17.200.20 - Temperature-measuring instruments
ICS 17.200.20 Details
Temperature-measuring instruments
Temperaturme?gerate
Instruments de mesure de température
Instrumenti za merjenje temperature
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 17.200.20 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Temperature-measuring instruments". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 515 standards classified under ICS 17.200.20 (Temperature-measuring instruments). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document provides general methods for measurement and calculation of quantities associated with human exposure to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 0 Hz to 300 GHz. It is intended specifically to be used for the assessment of emissions from products and comparison of these with the exposure limits for the general public given in Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC, and those given for workers in Directive 2013/35/EU, as appropriate. It also is intended to be used for assessment of human exposure to electromagnetic fields in the workplace to determine compliance with the requirements of Directive 2013/35/EU.
This standard deals with quantities that can be measured or calculated external to the body, notably electric and magnetic field strength or power density, and includes the measurement and calculation of quantities inside the body that form the basis for protection guidelines. In particular the standard provides information on:
- definitions and terminology,
- characteristics of electromagnetic fields,
- measurement of exposure quantities,
- instrumentation requirements,
- methods of calibration,
- measurement techniques and procedures for evaluating exposure,
- calculation methods for exposure assessment.
Where an applicable electromagnetic field standard specific to a product or technology exists it is expected to be used rather than this document. EN 62311:-, Table 1 gives a list of relevant standards.
- Amendment9 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides general methods for measurement and calculation of quantities associated with human exposure to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 0 Hz to 300 GHz. It is intended specifically to be used for the assessment of emissions from products and comparison of these with the exposure limits for the general public given in Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC, and those given for workers in Directive 2013/35/EU, as appropriate. It also is intended to be used for assessment of human exposure to electromagnetic fields in the workplace to determine compliance with the requirements of Directive 2013/35/EU. This standard deals with quantities that can be measured or calculated external to the body, notably electric and magnetic field strength or power density, and includes the measurement and calculation of quantities inside the body that form the basis for protection guidelines. In particular the standard provides information on: - definitions and terminology, - characteristics of electromagnetic fields, - measurement of exposure quantities, - instrumentation requirements, - methods of calibration, - measurement techniques and procedures for evaluating exposure, - calculation methods for exposure assessment. Where an applicable electromagnetic field standard specific to a product or technology exists it is expected to be used rather than this document. EN 62311:-, Table 1 gives a list of relevant standards.
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EN 13611:2019, Clause 1 applies with the following modification and addition:
Modification:
The 1st paragraph of EN 13611:2019, Clause 1 is replaced by:
This document specifies the safety, design, construction, and performance requirements and testing for
mechanical thermostats intended for use with gas appliances and similar use, hereafter referred to as
“thermostats”.
This document is applicable to thermostats with declared maximum inlet pressures up to and including
50 kPa and of nominal connection sizes up to and including DN 50 for use with one or more fuel gases.
Addition:
This document is applicable to thermostats controlling the gas flow directly or indirectly through an
integral gas valve. This document applies to thermostats used with gas appliances which are not installed
in the open air.
Thermostats dealt with in this document are intended for control functions.
This document is not applicable to:
a) controls which use auxiliary energy (e.g. electrical energy supplied externally);
b) an assessment of the control regarding Performance Level (PL) and Safety Integrity Level (SIL).
The 4th paragraph of EN 13611:2019, Clause 1 is removed.
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This document specifies the technical and functional characteristics for all types of thermometers (electronic, mechanical, etc.) for equipping the means used for the transport, storage and distribution of temperature sensitive goods and for measuring the ambient or internal temperature of the products between −80 °C and +85 °C.
It specifies the test methods which allow the verification of the equipment's conformity to suitability and performance requirements.
It applies to the whole thermometer and indicating device(s). The temperature sensor(s) can be integrated into the thermometer or remote from it (wired or wireless external temperature sensor(s)).
It does not specify the location of the thermometer and its sensors with respect to types of usage such as transport, storage and distribution.
NOTE Examples for the transport, storage and distribution of temperature sensitive goods between −80 °C and +85 °C include chilled, frozen, deep frozen and quick-frozen food; ice cream; fresh and hot food; pharmaceuticals; blood and organs; chemicals; biologicals; electronic and mechanical devices; flowers, plants and bulbs; raw materials and liquids; animals; art and furnishings.
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This document specifies the verification procedure for temperature recorders and thermometers for measuring the ambient or internal temperature of the products between −80 °C and +85 °C, which are intended to equip the means used for the transport, storage and distribution of temperature sensitive goods and which comply with standards EN 12830 and EN 13485 (measurement classes and ranges) and also others used for transport, distribution and/or storage of temperature sensitive goods.
It specifies the test methods which allow the verification of the equipment's conformity against class requirements identified in EN 12830 and EN 13485.
NOTE Examples for the transport, storage and distribution of temperature sensitive goods between −80 °C and +85 °C include chilled, frozen, deep frozen and quick-frozen food; ice cream; fresh and hot food; pharmaceuticals; blood and organs; chemicals; biologicals; electronic and mechanical devices; flowers, plants and bulbs; raw materials and liquids; animals; art and furnishings.
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This document specifies the technical and functional characteristics for all types of thermometers (electronic, mechanical, etc.) for equipping the means used for the transport, storage and distribution of temperature sensitive goods and for measuring the ambient or internal temperature of the products between −80 °C and +85 °C.
It specifies the test methods which allow the verification of the equipment's conformity to suitability and performance requirements.
It applies to the whole thermometer and indicating device(s). The temperature sensor(s) can be integrated into the thermometer or remote from it (wired or wireless external temperature sensor(s)).
It does not specify the location of the thermometer and its sensors with respect to types of usage such as transport, storage and distribution.
NOTE Examples for the transport, storage and distribution of temperature sensitive goods between −80 °C and +85 °C include chilled, frozen, deep frozen and quick-frozen food; ice cream; fresh and hot food; pharmaceuticals; blood and organs; chemicals; biologicals; electronic and mechanical devices; flowers, plants and bulbs; raw materials and liquids; animals; art and furnishings.
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This document specifies the verification procedure for temperature recorders and thermometers for measuring the ambient or internal temperature of the products between −80 °C and +85 °C, which are intended to equip the means used for the transport, storage and distribution of temperature sensitive goods and which comply with standards EN 12830 and EN 13485 (measurement classes and ranges) and also others used for transport, distribution and/or storage of temperature sensitive goods.
It specifies the test methods which allow the verification of the equipment's conformity against class requirements identified in EN 12830 and EN 13485.
