Bayesian statistics in measurements. ISO 11929-3 deals with the evaluation of measurements using unfolding methods and counting spectrometric multi-channel measurements if evaluated by unfolding methods, in particular, for alpha- and gamma‑spectrometric measurements. Further, it provides some advice on how to deal with correlations and covariances. ISO 11929-4 gives guidance to the application of the ISO 11929 series, summarizes shortly the general procedure and then presents a wide range of numerical examples. Information on the statistical roots of ISO 11929 and on its current development may be found elsewhere[ REF Reference_ref_40 \r \h 33 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00340030000000 ][ REF Reference_ref_41 \r \h 34 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00340031000000 ]. The ISO 11929 series also applies analogously to other measurements of any kind especially if a similar model of the evaluation is involved. Further practical examples can be found, for example, in ISO 18589[ REF Reference_ref_8 \r \h 1 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0038000000 ], ISO 9696[ REF Reference_ref_9 \r \h 2 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0039000000 ], ISO 9697[ REF Reference_ref_10 \r \h 3 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310030000000 ], ISO 9698[ REF Reference_ref_11 \r \h 4 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310031000000 ], ISO 10703[ REF Reference_ref_12 \r \h 5 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310032000000 ], ISO 7503[ REF Reference_ref_13 \r \h 6 08D0C9EA79
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The ISO 11929 series specifies a procedure, in the field of ionizing radiation metrology, for the calculation of the “decision threshold”, the “detection limit” and the “limits of the coverage interval” for a non-negative ionizing radiation measurand when counting measurements with preselection of time or counts are carried out. The measurand results from a gross count rate and a background count rate as well as from further quantities on the basis of a model of the evaluation. In particular, the measurand can be the net count rate as the difference of the gross count rate and the background count rate, or the net activity of a sample. It can also be influenced by calibration of the measuring system, by sample treatment and by other factors. ISO 11929 has been divided into four parts covering elementary applications in ISO 11929-1, advanced applications on the basis of the ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008/Suppl 1:2008 in ISO 11929-2, applications to unfolding methods in this document, and guidance to the application in ISO 11929-4. ISO 11929-1 covers basic applications of counting measurements frequently used in the field of ionizing radiation metrology. It is restricted to applications for which the uncertainties can be evaluated on the basis of the ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 (JCGM 2008). In ISO 11929-1:2025, Annex A, the special case of repeated counting measurements with random influences is covered, while measurements with linear analogous ratemeters, are covered in ISO 11929-1:2025, Annex B. This document deals with the evaluation of measurements using unfolding methods and counting spectrometric multi-channel measurements if evaluated by unfolding methods, in particular, for alpha- and gamma‑spectrometric measurements. Further, it provides some advice on how to deal with correlations and covariances. ISO 11929-4 gives guidance to the application of the ISO 11929 series, summarizes shortly the general procedure and then presents a wide range of numerical examples. ISO 11929 Standard also applies analogously to other measurements of any kind especially if a similar model of the evaluation is involved. Further practical examples can be found, for example, in ISO 18589[ REF Reference_ref_14 \r \h 7 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310034000000 ], ISO 9696[ REF Reference_ref_9 \r \h 2 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0039000000 ], ISO 9697[ REF Reference_ref_10 \r \h 3 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310030000000 ], ISO 9698[ REF Reference_ref_11 \r \h 4 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310031000000 ], ISO 10703[ REF Reference_ref_12 \r \h 5 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310032000000 ], ISO 7503[ REF Reference_ref_8 \r \h 1 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0038000000 ], ISO 28218[ REF Reference_ref_15 \r \h 8 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310035000000 ], and ISO 11665[ REF Reference_ref_13 \r \h 6 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310033000000 ]. NOTE A code system, named UncertRadio, is available for calculations according to ISO 11929- 1 to ISO 11929-3. UncertRadio[ REF Reference_ref_42 \r \h 35 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00340032000000 ][ REF Reference_ref_43 \r \h 36 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00340033000000 ] can be downloaded
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1.1 General This document specifies methods for determining the sound power level of a noise source from sound pressure levels measured on a surface enveloping the noise source (machinery or equipment) in an environment that approximates to an acoustic free field near one or more reflecting planes. The sound power level produced by the noise source, in frequency bands or with A-weighting applied, is calculated using those measurements. NOTE Differently shaped measurement surfaces can yield differing estimates of the sound power level of a given noise source which are accounted for in the uncertainty associated with this test method. An appropriately drafted noise test code (see ISO 12001) gives detailed information on the selection of the surface. 1.2 Types of noise and noise sources The methods specified in this document are suitable for all types of noise (steady, non-steady, and fluctuating) as defined in ISO 12001, except for short duration, impulsive events. This document is applicable to all types and sizes of noise source (e.g. stationary or slowly moving component or sub-assembly), provided that the conditions for the measurements can be met. NOTE It is possible that the conditions for measurements given in this document are impracticable for very tall or very long sources such as chimneys, ducts, conveyors and multi-source industrial plants. A noise test code for the determination of noise emission of specific sources can provide alternative methods in such cases. 1.3 Test environment The test environments that are applicable for measurements made in accordance with this document can be located indoors or outdoors, with one or more sound-reflecting planes present on or near which the noise source under test is mounted. The ideal environment is a completely open space with no bounding or reflecting surfaces other than the reflecting plane(s), such as that provided by a qualified hemi-anechoic chamber, but procedures are given for applying corrections (within limits that are specified) in the case of environments that are less than ideal. Annex A or ISO 26101-2 specifies methods for determining the adequacy of the test environment and for determination of corrections to be applied to account for the effect of the test environment. 1.4 Measurement uncertainty Information is given on the uncertainty of the sound power levels determined in accordance with this document, for measurements made in limited bands of frequency and with frequency A-weighting applied. Annex I specifies procedures for testing laboratories that can be used to reduce measurement uncertainty. The uncertainty conforms to ISO 12001, accuracy grade 2 (engineering grade). General information on measurement uncertainty is provided in this document and additional information can be found in ISO 5114-1[8].
