This Standard specifies the processing and quality assurance requirements for
brazing processes for space flight applications. Brazing is understood as the
joining and sealing of materials by means of a solidification of a liquid filler
metal.
The term brazing in this standard is used as equivalent to soldering, in cases that
the filler materials have liquidus temperatures below 450 °C.
Brazing and soldering are allied processes to welding and this standard is
supplementing the standard for welding ECSS-Q-ST-70-39.
This standard does not cover requirements for:
• Joining processes by adhesive bonding (ECSS-Q-ST-70-16),
• Soldering for electronic assembly purposes (ECSS-Q-ST-70-61),
• Soldering used in hybrid manufacturing (ESCC 2566000).
The standard covers but is not limited to the following brazing processes:
• Torch brazing,
• Furnace brazing,
• Dip Brazing and Salt-bath brazing,
• Induction Brazing.
This Standard does not detail the brazing definition phase and brazing pre-
verification phase, including the derivation of design allowables.
This standard may be tailored for the specific characteristic and constraints of a
space project in conformance with ECSS-S-ST-00.

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2021-04-21: This EN is based on ECSS-Q-ST-70-40C

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This document defines terms in the field of welding on railway vehicles and associated components. This document is applicable to all assemblies, sub-assemblies or parts welded by any welding process, either manual, partly mechanized, fully mechanized or automatic welding as defined in EN ISO 4063.

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This document defines terms in the field of welding on railway vehicles and associated components. This document is applicable to all assemblies, sub-assemblies or parts welded by any welding process, either manual, partly mechanized, fully mechanized or automatic welding as defined in EN ISO 4063.

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ISO 17663:2009 provides quality requirements for heat treatment in air or controlled atmospheres carried out in workshops and on site in connection with welding and forming. It applies mainly to ferritic steels, but can be used for other materials, as appropriate.
ISO 17663:2009 provides guidance for manufacturers that perform heat treatment or produce heat-treated products or components. ISO 17663:2009 can also be used as a basis for assessing the manufacturer in respect to its heat treatment capability.
ISO 17663:2009 is intended to be a flexible framework for the control of heat treatment processes. The fulfilment of a requirement can be waived where justification can be provided that a specific requirement is not applicable to a specific process.

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This document specifies safety requirements for transparent welding curtains, strips and screens to be used in workplaces where arc welding is taking place. They are intended to provide protection against harmful levels of optical radiation and spatter for workers who are in the vicinity of arc welding processes but not involved in the welding itself. They are intended to reduce the discomfort glare from the arc but also allow sufficient luminous transmittance to permit a view into the workspace behind.
The transparent welding curtains can also be used in other applications as long as the UV- and blue-light emissions are less than in arc welding and the transmitted infrared irradiance is below applicable exposure limits. They are designed to be used at a distance from the arc of at least 1 m.
Welding curtains, strips and screens specified in this document are not intended to replace welding filters. For intentional viewing of welding arcs, other means of protection are used, see ISO 16321-1 and ISO 16321-2.
This document is not applicable to protection against laser radiation, for which ISO 19818-1 applies.

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This document specifies general tolerances for linear and angular dimensions and for shape and position of welded structures in four tolerance classes, based on customary workshop accuracy. The main criterion for selection of a particular tolerance class is based on the functional requirements which are to be met. The applicable tolerances are always those which are stated in the drawing. Instead of specifying individual tolerances the tolerance classes according to this document can be used. General tolerances for linear and angular dimensions and for shape and position as specified in this document apply for weldments, welding assemblies, welded structures, etc. Special provisions can be necessary for complex structures. The specifications given in this document are based on the independency principle of ISO 8015, according to which the dimensional and geometrical tolerances apply independently of each other. Manufacturing documentation in which linear and angular dimensions or indications for shape and position are presented without individually indicated tolerances shall be deemed incomplete if there is no, or inadequate, reference to general tolerances. This does not apply to temporary dimensions.

