17.220.01 - Electricity. Magnetism. General aspects
ICS 17.220.01 Details
Electricity. Magnetism. General aspects
Elektrizitat, Magnetismus sowie elektrische und magnetische Messungen im allgemeinen
Electricite. Magnetisme. Aspects generaux
Elektrika. Magnetizem. Splošni vidiki
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This part of IEC 60404 is applicable to surface insulation coatings on electrical steel strip and
sheet classified in IEC 60404-1-1.
This document defines the general principles and technical details of the tests for the
assessment of the thermal endurance of surface insulation coatings on electrical steel strip and
sheet.
The assessment is made by evaluating the change of a specified property of the surface
insulation coating due to a heat treatment at a specified temperature up to 850 °C for a specified
duration time up to 2 500 h. The specified property is measured at an ambient temperature of
(23 ± 5) °C both without heat treatment and after heat treatment.
This document is applicable to the following properties of surface insulation coatings:
– adhesion;
– surface insulation resistance;
– stacking factor.
This document is not applicable to other properties of surface insulation coatings, e.g. welding
properties, or to other effects, e.g. discoloration and off-gassing, which can be caused by
exposure to elevated temperatures.
NOTE Some of the tests take a very long time to perform and therefore they are often not appropriate for acceptance
tests of material supplied on a specific order.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60404-12:2023 is applicable to surface insulation coatings on electrical steel strip and sheet classified in IEC 60404-1-1. This document defines the general principles and technical details of the tests for the assessment of the thermal endurance of surface insulation coatings on electrical steel strip and sheet. The assessment is made by evaluating the change of a specified property of the surface insulation coating due to a heat treatment at a specified temperature up to 850 °C for a specified duration time up to 2 500 h. The specified property is measured at an ambient temperature of (23 ± 5) °C both without heat treatment and after heat treatment. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
the method of test for adhesion has been modified to match to the method of bend test specified in ISO 1519 using a cylindrical mandrel of 32 mm in diameter instead of the 30 mm diameter mandrel specified in the first edition;
the method of test for interlaminar insulation resistance has been modified to match to the method specified in IEC 60404-11 and the modified Franklin test has been removed;
the method of test for compressibility has been modified to match to the method of test for stacking factor specified in IEC 60404-13;
the concept of "resistance grades" has been removed;
the clamping pressure to be used at temperature ratings above 500 °C has been reduced to (0,01 ± 0,001) N/mm2;
the testing for continuous exposure has been made a subject to an agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser and the procedure has been moved to an informative Annex A.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60404-12:2023 is applicable to surface insulation coatings on electrical steel strip and sheet classified in IEC 60404-1-1.
This document defines the general principles and technical details of the tests for the assessment of the thermal endurance of surface insulation coatings on electrical steel strip and sheet.
The assessment is made by evaluating the change of a specified property of the surface insulation coating due to a heat treatment at a specified temperature up to 850 °C for a specified duration time up to 2 500 h. The specified property is measured at an ambient temperature of (23 ± 5) °C both without heat treatment and after heat treatment.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
the method of test for adhesion has been modified to match to the method of bend test specified in ISO 1519 using a cylindrical mandrel of 32 mm in diameter instead of the 30 mm diameter mandrel specified in the first edition;
the method of test for interlaminar insulation resistance has been modified to match to the method specified in IEC 60404-11 and the modified Franklin test has been removed;
the method of test for compressibility has been modified to match to the method of test for stacking factor specified in IEC 60404-13;
the concept of "resistance grades" has been removed;
the clamping pressure to be used at temperature ratings above 500 °C has been reduced to (0,01 ± 0,001) N/mm2;
the testing for continuous exposure has been made a subject to an agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser and the procedure has been moved to an informative Annex A.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 80000-6:2022 gives names, symbols, and definitions for quantities and units of electromagnetism. Where appropriate, conversion factors are also given. International Standard IEC 80000-6 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 25: Quantities and units, and their letter symbols in close cooperation with ISO/TC 12, Quantities and units.