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IEC 61874:2025 applies to equipment consisting of:
- a borehole logging probe equipped with a collimated radioisotope (gamma) source (during the actual measurements only) and a detector unit to measure scattered gamma radiation;
- a hoisting system and depth measuring system;
- other instruments and devices (power supply, pulse converter/amplifier, ratemeter, recorder, signal processing and readout units).
This document defines the terminology, specifies the types of apparatus, design and general technical requirements, specific radiation performance, electrical, mechanical, safe and environmental performance requirements. It also defines test and calibration procedures and covers electrical safety and radiation protection issues. Further, it gives recommendations about items included in the manufacturer's operation and maintenance documentation (or certificate).
The purpose of this document is to specify design requirements and performance characteristics of nuclear instrumentation used in boreholes to determine bulk rock density in situ. With suitable response charts the measurements can be equated to rock lithology and porosity.
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This part of CISPR 16 specifies the characteristics and performance of equipment for the measurement of radiated disturbances in the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz. Specifications for antennas and test sites are included.
NOTE In accordance with IEC Guide 107 [1], 1 CISPR 16-1-4 is a basic EMC publication for use by product committees of the IEC. As stated in Guide 107, product committees are responsible for determining the applicability of the EMC standard. CISPR and its sub-committees are prepared to cooperate with product committees in the evaluation of the value of particular EMC tests for specific products.
The requirements of this publication apply at all frequencies and for all levels of radiated disturbances within the CISPR indicating range of the measuring equipment.
Methods of measurement are covered in CISPR 16-2-3, further information on radio disturbance is given in CISPR TR 16-3 [2], and uncertainties, statistics, and limit modelling are covered in CISPR 16-4 series.
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IEC/IEEE 80005-3:2025 specifies provisions for the design, installation and testing of low-voltage shore connection (LVSC) systems, onboard ships and on shore, to supply the ship with electrical power from shore.
This document is applicable to:
- ships requiring up to 1 MVA while at berth;
- three-phase shore connection systems rated 250 A and above, and with a nominal voltage rating of 400 V AC to 1 000 V AC;
- shore-side connection systems;
- shore-to-ship connection and interface equipment;
- transformers and reactors;
- semiconductor and rotating frequency convertors;
- ship-side connection systems;
- protection, control, monitoring, interlocking and power management systems.
This document does not apply to:
- inland navigation vessels;
- high-voltage shore connection systems, including ships built in accordance with the annexes of IEC/IEEE 80005-1;
- the electrical power supply during docking periods, for example dry docking and other out-of-service maintenance and repair;
- systems to be operated by ordinary persons as defined in 3.19.
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IEC 61326-2-7:2025 specifies the EMC test requirements for process automation equipment using at least one Ethernet APL (Ethernet ADVANCED PHYSICAL LAYER) compliant port according IEC TS 63444. The type of equipment covered by this document includes INFRASTRUCTURE DEVICES such as switches as well as measurement and control devices. This document provides requirements for the EMC test setups of the APL interface for devices intended for use in process control and process measurement.
The other functions of the equipment remain covered by other parts of the IEC 61326 series.
NOTE Ethernet-APL uses IEEE Std. 802.3 2022 Ethernet Physical Layer 10BASE-T1L, suitable to be used for full-duplex communication over a single balanced pair of conductors.
The test levels are based on the intended environment as stated in the product’s specification or user documentation and selected appropriately from IEC 61326-1.