NOTE Examples for the transport, storage and distribution of temperature sensitive goods between −80 °C and +85 °C include chilled, frozen, deep frozen and quick-frozen food; ice cream; fresh and hot food; pharmaceuticals; blood and organs; chemicals; biologicals; electronic and mechanical devices; flowers, plants and bulbs; raw materials and liquids; animals; art and furnishings.
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SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms used by ASTM Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement.
1.2 Terms with definitions generally applicable to the fields of thermometry and hydrometry are listed in 3.1.
1.3 Terms with definitions applicable only to the indicated standards in which they appear are listed in 3.2.
1.4 Information about the International Temperature Scale of 1990 is given in Appendix X1.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies requirements and test methods for room temperature sensors used to control the room temperature.
This document is applicable to wall mounted and flush mounted room temperature sensors.
The following aspects are not covered by this document:
- pendulum temperature sensors;
- ceiling mounted temperature sensor;
- extract air temperature sensors.
NOTE The measured value available at the output of the sensor is influenced by the place where the sensor device is located and factors such as air velocity, wall temperature, self/waste heating of the device and the air temperature. The perceived temperature, which is important for the well-being of a person, depends among other factors on air temperature, temperature of the surrounding walls and air flow rate as indicated in EN ISO 7730.
The temperature sensor element can be combined with other sensors in one device. This document only deals with the room temperature sensing of this devices. Other sensors are not covered except of their influence on the room temperature sensing (e.g. self-heating).
This document specifies sensor characteristics contributing to the determination of the control accuracy of individual zone controller according to EN 15500 1.
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This document specifies requirements and test methods for room temperature sensors used to control the room temperature.
This document is applicable to wall mounted and flush mounted room temperature sensors.
The following aspects are not covered by this document:
- pendulum temperature sensors;
- ceiling mounted temperature sensor;
- extract air temperature sensors.
NOTE The measured value available at the output of the sensor is influenced by the place where the sensor device is located and factors such as air velocity, wall temperature, self/waste heating of the device and the air temperature. The perceived temperature, which is important for the well-being of a person, depends among other factors on air temperature, temperature of the surrounding walls and air flow rate as indicated in EN ISO 7730.
The temperature sensor element can be combined with other sensors in one device. This document only deals with the room temperature sensing of this devices. Other sensors are not covered except of their influence on the room temperature sensing (e.g. self-heating).
This document specifies sensor characteristics contributing to the determination of the control accuracy of individual zone controller according to EN 15500 1.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The oxygen consumption principle, used for the measurements described here, is based on the observation that, generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to the amount of oxygen required for combustion (1).7 Approximately 13.1 MJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygen consumed. Test specimens in the test are burned in ambient air conditions, while being subjected to a prescribed external heating source.
4.1.1 This technique is not appropriate for use on its own when the combustible fuel is an oxidizer or an explosive agent, which release oxygen. Further analysis is required in such cases (see Appendix X2).
4.2 The heat release is determined by the measurement of the oxygen consumption, as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the combustion product stream, in a full scale environment.
4.3 The primary measurements are oxygen concentration and exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements include the specimen ignitability, the smoke obscuration generated, the specimen mass loss rate, the effective heat of combustion and the yields of combustion products from the test specimen.
4.4 The oxygen consumption technique is used in different types of test methods. Intermediate scale (Test Method E1623, UL 1975) and full scale (Test Method D5424, Test Method D5537, Test Method E1537, Test Method E1590, Test Method E1822, ISO 9705, NFPA 265, NFPA 266, NFPA 267, NFPA 286, UL 1685) test methods, as well as unstandardized room scale experiments following Guide E603, using this technique involve a large instrumented exhaust hood, where oxygen concentration is measured, either standing alone or positioned outside a doorway. A large test specimen is placed either under the hood or inside the room. This practice is intended to address issues associated with equipment requiring a large instrumented hood and not stand-alone test apparatuses with small test specimens.
4.4.1 Small scale test methods using this technique, such as Tes...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice deals with methods to construct, calibrate, and use full scale oxygen consumption calorimeters to help minimize testing result discrepancies between laboratories.
1.2 The methodology described herein is used in a number of ASTM test methods, in a variety of unstandardized test methods, and for research purposes. This practice will facilitate coordination of generic requirements, which are not specific to the item under test.
1.3 The principal fire-test-response characteristics obtained from the test methods using this technique are those associated with heat release from the specimens tested, as a function of time. Other fire-test-response characteristics also are determined.
1.4 This practice is intended to apply to the conduction of different types of tests, including both some in which the objective is to assess the comparative fire performance of products releasing low amounts of heat or smoke and some in which the objective is to assess whether flashover will occur.
1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool, nor does it describe a test method for any material or product.
1.6 For use of the SI system of units in referee decisions, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
Note 1: This is the standard caveat described in section F2.2.2.1 of the Form and Style for ASTM Standards manual for fire-test-response standards. In actual fact, this practice does not provide quantitative measures.
1.8 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguar...
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ABSTRACT
This specification contains reference tables that give temperature-electromotive force (emf) relationships for types B, E, J, K, N, R, S, T, and C thermocouples. These are the thermocouple types most commonly used in industry. Thermocouples and matched thermocouple wire pairs are normally supplied to the tolerances on initial values of emf versus temperature. Color codes for insulation on thermocouple grade materials, along with corresponding thermocouple and thermoelement letter designations are given. Four types of tables are presented: general tables, EMF versus temperature tables for thermocouples, EMF versus temperature tables for thermoelements, and supplementary tables.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification contains reference tables (Tables 8 to 25) that give temperature-electromotive force (emf) relationships for Types B, C, E, J, K, N, R, S, and T thermocouples.2 These are the thermocouple types most commonly used in industry. The tables contain all of the temperature-emf data currently available for the thermocouple types covered by this standard and may include data outside of the recommended upper temperature limit of an included thermocouple type.
1.2 In addition, the specification includes standard and special tolerances on initial values of emf versus temperature for thermocouples (Table 1), thermocouple extension wires (Table 2), and compensating extension wires for thermocouples (Table 3). Users should note that the stated tolerances apply only to the temperature ranges specified for the thermocouple types as given in Tables 1, 2, and 3, and do not apply to the temperature ranges covered in Tables 8 to 25.
1.3 Tables 4 and 5 provide insulation color coding for thermocouple and thermocouple extension wires as customarily used in the United States.
1.4 Recommendations regarding upper temperature limits for the thermocouple types referred to in 1.1 are provided in Table 6.
1.5 Tables 26 to 45 give temperature-emf data for single-leg thermoelements referenced to platinum (NIST Pt-67). The tables include values for Types BP, BN, JP, JN, KP (same as EP), KN, NP, NN, TP, and TN (same as EN).