This standard is based on classical electromagnetism, i.e. mainly Maxwell’s equations. No reference is made to quantum field theories.
IEC 80000-6:2022 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2008. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
1) With the new definitions in SI, some previously exact values for quantities now must be determined experimentally while other quantities are given as exact values;
2) Item 6-2.2, elementary charge added;
3) Item 6-11.4, induced voltage, added;
4) Index of entries added;
5) Editorial alignment to other parts of the IEC and ISO 80000 series.
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IEC 80000-6:2022 gives names, symbols, and definitions for quantities and units of electromagnetism. Where appropriate, conversion factors are also given. International Standard IEC 80000-6 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 25: Quantities and units, and their letter symbols in close cooperation with ISO/TC 12, Quantities and units. This standard is based on classical electromagnetism, i.e. mainly Maxwell’s equations. No reference is made to quantum field theories. IEC 80000-6:2022 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2008. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: 1) With the new definitions in SI, some previously exact values for quantities now must be determined experimentally while other quantities are given as exact values; 2) Item 6-2.2, elementary charge added; 3) Item 6-11.4, induced voltage, added; 4) Index of entries added; 5) Editorial alignment to other parts of the IEC and ISO 80000 series.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 80000-6:2022 gives names, symbols, and definitions for quantities and units of electromagnetism. Where appropriate, conversion factors are also given. International Standard IEC 80000-6 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 25: Quantities and units, and their letter symbols in close cooperation with ISO/TC 12, Quantities and units.
This standard is based on classical electromagnetism, i.e. mainly Maxwell’s equations. No reference is made to quantum field theories.
IEC 80000-6:2022 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2008. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
1) With the new definitions in SI, some previously exact values for quantities now must be determined experimentally while other quantities are given as exact values;
2) Item 6-2.2, elementary charge added;
3) Item 6-11.4, induced voltage, added;
4) Index of entries added;
5) Editorial alignment to other parts of the IEC and ISO 80000 series.
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CLC/TC 34 took decision to unlink project from LVD
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This part of IEC 60404 is applicable to electrical steel strip and sheet insulated by coating on one or both surfaces.
The object of this document is to define the general principles and technical details of the measurement of the surface insulation resistance of electrical steel strip and sheet.
NOTE This test is suitable for manufacturing and quality control in the application of insulation coatings.
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This part of IEC 60404 is applicable to electrical steel strip and sheet insulated by coating on one or both surfaces. The object of this document is to define the general principles and technical details of the measurement of the surface insulation resistance of electrical steel strip and sheet. NOTE This test is suitable for manufacturing and quality control in the application of insulation coatings.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60404-11:2021 is applicable to electrical steel strip and sheet insulated by coating on one or both sides.
The object of this document is to define the general principles and technical details of the measurement of the surface insulation resistance of electrical steel strip and sheet.
NOTE This test is suitable for manufacturing and quality control in the application of insulation coatings.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
Method B has been deleted and the measurement of individual currents through each contact button is enabled by Method A;
an improved arrangement of the test apparatus and the voltage stabilizing circuit for Method A, “Arrangement B”, is introduced.
an alternative layout using two pairs of contact assemblies in opposing position of the test specimen is introduced;
the restriction: “The same area of the test specimen shall not be used to test both sides.” has been deleted.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC TR 60909-4:2021 which is a Technical Report, is intended to give help for the application of IEC 60909-0 for the calculation of short-circuit currents in 50 Hz or 60 Hz three-phase AC systems.
This document does not include additional requirements but gives support for the modelling of electrical equipment in the positive-sequence, the negative-sequence and the zero-sequence system (Clause 4), the practical execution of calculations in a low-voltage system (Clause 5), a medium-voltage system with asynchronous motors (Clause 6) and a power station unit with its auxiliary network feeding a large number of medium-voltage asynchronous motors and low-voltage motor groups (Clause 7).