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This document specifies the different methods intended for assessing the radon diffusion coefficient in waterproofing materials such as bitumen or polymeric membranes, coatings or paints, as well as assumptions and boundary conditions that shall be met during the test. This document is not applicable for porous materials, where radon diffusion depends on porosity and moisture content.
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This document defines the procedures for noise control of primarily open plants and the requirements on equipment suppliers for reporting and testing of noise. It is applicable to the following: — specification of procedures for noise control during engineering of a new plant and modification/extension of existing plants (construction and commissioning noise procedures are outside the scope of this document); — definition of responsibilities of parties involved, viz. “end-user”, “engineering contractor” and “equipment supplier”; — description of general procedures to arrive at noise requirements for individual equipment, based on overall noise requirements for the plant. Input to purchase specifications is presented in REF Annex_sec_A \r \h Annex A. A schematic flowchart, reviewing the noise control process, is presented in REF Annex_sec_B \r \h Annex B 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000C00000041006E006E00650078005F007300650063005F0042000000 and a summary of action items is presented in REF Annex_sec_C \r \h Annex C 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000C00000041006E006E00650078005F007300650063005F0043000000 . An example of an equipment noise data sheet is presented in REF Annex_sec_E \r \h Annex E 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000C00000041006E006E00650078005F007300650063005F0045000000 .
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IEC 61252:2025 specifies – performance specifications for personal sound exposure meters, – details of the tests necessary to verify conformance to all mandatory specifications for the purpose of pattern evaluation, and – procedures for periodic testing of a personal sound exposure meter. Personal sound exposure meters conforming to the requirements of this document have a specified frequency response for sound incident on the microphone from all directions. This document is applicable to instruments that are designed to be worn on a person in a configuration specified by the manufacturer for the measurement of sound immission resulting from steady, intermittent, fluctuating, irregular, or impulsive sounds. For reproducibility of results, specifications and tests for the response to sound waves apply without an operator present in the sound field. Pattern evaluation tests and periodic tests described in this this document apply to personal sound exposure meters for which the manufacturer claims conformance to the specifications given in this document. IEC 61252:2025 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1993, Amendment 1:2000, and Amendment 2:2017. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) personal sound exposure meters are required to provide indications of time-averaged sound level and peak sound level; b) sound exposure is an optional quantity for indication; c) specifications for physical quantities that do not follow the principle of equal-energy exchange rate have been added; d) specifications for directional response have been added; e) specifications for frequency weightings apply to the relative diffuse-field frequency response; f) determination of conformance to specifications takes account of uncertainties of measurement; g) detailed requirements for pattern-evaluation tests and periodic testing have been added.
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ISO/IEC 11801-1:2017(E) This document specifies a multi-vendor cabling system which may be implemented with material from single or multiple sources. This part of ISO/IEC 11801 defines requirements that are common to the other parts of the ISO/IEC 11801 series. Cabling specified by this document supports a wide range of services including voice, data, and vido that may also incorporate the supply of power.
The contents of the corrigendum of April 2018 have been included in this copy.
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This document provides general methods for measurement and calculation of quantities associated with human exposure to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 0 Hz to 300 GHz. It is intended specifically to be used for the assessment of emissions from products and comparison of these with the exposure limits for the general public given in Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC, and those given for workers in Directive 2013/35/EU, as appropriate. It also is intended to be used for assessment of human exposure to electromagnetic fields in the workplace to determine compliance with the requirements of Directive 2013/35/EU. This standard deals with quantities that can be measured or calculated external to the body, notably electric and magnetic field strength or power density, and includes the measurement and calculation of quantities inside the body that form the basis for protection guidelines. In particular the standard provides information on: - definitions and terminology, - characteristics of electromagnetic fields, - measurement of exposure quantities, - instrumentation requirements, - methods of calibration, - measurement techniques and procedures for evaluating exposure, - calculation methods for exposure assessment. Where an applicable electromagnetic field standard specific to a product or technology exists it is expected to be used rather than this document. EN 62311:-, Table 1 gives a list of relevant standards.
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IEC 63616:2025 relates to a conductivity measurement method of thin metal films at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. This method has been developed to evaluate the conductivity of a metal foil used for adhering to a substrate or the interfacial conductivity of a metal layer formed on a dielectric substrate. It uses higher-order modes of a balanced-type circular disk resonator and provides broadband conductivity measurements by using a single resonator.
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IEC 63297:2025 provides a classification of NILM sensing devices for use in NILM systems, according to the state of the art of NILM technologies.
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IEC 63522-31:2025 This part of IEC 63522 is used for testing all kind of electrical relays and for evaluating their ability to perform under expected conditions of transportation, storage and all aspects of operational use.
This document defines a standard test method to investigate the effect of remanence in the magnetic circuit of relays with DC coil.