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This document specifies safety requirements for transparent welding curtains, strips and screens to be used in workplaces where arc welding is taking place. They are intended to provide protection against harmful levels of optical radiation and spatter for workers who are in the vicinity of arc welding processes but not involved in the welding itself. They are intended to reduce the discomfort glare from the arc but also allow sufficient luminous transmittance to permit a view into the workspace behind.
The transparent welding curtains can also be used in other applications as long as the UV- and blue-light emissions are less than in arc welding and the transmitted infrared irradiance is below applicable exposure limits. They are designed to be used at a distance from the arc of at least 1 m.
Welding curtains, strips and screens specified in this document are not intended to replace welding filters. For intentional viewing of welding arcs, other means of protection are used, see ISO 16321-1 and ISO 16321-2.
This document is not applicable to protection against laser radiation, for which ISO 19818-1 applies.

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This document specifies safety requirements for transparent welding curtains, strips and screens to be used in workplaces where arc welding is taking place. They are intended to provide protection against harmful levels of optical radiation and spatter for workers who are in the vicinity of arc welding processes but not involved in the welding itself. They are intended to reduce the discomfort glare from the arc but also allow sufficient luminous transmittance to permit a view into the workspace behind. The transparent welding curtains can also be used in other applications as long as the UV- and blue-light emissions are less than in arc welding and the transmitted infrared irradiance is below applicable exposure limits. They are designed to be used at a distance from the arc of at least 1 m. Welding curtains, strips and screens specified in this document are not intended to replace welding filters. For intentional viewing of welding arcs, other means of protection are used, see ISO 16321-1 and ISO 16321-2. This document is not applicable to protection against laser radiation, for which ISO 19818-1 applies.

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This document applies to welding of metallic materials in the manufacture and maintenance of railway vehicles and their components.
This document specifies applicable design and classification rules.
This document does not define parameters for the dimensioning.
NOTE   Requirements on structures can be found in other standards like EN 12663.

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This document specifies how a welding procedure can be qualified by using tested welding consumable data. It expands on the requirements given in ISO 15607.
In addition, it gives the range of qualification.
Application of this document is limited to parent material groups 1.1, 8.1, 21, 22.1 and 22.2 in accordance with ISO/TR 15608, which produce acceptable microstructures and properties in the heat-affected zone which do not deteriorate significantly in service.
This document is limited to:
—    parent material thicknesses t ≤ 40 mm (groups 1.1 and 8.1) and t ≤ 20 mm (groups 21, 22.1 and 22.2);
—    fillet welds with throat thickness a ≥ 1 mm.
This document is not applicable when any of the following is specified for the welded joint:
a)      hardness;
b)      impact properties;
c)       preheating;
d)      controlled heat input;
e)      interpass temperature;
f)       post-weld heat treatment.
The use of this document can also be restricted by an application standard, specification or other documents.

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This document applies to welding of metallic materials in the manufacture and maintenance of railway vehicles and their components.
This document specifies applicable design and classification rules.
This document does not define parameters for the dimensioning.
NOTE   Requirements on structures can be found in other standards like EN 12663.

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This series of standards applies to welding of metallic materials in the manufacture and maintenance of railway vehicles and their parts.
This part of the series defines the classification levels as well as the requirements for manufacturers of welded railway vehicles and components.
This part of the series specifies:
- inspections and testing to be executed on the welds;
- destructive as well as non-destructive tests to be performed;
- necessary documentation to issue to declare the conformity of the products.

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This series of standards applies to welding of metallic materials in the manufacture and maintenance of railway vehicles and their parts.
This part of the series describes the production requirements (i.e. preparation and execution) of the welding work.

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This series of standards applies to welding of metallic materials in the manufacture and maintenance of railway vehicles and their parts.
This part of the series defines the classification levels as well as the requirements for manufacturers of welded railway vehicles and components.
This part of the series specifies:
- inspections and testing to be executed on the welds;
- destructive as well as non-destructive tests to be performed;
- necessary documentation to issue to declare the conformity of the products.

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This series of standards applies to welding of metallic materials in the manufacture and maintenance of railway vehicles and their parts.
This part of the series describes the production requirements (i.e. preparation and execution) of the welding work.