The three examples given in Clauses 5, 6 and 7 are similar to those given in IEC TR 60909-4:2000 but they are revised in accordance with IEC 60909-0, which replaces it. The example given in Clause 8 is new and mirrors the introduction of the new 6.8 of IEC 60909-0:2016.
Clause 9 gives the circuit diagram and the data of a test network and the results for a calculation carried out in accordance with IEC 60909-0, to offer the possibility for a comparison between the results found with a digital program for the calculation of short-circuit currents and the given results for and in a high-voltage network with power station units, generators, asynchronous motors and lines in four different voltage levels 380 kV, 110 kV, 30 kV and 10 kV.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2000. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) adaption to IEC 60909-0:2016;
b) addition of an example for the calculation of short-circuit currents of wind power station units;
c) correction of errors.
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IEC 60335-2-25:2020 is available as IEC 60335-2-25:2020 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC 60335-2-25:2019 deals with the safety of microwave ovens for household and similar use, their rated voltage being not more than 250 V.
This standard also deals with combination microwave ovens, for which Annex AA is applicable.
This standard also deals with microwave ovens intended to be used on board ships, for which Annex BB is applicable.
Appliances not intended for normal household use but which nevertheless may be a source of danger to the public, such as appliances intended to be used by laymen in shops, in light industry and on farms, are within the scope of this standard. However, if the appliance is intended to be used professionally to process food for commercial purposes, the appliance is not considered to be for household and similar use only.
As far as is practicable, this standard deals with the common hazards presented by appliances that are encountered by all persons in and around the home. However, in general, it does not take into account
– persons (including children) whose physical, sensory or mental capabilities or lack of experience and knowledge prevents them from using the appliance safely without supervision or instruction;
– children playing with the appliance.
Attention is drawn to the fact that
– for appliances intended to be used in vehicles or on board ships or aircraft, additional requirements can be necessary;
– in many countries, additional requirements are specified by the national health authorities, the national authorities responsible for the protection of labour and similar authorities.
This standard does not apply to
– commercial microwave ovens (IEC 60335-2-90);
– industrial microwave heating equipment (IEC 60519-6);
– appliances for medical purposes (IEC 60601);
– appliances intended to be used in locations where special conditions prevail, such as the presence of a corrosive or explosive atmosphere (dust, vapour or gas).
This seventh edition cancels and replaces the sixth edition published in 2010, Amendment 1:2014 and Amendment 2:2015. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant changes with respect to the sixth edition:
– 11.7 and 19.13 are improved in clarity;
– in 19.102, a note is converted into normative text;
– 19.101 is improved with an alternative measurement method;
– 22.121 is improved with requirements for simultaneous activation of heating elements and motors;
– 15.2, 15.101, 21, 22.102, 22.112, 22.119, 22.120, 24.101 and 27.1 are improved in clarity;
– Annex A has editorial improvements and feasible limits of deviations.
This part 2 is to be used in conjunction with the latest edition of IEC 60335-1 and its amendments. It was established on the basis of the fifth edition (2010) of that standard.
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IEC 60909-0:2016 is applicable to the calculation of short-circuit currents in low-voltage three-phase AC systems, and in high-voltage three-phase AC systems, operating at a nominal frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. It establishes a general, practicable and concise procedure leading to results which are generally of acceptable accuracy and deals with the calculation of short-circuit currents in the case of balanced or unbalanced short circuits. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2001. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - contribution of windpower station units to the short-circuit current; - contribution of power station units with ful size converters to the short-circuit current; - new document structure.
- Standard76 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of IEC 62822, which is a product family standard, applies to equipment for
resistance welding, arc welding and allied processes designed for occupational use by
professionals and for use by laymen.
NOTE 1 Typical allied processes are resistance hard and soft soldering, resistance heating by means comparable
to resistance welding equipment, electric arc cutting and arc spraying.