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This document gives general guidance on evaluating the sources of error in optical transfer function (OTF) equipment and in using this information to estimate errors in a measurement of OTF. It also gives guidance on assessing and specifying a general uncertainty for a specific measuring equipment, as well as recommending methods of routine assessment. The main body of this document deals exclusively with the modulation transfer function (MTF) part of the OTF. The phase transfer function (PTF) is dealt with relatively briefly in Annex A.
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This document specifies determining sound power levels of fans under standardized laboratory conditions from sound pressure levels measured in a reverberant room. This document is applicable for determination of the acoustic performance of fans. This document can additionally be applied to determine the acoustic performance of fans combined with an ancillary device, such as a roof cowl or damper or, where the fan is fitted with a silencer, the sound power resulting from the fan and silencer combination. For guidance of testing with ancillary items, see Annex C. This document applies to fans as defined in ISO 13349-1. It is limited to the determination of airborne sound emission for the specified set-ups. Vibration is not measured, nor is the sensitivity of airborne sound emission to vibration effects determined. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 5136, which covers the in-duct method, and ISO 10302-1 for small fans. The size of fans which can be tested in accordance with this document is limited only by the practical aspects of the test set-up. Test fan dimensions and air performance will control the room size. NOTE Based on usage, small fans can be tested according to this document or to ISO 10302-1. For reverberant field tests, the size of equipment under test is limited to less than 2 % of the room volume. For low power fans (up to 3 kW) that can be run from a domestic power supply (single phase AC at a voltage not exceeding 250 V and a current not exceeding 16 A), reference IEC 60704-2-7[18]. The test arrangements in this document establish the laboratory conditions necessary for a successful test. It is difficult to meet these requirements in situ and this document is not intended for field measurements. In these situations, users are reminded that the acoustic environment is unlikely to meet the specified conditions and there can be additional acoustic system effects where inlet and outlet conditions at the fan are less than ideal.
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This document specifies a screening test method to quantify rapidly the activity concentration of gamma-emitting radionuclides, such as 131I, 132Te, 134Cs and 137Cs, in solid or liquid test samples using gamma-ray spectrometry with lower resolution scintillation detectors as compared with the HPGe detectors (see IEC 61563[7]).
This test method can be used for the measurement of any potentially contaminated environmental matrices (including soil), food and feed samples as well as industrial materials or products that have been properly conditioned[8]. Sample preparation techniques used in the screening method are not specified in this document, since special sample preparation techniques other than simple machining (cutting, grinding, etc.) should not be required. Although the sampling procedure is of utmost importance in the case of the measurement of radioactivity in samples, it is out of scope of this document; other International Standards for sampling procedures that can be used in combination with this document are available (see References [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]).
The test method applies to the measurement of gamma-emitting radionuclides such as 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs. Using sample sizes of 0,5 l to 1,0 l in a Marinelli beaker and a counting time of 5 min to 20 min, decision threshold of 10 Bq·kg−1 can be achievable using a commercially available scintillation spectrometer [e.g. thallium activated sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) spectrometer 2” ϕ × 2” (50,8 mm Ø x 50,8 mm) detector size, 7 % resolution (FWHM) at 662 keV, 30 mm lead shield thickness].
This test method also can be performed in a “makeshift” laboratory or even outside a testing laboratory on samples directly measured in the field where they were collected.
During a nuclear or radiological emergency, this test method enables a rapid measurement of the activity concentration of potentially contaminated samples to check against operational intervention levels (OILs) set up by decision makers that would trigger a predetermined emergency response to reduce existing radiation risks[2].
Due to the uncertainty associated with the results obtained with this test method, test samples requiring more accurate test results can be measured using high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors gamma-ray spectrometry in a testing laboratory, following appropriate preparation of the test samples[15][16].
This document does not contain criteria to establish the activity concentration of OILs.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document applies to water meters used to meter the volume of cold potable water and hot water flowing through a fully charged, closed conduit. These water meters incorporate devices which indicate the integrated volume.
This document specifies criteria for the selection of single, combination and concentric water meters, associated fittings, installation, special requirements for meters, and the first operation of new or repaired meters to ensure accurate constant measurement and reliable reading of the meter.
In addition to meters based on mechanical principles, this document also applies to water meters based on electrical or electronic principles, and to water meters based on mechanical principles incorporating electronic devices, used to measure the volume of cold potable water and hot water. It also applies to electronic ancillary devices. Ancillary devices are optional. However, national or international regulations may make some ancillary devices mandatory in relation to the utilization of the water meter.
The recommendations of this document apply to water meters, irrespective of technology, defined as integrating measuring instruments determining the volume of water flowing through them.
NOTE Any national regulations apply in the country of use.
