CEN/TC 256/SC 2 - Wheelsets - Bogies

This document specifies crashworthiness requirements applicable to new designs of:
- locomotives;
- driving vehicles operating in passenger and freight trains;
- passenger rail vehicles operating in passenger trains (such as trams, metros, mainline trains).
This document identifies common methods of providing passive safety that can be adapted to suit individual vehicle requirements.
This document specifies the characteristics of reference obstacle models for use with the design collision scenarios.
This document also specifies the requirements and methods for demonstrating that the passive safety objectives have been achieved by comparison with existing proven designs, numerical simulation, component or full-size tests, or a combination of all these methods.

To ensure safety and interoperability, this document gives:
-   the limits for in-service and off-vehicle wheelsets;
-   the operations to be carried out for which the specific values (and/or criteria) remain to be defined in the maintenance plan.
This document applies to wheelsets and axleboxes complying with the following European standards:
-   EN 13103-1:2017+A1:2022;
-   EN 13260:2020, EN 13261:2020, EN 13262:2020;
-   EN 13979-1:2023;
-   EN 13715:2020;
-   EN 13749:2021+A1:2023;
that comprise:
-   the axle fitted with wheels of diameters greater than or equal to 330 mm;
-   axleboxes with bearings and grease.
This document is also applicable to wheelsets:
-   fitted with brake discs, final drive, transmission or noise-damping systems, as appropriate;
-   not complying with the above European standards, but complying with the international requirements in force, for example in UIC leaflets, before the approval of these standards;
-   with tyred wheels;
-   with resilient wheels.
For equipment not covered by Directive (EU) 2016/797, this European Standard can be applied, noting that different values can be used.
All dimensions in this document are in millimetres (mm).
It is necessary to describe in a specific document the tasks to be performed in order to maintain wheelsets within the limits defined therein.
NOTE   The specific values and criteria are defined in an appropriate maintenance plan.

This document specifies the markings on heavy rail freight wagons, or parts of heavy rail freight wagons, relating to their technical, operational and maintenance characteristics. It specifies the characteristics of these markings, the requirements pertaining to their presentation, their shape and position on a rail vehicle and their meaning. Some markings are accompanied with (a) note(s), where appropriate.
Tank manufacturers’ design criteria, test and product specification plates have not been considered in this document as they are specified in EN 12561 1:2011.
Where fully specified in RID [14] dangerous goods markings have not been considered in this document (dimensions, colour, location and form). Where markings are not fully specified in RID they are included in this document.

This document is applicable to all types of heavy rail freight wagons.
This document specifies the minimum requirements for ergonomic and structural integrity of steps and handrails used together to give staff access. It does not cover ladders, top platforms and top gangways.
This document specifies in particular the required free spaces necessary for handrails below buffer, for shunter’s stand, for steps and handrails.
This document also specifies their dimensions, positions, limits for durability and functionality.
This document also specifies the general requirements for the access to tail lights.

This document supports the other standards in the EN 17149 series, in order to ensure consistency of terminology across the series. It describes the basic terms and definitions as well as general procedures for strength assessments of rail vehicle structures that are manufactured, operated and maintained in accordance with standards valid for rail system applications.
This document is applicable to all kinds of rail vehicles.
The assessment procedure is restricted to ferrous materials and aluminium.
This document does not define design load cases.
This document is not applicable for corrosive conditions or elevated temperature operation in the creep range.

This document specifies a procedure for static strength assessment of rail vehicle structures.
It is part of a series of standards that specifies procedures for strength assessments of structures of rail vehicles that are manufactured, operated and maintained according to standards valid for railway applications.
The assessment procedure of the series is restricted to ferrous materials and aluminium.
This document series does not define design load cases.
This document series is not applicable for corrosive conditions or elevated temperature operation in the creep range.
This series of standards is applicable to all kinds of rail vehicles. However, it does not define in which cases or for which kinds of rail vehicles a static strength assessment is to be undertaken.