The frequency range covered is 0 Hz to 300 GHz.
This product family standard specifies assessment methods and criteria to evaluate
electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions of electric welding equipment with regard to national
and international requirements for human exposure to EMF.
NOTE 2 Magnetic fields generated by the operation of welding equipment and the resulting non-thermal effects
are the main assessment concern.
This product family standard does not define requirements and methods for workplace
assessment regarding the risks arising from electromagnetic fields. However, the EMF
exposure data that results from the application of this product family standard can be used to
assist in workplace assessment.
NOTE 3 The equipment manufacturer is unaware of the overall exposure environment in which the equipment will
be used (e.g. multiple sources) and is not responsible for all requirements for workplace assessment (e.g.
information and training of workers, design and layout of the workplace).
Other standards may apply to products covered by this standard. In particular this standard
cannot be used to demonstrate electromagnetic compatibility with other equipment. It does
not specify any product safety requirements other than those specifically related to human
exposure to electromagnetic fields.
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This International Standard specifies the rules for signs and reference directions and
reference polarities for electric currents and voltages in electric networks.
In Clauses 3 to 10, the time dependence is arbitrary. It is assumed that the wavelength of the
highest frequency involved is larger than the largest distance between two points of the
network; processes are considered to be quasi-static. Clause 11 specifies the rules and
recommendations for complex notation.
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This European Standard provides a general procedure to assess workers’ exposure to electric and magnetic fields (EMF) in work places associated with the production, transmission and distribution of electric energy, and to demonstrate compliance with exposure limit values and action levels as stated in the Council and European Parliament “EMF” Directive 2013/35/EU [10].
It has the role of a specific workplace standard. It takes into account the non-binding application guide for implementing the EMF Directive [9] and it defines the assessment procedures and compliance criteria applicable to the electric industry.
The frequency range of this standard covers from DC to 20 kHz, which is sufficient to include the power frequency used for electric power supply systems throughout Europe (50 Hz) and the various harmonics and inter-harmonics occurring in the supply system. In this extremely low frequency range, electric and magnetic fields are independent and, therefore, they both have to be addressed in the exposure assessment.
NOTE 1 Electrical companies also use radio frequency transmissions to operate and maintain their networks and power plants. Similarly, other exposures to EMF may occur during maintenance operations, for instance, due to the use of hand-held electrical tools. All these EMF sources are outside the scope of this standard.
NOTE 2 Regarding EMF in the low frequency range, the scientific basis of the EMF directive is the ICNIRP health guidelines published in 2010 [12]. Reference is made to this scientific basis when necessary for justifying or clarifying some of the technical statements of the present document.
- Standard54 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC TR 61916:2017(E) provides guidance on requirements and tests for subjects applicable to electrical accessories that are within the scope of IEC TC 23 and its subcommittees.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2014 and constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) clarification of the introduction and the scope;
b) clarification of subclause 6.3;
c) modification of Clause 7;
d) modification of Clause 10;
e) addition of Annex B for temperature selection for GWEPT.
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IEC 60404-15:2012 specifies a solenoid method, a magnetic moment method, a magnetic balance method and a permeability meter method for the determination of the relative magnetic permeability of feebly magnetic materials (including austenitic stainless steel). The magnetic balance and permeability meter methods are both comparison methods calibrated using reference materials to determine the value of the relative magnetic permeability of the test specimen.
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IEC 60127-5:2016 gives a guide for tests for assessing the quality of miniature fuse-links other than type tests, for the case where there is no complete agreement between the user and the manufacturer on what such tests apply. This document provides guidelines and limits generally acceptable for quality control purposes by large scale users and manufacturers of miniature fuse-links. This document has validity for large scale series with lot sizes of 10 000 and more. It is also applicable for smaller lot sizes, if necessary. Periodic inspections by reduced type tests (Clause 5) are intended to be carried out periodically in order to ensure that the level of technical performance previously verified by complete type tests as given in subsequent parts of the IEC 60127 series is maintained. The frequency of periodic in relation to lot-by-lot inspections is not established in this document. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1988. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- addition of new tables in 4.3;
- addition of new tables in Clause 5.