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IEC 60645-7:2025 applies to instruments designed for the measurement of auditory evoked potentials from the inner ear, the auditory nerve, and the brainstem, evoked by either acoustic or vibratory stimuli of short duration. This document defines the characteristics to be specified by the manufacturer, specifies performance requirements for two types of instruments (screening and diagnostic/clinical), and specifies the functions to be provided on these types. It also specifies a means of describing the physical characteristics, in terms of electrical waveforms, of audiometric reference and test signals of short duration used with auditory evoked potential equipment and other equipment (e.g. otoacoustic emission instruments), and methods for their measurement. The purpose of this document is to ensure that measurements made under comparable test conditions with different instruments complying with this document will be consistent. This document is not intended to restrict development or incorporation of new features, nor to discourage innovative approaches. Evoked response measurement using the application of electric stimuli to a subject is beyond the scope of this document.
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This document presents methods for determining the critical value of the response variable and the minimum detectable value in Poisson distribution measurements. It is applicable when variations in both the background noise and the signal are describable by the Poisson distribution. The conventional approximation is used to approximate the Poisson distribution by the normal distribution consistent with ISO 11843-3 and ISO 11843-4. The accuracy of the normal approximation as compared to the exact Poisson distribution is discussed in Annex B.
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IEC 60645-7:2025 applies to instruments designed for the measurement of auditory evoked potentials from the inner ear, the auditory nerve, and the brainstem, evoked by either acoustic or vibratory stimuli of short duration. This document defines the characteristics to be specified by the manufacturer, specifies performance requirements for two types of instruments (screening and diagnostic/clinical), and specifies the functions to be provided on these types. It also specifies a means of describing the physical characteristics, in terms of electrical waveforms, of audiometric reference and test signals of short duration used with auditory evoked potential equipment and other equipment (e.g. otoacoustic emission instruments), and methods for their measurement. The purpose of this document is to ensure that measurements made under comparable test conditions with different instruments complying with this document will be consistent. This document is not intended to restrict development or incorporation of new features, nor to discourage innovative approaches. Evoked response measurement using the application of electric stimuli to a subject is beyond the scope of this document.
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IEC 61252:2025 specifies
– performance specifications for personal sound exposure meters,
– details of the tests necessary to verify conformance to all mandatory specifications for the purpose of pattern evaluation, and
– procedures for periodic testing of a personal sound exposure meter.
Personal sound exposure meters conforming to the requirements of this document have a specified frequency response for sound incident on the microphone from all directions.
This document is applicable to instruments that are designed to be worn on a person in a configuration specified by the manufacturer for the measurement of sound immission resulting from steady, intermittent, fluctuating, irregular, or impulsive sounds. For reproducibility of results, specifications and tests for the response to sound waves apply without an operator present in the sound field.
Pattern evaluation tests and periodic tests described in this this document apply to personal sound exposure meters for which the manufacturer claims conformance to the specifications given in this document.
IEC 61252:2025 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1993, Amendment 1:2000, and Amendment 2:2017. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) personal sound exposure meters are required to provide indications of time-averaged sound level and peak sound level;
b) sound exposure is an optional quantity for indication;
c) specifications for physical quantities that do not follow the principle of equal-energy exchange rate have been added;
d) specifications for directional response have been added;
e) specifications for frequency weightings apply to the relative diffuse-field frequency response;
f) determination of conformance to specifications takes account of uncertainties of measurement;
g) detailed requirements for pattern-evaluation tests and periodic testing have been added.
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This document specifies methods for the measurement of the absorbed-dose rate in a tissue-equivalent slab phantom in the ISO 6980 reference beta-particle radiation fields. The energy range of the beta-particle-emitting isotopes covered by these reference radiations is 0,22 MeV to 3,6 MeV maximum beta energy corresponding to 0,07 MeV to 1,2 MeV mean beta energy. Radiation energies outside this range are beyond the scope of this document. While measurements in a reference geometry (depth of 0,07 mm or 3 mm at perpendicular incidence in a tissue‑equivalent slab phantom) with an extrapolation chamber used as primary standard are dealt with in detail, the use of other measurement systems and measurements in other geometries are also described, although in less detail. However, as noted in ICRU 56, the ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), used for area monitoring, and the personal dose equivalent, Hp(10), as used for individual monitoring, of strongly penetrating radiation, are not appropriate quantities for any beta radiation, even that which penetrates 10 mm of tissue (Emax > 2 MeV).
This document is intended for those organizations wishing to establish primary dosimetry capabilities for beta particles and serves as a guide to the performance of dosimetry with an extrapolation chamber used as primary standard for beta‑particle dosimetry in other fields. Guidance is also provided on the statement of measurement uncertainties.
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This document describes a generic test method for measuring alpha emitting radionuclides, for all types of samples (soil, sediment, construction material, foodstuff, water, airborne, environmental bio-indicator, human biological samples as urine, faeces etc.) by alpha spectrometry. This method can be used for any type of environmental study or monitoring of alpha emitting radionuclides activities.