1.6 Tables for Types RP, RN, SP, and SN thermoelements are not included since, nominally, Tables 18 to 21 represent the thermoelectric properties of Type RP and SP thermoelements referenced to pure platinum. Tables for the individual thermoelements of Type C are not included because materials for Type C thermocouples are normally supplied as matched pairs only.
1.7 Polynomial coefficients which may be used for computation of thermocouple emf as a function of temperature are given in Table 7. Coefficients for the emf of each thermocouple pair as well as for the emf of most individual thermoelements versus platinum are included. Coefficients for type RP and SP thermoelements are not included since they are nominally the same as for types R and S thermocouples, and coefficients for type RN or SN relative to the nominally similar Pt-67 would be insignificant. Coefficients for the individual thermoelements of Type C thermocouples have not been established.
1.8 Coefficients for sets of inverse polynomials are given in Table 46. These may be used for computing a close approximation of temperature (°C) as a function of thermocouple emf. Inverse functions are provided only for thermocouple pairs and are valid only over the emf ranges specified.
1.9 This specification is intended to define the thermoelectric properties of materials that conform to the relationships presented in the tables of this standard and bear the letter designations contained herein. Topics such as ordering information, physical and mechanical properties, workmanship, testing, and marking are not addressed in this specification. The user is referred to specific standards such as Specifications E235, E574, E585/E585M, E608/E608M, E1159, or E2181/E2181M for guidance in these areas.
1.10 The temperature-emf data in this specifica...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes a procedure for placing a water triple-point cell in service and for using it as a reference temperature in thermometer calibration.
4.2 The reference temperature attained is that of a fundamental state of pure water, the equilibrium between coexisting solid, liquid, and vapor phases.
4.3 The cell is subject to qualification but not to calibration. The cell may be qualified as capable of representing the fundamental state (see 4.2) by comparison with a bank of similar qualified cells of known history, and it may be so qualified and the qualification documented by its manufacturer.
4.4 The temperature to be attributed to a qualified water triple-point cell is exactly 273.16 K on the ITS-90, unless corrected for isotopic composition (refer to Appendix X3).
4.5 Continued accuracy of a qualified cell depends upon sustained physical integrity. This may be verified by techniques described in Section 6.
4.6 The commercially available triple point of water cells described in this standard are capable of achieving an expanded uncertainty (k=2) of between ±0.1 mK and ±0.05 mK, depending upon the method of preparation. Specified measurement procedures shall be followed to achieve these levels of uncertainty.
4.7 Commercially-available triple point of water cells of unknown isotopic composition should be capable of achieving an expanded uncertainty (k=2) of no greater than 0.25 mK, depending upon the actual isotopic composition (3). These types of cells are acceptable for use at this larger value of uncertainty.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the nature of two commercial water triple-point cells (types A and B, see Fig. 1) and provides a method for preparing the cell to realize the water triple-point and calibrate thermometers. The qualifications concerning preparation and the types of glass used for a cell are discussed. Tests for assuring the integrity of a qualified cell and of cells yet to be qualified are given. Precautions for handling the cell to avoid breakage are also described.
FIG. 1 Configurations of two commonly used triple point of water cells, Type A and Type B, with ice mantle prepared for measurement at the ice/water equilibrium temperature. The cells are used immersed in an ice bath or water bath controlled close to 0.01 °C (see 5.5)
1.2 The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the temperature of a water triple-point cell is discussed.
1.3 Procedures for adjusting the observed SPRT resistance readings for the effects of self-heating and hydrostatic pressure are described in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard provides a description of test methods used in other ASTM specifications to establish certain acceptable methods for characterizing thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable. These test methods define how those characteristics shall be determined.
5.2 The usefulness and purpose of the included tests are given for the category of tests.
5.3 Warning—Users should be aware that certain characteristics of thermocouples might change with time and use. If a thermocouple’s designed shipping, storage, installation, or operating temperature has been exceeded, that thermocouple’s moisture seal may have been compromised and may no longer adequately prevent the deleterious intrusion of water vapor. Consequently, the thermocouple’s condition established by test at the time of manufacture may not apply later. In addition, inhomogeneities can develop in thermoelements because of exposure to higher temperatures, even in cases where maximum exposure temperatures have been lower than the suggested upper use temperature limits specified in Table 1 of Specification E608/E608M. For this reason, calibration of thermocouples destined for delivery to a customer is not recommended. Because the emf indication of any thermocouple depends upon the condition of the thermoelements along their entire length, as well as the temperature profile pattern in the region of any inhomogeneity, the emf output of a used thermocouple will be unique to its installation. Because temperature profiles in calibration equipment are unlikely to duplicate those of the installation, removal of a used thermocouple to a separate apparatus for calibration is not recommended. Instead, in situ calibration by comparison to a similar thermocouple known to be good is often recommended.
SCOPE
1.1 This document lists methods for testing Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed (MIMS) thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable, but does not require that any of these tests be performed nor does it state criteria for acceptance. The acceptance criteria are given in other ASTM standard specifications that impose this testing for those thermocouples and cable. Examples from ASTM thermocouple specifications for acceptance criteria are given for many of the tests. These tabulated values are not necessarily those that would be required to meet these tests, but are included as examples only.
1.2 These tests are intended to support quality control and to evaluate the suitability of sheathed thermocouple cable or assemblies for specific applications. Some alternative test methods to obtain the same information are given, since in a given situation, an alternative test method may be more practical. Service conditions are widely variable, so it is unlikely that all the tests described will be appropriate for a given thermocouple application. A brief statement is made following each test description to indicate when it might be used.
1.3 The tests described herein include test methods to measure the following properties of sheathed thermocouple material and assemblies.
1.3.1 Insulation Properties:
1.3.1.1 Compaction—direct method, absorption method, and tension method.
1.3.1.2 Thickness.
1.3.1.3 Resistance—at room temperature and at elevated temperature.
1.3.2 Sheath Properties:
1.3.2.1 Integrity—two water test methods and mass spectrometer.
1.3.2.2 Dimensions—length, diameter, and roundness.
1.3.2.3 Wall thickness.
1.3.2.4 Surface—gross visual, finish, defect detection by dye penetrant, and cold-lap detection by tension test.
1.3.2.5 Metallurgical structure.
1.3.2.6 Ductility—bend test and tension test.
1.3.3 Thermoelement Properties:
1.3.3.1 Calibration.
1.3.3.2 Homogeneity.
1.3.3.3 Drift.
1.3.3.4 Thermoelement diameter, roundness, and surface appearance.
1.3.3.5 Thermoelement spacing.
1.3.3.6 Thermoelement ductility.
1.3.3.7 Metallurgical structure.
1.3.4 Thermocouple Assembly Properti...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to measure and compare thermal properties of materials under controlled conditions and their ability to maintain required thermal conductance levels.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a steady-state technique for the determination of the thermal conductivity of carbon materials in thicknesses of less than 25 mm. The test method is useful for homogeneous materials having a thermal conductivity in the approximate range 1−4 m2 ·K/W) over the approximate temperature range from 150 K to 600 K. It can be used outside these ranges with reduced accuracy for thicker specimens and for thermal conductivity values up to 60 W/(m·K).