Keywords: quality of miniature fuse-links
- Standard25 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This part of IEC 61000 specifies the immunity requirements, test methods, and range of
recommended test levels for equipment subjected to impulse magnetic disturbances mainly
encountered in:
– industrial installations,
– power plants,
– railway installations,
– medium voltage and high voltage sub-stations.
The applicability of this standard to equipment installed in different locations is determined by
the presence of the phenomenon, as specified in Clause 4.
This standard does not consider disturbances due to capacitive or inductive coupling in cables
or other parts of the field installation. Other IEC standards dealing with conducted
disturbances cover these aspects.
The object of this standard is to establish a common reference for evaluating the immunity of
electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to impulse magnetic fields. The test
method documented in this part of IEC 61000 describes a consistent method to assess the
immunity of an equipment or system against a defined phenomenon.
NOTE As described in IEC Guide 107, this is a basic EMC publication for use by product committees of the IEC.
As also stated in Guide 107, the IEC product committees are responsible for determining whether this immunity
test standard is applied or not, and if applied, they are responsible for determining the appropriate test levels and
performance criteria. TC 77 and its sub-committees are prepared to co-operate with product committees in the
evaluation of the value of particular immunity test levels for their products.
This standard defines:
– a range of test levels;
– test equipment;
– test setups;
– test procedures.
The task of the described laboratory test is to find the reaction of the equipment under test
(EUT) under specified operational conditions to impulse magnetic fields caused by switching
and lightning effects.
- Standard56 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 62679-3-3:2016(E) specifies the standard measurement conditions and measurement methods for determining the optical performance of electronic paper display (EPD) devices which have an operating integrated lighting unit (such as a front light). The scope of this document is restricted to EPDs using segmented or matrix structures with either monochromatic or colour type displays. The measurement methods are intended for EPDs operated in a reflective mode with the integrated lighting unit (ILU) turned on in a dark or indoor ambient lighting environment. Colour systems beyond three primaries are not covered in this document.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 60909-0:2016 is applicable to the calculation of short-circuit currents in low-voltage three-phase AC systems, and in high-voltage three-phase AC systems, operating at a nominal frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. It establishes a general, practicable and concise procedure leading to results which are generally of acceptable accuracy and deals with the calculation of short-circuit currents in the case of balanced or unbalanced short circuits. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2001. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- contribution of windpower station units to the short-circuit current;
- contribution of power station units with ful size converters to the short-circuit current;
- new document structure.
- Standard76 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60909-0:2016 is applicable to the calculation of short-circuit currents in low-voltage three-phase AC systems, and in high-voltage three-phase AC systems, operating at a nominal frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. It establishes a general, practicable and concise procedure leading to results which are generally of acceptable accuracy and deals with the calculation of short-circuit currents in the case of balanced or unbalanced short circuits. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2001. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- contribution of windpower station units to the short-circuit current;
- contribution of power station units with ful size converters to the short-circuit current;
- new document structure.
This publication is to be read in conjunction with IEC TR 60909-1:2002, IEC TR 60909-2:2008, IEC 60909-3:2009 and IEC TR 60909-4:2000.
- Standard149 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
Defines a measurement method for the determination of the characteristics of surface insulation resistance of magnetic sheet and strip. Applicable to magnetic sheet and strip insulated on one or both surfaces and is suitable for manufacturing control in the application of insulation coatings.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60404-15:2012 specifies a solenoid method, a magnetic moment method, a magnetic balance method and a permeability meter method for the determination of the relative magnetic permeability of feebly magnetic materials (including austenitic stainless steel). The magnetic balance and permeability meter methods are both comparison methods calibrated using reference materials to determine the value of the relative magnetic permeability of the test specimen.
