25.160.10 - Welding processes
ICS 25.160.10 Details
Welding processes
Schwei?verfahren
Procédés de soudage
Varilni postopki in varjenje
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This document specifies how a welding procedure specification (WPS) for production welding of steel castings is qualified. Tests are intended to be carried out in accordance with this document, unless additional tests are specified by the purchaser or by agreement between the contracting parties.
This document defines the conditions for the execution of welding procedure qualification tests and the limits of validity of a qualified welding procedure for all practical welding operations within the range of essential variables.
This document applies to the arc welding of steel castings. The principles of this document can be applied to other fusion welding processes subject to agreement between the contracting parties.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies how a welding procedure specification (WPS) for production welding of steel castings is qualified. Tests are intended to be carried out in accordance with this document, unless additional tests are specified by the purchaser or by agreement between the contracting parties.
This document defines the conditions for the execution of welding procedure qualification tests and the limits of validity of a qualified welding procedure for all practical welding operations within the range of essential variables.
This document applies to the arc welding of steel castings. The principles of this document can be applied to other fusion welding processes subject to agreement between the contracting parties.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for qualification testing of welding procedure specifications (WPSs) for electron or laser beam welding.
This document applies to metallic materials, irrespective of the shape of the parts, their thicknesses, the manufacturing method (e.g. rolling, forging, casting, sintering) or their heat treatment. It covers both the production of new parts and repair work.
- Draft32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies how a welding procedure specification (WPS) for production welding of steel castings is qualified. Tests are intended to be carried out in accordance with this document, unless additional tests are specified by the purchaser or by agreement between the contracting parties. This document defines the conditions for the execution of welding procedure qualification tests and the limits of validity of a qualified welding procedure for all practical welding operations within the range of essential variables. This document applies to the arc welding of steel castings. The principles of this document can be applied to other fusion welding processes subject to agreement between the contracting parties.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard17 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests.
This document is applicable to production welding and repair welding.
This document is applicable to fusion welding of steels covered by groups 1, 2, 3 and 8 in accordance with ISO 15608 in a hyperbaric wet environment.
This document is applicable to the following welding processes, in accordance with ISO 4063:2023, applicable in hyperbaric wet environments:
— 111 manual metal arc welding (metal arc welding with covered electrode);
— 114 self-shielded tubular-cored arc welding.
The principles of this document can be applied to other steel groups and fusion welding processes not listed.
This document specifies three weld quality levels, A, B, and Z in order to permit application to a wide range of weldments. Each weld quality level defines a set of criteria for weldment properties that are established during qualification.
This document does not address the selection of the weld quality level to meet the requirements of a particular application.
- Draft50 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests. This document is applicable to production welding and repair welding. This document is applicable to fusion welding of steels covered by groups 1, 2, 3 and 8 in accordance with ISO 15608 in a hyperbaric wet environment. This document is applicable to the following welding processes, in accordance with ISO 4063:2023, applicable in hyperbaric wet environments: — 111 manual metal arc welding (metal arc welding with covered electrode); — 114 self-shielded tubular-cored arc welding. The principles of this document can be applied to other steel groups and fusion welding processes not listed. This document specifies three weld quality levels, A, B, and Z in order to permit application to a wide range of weldments. Each weld quality level defines a set of criteria for weldment properties that are established during qualification. This document does not address the selection of the weld quality level to meet the requirements of a particular application.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard44 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for the measurement of preheating temperature, interpass temperature and preheat maintenance temperature for fusion welding. This document can also be applied as appropriate in the case of other welding processes. This document does not apply to the measurement of post weld heat treatment temperatures.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification is qualified based on a pre-production welding test.
This document is applicable to arc welding, gas welding, beam welding, resistance welding, stud welding and friction welding of metallic materials.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests.
This document applies to production welding, repair welding and build-up welding.
This document defines the conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the qualification of this document.
This document applies to the arc welding of wrought and cast aluminium and its alloys. In this document the term aluminium stands for aluminium and for aluminium alloys.