Note 1: It is not recommended to test graphite cathode materials using this test method. Graphites usually have a very low thermal resistance, and the interfaces between the specimen to be tested and the instrument become more significant than the specimen itself.
1.2 This test method is similar in concept to Test Methods E1530 and C518. Significant attention has been paid to ensure that the thermal resistance of contacting surfaces is minimized and reproducible.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to be used by wire producers and thermocouple manufacturers for certification of refractory metal thermocouples. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration of refractory metal thermocouples referenced to a calibrated radiation thermometer. Uncertainty in calibration and operation of the radiation thermometer, and proper construction and use of the test furnace are of primary importance.
5.2 Calibration establishes the temperature-emf relationship for a particular thermocouple under a specific temperature and chemical environment. However, during high temperature calibration or application at elevated temperatures in vacuum, oxidizing, reducing or contaminating environments, and depending on temperature distribution, local irreversible changes may occur in the Seebeck Coefficient of one or both thermoelements. If the introduced inhomogeneities are significant, the emf from the thermocouple will depend on the distribution of temperature between the measuring and reference junctions.
5.3 At high temperatures, the accuracy of refractory metal thermocouples may be limited by electrical shunting errors through the ceramic insulators of the thermocouple assembly. This effect may be reduced by careful choice of the insulator material, but above approximately 2100 °C, the electrical shunting errors may be significant even for the best insulators available.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calibration of refractory metal thermocouples using a radiation thermometer as the standard instrument. This test method is intended for use with types of thermocouples that cannot be exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. These procedures are appropriate for thermocouple calibrations at temperatures above 800 °C (1472 °F).
1.2 The calibration method is applicable to the following thermocouple assemblies:
1.2.1 Type 1—Bare-wire thermocouple assemblies in which vacuum or an inert or reducing gas is the only electrical insulating medium between the thermoelements.
1.2.2 Type 2—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements.
1.2.3 Type 2A—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements, permanently enclosed and sealed in a loose fitting metal or ceramic tube.
1.2.4 Type 3—Swaged assemblies in which a refractory insulating powder is compressed around the thermoelements and encased in a thin-walled tube or sheath made of a high melting point metal or alloy.
1.2.5 Type 4—Thermocouple assemblies in which one thermoelement is in the shape of a closed-end protection tube and the other thermoelement is a solid wire or rod that is coaxially supported inside the closed-end tube. The space between the two thermoelements can be filled with an inert or reducing gas, or with ceramic insulating materials, or kept under vacuum.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to determine and validate the performance of a particular thermomechanical analyzer apparatus.
5.2 This test method may be used to determine and validate the performance of a particular method based upon thermomechanical analyzer temperature or length change measurements.
5.3 This test method may be used to determine the repeatability of a particular apparatus, operator, or laboratory.
5.4 This test method may be used for specification and regulatory compliance purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides procedures for validating temperature and length change measurements of thermomechanical analyzers (TMA) and analytical methods based upon the measurement of temperature and length change. Performance parameters include temperature repeatability, linearity, and bias; and dimension change repeatability, detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, and bias.
1.2 Validation of apparatus performance and analytical methods is a necessary requirement for quality initiatives. Results may also be used for legal purposes.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermomechanical analyzers are employed in their various modes of operation (penetration, expansion, flexure, etc.) to characterize a wide range of materials. In most cases, the value to be assigned in thermomechanical measurements is the temperature of the transition (or event) under study. Therefore, the temperature axis (abscissa) of all TMA thermal curves must be accurately calibrated either by direct reading of a temperature sensor or by adjusting the programmer temperature to match the actual temperature over the temperature range of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the temperature calibration of thermomechanical analyzers from −50 °C to 1500 °C. (See Note 1.)
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7 and Note 12.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Most thermal analysis experiments are carried out under increasing temperature conditions where temperature is the independent parameter. Some experiments, however, are carried out under isothermal temperature conditions where the elapsed time to an event is measured as the independent parameter. Isothermal Kinetics (Test Methods E2070), Thermal Stability (Test Method E487), Oxidative Induction Time (OIT) (Test Methods D3895, D4565, D5483, E1858, and Specification D3350) and Loss-on-Drying (Test Methods E1868) are common examples of these kinds of experiments.
5.2 Modern scientific instruments, including thermal analyzers, usually measure elapsed time with excellent precision and accuracy. In such cases, it may only be necessary to confirm the performance of the instrument by comparison to a suitable reference. Only rarely will it may be required to correct the calibration of an instrument's elapsed time signal through the use of a calibration factor.
5.3 It is necessary to obtain elapsed time signal conformity only to 0.1 times the repeatability relative standard deviation (standard deviation divided by the mean value) expressed as a percent for the test method in which the thermal analyzer is to be used. For those test methods listed in Section 2 this conformity is 0.1 %.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calibration or performance confirmation of the elapsed-time signal from thermal analyzers.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to be used for verifying the resistance-temperature relationship of industrial platinum resistance thermometers that are intended to satisfy the requirements of Specification E1137/E1137M. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration and uncertainty evaluation while still allowing the user some flexibility in the choice of apparatus and instrumentation. It is understood that the limits of uncertainty obtained depend in large part upon the apparatus and instrumentation used. Therefore, since this guide is not prescriptive in approach, it provides detailed instruction in uncertainty evaluation to accommodate the variety of apparatus and instrumentation that may be employed.
5.2 This guide is intended primarily to satisfy applications requiring compliance to Specification E1137/E1137M. However, the techniques described may be appropriate for applications where more accurate calibrations are needed.
5.3 Many applications require tolerances to be verified using a minimum test uncertainty ratio (TUR). This standard provides guidelines for evaluating uncertainties used to support TUR calculations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the techniques and apparatus required for the accuracy verification of industrial platinum resistance thermometers constructed in accordance with Specification E1137/E1137M and the evaluation of calibration uncertainties. The procedures described apply over the range of -200 °C to 650 °C.
1.2 This guide does not intend to describe procedures necessary for the calibration of platinum resistance thermometers used as calibration standards or Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers. Consequently, calibration of these types of instruments is outside the scope of this guide.