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This document specifies how a welding procedure can be qualified by using tested welding consumable data. It expands on the requirements given in ISO 15607.
In addition, it gives the range of qualification.
Application of this document is limited to parent material groups 1.1, 8.1, 21, 22.1 and 22.2 in accordance with ISO/TR 15608, which produce acceptable microstructures and properties in the heat-affected zone which do not deteriorate significantly in service.
This document is limited to:
—    parent material thicknesses t ≤ 40 mm (groups 1.1 and 8.1) and t ≤ 20 mm (groups 21, 22.1 and 22.2);
—    fillet welds with throat thickness a ≥ 1 mm.
This document is not applicable when any of the following is specified for the welded joint:
a)      hardness;
b)      impact properties;
c)       preheating;
d)      controlled heat input;
e)      interpass temperature;
f)       post-weld heat treatment.
The use of this document can also be restricted by an application standard, specification or other documents.

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This document contains terms and definitions applicable to health and safety in welding and allied processes. It is intended to be referenced in other documents dealing with this subject. In cases where such documents provide terms and definitions differing from those contained herein, the terms and definitions given in those documents apply.
In the main body of this document, terms are arranged in a systematic order. Annex A to C provide indexes in which all terms are listed alphabetically in English, French and German, with reference to the appropriate subclauses and translations of the terms in each and other languages.

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This document specifies how a welding procedure can be qualified by using tested welding consumable data. It expands on the requirements given in ISO 15607. In addition, it gives the range of qualification. Application of this document is limited to parent material groups 1.1, 8.1, 21, 22.1 and 22.2 in accordance with ISO/TR 15608, which produce acceptable microstructures and properties in the heat-affected zone which do not deteriorate significantly in service. This document is limited to: — parent material thicknesses t ≤ 40 mm (groups 1.1 and 8.1) and t ≤ 20 mm (groups 21, 22.1 and 22.2); — fillet welds with throat thickness a ≥ 1 mm. This document is not applicable when any of the following is specified for the welded joint: a) hardness; b) impact properties; c) preheating; d) controlled heat input; e) interpass temperature; f) post-weld heat treatment. The use of this document can also be restricted by an application standard, specification or other documents.

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This document contains terms and definitions applicable to health and safety in welding and allied processes. It is intended to be referenced in other documents dealing with this subject.
In the main body of this document, terms are arranged in systematic order. Indexes are included at the end of this document in which all terms are listed alphabetically in English, French and German, respectively, with reference to the appropriate term numbers and translations of the terms in the other two languages.
NOTE: In addition to text written in the official ISO languages (English and French), this document gives text in German. This text is published under the responsibility of the member body for Germany (DIN) and is given for information only. Only the text given in the official languages can be considered as ISO text.

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This document contains terms and definitions applicable to health and safety in welding and allied processes. It is intended to be referenced in other documents dealing with this subject. In the main body of this document, terms are arranged in systematic order. Indexes are included at the end of this document in which all terms are listed alphabetically in English, French and German, respectively, with reference to the appropriate term numbers and translations of the terms in the other two languages. NOTE: In addition to text written in the official ISO languages (English and French), this document gives text in German. This text is published under the responsibility of the member body for Germany (DIN) and is given for information only. Only the text given in the official languages can be considered as ISO text.

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This series of standards applies to welding of metallic materials in the manufacture and maintenance of railway vehicles and their components.
This part of the series defines the classification levels as well as the requirements for manufacturers of welded railway vehicles and components.

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This document defines the quality requirements as well as the design and production requirements for welding to be followed by manufacturers during maintenance or maintenance activities on railway vehicles and components.