This document specifies a design assessment procedure of a forged and rolled monobloc wheel (RST). This assessment is carried out before the wheel is commissioned. This document describes, in particular, the assessment to be performed in order to use wheels on a European network which, in addition, have quality requirements in conformity with those defined in EN 13262.
This assessment requires that the conditions of use for the wheel are defined and this standard provides a method for defining those conditions.
The assessment of the design covers four aspects:
- a geometrical aspect: to allow interchangeability of different solutions for the same application;
­- a thermomechanical aspect: to manage wheel deformations and to ensure that braking will not cause wheels to fracture;
- a mechanical aspect: to ensure that no fatigue cracks occur in the wheel web and that no permanent deformation occurs under exceptional loading;
- an acoustic aspect: to ensure that the solution chosen is as good as the reference wheel.
This document does not cover assessment of the hub or of the rim.
This document has been drawn up for wheels of non­powered tread­braked wheelsets and applies in full to this type of wheel. For wheels on which disc brakes are mounted or toothed transmission wheels or even wheels with noise reduction devices, the requirements may be amended or supplemented.
For urban railway vehicles, other standards or documents may be used.

This document specifies the method to be followed to achieve a satisfactory design of bogie frames and includes design procedures, assessment methods, verification and manufacturing quality requirements. It is limited to the structural requirements of bogie frames including bolsters and axlebox housings. For the purpose of this document, these terms are taken to include all functional attachments, e.g. damper brackets.

revised Annexe ZA

This document defines the classification levels for welded components, the types of activity typically undertaken and the requirements to be fulfilled to demonstrate conformance.

Revised Annex ZA

This document specifies the requirements of adhesion materials intended to be applied to the interface between the wheel tread and the rail crown (active interface). It can be applied either directly or indirectly to the wheel tread or rail.
It outlines the information required for most approval procedures, the method of testing and routine control/monitoring of the material.
This document does not deal with Top of Rail materials. For Top of Rail materials see CEN/TS 15427 2 2:2023.

This document is limited to specifying the requirements when applying material to the active interface between the wheel tread and the crown of the rail and includes trainborne and track side equipment.
This document only covers the equipment and application of material to the active interface.
This document specifies:
-   the characteristics of top of rail equipment for wheel-rail interface, together with applicable inspection and test methods to be carried out for verification;
-   all relevant terminology which is specific to the application of top of rail materials at the wheel-rail interface.
This document applies to the mainline railway.
NOTE   This document can also be used for other railways, e.g. urban rail.

This document is limited to specifying the requirements when applying adhesion material to the interface between the wheel tread and the crown of the rail and includes both trainborne and trackside solutions.
This document only covers the equipment and application of adhesion material to the active interface.
This document defines:
-   the characteristics that systems for the application of adhesion materials of the wheel-rail interface shall achieve, together with applicable inspection and test methods to be carried out for verification;
-   all relevant terminology which is specific to the adhesion materials of the wheel-rail interface.
This document applies to the mainline railway.
NOTE 1   This document can also be used for other railways, e.g. urban rail.
NOTE 2   Where technologies are used to influence the wheel/rail interface, other than the application of an adhesion material, this document is out of scope but can be used as guidance.

This document specifies the requirements of materials intended to be applied to the interface between the wheel tread and the rail crown (active interface). It can be applied either directly or indirectly to the wheel tread or rail.
It outlines the information required for most approval procedures, the method of testing and routine control/monitoring of the material.
This document does not deal with adhesion materials, for example:
-   sand;
-   adhesion enhancers.

This document defines terms in the field of welding on railway vehicles and associated components. This document is applicable to all assemblies, sub-assemblies or parts welded by any welding process, either manual, partly mechanized, fully mechanized or automatic welding as defined in EN ISO 4063.