1.3 Industrial platinum resistance thermometers are available in many styles and configurations. This guide does not purport to determine the suitability of any particular design, style, or configuration for calibration over a desired temperature range.
1.4 The evaluation of uncertainties is based upon current international practices as described in JCGM 100:2008 “Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” and ANSI/NCSL Z540.2-1997 “U.S. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement.”
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for bare solid conductors made of tungsten and rhenium alloy thermoelements supplied in matched pairs. These thermoelements shall be suitable for use in either bead-insulated, bare-wire thermocouples, or in compacted metal-sheathed, ceramic insulated thermocouple material or assemblies. Unless otherwise noted, all information in this specification applies to both thermocouple combinations of tungsten-3 % rhenium versus tungsten-25 % rhenium (W3Re/W25Re) and tungsten-5 % rhenium versus tungsten-26 % rhenium (W5Re/W26Re; Type C). Thermoelements should meet specified physical, mechanical, thermoelectric, and compositional requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for bare, solid conductor, tungsten and rhenium alloy thermoelements having diameters of 0.127 mm (0.005 in.) to 0.508 mm (0.020 in.) supplied in matched pairs. These thermoelements shall be suitable for use either in bead-insulated, bare-wire thermocouples, or in compacted metal-sheathed, ceramic insulated thermocouple material or assemblies.
1.2 This specification covers the thermocouple combinations of tungsten-3 % rhenium versus tungsten-25 % rhenium (W3Re/W25Re) and tungsten-5 % rhenium versus tungsten-26 % rhenium (W5Re/W26Re; Type C). All information applies to both combinations unless otherwise noted.
1.3 It is recognized that the alloys described are refractory and are not suitable for use at high temperatures in oxidizing atmospheres. All tests and processes described herein must be performed under conditions that are non-reactive to tungsten-rhenium alloys.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for sheathed, Type K and N thermocouples for nuclear service. This specification can be used for sheathed thermocouples which are required for laboratory or general commercial applications where the environmental conditions exceed normal service requirements. The measuring junction styles for thermocouples are as follows: Style G2 (grounded) in which measuring junction is electrically connected to conductive sheaths and Style U2 (ungrounded) in which measuring junctions are electrically isolated from conductive sheaths and from reference ground. Different properties of the sheath such as integrity, cracks, voids, inclusions, surface finish, surface defect, and metallurgical structure shall be determined by performing different tests. Insulation resistance between thermoelements and the sheath shall be measured as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for simplex, compacted mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS), Type K and N thermocouples for nuclear or other high reliability service. Depending on size, these thermocouples are normally suitable for operating temperatures to 1652 °F [900 °C]; special conditions of environment and life expectancy may permit their use at temperatures in excess of 2012 °F [1100 °C]. This specification was prepared to detail requirements for this type of MIMS thermocouple for use in nuclear environments, but they can also be used for laboratory or general commercial applications where the environmental conditions exceed normal service requirements. The intended use of a MIMS thermocouple in a specific nuclear application will require evaluation of the compatibility of the thermocouple, including the effect of the temperature, atmosphere, and integrated neutron flux on the materials and accuracy of the thermoelements in the proposed application by the purchaser.
1.2 This specification does not attempt to include all possible specifications, standards, etc., for materials that may be used as sheathing, insulation, and thermocouple wires for sheathed-type construction. The requirements of this specification include only the austenitic stainless steels and other alloys as allowed by Specification E585/E585M for sheathing, magnesium oxide or aluminum oxide as insulation, and Type K and N thermocouple wires for thermoelements (see Note 1).
1.3 General Design—Nominal sizes of the finished thermocouples shall be 0.0400 in., 0.0625 in., 0.125 in., 0.1875 in., or 0.250 in. [1.000 mm, 1.500 mm, 3.000 mm, 4.500 mm, or 6.000 mm]. Sheath dimensions and tolerances for each nominal size shall be in accordance with Table 1 and Figs. 1 and 2. The measuring junction styles for thermocouples covered by this specification are as follows:
FIG. 1 Grounded Measuring Junction, Style G
FIG. 2 Ungrounded Measuring Junction, Style U
1.3.1 Style G2 (grounded)—The measuring junction is electrically connected to its conductive sheath, and
1.3.2 Style U2 (ungrounded)—The measuring junction is electrically isolated from its conductive sheath and from reference ground.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents or conversions; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recomm...
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ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the required material, processing and testing requirements, and also the optional supplementary testing and quality assurance and verification choices for compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed, base metal thermocouple cables with at least two thermoelements. The material of construction includes standard base metal thermoelements, austenitic stainless steel or other corrosion resistant sheath material, and either magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3) insulation. The required tests to which the thermocouple cables shall undergo for quality verification are dimensions, insulation resistance at room temperature, calibration, electrical continuity, insulation density, sheath integrity, and EMF versus temperature values.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes requirements for compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS), base metal thermocouple cable,2 with at least two thermoelements.3
1.2 This specification describes the required material, processing and testing requirements, optional supplementary testing, quality assurance, and verification choices.
1.3 The material of construction includes standard base metal thermoelements, austenitic stainless steel or other corrosion resistant sheath material, and either magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3) insulation.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test procedures confirm and document that the thermocouple assembly was not damaged prior to or during the installation process and that the extension wires are properly connected.
5.2 The test procedures should be used when thermocouple assemblies are first installed in their working environment.
5.3 In the event of subsequent thermocouple failure, these procedures will provide benchmark data to verify failure and may help to identify the cause of failure.
5.4 The usefulness and purpose of the applicable tests will be found within each category.
5.5 These tests are not meant to ensure that the thermocouple assembly will measure temperatures accurately. Such assurance is derived from proper thermocouple and instrumentation selection and proper placement in the location at which the temperature is to be measured. For further information, the reader is directed to MNL 12, Manual on the Use of the Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement2 which is an excellent reference document on metal sheathed thermocouple uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for users to test metal sheathed thermocouple assemblies, including the extension wires just prior to and after installation or some period of service.
1.2 The tests are intended to ensure that the thermocouple assemblies have not been damaged during storage or installation, to ensure that the extension wires have been attached to connectors and terminals with the correct polarity, and to provide benchmark data for later reference when testing to assess possible damage of the thermocouple assembly after operation. Some of these tests may not be appropriate for thermocouples that have been exposed to temperatures higher than the recommended limits for the particular type.