If relevant, this test method requires appropriate sample pre-treatment followed by specific chemical separation of the test portion in order to obtain a thin source proper to alpha spectrometry measurement.
This test method can be used to determine the activity, specific activity or activity concentration of a sample containing alpha emitting radionuclides such as 210Po, 226Ra, 228Th, 229Th, 230Th, 232Th, 232U,234U, 235U, 238U, 238Pu, 239+240Pu, 241Am or 243+244Cm.
This test method can be used to measure very low levels of activity, one or two orders of magnitude less than the usual natural levels of alpha emitting radionuclides. Annexes B of UNSCEAR 2000 and UNSCEAR 2008 give, respectively, typical natural activity concentrations for air, foods, drinking waters and, soils and building materials. The detection limit of the test method depends on the amount of the sample material analysed (mass or volume) after concentration, chemical yield, thickness of measurement source and counting time.
The quantity of the sample to be collected and analysed depends on the expected activity of the sample and the detection limit to achieve.
- Standard47 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes procedures for calibrating and determining the response of dosemeters and dose-rate meters in terms of the operational quantities for radiation protection purposes defined by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). However, as noted in ICRU 56, the ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), used for area monitoring, and the personal dose equivalent, Hp(10), as used for individual monitoring, of strongly penetrating radiation, are not appropriate quantities for any beta radiation, even that which penetrates 10 mm of tissue (Emax > 2 MeV).
This document is a guide for those who calibrate protection-level dosemeters and dose-rate meters with beta-reference radiation and determine their response as a function of beta-particle energy and angle of incidence. Such measurements can represent part of a type test during the course of which the effect of other influence quantities on the response is examined. This document does not cover the in-situ calibration of fixed, installed area dosemeters. The term “dosemeter” is used as a generic term denoting any dose or dose-rate meter for individual or area monitoring. In addition to the description of calibration procedures, this document includes recommendations for appropriate phantoms and the way to determine appropriate conversion coefficients. Guidance is provided on the statement of measurement uncertainties and the preparation of calibration records and certificates.
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This document specifies the requirements for reference beta radiation fields produced by radioactive sources to be used for the calibration of personal and area dosemeters and dose-rate meters to be used for the determination of the quantities Hp(0,07), H'(0,07;Ω), Hp(3) and H'(3;Ω), and for the determination of their response as a function of beta particle energy and angle of incidence. The basic quantity in beta dosimetry is the absorbed-dose rate in a tissue-equivalent slab phantom. This document gives the characteristics of radionuclides that have been used to produce reference beta radiation fields, gives examples of suitable source constructions and describes methods for the measurement of the residual maximum beta particle energy and the dose equivalent rate at a depth of 0,07 mm in the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) sphere. The energy range involved lies between 0,22 MeV and 3,6 MeV maximum beta energy corresponding to 0,07 MeV to 1,2 MeV mean beta energy and the dose equivalent rates are in the range from about 10 µSv·h-1 to at least 10 Sv·h-1.. In addition, for some sources, variations of the dose equivalent rate as a function of the angle of incidence are given. However, as noted in ICRU 56[5], the ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), used for area monitoring, and the personal dose equivalent, Hp(10), as used for individual monitoring, of strongly penetrating radiation, are not appropriate quantities for any beta radiation, even that which penetrates 10 mm of tissue (Emax > 2 MeV).
This document is applicable to two series of reference beta radiation fields, from which the radiation necessary for determining the characteristics (calibration and energy and angular dependence of response) of an instrument can be selected.
Series 1 reference radiation fields are produced by radioactive sources used with beam-flattening filters designed to give uniform dose equivalent rates over a large area at a specified distance. The proposed sources of 106Ru/106Rh, 90Sr/90Y, 85Kr, 204Tl and 147Pm produce maximum dose equivalent rates of approximately 200 mSv·h–1.
Series 2 reference radiation fields are produced without the use of beam-flattening filters, which allows large area planar sources and a range of source-to-calibration plane distances to be used. Close to the sources, only relatively small areas of uniform dose rate are produced, but this series has the advantage of extending the energy and dose rate ranges beyond those of series 1. The series also include radiation fields using polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) absorbers to reduce the maximum beta particle energy. The radionuclides used are those of series 1; these sources produce dose equivalent rates of up to 10 Sv·h–1.
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This document specifies measurement methods and conditions to obtain reproducible and comparable exterior noise emission levels and spectra for all kinds of vehicles operating on rails or other types of fixed track, hereinafter conventionally called “unit”.
This document is applicable to type testing of units.
It provides measurement procedures for vehicle exterior noise (in general, a vehicle type test is carried out using only a selected subset of these tests):
— when the vehicle is moving at constant speed;
— when the vehicle is accelerating or decelerating;
— when the vehicle is stationary in different operating conditions.