This document applies to welding of metallic materials in the manufacture and maintenance of railway vehicles and their components.
This document specifies applicable design and classification rules.
This document does not define parameters for the dimensioning.
NOTE   Requirements on structures can be found in other standards like EN 12663.

This series of standards applies to welding of metallic materials in the manufacture and maintenance of railway vehicles and their parts.
This part of the series defines the classification levels as well as the requirements for manufacturers of welded railway vehicles and components.
This part of the series specifies:
- inspections and testing to be executed on the welds;
- destructive as well as non-destructive tests to be performed;
- necessary documentation to issue to declare the conformity of the products.

This series of standards applies to welding of metallic materials in the manufacture and maintenance of railway vehicles and their parts.
This part of the series describes the production requirements (i.e. preparation and execution) of the welding work.

This document specifies the minimum ergonomic and structural integrity requirements for steps and handrails used by staff to access the following heavy rail vehicles:
—   passenger vehicles;
—   vans;
—   locomotives;
—   power units of rolling stock;
—   passenger-rated car carriers.
This document defines the required spaces necessary for shunter handrails and shunter’s stand and gives references for the required spaces necessary for handling of screw couplings with side buffers. For staff access, it defines footsteps, handrails and their dimensions and free spaces. To fulfil the requirements for loads which are applied by the staff, it defines dimensions and requirements for materials or design loads.
This document also defines the general requirements of steps and handrail for access to external equipment, for example windscreens, wipers or external lights.

This European Standard:
— defines the forces and moments to be taken into account with reference to masses, traction and braking conditions;
— gives the stress calculation method for axles with outside axle journals;
— specifies the maximum permissible stresses to be assumed in calculations for steel grade EA1N, EA1T and EA4T defined in EN 13261:2020;
— describes the method for determination of the maximum permissible stresses for other steel grades;
— determines the diameters for the various sections of the axle and recommends the preferred shapes and transitions to ensure adequate service performance.
This European Standard is applicable for:
— axles defined in EN 13261:2020
— powered and non-powered axles and
— all track gauges3.
The powered axle design method of this European Standard applies to:
— solid and hollow powered axles for railway rolling stock;
— solid and hollow non-powered axles of motor bogies;
— solid and hollow non-powered axles of locomotives.
The non-powered axle design method of this standard applies to solid and hollow axles of railway rolling stock used for the transportation of passengers and freight that are not considered in the list above.
This European Standard is applicable to axles fitted to rolling stock intended to run under normal European conditions. Before using this European Standard, if there is any doubt as to whether the railway operating conditions are normal, it is necessary to determine whether an additional design factor has to be applied to the maximum permissible stresses. The calculation of wheelset axles for special applications (e.g. tamping/lining/levelling machines) may be made according to this European Standard only for the load cases of free-rolling and rolling in train formation. This European Standard does not apply to the loads induced by the vehicles in their working mode. They are calculated separately.
This method can be used for light rail and tramway applications.

This European Standard defines the minimum performance requirements of on-board monitoring systems for axlebox condition monitoring by means of temperature measurements.
This European Standard refers to temperature monitoring of the axlebox. However, the design may be such that the rolling bearing itself is monitored directly.
The requirements of this European Standard are intended to apply equally to basic monitoring systems for monitoring the axlebox temperature through to more technically complex systems that may employ a combination of mechatronics.
To ensure the compatibility of monitoring systems and the effective monitoring functions, this European Standard defines the requirements in the following areas:
-   equipment and characteristics;
-   monitoring performance;
-   operation and interface.
This part of EN 15437 does not include:
-   systems that do not give an indication to the driver;
-   how an on-board monitoring system is structured and how it measures the temperature and identifies axlebox position. This is considered part of equipment design and not part of the functional requirements set out in this standard;
-   operational requirements for acting on the information reported by the on-board monitoring system;
-   operational requirements for conflict of information between trackside monitoring systems and on-board monitoring systems;
-   maintenance requirements for on-board temperature monitoring systems.