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This document specifies procedures for assessing the generic weldability for resistance spot, seam and
projection welding of uncoated and coated metals.
The purpose of the tests described in this document are to
a) compare the metallurgical weldability of different metals,
b) assess the weldability of differing component designs, e.g. dimensional configuration, stack-up,
projection geometry, etc.,
c) investigate the effect of changes in welding parameters such as welding current, weld time,
electrode force or complex welding schedules including pulse welding, current stepping etc. on
weldability, and/or
d) compare the performance of resistance welding equipment.
Precise details of the test procedure to be used depend on which aspect of items a) to d) will be
evaluated relative to the welding result obtained

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This document specifies tests for the qualification of welding procedure specifications applicable to upset (resistance butt) welding and flash welding of metallic materials, e.g. with solid, tubular, flat or circular cross-section. Its basic principles can also be applied to other resistance welding processes when this is stated in the specification.
This document defines the conditions for carrying out tests and the limits of validity of a qualified welding procedure for all the practical welding operations that it covers.
It covers the following resistance welding processes, as defined in ISO 4063:
—    24 flash welding, using direct current or alternating current with various movement sequences, constant flashing and pulsed flashing;
—    25 resistance upset welding, using direct current or alternating current with various pressure sequences.

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This document specifies the tests which can be used for qualification of welding procedure specifications for spot, seam, and projection welding processes.
NOTE       The procedures are written for embossed projection welding. They can be adapted for solid projections as well, e.g. nut welding, stud welding. cross wire welding.
This document defines the conditions for carrying out tests and the limits of validity of a qualified welding procedure for all practical welding operations covered by this document.
It covers the following resistance welding processes, as defined in ISO 4063:
—    21 – resistance spot welding;
—    211 – indirect spot welding;
—    212 – direct spot welding;
—    22 – resistance seam welding;
—    221 – lap seam welding;
—    222 – mash seam welding;
—    223 – Prep-lap seam welding;
—    224 – Wire seam welding;
—    225 – foil butt-seam welding;
—    226 – seam welding with strip;
—    23 – projection welding;
—    231 – indirect projection welding;
—    232 – direct projection welding.

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This document specifies the International Standards, including clauses and subclauses, with which conformity to the quality requirements of ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3 or ISO 3834-4 can be claimed.
NOTE      For brazing, see ISO 22688.

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This document specifies a general outline of the ISO 3834 series and criteria to be taken into account for the selection of the appropriate level of quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials, among the three levels specified in ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3 and ISO 3834-4.
It is applicable to manufacturing, both in workshops and at field installation sites.
This document does not specify requirements for a total quality management system (QMS). However, Clause 6 identifies QMS elements where their inclusion complements the ISO 3834 series.

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This document specifies the tests which can be used for qualification of welding procedure specifications
for spot, seam, and projection welding processes.
NOTE The procedures are written for embossed projection welding. They can be adapted for solid
projections as well, e.g. nut welding, stud welding. cross wire welding.
This document defines the conditions for carrying out tests and the limits of validity of a qualified
welding procedure for all practical welding operations covered by this document.
It covers the following resistance welding processes, as defined in ISO 4063:
— 21 – resistance spot welding;
— 211 – indirect spot welding;
— 212 – direct spot welding;
— 22 – resistance seam welding;
— 221 – lap seam welding;
— 222 – mash seam welding;
— 223 – Prep-lap seam welding;
— 224 – Wire seam welding;
— 225 – foil butt-seam welding;
— 226 – seam welding with strip;
— 23 – projection welding;
— 231 – indirect projection welding;
— 232 – direct projection welding

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This document specifies the International Standards, including clauses and subclauses, with which
conformity to the quality requirements of ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3 or ISO 3834-4 can be claimed.
NOTE For brazing, see ISO 22688.

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This document specifies tests for the qualification of welding procedure specifications applicable to
upset (resistance butt) welding and flash welding of metallic materials, e.g. with solid, tubular, flat or
circular cross-section. Its basic principles can also be applied to other resistance welding processes
when this is stated in the specification.
This document defines the conditions for carrying out tests and the limits of validity of a qualified
welding procedure for all the practical welding operations that it covers.
It covers the following resistance welding processes, as defined in ISO 4063:
— 24 flash welding, using direct current or alternating current with various movement sequences,
constant flashing and pulsed flashing;
— 25 resistance upset welding, using direct current or alternating current with various pressure
sequences.