It does not include all the instructions to characterize the noise emission of the infrastructure related sources (bridges, crossings, switching, impact noise, curving noise, etc.).
This document does not apply to
— the noise emission of track maintenance units while working,
— environmental impact assessment (collection of data to be used in a prediction method for environmental assessment),
— noise immission assessment,
— guided buses, and
— warning signal noise.
The results can be used, for example
— to characterize the exterior noise emitted by units,
— to compare the noise emission of various units on a particular track section, and
— to collect basic source data for units.
NOTE Additional guidance is provided in Annex E for measurements in the specific case of urban rail vehicles.
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This part of IEC 61340 provides test methods and procedures for evaluating and selecting air ionization equipment and systems (ionizers).
This document establishes measurement techniques, under specified conditions, to determine offset voltage (ion balance) and decay (charge neutralization) time for ionizers.
This document does not include measurements of electromagnetic interference (EMI), or the use of ionizers in connection with ordnance, flammables, explosive items or electrically initiated explosive devices.
As contained in this document, the test methods and test conditions can be used by manufacturers of ionizers to provide performance data describing their products. Users of ionizers are urged to modify the test methods and test conditions for their specific application in order to qualify ionizers for use, or to make periodic verifications of ionizer performance. The user will decide the extent of the data required for each application.
See Annex A for information regarding theoretical background and additional information on the standard test method for the performance of ionizers.
CAUTION: Procedures and equipment described in this document can expose personnel to hazardous electrical and non-electrical conditions. Users of this document are responsible for selecting equipment that complies with applicable laws, regulatory codes and both external and internal policy. Users are cautioned that this document cannot replace or supersede any requirements for personnel safety. See Annex C for safety considerations.
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This document specifies requirements for the measurement of preheating temperature, interpass temperature and preheat maintenance temperature for fusion welding. This document can also be applied as appropriate in the case of other welding processes. This document does not apply to the measurement of post weld heat treatment temperatures.
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This document describes the use of robust methods for analysing the results of precision experiments without using outlier tests to exclude data from the calculations, and in particular, the detailed use of several such methods. The robust methods described in this document allow the data to be analysed in such a way that it is not required to make decisions about outliers that affect the results of the calculations.
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- Standard39 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
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IEC 60704-2-3:2025 applies to single unit electric dishwashers for household and similar use, with or without automatic programme control, for cold and/or warm water supply, for detachable or permanent connection to water supply or sewage systems, intended for placing on the floor against a wall, for building-in or placing under a counter, a kitchen worktop or under a sink, for wall-mounting or on a counter. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2017. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) alignment to IEC 60704-1:2021,
b) change of the position of the test sample in the test enclosure (aligned to IEC 60704 1:2021),
c) detergent changed (aligned to IEC 60436:2025).
This International Standard is intended to be used in conjunction with the fourth edition of IEC 60704-1:2021.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of IEC 61340 provides test methods and procedures for evaluating and selecting air ionization equipment and systems (ionizers). This document establishes measurement techniques, under specified conditions, to determine offset voltage (ion balance) and decay (charge neutralization) time for ionizers. This document does not include measurements of electromagnetic interference (EMI), or the use of ionizers in connection with ordnance, flammables, explosive items or electrically initiated explosive devices. As contained in this document, the test methods and test conditions can be used by manufacturers of ionizers to provide performance data describing their products. Users of ionizers are urged to modify the test methods and test conditions for their specific application in order to qualify ionizers for use, or to make periodic verifications of ionizer performance. The user will decide the extent of the data required for each application. See Annex A for information regarding theoretical background and additional information on the standard test method for the performance of ionizers. CAUTION: Procedures and equipment described in this document can expose personnel to hazardous electrical and non-electrical conditions. Users of this document are responsible for selecting equipment that complies with applicable laws, regulatory codes and both external and internal policy. Users are cautioned that this document cannot replace or supersede any requirements for personnel safety. See Annex C for safety considerations.
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This document specifies requirements for indicating linear sizes.
This document establishes the default specification operator (see ISO 17450-2) and defines a special specification operator for linear sizes.
This document is applicable to the following features of linear size (see ISO 17450-1):
— cylinders;
— spheres;
— two parallel opposite planes.
This document provides a set of tools to express several types of linear size characteristics. It does not present any information on the relationship between a function or a use and a linear size characteristic.
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This document a) establishes common concepts for condition monitoring and diagnostics of machine systems, simplifying communication between the users and manufacturers of condition monitoring and diagnostics systems; b) establishes technical characteristics and describes principles for condition monitoring and diagnostics of machine systems; c) gives guidance on developing condition monitoring and diagnostics systems; and d) gives guidance on selecting an appropriate diagnostic approach in the particular application. This document is applicable to any machine system whose state can be described by measuring or observing its operational parameters (or inputs) and responses (or outputs).