This part of EN 15437 defines the minimum characteristics for the interface between a trackside Hot Axlebox Detector (HABD) and Rolling Stock (RST) that comply with the European Directives for Interoperability to ensure that the minimum functional requirement of the interface is achieved.
The minimum requirements of the interface apply to:
a)   Rolling stock conforming to standard European railway gauge, that is 1 435 mm;
b)   Rolling stock axles fitted with outboard bearings;
NOTE 1   The design of rolling stock axles fitted with inboard bearings should respect the requirements set out in Note 2 of 5.2.
c)   Rolling stock with a maximum design speed lower than 250 km/h;
NOTE 2   Interoperable rolling stock with a maximum design speed higher than or equal to 250 km/h are mandated to have on-board equipment for axlebox condition monitoring. The requirements for on-board equipment are described in !EN 15437-2:2012+A1:2022.
NOTE 3   Interoperable rolling stock with a maximum design speed higher than or equal to 250 km/h are outside the scope of this Part of the standard. However, if such rolling stock are required to be monitored by HABDs their target area should comply with the requirements specified in this standard, except where stated otherwise.
d)   Trackside HABDs that are required to monitor rolling stock with a maximum design speed higher than or equal to 250 km/h.
The rolling stock requirements of the interface are described in Clause 5 and for the HABD requirements of the interface are described in Clause 6.
The scope of this part (part 1) of the standard does not include:
-   Hot Wheel (Hot Disc) Detectors (HWDs). However, HWD are often installed in combination with trackside HABD to provide a dual monitoring system. This standard does not prevent the use of such a combination;
-   how a HABD measures the temperature and identifies axle box position. This is part of an individual equipment design and not part of the functional requirements of this standard;
-   operational requirements for acting on the information reported by the HABD system;
-   maintenance requirements for HABD systems.

This document specifies the properties and characteristics of lubricants applied to the interface between the wheel flange and the gauge face of the rail, and contact area between the check rail face and the back of the wheel (active interface), either directly or indirectly to the wheel flange or to the rail, and includes both trainborne and trackside solutions.
It outlines the information required for most approval procedures, the method of testing and routine control/monitoring of the lubricant.

This document defines the quality requirements as well as the design and production requirements for welding to be followed by manufacturers during maintenance or maintenance activities on railway vehicles and components.

This document specifies the requirements for equipment used to apply lubricant to the interface between the wheel flange and the gauge face of the rail, and contact area between the check rail face and the back of the wheel (active interface), either directly or indirectly to the wheel flange or to the rail, and includes both trainborne and trackside solutions.
This document specifies:
—   the characteristics that systems of lubrication of the active interface should achieve, together with applicable inspection and test methods to be carried out for verification;
—   all relevant terminology which is specific to the lubrication of the active interface.
This document applies to the mainline railway.
NOTE   This document can also be used for other railways, e.g urban rail.

This European Standard specifies the quality parameters of axlebox rolling bearings supporting the load of the vehicle, required for reliable operation of trains on European networks. It covers metallurgical and material properties as well as geometric and dimensional characteristics. It also defines methods for quality assurance and conditions for approval of the products.

This document is applicable to vehicles equipped with buffers and screw coupling systems.
In order to allow operation and coupling of trainsets or vehicles, this document specifies the
defined free space for the shunter called the "Berne rectangle" and the necessary free space for
the installation of the rescue coupler.
This document specifies the location, fixing and free spaces on the headstock of:
- buffers;
- screw coupling systems;
- end cocks;
- pneumatic half couplings;
- connections for electric cables.
It also specifies the calculation of the width of the buffer heads.
Unless otherwise displayed, all dimensions given in this document are nominal values.

This document specifies the requirements for the draw gear and screw coupling for the end of rolling stock that is bound to couple with other rolling stock (freight wagons, locomotives, passenger vehicles, etc.).
This document covers the functionality, construction, interfaces and testing including pass/fail criteria for draw gear and screw coupling.
The document describes three categories of classification of draw gear and screw coupling, (1 MN, 1,2 MN and 1,5 MN).
Coupling systems between permanently coupled vehicle units are not in the scope of this document.