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This document specifies tests for the qualification of welding procedure specifications applicable to upset (resistance butt) welding and flash welding of metallic materials, e.g. with solid, tubular, flat or circular cross-section. Its basic principles can also be applied to other resistance welding processes when this is stated in the specification. This document defines the conditions for carrying out tests and the limits of validity of a qualified welding procedure for all the practical welding operations that it covers. It covers the following resistance welding processes, as defined in ISO 4063: — 24 flash welding, using direct current or alternating current with various movement sequences, constant flashing and pulsed flashing; — 25 resistance upset welding, using direct current or alternating current with various pressure sequences.

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This document specifies requirements for the:
-   approval of training facilities, testing and maintaining the skills of aluminothermic welders and welding trainers. It applies to those aluminothermic welding processes compliant with the requirements of EN 14730-1. It requires that the system for training and testing of welders be approved by the railway authority;
-   approval of aluminothermic welding contractors. It applies to those contractors using aluminothermic welding processes compliant with the requirements of EN 14730-1 and who employ welders in the possession of a valid permit to weld as defined in Clause 4 of this document;
-   acceptance of the final aluminothermic weld inspections and aluminothermic weld inspectors approved by the railway authority. It does not cover any previous weld inspections by the welder or others.
This document also applies to aluminothermic welds produced on railway rails as contained in EN 13674-1 to EN 13674-4 and EN 16771.

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This document specifies the tests which can be used for qualification of welding procedure specifications for spot, seam, and projection welding processes. NOTE The procedures are written for embossed projection welding. They can be adapted for solid projections as well, e.g. nut welding, stud welding. cross wire welding. This document defines the conditions for carrying out tests and the limits of validity of a qualified welding procedure for all practical welding operations covered by this document. It covers the following resistance welding processes, as defined in ISO 4063: — 21 – resistance spot welding; — 211 – indirect spot welding; — 212 – direct spot welding; — 22 – resistance seam welding; — 221 – lap seam welding; — 222 – mash seam welding; — 223 – Prep-lap seam welding; — 224 – Wire seam welding; — 225 – foil butt-seam welding; — 226 – seam welding with strip; — 23 – projection welding; — 231 – indirect projection welding; — 232 – direct projection welding.

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This document specifies a general outline of the ISO 3834 series and criteria to be taken into account for
the selection of the appropriate level of quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials,
among the three levels specified in ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3 and ISO 3834-4.
It is applicable to manufacturing, both in workshops and at field installation sites.
This document does not specify requirements for a total quality management system (QMS). However,
Clause 6 identifies QMS elements where their inclusion complements the ISO 3834 series.

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This document establishes a vocabulary of terms and definitions for resistance spot welding, projection welding and seam welding.
NOTE     In addition to terms used in English and French, two of the three official ISO languages, this document gives the equivalent terms in German; these are published under the responsibility of the member body for Germany (DIN). However, only the terms and definitions given in the official languages can be considered as ISO terms and definitions.

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This document specifies requirements for resistance spot welding in the fabrication of assemblies of aluminium sheet, extrusions (both work- and age-hardening alloys) and/or cast material comprising two or three thicknesses of metal, where the maximum single (sheet) thickness of components to be welded is within the range 0,6 mm to 6 mm.
This document is applicable to the welding of sheets or plates of dissimilar thickness where the thickness ratio is less than or equal to 3:1. It applies to the welding of three thicknesses where the total thickness is less than or equal to 9 mm.
Welding with the following types of machines is within the scope of this document:
—     pedestal welding machines;
—     gun welders;
—     automatic welding equipment where the components are fed by robots or automatic feeding equipment;
—     multi-welders;
—     robotic welders.
Information on appropriate welding equipment is given in Annex A and on spot welding conditions in Annex B. The latter are for guidance only and can require modification depending on service conditions of the fabrication, type of welding equipment, characteristics of the secondary circuit, electrode material and geometry.
The welding of coated material, e.g. zinc-coated or anodized material, is outside the scope of this document.

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This document specifies a method to determine the capability of a manufacturer to use friction stir spot welding (FSSW) for production of products of the specified quality.
It specifies quality requirements, but does not assign those requirements to any specific product group.
In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.

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This document specifies the requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications for the Friction Stir Spot welding (FSSW) of aluminium.
In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys

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This document defines comprehensive quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials
both in workshops and at field installation sites.