This document does not apply to finishing welding of aluminium castings, which is addressed in ISO 15614-4.
Arc welding of aluminium is covered by the following welding processes in accordance with ISO 4063:2023:
131 — MIG welding with solid wire electrode;
141 — TIG welding with solid filler material (wire/rod);
142 — Autogenous TIG welding;
15 — plasma arc welding.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document applies to arc stud welding of metallic materials subject to static and fatigue loading. This document specifies requirements that are particular to stud welding, in relation to welding knowledge, quality requirements, welding procedure specification, welding procedure qualification, qualification testing of operators and testing of production welds.
This document is applicable where it is necessary to demonstrate the capability of a manufacturer to produce welded construction of a specified quality.
NOTE General quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials are given in ISO 3834-1, ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3, ISO 3834-4 and ISO 3834-5.
This document has been prepared in a comprehensive manner, with a view to it being used as a reference in contracts. The requirements contained within it can be adopted in full, or partially, if certain requirements are not relevant to a particular construction (see Annex A). For the working range of stud welding, see Annex B.
- Standard47 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for qualification testing of welding procedure specifications (WPSs) for electron or laser beam welding. This document applies to metallic materials, irrespective of the shape of the parts, their thicknesses, the manufacturing method (e.g. rolling, forging, casting, sintering) or their heat treatment. It covers both the production of new parts and repair work.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard24 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests.
This document applies to production welding, repair welding and build-up welding.
This document defines the conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the qualification of this document.
This document applies to the arc welding of wrought and cast aluminium and its alloys. In this document the term aluminium stands for aluminium and for aluminium alloys.
This document does not apply to finishing welding of aluminium castings, which is addressed in ISO 15614-4.
Arc welding of aluminium is covered by the following welding processes in accordance with ISO 4063:2023:
131 — MIG welding with solid wire electrode;
141 — TIG welding with solid filler material (wire/rod);
142 — Autogenous TIG welding;
15 — plasma arc welding.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification is qualified based on a pre-production welding test.
This document is applicable to arc welding, gas welding, beam welding, resistance welding, stud welding and friction welding of metallic materials.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for the measurement of preheating temperature, interpass temperature and preheat maintenance temperature for fusion welding. This document can also be applied as appropriate in the case of other welding processes. This document does not apply to the measurement of post weld heat treatment temperatures.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for the measurement of preheating temperature, interpass temperature and preheat maintenance temperature for fusion welding. This document can also be applied as appropriate in the case of other welding processes. This document does not apply to the measurement of post weld heat treatment temperatures.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard5 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document defines the classification levels for welded components, the types of activity typically undertaken and the requirements to be fulfilled to demonstrate conformance.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification is qualified based on a pre-production welding test. This document is applicable to arc welding, gas welding, beam welding, resistance welding, stud welding and friction welding of metallic materials.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard6 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests. This document applies to production welding, repair welding and build-up welding. This document defines the conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the qualification of this document. This document applies to the arc welding of wrought and cast aluminium and its alloys. In this document the term aluminium stands for aluminium and for aluminium alloys. This document does not apply to finishing welding of aluminium castings, which is addressed in ISO 15614-4. Arc welding of aluminium is covered by the following welding processes in accordance with ISO 4063:2023: 131 — MIG welding with solid wire electrode; 141 — TIG welding with solid filler material (wire/rod); 142 — Autogenous TIG welding; 15 — plasma arc welding.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard27 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document applies to arc stud welding of metallic materials subject to static and fatigue loading. This document specifies requirements that are particular to stud welding, in relation to welding knowledge, quality requirements, welding procedure specification, welding procedure qualification, qualification testing of operators and testing of production welds.
This document is applicable where it is necessary to demonstrate the capability of a manufacturer to produce welded construction of a specified quality.
NOTE General quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials are given in ISO 3834-1, ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3, ISO 3834-4 and ISO 3834-5.