This document specifies the requirements for the rescue coupler for train sets compliant with the Technical Specification for Interoperability Locomotives and Passenger rolling stock (TSI Loc & Pas).
This document defines the rescue coupler foreseen to connect rescue vehicle equipped with draw hook, according to EN 15566 together with the train to be rescued equipped with Type 10 automatic coupler according to EN 16019.

This document defines the requirements for buffers with 105 mm, 110 mm and 150 mm stroke for vehicles or units which use buffers and screw coupling. It covers the functionality, interfaces and testing procedures, including pass fail criteria, for buffers.
NOTE 1   Typically, buffers with a stroke of 105 mm are used on freight wagons and locomotives, buffers with a stroke of 110 mm are used on coaches and locomotives and buffers with a stroke of 150 mm are used on freight wagons.
It defines the different categories of buffers, the space envelope, static and dynamic characteristics and energy absorption.
It defines the static and dynamic characteristics of the elastic systems.
It also defines the requirements for buffers with integrated crash elements (crashworthy buffers) for tank wagons for dangerous goods.
The requirements of this document also apply to buffers of locomotives and passenger coaches which are bound to meet the crashworthiness requirements of EN 15227 for normal service only. The properties for the energy absorbing function are defined in EN 15227 and the requirements specified in Clause 7 for tank wagons for dangerous goods are not applicable to the buffers of these locomotives and passenger coaches.
Diagonal buffers are excluded from this document.
For the crashworthy buffers of locomotives, cab cars or passenger coaches according to EN 15227, and tank wagons for dangerous goods or buffers which form part of a combined system consisting of a special buffer and a deformation element, interchangeability with freight wagon buffers is not required, and therefore the requirements of 5.3 (Buffer dimensions) do not apply, those of 5.4 (Mechanical characteristics of buffers) and 5.6 (Marking) apply with restrictions.
NOTE 2   For tank wagons subjected to dangerous goods regulation see [35].

This document defines terms and specifies requirements for adhesive bonding and sealing work in rail vehicles and their components independent of the material of the adherend and the solidification mechanism, strength, and deformation properties of the adhesives.
This document is applicable to adhesive bonding and sealing adherends in the:
-   development (pre-production);
-   production (in-production);
-   maintenance including repair (post-production);
-   quality assurance of production, inspection, maintenance including repair of rail vehicles and their components.
This document is not applicable to:
-   screw retention by the usage of adhesives, if a screw assembly without further safeguard of identical joint design is sufficient for the purpose;
-   hybrid joints, if the expected function is given exclusively by another joining technology e.g. welding, screwing, riveting;
-   production of vulcanizates;
-   production of plywood;
-   production of fibre reinforced plastic composites (FRP-composites);
-   production of laminated safety glass;
-   pure encapsulating of electronic parts;
-   application of single-sided adhesive decorative films.

This European Standard specifies the principles and methods for a rig performance test of the system of axlebox rolling bearing(s), housing, seal(s) and grease. Test parameters and minimum performance requirements for vehicles in operation on main lines are specified. Different test parameters and performance requirements may be selected for vehicles in operation on other networks (e.g. urban rail). This standard is historically developed for outboard applications but can be used for vehicles with other bearing arrangements (e.g.: inboard application or single wheels).
It gives some possible examples where a "sequenced performance test" addresses the broad range of different service conditions within a specific application or vehicle platform into account.
It describes in detail the water tightness test and basic principles and minimum requirements for a field test.
This European Standard only applies to axleboxes equipped with rolling bearings and greases according to EN 12080 and EN 12081.