1.3 The tests described herein include methods to measure the following characteristics of installed sheathed thermocouple assemblies and to provide benchmark data for determining if the thermocouple assembly has been subsequently damaged in operation:
1.3.1 Loop Resistance:
1.3.1.1 Thermoelements,
1.3.1.2 Combined extension wires and thermoelements.
1.3.2 Insulation Resistance:
1.3.2.1 Insulation, thermocouple assembly,
1.3.2.2 Insulation, thermocouple assembly and extension wires.
1.3.3 Seebeck Voltage:
1.3.3.1 Thermoelements,
1.3.3.2 Combined extension wires and thermocouple assembly.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Differing temperature rates-of-change may be required for different measurements (for example, Test Method E698). Temperature calibration changes as a function of temperature rate-of-change. The use of the known thermal lag of an apparatus may be used to adjust the temperature calibration of the apparatus obtained at one temperature rate-of-change with that at another required for a given applications. This adjustment procedure for temperature calibration is described in 8.1.
5.2 This test method may be used in research, quality assurance, and specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method addresses the dependence of temperature calibration on the temperature rate-of-change. This test method describes the determination of the thermal lag of thermal analysis apparatus and its application to the modification of the temperature calibration for that apparatus obtained at alternative linear temperature rates-of-change.
1.2 This test method is applicable, but not limited to, the temperature calibration of differential thermal analyzers (DTAs), differential scanning calorimeters (DSCs), thermogravimetric analyzers (TGAs), thermomechanical analyzers (TMAs), and dynamic mechanical analyzers (DMAs).
1.3 This test method is applicable only to apparatus demonstrating a linear relationship between indicated temperature and temperature rate-of-change.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification sets forth the requirements for duplex, types E, J, K, N and T thermocouple wire, insulated with E-glass, S-glass, amorphous silica fiber or polycrystalline fiber. This specification presents the requirements for impregnated and non-impregnated fiber insulated thermocouple wire for normally accepted industrial use. The material shall be classified as follows: Class A-Duplex; Class B-Duplex; Class C-Duplex; Class D-Duplex; Class E-Duplex; and Class F-Duplex. Thermoelements shall be solid thermocouple grade materials with a smooth, bright finish and shall be fully annealed prior to insulating. Individual thermoelements shall be covered with a braid, or double wrap (one wrap in each direction) of glass fibers, a braid of glass fibers, or braid of fibers.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification presents the requirements for impregnated and non-impregnated fiber-insulated thermocouple wire for normally accepted industrial use, but does not attempt to define such usage.
4.2 A supplement contains the requirements for insulated thermocouple wire that will be exposed to high humidity. The purchase order or inquiry shall specify if the requirements in this supplement are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification sets forth the requirements for duplex, types E, J, K, N and T thermocouple wire, insulated with E-glass, S-glass, amorphous silica fiber or polycrystalline fiber.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the test methods and corresponding requirements for phase change-type disposable (for one time use only) clinical thermometers used for the intermittent determination of human temperature. When examined using the test methods suggested herein, sampled specimens shall comply with the specified requirements as to temperature range and graduation, accuracy, measurement retention, operating environment, storage environment, toxicity, workmanship, stability, and marking and labeling.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers phase change-type clinical thermometers that are designed and intended for one-time use.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers all single-use clinical thermometer probe covers and sheaths intended for use with any clinical thermometer. Requirements are given for safety, toxicity, handling, labeling, and physical integrity. Testing procedures for appropriate requirements and a glossary of terms used are provided. Toxicity test, leakage test, and compatibility test shall be performed to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers all single-use clinical thermometer probe covers and sheaths intended for use with any clinical thermometer. Requirements are given for safety, toxicity, handling, labeling, and physical integrity. Testing procedures for appropriate requirements and a glossary of terms used within the standards are provided.
1.2 The requirements contained herein are intended to ensure adequate isolation of the patient from the temperature-measuring device. In addition, the safety and health of the patient shall not be adversely affected. When used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, the probe cover, sheath, and temperature-measuring device shall remit correct temperature readings as required in Specifications E667 and E1112.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers reusable phase-change-type clinical thermometers.
1.2 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 6, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General guidance is provided for electronic thermometers for general temperature measurements typically needed for D04 practices and test methods which need to monitor oven, water and oil bath, and material temperatures during drying, heating, aging, and mixing.
4.2 All ASTM standards under the management of the D04 Main Committee were individually reviewed, and a list of all Specification E1 mercury thermometers was prepared along with the required temperature range and information about the thermometer placement in each method.
4.2.1 This specific information was used to identify the most appropriate type(s) of electronic thermometers which can be used to replace mercury thermometers in the current D04 road and paving standards.
SCOPE
1.1 The Interstate Mercury Education and Reduction Clearinghouse (IMERC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are phasing out the use of mercury thermometers because of safety and environmental concerns. This guide was developed to support replacing mercury thermometers in D04 standards with appropriate electronic thermometers.
1.2 This guide provides assistance for the D04 subcommittees when selecting electronic thermometers for general use in water or oil baths and ovens and as possible replacements for Specification E1 mercury thermometers currently used in D04 road and paving standards. Guidance for using non-mercury liquid thermometers in place of mercury thermometers can be found in Specification E2251.
1.3 Some guidance is also provided for selecting a handheld infrared thermometer for use in field applications.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice gives an objective measure of the temperature sensitivity of a thermal imaging system (relative to a standard reference filter) exclusive of a monitor, with emphasis on the detector(s) and preamplifier.
Note 1: Test values obtained under idealized laboratory conditions may or may not correlate directly with service performance.
5.2 This practice affords a convenient means for periodically monitoring the performance of a given thermal imaging system.
5.3 NETD relates to minimum resolvable temperature difference as described in Practice E1213. Thus, an increase in NETD may be manifest as a loss of detail in imagery.
5.4 Intercomparisons based solely on NETD figures may be misleading.
Note 2: NETD depends on various factors such as spectral bandwidth and background temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD; NEΔT) of thermal imaging systems of the conventional forward-looking infrared (FLIR) or other types that utilize an optical-mechanical scanner; it does not include charge-coupled devices or pyroelectric vidicons.
1.2 Parts of this practice have been formulated under the assumption of a photonic detector(s) at a standard background temperature of 295 °K (22 °C). Besides nonuniformity, examinations made at other background temperatures may result in impairment of precision and bias.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice gives a measure of a thermal imaging system's effectiveness for detecting a small spot within a large background. Thus, it relates to the detection of small material defects such as voids, pits, cracks, inclusions, and occlusions.
5.2 MDTD values provide estimates of detection capability that may be used to compare one system with another. (Lower MDTD values indicate better detection capability.)
5.3 Due to the partially subjective nature of the procedure, repeatability and reproducibility are apt to be poor and MDTD differences less than 0.2 °C are considered to be insignificant.