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This International Standard applies to the assessment of lighting equipment related to human
exposure to electromagnetic fields. The assessment consists of the induced internal electric
field for frequencies from 20 kHz to 10 MHz and the specific absorption rate (SAR) for
frequencies from 100 kHz to 300 MHz around lighting equipment.
Included in the scope of this standard are:
– all lighting equipment with a primary function of generating and/or distributing light
intended for illumination purposes, and intended either for connection to the low voltage
electricity supply or for battery operation; used indoor and/or outdoor;
– lighting part of multi-function equipment where one of the primary functions of this is
illumination;
– independent auxiliaries exclusively for the use with lighting equipment;
– lighting equipment including intentional radiators for wireless communication or control.
Excluded from the scope of this standard are:
– lighting equipment for aircraft and airfields;
– lighting equipment for road vehicles; (except lighting used for the illumination of passenger
compartments in public transport)
– lighting equipment for agriculture;
– lighting equipment for boats/vessels;
– photocopiers, slide projectors;
– apparatus for which the requirements of electromagnetic fields are explicitly formulated in
other IEC standards.
NOTE The methods described in this standard are not suitable for comparing the fields from different lighting
equipment.
This standard does not apply to built-in components for luminaires such as electronic
controlgear.
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IEC TR 60865-2:2015(E) shows the application of procedures for the calculation of mechanical and thermal effects due to short circuits as presented in IEC 60865-1. Thus, this technical report is an addition to IEC 60865-1. It does not, however, change the basis for standardized procedures given in that publication. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1994 and constitutes a technical revision. It includes the following changes. The determinations for auto reclosure together with rigid conductors have been revised. The configurations in cases of flexible conductor arrangements have been changed. The influence of mid-span droppers to the span has been included. For vertical cable-connection the displacement and the tensile force onto the lower fixing point may be calculated now. Additional recommendations for foundation loads due to tensile forces have been added. The subclause for determination of the thermal equivalent short-circuits current has been deleted (is part of IEC 60909-0:2001 now). The standard IEC 60865-1:2011 has been reorganized and some of the symbols have been changed to follow the conceptual characteristic of international standards.
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IEC 60865-1:2011 is applicable to the mechanical and thermal effects of short-circuit currents. It contains procedures for the calculation of: the electromagnetic effect on rigid conductors and flexible conductors, the thermal effect on bare conductors. For cables and insulated conductors, reference is made, for example, to IEC 60949 and IEC 60986. For the electromagnetic and thermal effects in d.c. auxiliary installations of power plants and substations reference is made to IEC 61660-2. Only a.c. systems are dealt with in this standard. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 1993 and constitutes a technical revision. The main changes with respect to the previous edition are: - The determinations for automatic reclosure together with rigid conductors have been revised. - The influence of mid-span droppers to the span has been included. For vertical cable-connection the displacement and the tensile force onto the lower fixing point may now be calculated. Additional recommendations for foundation loads due to tensile forces have been added. The subclause for determination of the thermal equivalent short-circuits current has been deleted (it is now part of IEC 60909-0). The regulations for thermal effects of electrical equipment have been deleted. The standard has been reorganized and some of the symbols have been changed to follow the conceptual characteristic of international standards.