This document specifies the characteristics of railway wheels, used for all track gauges.
This document applies to heavy railway vehicles but may also apply to other applications such as light railway vehicles, trams or underground systems. Five steel grades, ER6, ER7, ER8, ERS8 and ER9, are defined in this document.
NOTE 1 Steel grade ERS8 has been introduced in this document as an optimisation of steel grades ER8 and ER9 due to contact fatigue (RCF), taking into account service feedback from Europe, for example, BS 5892-3 in force in the United Kingdom.
Some features are provided as a Category 1 or Category 2 function.
The requirements defined in this standard apply to cylindrical bores. Most requirements also apply to wheels with tapered bores. Specific requirements for tapered bores (e.g. geometrical dimensions, etc.) are defined in the technical specification.
This document applies to monobloc wheels in vacuum degassed steel, forged and rolled, with surface treated rims, which have already been the subject of extensive commercial applications on a European network or have complied with a technical approval procedure according to EN 13979 – 1: 2019 to validate their design.
Annex A describes the evaluation process for accepting new materials that are not included in this document.
This document defines the requirements to be met for wheels; the technical approval procedure is not part of the scope of this document.
NOTE 2 A "surface-treated rim" is achieved by heat treatment which aims to harden the rim and create compressive residual stress.

This document specifies the characteristics of the axles for all track gauges.
This document applies to heavy railway vehicles but may also apply to other vehicles such as light railway vehicles, trams or undergrounds.
It defines the characteristics of axles manufactured by forging or rolling, in vacuum-degassed steel, grade EA1N1, EA1T1 and EA4T1. For hollow axles, this document only applies to those obtained by machining the hole in a solid forged or rolled axle.
The requirements defined in this standard apply to cylindrical wheel seats. Most of the requirements also apply to wheelsets with conical wheel seats. Specific requirements for conical wheel seats (e.g. geometric dimensions) are defined in the technical specification.
Some characteristics are given according to category 1 or category 2.
This document applies to axles whose design complies with the rules defined in EN 13103-1.
This document also allows variations in material characteristics in relation to alternative manufacturing processes (e.g. cold forging, shot peening, thermal spraying, steel cleanliness, reduction ratio, improvement of material properties through fusion or heat treatment processes, etc.)..

This document specifies the characteristics of wheelsets for all track gauges.
This document applies to heavy railway vehicles but may also apply to other vehicles such as light railway vehicles, trams or undergrounds.
This document applies to wheelsets made from elements defined by the following European Standards:
- EN 13262 for wheels;
- EN 13261 for axles.
The requirements defined in this standard apply to cylindrical wheel seats. Most of the requirements also apply to wheelsets with conical wheel seats. Specific requirements for conical wheel seats (e.g. press-fitting curves, geometric dimensions...) are defined in the technical specification.
Some characteristics are given according to category 1 or category 2.

This document defines the tread profiles of wheels with a diameter equal or greater than 330 mm used on rolling stock submitted to the Directive 2016/797/EU. These profiles apply to new wheels, whether free-standing or assembled as wheelsets, as well as to wheels that require reprofiling during maintenance.

This document:
-   defines the forces and moments to be taken into account with reference to masses, traction and braking conditions;
-   gives the stress calculation method for axles with inboard axle journals;
-   specifies the maximum permissible stresses to be assumed in calculations for steel grade EA1N, EA1T and EA4T defined in EN 13261;
-   describes the method for determination of the maximum permissible stresses for other steel grades;
-   determines the diameters for the various sections of the axle and recommends the preferred shapes and transitions to ensure adequate service performance.
This document is applicable for axles defined in EN 13261.
This document applies only for heavy rail vehicles.
The calculation of wheelsets for special applications (e.g. railbound construction and maintenance machines) can be made according to this document only for the load cases of free-rolling and rolling in train formation.