This document has been prepared in a comprehensive manner, with a view to it being used as a reference in contracts. The requirements contained within it can be adopted in full, or partially, if certain requirements are not relevant to a particular construction (see Annex A). For the working range of stud welding, see Annex B.
- Standard47 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document applies to arc stud welding of metallic materials subject to static and fatigue loading. This document specifies requirements that are particular to stud welding, in relation to welding knowledge, quality requirements, welding procedure specification, welding procedure qualification, qualification testing of operators and testing of production welds. This document is applicable where it is necessary to demonstrate the capability of a manufacturer to produce welded construction of a specified quality. NOTE General quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials are given in ISO 3834-1, ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3, ISO 3834-4 and ISO 3834-5. This document has been prepared in a comprehensive manner, with a view to it being used as a reference in contracts. The requirements contained within it can be adopted in full, or partially, if certain requirements are not relevant to a particular construction (see Annex A). For the working range of stud welding, see Annex B.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard40 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document describes best practices, based on the experience of experts, for setting appropriate requirements, in specifications and other standards and contract documents, on ferrite content of nominally austenitic or duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steel weld metals. It also describes a best practice on measurement and measurement reproducibility, and deals with outliers in measurement. It considers ferrite in the weld heat-affected zone of duplex stainless steel. It does not consider specification or measurement of ferrite in ferritic stainless steels nor in martensitic stainless steels.
- Technical report33 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical report35 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Amendment7 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests.
This document specifies the conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the qualification range for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the range of variables listed in Clause 8.
This document specifies the required tests. Additional tests can be required by application standards.
This document applies to the arc welding of titanium, zirconium and their alloys in all product forms. Arc welding is covered by the following processes in accordance with ISO 4063:
131 – metal inert gas welding, MIG welding;
14 – tungsten inert gas welding, TIG welding;
15 – plasma arc welding.
The principles of this document can be applied to other fusion welding processes.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Amendment7 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard1 pageEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard1 pageFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests.
This document specifies the conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the qualification range for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the range of variables listed in Clause 8.
This document specifies the required tests. Additional tests can be required by application standards.
This document applies to the arc welding of titanium, zirconium and their alloys in all product forms. Arc welding is covered by the following processes in accordance with ISO 4063:
131 – metal inert gas welding, MIG welding;
14 – tungsten inert gas welding, TIG welding;
15 – plasma arc welding.
The principles of this document can be applied to other fusion welding processes.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for the approval of a welding process by mobile plant, together with the requirements for subsequent welding production.
It applies to new Vignole railway rails R200, R220, R260, R260Mn, R320Cr, R350HT, R350LHT, R370CrHT and R400HT grade rails of 46 kg/m and above, as contained in EN 13674-1:2011+A1:2017, welded by a flash butt welding process by mobile plant and intended for use on railway infrastructure.
This document applies to the welding of rails into welded strings.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for the approval of a welding process by mobile plant, together with the requirements for subsequent welding production.
It applies to new Vignole railway rails R200, R220, R260, R260Mn, R320Cr, R350HT, R350LHT, R370CrHT and R400HT grade rails of 46 kg/m and above, as contained in EN 13674-1:2011+A1:2017, welded by a flash butt welding process by mobile plant and intended for use on railway infrastructure.
This document applies to the welding of rails into welded strings.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies design requirements for electromagnetic pulse welds and provides design guidelines for electromagnetic pulse welding.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms and definitions related to the electromagnetic pulse welding process. In this document, the term “aluminium” refers to aluminium and its alloys.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method to determine the capability of a manufacturer to use the electromagnetic pulse welding process for production of products of the specified quality. It specifies quality requirements but does not assign those requirements to any specific product or product group.
In this document, the term “aluminium” refers to aluminium and its alloys.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the qualification of welding operators and also weld setters for electromagnetic pulse welding.
This document does not apply to personnel exclusively performing loading or unloading of the automatic welding unit.