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IEC 60909-3:2009 specifies procedures for calculation of the prospective short-circuit currents with an unbalanced short circuit in high-voltage three-phase a.c. systems operating at nominal frequency 50 Hz or 60 Hz, i. e.: - currents during two separate simultaneous line-to-earth short circuits in isolated neutral or resonant earthed neutral systems; - partial short-circuit currents flowing through earth in case of single line-to-earth short circuit in solidly earthed or low-impedance earthed neutral systems. The currents calculated by these procedures are used when determining induced voltages or touch or step voltages and rise of earth potential at a station (power station or substation) and the towers of overhead lines. Procedures are given for the calculation of reduction factors of overhead lines with one or two earth wires. This edition constitutes a technical revision. The main changes with respect to the previous edition are: - New procedures are introduced for the calculation of reduction factors of the sheaths or shields and in addition the current distribution through earth and the sheaths or shields of three-core cables or of three single-core cables with metallic non-magnetic sheaths or shields earthed at both ends; - The information for the calculation of the reduction factor of overhead lines with earth wires are corrected and given in the new Clause 7; - A new Clause 8 is introduced for the calculation of current distribution and reduction factor of three-core cables with metallic sheath or shield earthed at both ends; - The new Annexes C and D provide examples for the calculation of reduction factors and current distribution in case of cables with metallic sheath and shield earthed at both ends. This publication is to be read in conjunction with IE C 60909-0:2001. NEW! IEC 60909-3:2009 is also available as IEC Standards+ 60909-3:2009 which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
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Defines a measurement method for the determination of the characteristics of surface insulation resistance of magnetic sheet and strip. Applicable to magnetic sheet and strip insulated on one or both surfaces and is suitable for manufacturing control in the application of insulation coatings.
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IEC 60404-11:1991+A1:1998+A2:2012 is intended to define a measurement method for the determination of the characteristics of surface insulation resistance of magnetic sheet and strip. This method is applicable to magnetic sheet and strip insulated on one or both surfaces and is suitable for manufacturing control in the application of insulation coatings. This consolidated version consists of the first edition (1991), its amendment 1 (1998) and its amendment 2 (2012). Therefore, no need to order amendments in addition to this publication.
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This part of IEC 60865 is applicable to the mechanical and thermal effects of short-circuit currents. It contains procedures for the calculation of - the electromagnetic effect on rigid conductors and flexible conductors, - the thermal effect on bare conductors. For cables and insulated conductors, reference is made, for example, to IEC 60949 and IEC 60986. For the electromagnetic and thermal effects in d.c. auxiliary installations of power plants and substations reference is made to IEC 61660-2. Only a.c. systems are dealt with in this standard. The following points should, in particular, be noted: a) The calculation of short-circuit currents should be based on IEC 60909. For the determination of the greatest possible short-circuit current, additional information from other IEC standards may be referred to, e.g. details about the underlying circuitry of the calculation or details about current-limiting devices, if this leads to a reduction of the mechanical stress. b) Short-circuit duration used in this standard depends on the protection concept and should be considered in that sense. c) These standardized procedures are adjusted to practical requirements and contain simplifications which are conservative. Testing or more detailed methods of calculation or both may be used. d) In Clause 5 of this standard, for arrangements with rigid conductors, only the stresses caused by short-circuit currents are calculated. Furthermore, other stresses can exist, e.g. caused by dead-load, wind, ice, operating forces or earthquakes. The combination of these loads with the short-circuit loading should be part of an agreement and/or be given by standards, e.g. erection-codes. The tensile forces in arrangements with flexible conductors include the effects of deadload. With respect to the combination of other loads the considerations given above are valid. e) The calculated loads are design loads and should be used as exceptional loads without any additional partial safety factor according to installation codes of, for example, IEC 61936-1.
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IEC 60865-1:2011 is applicable to the mechanical and thermal effects of short-circuit currents. It contains procedures for the calculation of: the electromagnetic effect on rigid conductors and flexible conductors, the thermal effect on bare conductors. For cables and insulated conductors, reference is made, for example, to IEC 60949 and IEC 60986. For the electromagnetic and thermal effects in d.c. auxiliary installations of power plants and substations reference is made to IEC 61660-2. Only a.c. systems are dealt with in this standard. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 1993 and constitutes a technical revision. The main changes with respect to the previous edition are:
- The determinations for automatic reclosure together with rigid conductors have been revised.