This document presents the stage of knowledge resulting from the Euraxles project about the design of the axle, and further steps to be taken.
It is the support:
- to define the loads to be taken into account;
- to describe the stress calculation method using finite elements and the validation processes associated;
- to specify the maximum permissible stresses to be assumed in calculations and the safety factors to be used.
This technical report is applicable for:
- wheelset Axles defined in EN 13261 as "pure wheelset";
- other axle designs such as those encountered in particular rolling stocks e.g. with independent wheels, variable gauges, urban rail...
This document has not for aim to replace EN 13103-1 and CEN/TS 13103-2 but to present a complementary method to the existing ones.

This technical report is applicable to tram vehicles according to EN 17343. Tram-Train vehicles, on track machines, infrastructure inspection vehicles and road-rail machines according to EN 17343 and demountable machines/machinery are not in the scope of this
technical report.
This technical report describes passive safety measures to reduce the consequences of collisions with pedestrians. These measures provide the last means of protection when all other possibilities of preventing an accident have failed, i.e.
- Design recommendations for the vehicle front to minimize the impact effect on a pedestrian when hit,
- Design recommendations for the vehicle front end for side (lateral) deflections in order to minimize the risk of being drawn under the vehicle on flat ground (embedded track),
- Design recommendations for the vehicle body underframe to not aggravate injuries to a pedestrian/body lying on the ground,
- Recommendations to prevent the pedestrian from being over-run by the leading wheels of the vehicle.
The following measures to actively improve safety are not in the scope of this technical report:
- Colour of front;
- Additional position lights;
- Additional cameras;
- Driver assistance systems;
- Additional acoustic warning devices, etc.;
- View of the driver / mirrors;
- Consequences for pedestrian injuries due to secondary impact with infrastructure (side posts, concrete ground, poles, trees, etc.).
The recommendations of this technical report only apply to new vehicles.

This document defines the interfaces and gives guidance for the design of systems and procedures for change of track gauge. It defines also their assessment for technical approval, for the automatic variable-gauge systems.
The document is focused on the change of track gauge among the following nominal track gauges: 1 435 mm, 1 520 mm, 1 524 mm, 1 600 mm and 1 668 mm.
This document is not limited to the aforementioned nominal track gauges but the interfaces to change to/from other nominal track gauges can be different. The established assessment procedures can be used as well.

This document specifies the minimum requirements for securing payload to ensure safe operation of freight wagons, utilizing a train speed of up to 120 km/h. It is serving as a basis for the design and implementation of payload securing methods.
Additional requirements in the case of wagons designed for the transport of special payload and/or with integrated load security (e.g. tank wagons, hopper wagons, car carriers, coil carriers and wagons for intermodal transport) are not part of this document.

The purpose of this document is to analyse the conducted investigation and evaluation of lateral displacement and buffer overlap between each two specified vehicles of different train sets for defined running cases in curves.
For this purpose, the types of vehicles defining the train sets and different operating conditions are specified. Position of the vehicles on the track at the moment of maximum lateral displacement (minimum buffer overlap) is recorded during the calculation.
The worst cases of lateral displacement and buffer overlap between two coupled vehicles as well as relation to formulae in EN 15551:2009 are analysed.

This European Standard defines a set of reference masses for specifying the requirements for the design, testing, acceptance, marking, delivery and operation of rail vehicles.
The reference masses defined in this document are as follows:
-   dead mass;
-   design mass in working order;
-   design mass under normal payload;
-   design mass under exceptional payload;
-   operational mass in working order;
-   operational mass under normal payload.
These reference masses are defined with respect to the whole vehicle, but they can also apply to a specific system or component.
The specification of values for tolerances applicable to reference masses is not in the scope of this standard. Tolerances can be required by an application standard.
Additional loadings due to environmental factors, for example snow and retained or absorbed rainwater, are not in the scope of this European Standard.