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- Amendment7 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a screening test method to quantify rapidly the activity concentration of gamma-emitting radionuclides, such as 131I, 132Te, 134Cs and 137Cs, in solid or liquid test samples using gamma-ray spectrometry with lower resolution scintillation detectors as compared with the HPGe detectors (see IEC 61563[7]).
This test method can be used for the measurement of any potentially contaminated environmental matrices (including soil), food and feed samples as well as industrial materials or products that have been properly conditioned[8]. Sample preparation techniques used in the screening method are not specified in this document, since special sample preparation techniques other than simple machining (cutting, grinding, etc.) should not be required. Although the sampling procedure is of utmost importance in the case of the measurement of radioactivity in samples, it is out of scope of this document; other International Standards for sampling procedures that can be used in combination with this document are available (see References [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]).
The test method applies to the measurement of gamma-emitting radionuclides such as 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs. Using sample sizes of 0,5 l to 1,0 l in a Marinelli beaker and a counting time of 5 min to 20 min, decision threshold of 10 Bq·kg−1 can be achievable using a commercially available scintillation spectrometer [e.g. thallium activated sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) spectrometer 2” ϕ × 2” (50,8 mm Ø x 50,8 mm) detector size, 7 % resolution (FWHM) at 662 keV, 30 mm lead shield thickness].
This test method also can be performed in a “makeshift” laboratory or even outside a testing laboratory on samples directly measured in the field where they were collected.
During a nuclear or radiological emergency, this test method enables a rapid measurement of the activity concentration of potentially contaminated samples to check against operational intervention levels (OILs) set up by decision makers that would trigger a predetermined emergency response to reduce existing radiation risks[2].
Due to the uncertainty associated with the results obtained with this test method, test samples requiring more accurate test results can be measured using high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors gamma-ray spectrometry in a testing laboratory, following appropriate preparation of the test samples[15][16].
This document does not contain criteria to establish the activity concentration of OILs.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the temperatures and enthalpies of melting and crystallization of crystalline or partially crystalline plastics using conventional DSC as specified in ISO 11357-1.
This document is not applicable to fast DSC as specified in ISO 23976.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of reaction temperatures and times, enthalpies of reaction, and degrees of conversion using conventional differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as specified in ISO 11357-1.
The method applies to monomers, prepolymers, and polymers in the solid or liquid state. The material can contain fillers and/or initiators in the solid or liquid state.
This document is not applicable to fast DSC as specified in ISO 23976.[1]
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This document describes procedures for calibrating and determining the response of dosemeters and dose-rate meters in terms of the operational quantities for radiation protection purposes defined by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). However, as noted in ICRU 56, the ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), used for area monitoring, and the personal dose equivalent, Hp(10), as used for individual monitoring, of strongly penetrating radiation, are not appropriate quantities for any beta radiation, even that which penetrates 10 mm of tissue (Emax > 2 MeV).
This document is a guide for those who calibrate protection-level dosemeters and dose-rate meters with beta-reference radiation and determine their response as a function of beta-particle energy and angle of incidence. Such measurements can represent part of a type test during the course of which the effect of other influence quantities on the response is examined. This document does not cover the in-situ calibration of fixed, installed area dosemeters. The term “dosemeter” is used as a generic term denoting any dose or dose-rate meter for individual or area monitoring. In addition to the description of calibration procedures, this document includes recommendations for appropriate phantoms and the way to determine appropriate conversion coefficients. Guidance is provided on the statement of measurement uncertainties and the preparation of calibration records and certificates.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for the measurement of the absorbed-dose rate in a tissue-equivalent slab phantom in the ISO 6980 reference beta-particle radiation fields. The energy range of the beta-particle-emitting isotopes covered by these reference radiations is 0,22 MeV to 3,6 MeV maximum beta energy corresponding to 0,07 MeV to 1,2 MeV mean beta energy. Radiation energies outside this range are beyond the scope of this document. While measurements in a reference geometry (depth of 0,07 mm or 3 mm at perpendicular incidence in a tissue‑equivalent slab phantom) with an extrapolation chamber used as primary standard are dealt with in detail, the use of other measurement systems and measurements in other geometries are also described, although in less detail. However, as noted in ICRU 56, the ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), used for area monitoring, and the personal dose equivalent, Hp(10), as used for individual monitoring, of strongly penetrating radiation, are not appropriate quantities for any beta radiation, even that which penetrates 10 mm of tissue (Emax > 2 MeV).
This document is intended for those organizations wishing to establish primary dosimetry capabilities for beta particles and serves as a guide to the performance of dosimetry with an extrapolation chamber used as primary standard for beta‑particle dosimetry in other fields. Guidance is also provided on the statement of measurement uncertainties.
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