This document is applicable when qualification testing of welding operators and weld setters is required by the contract or by the application standard.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the specification and qualification of welding procedures for electromagnetic pulse welding.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document gives guidelines for the implementation of requirements given in the other parts of the ISO 3834 series. It is intended to help users select the appropriate part of the ISO 3834 series. It is expected that users will already be familiar with the ISO 3834 series as a whole.
This document does not provide additional requirements to those in ISO 3834-1 to ISO 3834-5.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the specification and qualification of welding procedures for electromagnetic pulse welding.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method to determine the capability of a manufacturer to use the electromagnetic pulse welding process for production of products of the specified quality. It specifies quality requirements but does not assign those requirements to any specific product or product group.
In this document, the term “aluminium” refers to aluminium and its alloys.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms and definitions related to the electromagnetic pulse welding process. In this document, the term “aluminium” refers to aluminium and its alloys.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the qualification of welding operators and also weld setters for electromagnetic pulse welding.
This document does not apply to personnel exclusively performing loading or unloading of the automatic welding unit.
This document is applicable when qualification testing of welding operators and weld setters is required by the contract or by the application standard.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies design requirements for electromagnetic pulse welds and provides design guidelines for electromagnetic pulse welding.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies how a welding procedure can be qualified by using tested welding consumable data. It expands on the requirements given in ISO 15607.
In addition, it gives the range of qualification.
Application of this document is limited to parent material groups 1.1, 8.1, 21, 22.1 and 22.2 in accordance with ISO/TR 15608, which produce acceptable microstructures and properties in the heat-affected zone which do not deteriorate significantly in service.
This document is limited to:
— butt welds and fillet welds in material of thicknesses t ≤ 40 mm (groups 1.1 and 8.1) and t ≤ 20 mm (groups 21, 22.1 and 22.2);
— fillet welds with throat thickness a ≥ 1 mm.
This document is not applicable when any of the following is specified for the welded joint:
a) hardness;
b) impact properties;
c) preheating;
d) controlled heat input;
e) interpass temperature;
f) post-weld heat treatment.
The use of this document can also be restricted by an application standard, specification or other documents.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document applies to types of joint preparation for submerged arc welding with one wire electrode (process 121 according to ISO 4063) on steel.
This document covers only the welding positions PA and PB according to ISO 6947. If PC is used, special preparation is necessary.
This document applies to fully penetrated welds. For partly penetrated welds, types of joint preparation, shapes and dimensions can differ from the listed proposals if they are specified in the relevant application standard or agreed by the parties concerned.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for resistance spot welding in the fabrication of assemblies of uncoated and metallic-coated or weldable non-metallic-coated low-carbon steel, comprising two or three sheets of metal, where the maximum single-sheet thickness of components to be welded is within the range 0,4 mm to 3,0 mm.
This document is applicable to welding of sheets of the same or unequal thickness, where the thickness ratio is less than or equal to 3:1.
Welding with the following types of equipment is within the scope of this document:
a) pedestal welding equipment;
b) portable welding guns;
c) automatic welding equipment where the components are fed by robots or automatic feeding equipment;
d) multi-spot-welding machines;
e) robotic welding machines.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document applies to types of joint preparation for submerged arc welding with one wire electrode (process 121 according to ISO 4063) on steel.
This document covers only the welding positions PA and PB according to ISO 6947. If PC is used, special preparation is necessary.
This document applies to fully penetrated welds. For partly penetrated welds, types of joint preparation, shapes and dimensions can differ from the listed proposals if they are specified in the relevant application standard or agreed by the parties concerned.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies how a welding procedure can be qualified by using tested welding consumable data. It expands on the requirements given in ISO 15607.
In addition, it gives the range of qualification.
Application of this document is limited to parent material groups 1.1, 8.1, 21, 22.1 and 22.2 in accordance with ISO/TR 15608, which produce acceptable microstructures and properties in the heat-affected zone which do not deteriorate significantly in service.