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This document defines elementary quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials both
in workshops and at field installation sites.

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This document defines comprehensive quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials both in workshops and at field installation sites.

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This European Standard specifies requirements for the;
-   approval of training facilities, testing and maintaining the skills of aluminothermic welders and welding trainers. It applies to those aluminothermic welding processes compliant with the requirements of EN 14730-1. It requires that the system for training and testing of welders shall be approved by the railway authority.
-   approval of aluminothermic welding contractors. It applies to those contractors using aluminothermic welding processes compliant with the requirements of EN 14730-1 and who employ welders in the possession of a valid permit to weld as defined in section 4 of this standard.
-   acceptance of the final aluminothermic weld inspections and aluminothermic weld inspectors approved by the railway authority. It does not cover any previous weld inspections by the welder or others.
The standard also applies to aluminothermic welds produced on Vignole railway rail 46 kg/m and above, as contained in EN 13674-1.

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This document establishes a vocabulary of terms and definitions for resistance spot welding, projection
welding and seam welding.
NOTE In addition to terms used in English and French, two of the three official ISO languages, this document
gives the equivalent terms in German; these are published under the responsibility of the member body for
Germany (DIN). However, only the terms and definitions given in the official languages can be considered as ISO
terms and definitions.

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This document specifies the method of testing the knowledge and skill of a welder who is required to carry out welds on thermoplastics in new constructions and repair work.
The skill examination of a welder is an essential condition for the assurance of the quality of the welding work.
The application of this document guarantees that the examination is carried out according to a uniform test procedure.
This document applies when the contractor or the authorities responsible for the application require it.
Gas and water utility network industries with alternative qualification programmes are excluded from this document.
This document applies to the following welding processes:
-   hot gas welding: round nozzle, speed, wedge;
-   extrusion welding;
-   heated tool welding: butt, saddle, socket, wedge;
-   electrofusion welding: socket, saddle;
-   solvent welding: socket.
This document applies to the welding of the following products:
-   sheet;
-   pipe (unreinforced, solid wall only);
-   fittings (unreinforced only);
-   lining membrane.
This document covers the welding of the following groups of materials:
a)   for sheets, pipes and fittings:
-   group 1: PVC (including all kinds of PVC-U, PVC-C) or ABS;
-   group 2: PP (including all kinds of PP);
-   group 3: PE (including all kinds of PE);
-   group 4: PVDF;
-   group 5: ECTFE or PFA or FEP;
b)   for lining membranes and flooring:
-   group 6: PVC-P;
-   group 7: PE (including all kinds of PE);
-   group 8: ECB;
-   group 9: PP;
c)   for pipes and fittings only:
-   group 10: PA-U 11 or PA-U 12.

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This document specifies requirements for resistance spot welding in the fabrication of assemblies of
aluminium sheet, extrusions (both work- and age-hardening alloys) and/or cast material comprising
two or three thicknesses of metal, where the maximum single (sheet) thickness of components to be
welded is within the range 0,6 mm to 6 mm.
This document is applicable to the welding of sheets or plates of dissimilar thickness where the
thickness ratio is less than or equal to 3:1. It applies to the welding of three thicknesses where the total
thickness is less than or equal to 9 mm.
Welding with the following types of machines is within the scope of this document:
— pedestal welding machines;
— gun welders;
— automatic welding equipment where the components are fed by robots or automatic feeding
equipment;
— multi-welders;
— robotic welders.
Information on appropriate welding equipment is given in Annex A and on spot welding conditions in
Annex B. The latter are for guidance only and can require modification depending on service conditions
of the fabrication, type of welding equipment, characteristics of the secondary circuit, electrode
material and geometry.
The welding of coated material, e.g. zinc-coated or anodized material, is outside the scope of this
document.

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This document establishes a vocabulary of terms and definitions for resistance spot welding, projection welding and seam welding. NOTE In addition to terms used in English and French, two of the three official ISO languages, this document gives the equivalent terms in German; these are published under the responsibility of the member body for Germany (DIN). However, only the terms and definitions given in the official languages can be considered as ISO terms and definitions.

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