This European Standard provides the specific requirements for NDT of wheelsets for:
-   in-service maintenance;
-   off-vehicle maintenance;
-   NDT personnel;
-   NDT documentation (Procedure and Instruction);
-   traceability of the maintenance NDT results.
It gives guidance for the introduction of new NDT techniques.
For this standard, the following NDT methods are considered:
-   Ultrasonic testing (UT);
-   Magnetic particle testing (MT);
-   Eddy Current testing (ET).
Examples of common NDT indications are given in an informative annex.
Other methods considered in EN ISO 9712:2012 are outside the scope of this standard.
For this purpose, a catalogue of the common defects is given as guidance.
Specific NDT requirements relating to the quality of new products delivered by manufacturers are not within the scope of this European Standard.

This European Standard specifies the quality requirements of greases intended for the lubrication of axlebox rolling bearings according to prEN 12080, required for reliable operation of trains on European networks. It covers the approval procedure for a not yet approved grease, the management of modification for an approved grease and the method of quality batch control of the grease. The grease requirements are given for two speed classes.

This European Standard is applicable to all railway vehicles that will operate under the Interoperability Directives taking into consideration the recommendations given in Annex F on the application of the standard (migration rule).
Rolling stock of the following types are excluded from the scope of this draft European Standard:
-   metros, tramways, and other light rail vehicles;
-   vehicles for the operation of local, urban or suburban passenger services on networks that are functionally separate from the rest of the railway system;
-   vehicles exclusively used on privately owned railway infrastructure that exist solely for use by the owner for its own freight operations;
-   vehicles reserved for a strictly local, historical or touristic use.
On-track machines are in the scope of this European Standard only when in transport (running) configuration on their own rail wheels, either self-propelled or hauled.
However, the requirements may be appropriate for other applications that have similar operational conditions. It specifies the principles and processes to be followed to achieve satisfactory arrangements for re-railing or recovery of railway vehicles and to validate the design against the relevant performance and safety requirements.
The interface between the re-railing and recovery equipment and the vehicle structure is considered as the interface between the jack contact faces or the lifting bracket contact areas. The structural requirements for the vehicle structure are set out in EN 12663 1 and EN 12663 2.
NOTE   Railway vehicles that will operate under the Interoperability Directives correspond to the categories L, P-I, P-II, F-I and F-II defined in EN 12663-1.

CEN/TC 256 - Deletion of a superfluous clause in the document in all three langauge versions. No xml version as the mother version EN 12561-3:2011 is not available as xml.

This part of the European Standard identifies the information required or recommended to be marked on coaches, motive power units, locomotives and On Track Machines, relating to their technical and operational characteristics. It defines the characteristics of these markings, the requirements pertaining to their presentation, their shape and position on a vehicle and their meaning. Some markings are accompanied with note(s) where appropriate.
Service markings relating to passenger information are not addressed by this standard.
The provisions of this standard cover external markings on vehicles as required by:
- the TSIs;
- the COTIF regulations.
In addition to the markings shown in this European Standard, there might be other markings and text applied to these vehicles, e.g. instructions and warnings concerning the use of equipment specific to the vehicle. Such additional markings are not in contravention of this standard provided they do not interfere with, create ambiguity or in any other way affect the markings in this standard.
This European Standard is applicable to all railway motive power units, coaches, baggage and mail vans and car carrying coaches intended to be included in passenger trains, locomotives and On Track Machines operating within and between Member States of the European Union, the European Economic Area Member States and States which are member of OTIF (Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail) and it satisfies the legal requirements within these institutions.

This European Standard specifies the requirements for Type 10 automatic couplers for railway applications.
It defines the minimum interface requirements in order to allow automatic coupling (mechanical and pneumatic) of two Type 10 automatic couplers.
The interfaces of the end coupler specified in this European Standard:
-   enable the rescue of a train set in an event of a breakdown by another trainset of different type, without the need to use an intermediate coupler adapter, accessories or component;
-   are the reference interfaces to which the rescue coupler defined by EN 15020 will comply.
It does not define:
-   interface requirements concerning electrical connections;
-   clearance requirements around the coupler head;
-   the height above top of rail for the coupler;
-   the position of the pivot point of the coupler.