- The influence of mid-span droppers to the span has been included. For vertical cable-connection the displacement and the tensile force onto the lower fixing point may now be calculated. Additional recommendations for foundation loads due to tensile forces have been added. The subclause for determination of the thermal equivalent short-circuits current has been deleted (it is now part of IEC 60909-0). The regulations for thermal effects of electrical equipment have been deleted. The standard has been reorganized and some of the symbols have been changed to follow the conceptual characteristic of international standards.
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In IEC 80000-6:2008, names, symbols, and definitions for quantities and units of electromagnetism are given. Where appropriate, conversion factors are also given. International Standard IEC 80000-6 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 25: Quantities and units, and their letter symbols in close cooperation with ISO/TC 12, Quantities, units, symbols, conversion factors. This first edition of IEC 80000-6 cancels and replaces the second edition of ISO 31-5, published in 1992, and its amendment 1 (1998).
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This technical report comprises data collected from different countries to be used for calculating short-circuit currents in accordance with IEC 60781 and IEC 60909. The data presented in this report may be applied for calculating short-circuit currents in low-voltage systems if they are in accordance with typical equipment employed in the user's country. The publication has the status of a Technical Report type 3.
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This part of IEC 60909 specifies procedures for calculation of the prospective short-circuit currents with an unbalanced short circuit in high-voltage three-phase a.c. systems operating at nominal frequency 50 Hz or 60 Hz, i. e.: a) currents during two separate simultaneous line-to-earth short circuits in isolated neutral or resonant earthed neutral systems; b) partial short-circuit currents flowing through earth in case of single line-to-earth short circuit in solidly earthed or low-impedance earthed neutral systems. The currents calculated by these procedures are used when determining induced voltages or touch or step voltages and rise of earth potential at a station (power station or substation) and the towers of overhead lines. Procedures are given for the calculation of reduction factors of overhead lines with one or two earth wires. The standard does not cover: a) short-circuit currents deliberately created under controlled conditions as in short circuit testing stations, or b) short-circuit currents in the electrical installations on board ships or aeroplanes, or c) single line-to-earth fault currents in isolated or resonant earthed systems. The object of this standard is to establish practical and concise procedures for the calculation of line-to-earth short-circuit currents during two separate simultaneous line-to-earth short circuits and partial short-circuit currents through earth, earth wires of overhead lines and sheaths or shields of cables leading to conservative results with sufficient accuracy. For this purpose, the short-circuit currents are determined by considering an equivalent voltage source at the short-circuit location with all other voltage sources set to zero. Resistances of earth grids in stations or footing resistances of overhead line towers are neglected, when calculating the short-circuit currents at the short-circuit location. This standard is an addition to IEC 60909-0. General definitions, symbols and calculation assumptions refer to that publication. Special items only are defined or specified in this standard. The calculation of the short-circuit currents based on the rated data of the electrical equipment and the topological arrangement of the system has the advantage of being possible both for existing systems and for systems at the planning stage. The procedure is suitable for determination by manual methods or digital computation. This does not exclude the use of special methods, for example the super-position method, adjusted to particular circumstances, if they give at least the same precision. As stated in IEC 60909-0, short-circuit currents and their parameters may also be determined by system tests.
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IEC 62562:2010 describes a measurement method of dielectric properties in the planar direction of dielectric plate at microwave frequency, called a cavity resonator method. It has been created in order to develop new materials and to design microwave active and passive devices for which standardization of measurement methods of material properties is more and more important. This first edition cancels and replaces the PAS published in 2008. This bilingual version, published in 2010-05, corresponds to the English version.
This publication contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its contents.
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This Technical Report applies to shielded enclosures used for EMC testing which are to be validated according to the EN 50147 series of standards and the corresponding international standards. The object of this report is to give guidance to the selection of the shielding materials and components. The frequency range for this document is 10 kHz to 40 GHz.
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This Technical Report applies to shielded enclosures used for EMC testing which are to be validated according to the EN 50147 series of standards and the corresponding international standards. The object of this report is to give guidance to the selection of the shielding materials and components. The frequency range for this document is 10 kHz to 40 GHz.
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