Note 2: Values obtained under idealized laboratory conditions may or may not correlate directly with service performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD) capability of a compound observer-thermal imaging system as a function of the angle subtended by the target.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of a controlled temperature bath will determine what thermometers can be calibrated and to what extent an isothermal condition is achieved. The lack of thermal stability and uniformity of the bath are sources of error that contribute to the overall calibration uncertainty.
5.2 This guide describes a procedure for determining the effective working space for a controlled temperature fluid bath.
5.3 This guide describes a procedure for determining the thermal stability within a controlled temperature fluid bath. Overall thermal stability is composed of the bath performance as specified by the manufacturer of the bath equipment and as a component of calibration uncertainty.
5.4 This guide describes a procedure for determining the temperature uniformity of the working space of the controlled temperature fluid bath.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use with controlled temperature comparison baths that contain test fluids and operate within the temperature range of –100 °C to 550 °C.
1.2 This guide describes the essential features of controlled temperature fluid baths used for the purpose of thermometer calibration by the comparison method.
1.3 This guide does not address the details on the design and construction of controlled-temperature fluid baths.
1.4 This guide describes a method to define the working space of a bath and evaluate the temperature variations within this space. Ideally, the working space will be as close as possible to isothermal.
1.5 This guide does not address fixed point baths, ice point baths, or vapor baths.
1.6 This guide does not address fluidized powder baths.
1.7 This guide does not address baths that are programmed to change temperature.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides guidelines and basic test methods for the use of infrared thermometers. The purpose of this guide is to provide a basis for users of IR thermometers to make more accurate measurements, to understand the error in measurements, and reduce the error in measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers electronic instruments intended for measurement of temperature by detecting intensity of thermal radiation exchanged between the subject of measurement and the sensor.
1.2 The devices covered by this guide are referred to as IR thermometers.
1.3 The IR thermometers covered in this guide are instruments that are intended to measure temperatures below 2700 °C and measure a narrow to wide band of thermal radiation in the infrared region.
1.4 This guide covers best practice in using IR thermometers. It addresses concerns that will help the user make better measurements. It also provides graphical tables to help determine the accuracy of measurements.
1.5 Details on the design and construction of IR thermometers are not covered in this guide.
1.6 This guide addresses general information on emissivity and how to deal with emissivity when making measurements with an IR thermometer.
1.7 This guide contains basic information on the classification of different types of IR thermometers.
1.8 The values of quantities stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values of quantities in parentheses are not in SI and are optional.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Dynamic mechanical analyzers monitor changes in the viscoelastic properties of a material as a function of temperature and frequency, providing a means to quantify these changes. In most cases, the value to be assigned is the temperature of the transition (or event) under study. Therefore, the temperature axis (abscissa) of dynamic mechanical analysis thermal curves must be accurately calibrated by adjusting the apparent temperature scale to match the actual specimen temperature over the temperature range of interest.
5.2 This test method is useful for research, quality assurance, and specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe the temperature calibration of dynamic mechanical analyzers (DMA) from –100 °C to 300 °C.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides general methods for measurement and calculation of quantities associated with human exposure to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 0 Hz to 300 GHz. It is intended specifically to be used for the assessment of emissions from products and comparison of these with the exposure limits for the general public given in Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC, and those given for workers in Directive 2013/35/EU, as appropriate. It also is intended to be used for assessment of human exposure to electromagnetic fields in the workplace to determine compliance with the requirements of Directive 2013/35/EU. This standard deals with quantities that can be measured or calculated external to the body, notably electric and magnetic field strength or power density, and includes the measurement and calculation of quantities inside the body that form the basis for protection guidelines. In particular the standard provides information on: — definitions and terminology, — characteristics of electromagnetic fields, — measurement of exposure quantities, — instrumentation requirements, — methods of calibration, — measurement techniques and procedures for evaluating exposure, — calculation methods for exposure assessment. Where an applicable electromagnetic field standard specific to a product or technology exists it is expected to be used rather than this document. EN 62311:—, Table 1 gives a list of relevant standards.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable for the general requirements for thermal energy meters. Thermal energy meters are instruments intended for measuring the energy which in a heat-exchange circuit is absorbed (cooling) or given up (heating) by a liquid called the heat-conveying liquid. The thermal energy meter indicates the quantity of thermal energy in legal units.
This document covers meters for closed systems only, where the differential pressure over the thermal load is limited.
This document is not applicable to:
- electrical safety requirements;
- pressure safety requirements; and
- surface mounted temperature sensors.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies initial verification tests for thermal energy meters. Thermal energy meters are instruments intended for measuring the energy which in a heat-exchange circuit is absorbed (cooling) or given up (heating) by a liquid called the heat-conveying liquid. The thermal energy meter indicates the quantity of thermal energy in legal units.
This document covers meters for closed systems only, where the differential pressure over the thermal load is limited.
This document is not applicable to:
- electrical safety requirements;
- pressure safety requirements; and
- surface mounted temperature sensors.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to the constructional requirements for thermal energy meters. Thermal energy meters are instruments intended for measuring the energy which in a heat-exchange circuit is absorbed (cooling) or given up (heating) by a liquid called the heat-conveying liquid. The thermal energy meter indicates the quantity of thermal energy in legal units.
This document covers meters for closed systems only, where the differential pressure over the thermal load is limited.
This document is not applicable to:
- electrical safety requirements;
- pressure safety requirements; and
- surface mounted temperature sensors.
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies pattern approval tests for thermal energy meters. Thermal energy meters are instruments intended for measuring the energy which in a heat-exchange circuit is absorbed (cooling) or given up (heating) by a liquid called the heat-conveying liquid. The thermal energy meter indicates the quantity of thermal energy in legal units.
This document covers meters for closed systems only, where the differential pressure over the thermal load is limited.
This document is not applicable to:
- electrical safety requirements;
- pressure safety requirements; and
- surface mounted temperature sensors.
- Standard77 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies commissioning, operational monitoring and maintenance and applies to thermal energy meters. Thermal energy meters are instruments intended for measuring the energy which in a heat-exchange circuit is absorbed (cooling) or given up (heating) by a liquid called the heat-conveying liquid. The thermal energy meter indicates the quantity of thermal energy in legal units.
This document covers meters for closed systems only, where the differential pressure over the thermal load is limited.
This document is not applicable to:
- electrical safety requirements;
- pressure safety requirements; and
- surface mounted temperature sensors.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies commissioning, operational monitoring and maintenance and applies to thermal energy meters. Thermal energy meters are instruments intended for measuring the energy which in a heat-exchange circuit is absorbed (cooling) or given up (heating) by a liquid called the heat-conveying liquid. The thermal energy meter indicates the quantity of thermal energy in legal units.