This document is limited to:
— butt welds and fillet welds in material of thicknesses t ≤ 40 mm (groups 1.1 and 8.1) and t ≤ 20 mm (groups 21, 22.1 and 22.2);
— fillet welds with throat thickness a ≥ 1 mm.
This document is not applicable when any of the following is specified for the welded joint:
a) hardness;
b) impact properties;
c) preheating;
d) controlled heat input;
e) interpass temperature;
f) post-weld heat treatment.
The use of this document can also be restricted by an application standard, specification or other documents.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies how a welding procedure can be qualified by using tested welding consumable data. It expands on the requirements given in ISO 15607. In addition, it gives the range of qualification. Application of this document is limited to parent material groups 1.1, 8.1, 21, 22.1 and 22.2 in accordance with ISO/TR 15608, which produce acceptable microstructures and properties in the heat-affected zone which do not deteriorate significantly in service. This document is limited to: — butt welds and fillet welds in material of thicknesses t ≤ 40 mm (groups 1.1 and 8.1) and t ≤ 20 mm (groups 21, 22.1 and 22.2); — fillet welds with throat thickness a ≥ 1 mm. This document is not applicable when any of the following is specified for the welded joint: a) hardness; b) impact properties; c) preheating; d) controlled heat input; e) interpass temperature; f) post-weld heat treatment. The use of this document can also be restricted by an application standard, specification or other documents.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard6 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests. This document specifies the conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the qualification range for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the range of variables listed in Clause 8. This document specifies the required tests. Additional tests can be required by application standards. This document applies to the arc welding of titanium, zirconium and their alloys in all product forms. Arc welding is covered by the following processes in accordance with ISO 4063: 131 – metal inert gas welding, MIG welding; 14 – tungsten inert gas welding, TIG welding; 15 – plasma arc welding. The principles of this document can be applied to other fusion welding processes.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard21 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document applies to types of joint preparation for submerged arc welding with one wire electrode (process 121 according to ISO 4063) on steel. This document covers only the welding positions PA and PB according to ISO 6947. If PC is used, special preparation is necessary. This document applies to fully penetrated welds. For partly penetrated welds, types of joint preparation, shapes and dimensions can differ from the listed proposals if they are specified in the relevant application standard or agreed by the parties concerned.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard11 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) is qualified by welding procedure tests.
This document defines the conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all welding operations within the qualification of this document.
Two classes of welding procedure tests are given in order to permit application to a wide range of welded fabrication. They are designated by classes A and B. In class A, the extent of testing is greater and the ranges of qualification are more restrictive than in class B.
Procedure tests carried out to class A automatically qualify for class B requirements, but not vice-versa.
When no class is specified in a contract or application standard, all the requirements of class A apply.
NOTE Class B corresponds to level 1 and class A corresponds to level 2 in accordance with ISO 15614-1.
This document applies to upset (resistance butt) welding and flash welding of any metallic materials in all product forms (e.g. with solid, tubular, flat or circular cross-sections). It covers the following resistance welding processes, as defined in ISO 4063:2023:
— 24 – flash welding, using direct current or alternating current with various movement sequences, constant flashing and pulsed flashing;
— 25 – resistance butt welding (upset welding), using direct current or alternating current with various current and pressure sequences.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document gives the necessary information to explain the requirements referenced in ISO 15607 about the qualification of welding procedures based on previous welding experience.
In addition, it gives the range of qualification.
The use of this document can be restricted by an application standard or a specification.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for resistance spot welding in the fabrication of assemblies of uncoated and metallic-coated or weldable non-metallic-coated low-carbon steel, comprising two or three sheets of metal, where the maximum single-sheet thickness of components to be welded is within the range 0,4 mm to 3,0 mm.
This document is applicable to welding of sheets of the same or unequal thickness, where the thickness ratio is less than or equal to 3:1.
Welding with the following types of equipment is within the scope of this document:
a) pedestal welding equipment;
b) portable welding guns;
c) automatic welding equipment where the components are fed by robots or automatic feeding equipment;
d) multi-spot-welding machines;
e) robotic welding machines.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day