This document covers meters for closed systems only, where the differential pressure over the thermal load is limited.
This document is not applicable to:
- electrical safety requirements;
- pressure safety requirements; and
- surface mounted temperature sensors.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies initial verification tests for thermal energy meters. Thermal energy meters are instruments intended for measuring the energy which in a heat-exchange circuit is absorbed (cooling) or given up (heating) by a liquid called the heat-conveying liquid. The thermal energy meter indicates the quantity of thermal energy in legal units.
This document covers meters for closed systems only, where the differential pressure over the thermal load is limited.
This document is not applicable to:
- electrical safety requirements;
- pressure safety requirements; and
- surface mounted temperature sensors.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies pattern approval tests for thermal energy meters. Thermal energy meters are instruments intended for measuring the energy which in a heat-exchange circuit is absorbed (cooling) or given up (heating) by a liquid called the heat-conveying liquid. The thermal energy meter indicates the quantity of thermal energy in legal units.
This document covers meters for closed systems only, where the differential pressure over the thermal load is limited.
This document is not applicable to:
- electrical safety requirements;
- pressure safety requirements; and
- surface mounted temperature sensors.
- Standard77 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to the constructional requirements for thermal energy meters. Thermal energy meters are instruments intended for measuring the energy which in a heat-exchange circuit is absorbed (cooling) or given up (heating) by a liquid called the heat-conveying liquid. The thermal energy meter indicates the quantity of thermal energy in legal units.
This document covers meters for closed systems only, where the differential pressure over the thermal load is limited.
This document is not applicable to:
- electrical safety requirements;
- pressure safety requirements; and
- surface mounted temperature sensors.
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable for the general requirements for thermal energy meters. Thermal energy meters are instruments intended for measuring the energy which in a heat-exchange circuit is absorbed (cooling) or given up (heating) by a liquid called the heat-conveying liquid. The thermal energy meter indicates the quantity of thermal energy in legal units.
This document covers meters for closed systems only, where the differential pressure over the thermal load is limited.
This document is not applicable to:
- electrical safety requirements;
- pressure safety requirements; and
- surface mounted temperature sensors.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 61557-11:2009 specifies the requirements for testing equipment applied to the testing of the effectiveness of residual current monitors (RCMs) of type A and type B, which are already installed in distribution systems. This test equipment can be used in any kind of network like a TN, TT or IT system. The test equipment may also be used for testing directionally discriminating RCMs in IT-Systems.This part is to be used in conjunction with IEC 61557-1:2007, Part 1: General requirements.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 61869-14:2018 provides all requirements specific to current transformers to be used in DC applications (DCCTs), whatever the technology used. The output signal can be analogue or digital. It is applicable to newly manufactured current transformers used for measuring, protection and/or control applications in DC power systems with a rated voltage above 1,5 kV. The general configuration of a single-pole low-power instrument transformer is described in Figure 601 of IEC 61869-6:2016. The DCCTs intended for current measurement in the transistor branch of the VSC valve (referred to as CT4a and CT4b in Figure 1403 and Table 1402) are not covered by this document, and will be considered in a future revision. IEC 61869-14:2018 applies to current transformers intended to be used in DC applications with at least one of the following functions: • measure DC current (with significant harmonics); • withstand DC voltage. Depending on the position on the DC system, different kinds of application exist, which are briefly described below, together with the approximate voltage or current wave shape.
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A pure material has a well defined phase transition behavior, and the phase transition plateau, a characteristic of the material, can serve as a reproducible reference temperature for the calibration of thermometers. The melting or freezing points of some highly purified metals have been designated as defining fixed points on ITS-90. The fixed points of other materials have been determined carefully enough that they can serve as secondary reference points (see Tables 1 and 2). This guide presents information on the phase transition process as it relates to establishing a reference temperature. (A) Defining fixed point for ITS-90.(B) Realized as melting point.(C) Based on recommendation of International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) Working Group 2 of the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT-WG2); published as: Bedford, R. E., Bonnier, G., Maas, H., and Pavese, F., "Recommended Values of Temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 for a Selected Set of Secondary Reference Points", Metrologia, Vol 33, 1996, pp. 133. DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/33/2/3. (A) Values for cells of good design, construction, and material purity used with careful technique. Cells of lesser quality may not approach these values.(B) Realized as melting point.
5.2 Fixed-point cells provide users with a means of realizing melting and freezing points. If the cells are appropriately designed and constructed, if they contain material of adequate purity, and if they are properly used, they can establish reference temperatures with uncertainties of a few millikelvins or less. This guide describes some of the design and use considerations.
5.3 Fixed-point cells can be constructed and operated less stringently than required for millikelvin uncertainty, yet still provide reliable, durable, easy-to-use fixed points for a variety of industrial calibration and heat treatment purposes. For example, any freezing-point cell can be operated, often advantageously, as a melting-po...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the essential features of fixed-point cells and auxiliary apparatus, and the techniques required to realize fixed points in the temperature range from 29 °C to 1085 °C.3
1.2 Design and construction requirements of fixed-point cells are not addressed in this guide. Typical examples are given in Figs. 1 and 2.
FIG. 1 Examples of Fixed-Point Cells
FIG. 2 Example of Fixed-Point Furnace
Note 1: This example shows an insulated furnace body and two alternative types of furnace cores. The core on the left is a three-zone shielded type. The core on the right employs a heat pipe to reduce temperature gradients.
1.3 This guide is intended to describe good practice and establish uniform procedures for the realization of fixed points.
1.4 This guide emphasizes principles. The emphasis on principles is intended to aid the user in evaluating cells, in improving technique for using cells, and in establishing procedures for specific applications.
1.5 For the purposes of this guide, the use of fixed-point cells for the accurate calibration of thermometers is restricted to immersion-type thermometers that, when inserted into the reentrant well of the cell, (1) indicate the temperature only of the isothermal region of the well, and (2) do not significantly alter the temperature of the isothermal region of the well by heat transfer.
1.6 This guide does not address all of the details of thermometer calibration.
1.7 This guide is intended to complement special operating instructions supplied by manufacturers of fixed-point apparatus.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.9 The following hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this guide. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of th...
- Guide12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 61557-11:2009 specifies the requirements for testing equipment applied to the testing of the effectiveness of residual current monitors (RCMs) of type A and type B, which are already installed in distribution systems. This test equipment can be used in any kind of network like a TN, TT or IT system. The test equipment may also be used for testing directionally discriminating RCMs in IT-Systems.This part is to be used in conjunction with IEC 61557-1:2007, Part 1: General requirements.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
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