77.080.20 - Steels
ICS 77.080.20 Details
Steels
Stahle
Aciers
Jekla
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 77.080.20 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Steels". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 269 standards classified under ICS 77.080.20 (Steels). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies procedures for the rating and statistical analysis of non-metallic inclusions (referred to as inclusions hereafter) using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), a backscattered detector (BSD) and automatic image analysis capabilities.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of acid-soluble and/or total aluminium in non-alloyed steel.
The method is applicable to aluminium contents between 0,005 % (mass fraction) and 0,20 % (mass fraction).
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies micrographic methods of determining apparent ferritic or austenitic grain size in steels. It describes the methods of revealing grain boundaries and of estimating the mean grain size of specimens with unimodal size distribution. Although grains are three-dimensional in shape, the metallographic sectioning plane can cut through a grain at any point from a grain corner, to the maximum diameter of the grain, thus producing a range of apparent grain sizes on the two-dimensional plane, even in a sample with a perfectly consistent grain size.
- Standard53 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the hardenability of steel by end quenching (Jominy test) by using a test piece 25 mm in diameter and at least 100 mm long.
By agreement and for a defined field of application, the test described in this document can be replaced by the calculation of the Jominy curve according to an accepted mathematical model.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of acid-soluble and/or total aluminium in non-alloyed steel.
The method is applicable to aluminium contents between 0,005 % (mass fraction) and 0,20 % (mass fraction).
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of acid-soluble and/or total aluminium in non-alloyed steel. The method is applicable to aluminium contents between 0,005 % (mass fraction) and 0,20 % (mass fraction).
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This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrogen in steels.
The method is primarily intended for the determination of total nitrogen in very low contents in non-alloy steels.
It can be used, however, for any low nitrogen ferrous alloy that is soluble in hydrochloric acid provided that the acid-resistant form of silicon nitride is not present. These highly resistant nitrides have been found only in samples of silicon steels manufactured without aluminium addition and then only in sheet material.
The method is applicable to nitrogen contents from 0,000 5 % (by mass) to 0,005 % (by mass).
The precision data of the present method are given in Annex A.
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This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of niobium in steels.
The method is applicable to all grades of steels with niobium contents up to 1,3 % (by mass), with a lower limit of detection of 0,002 % (by mass).
The precision data of the present method are given in Annex A.
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This document applies to types of joint preparation for submerged arc welding with one wire electrode (process 121 according to ISO 4063) on steel.
This document covers only the welding positions PA and PB according to ISO 6947. If PC is used, special preparation is necessary.
This document applies to fully penetrated welds. For partly penetrated welds, types of joint preparation, shapes and dimensions can differ from the listed proposals if they are specified in the relevant application standard or agreed by the parties concerned.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers alloy steel and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications. Ferritic steels shall be properly heat treated as best suits the high temperature characteristics of each grade. Immediately after rolling or forging, the bolting material shall be allowed to cool to a temperature below the cooling transformation range. The chemical composition requirements for each alloy are presented in details. The steel shall not contain an unspecified element for ordered grade to the extent that the steel conforms to the requirements of another grade for which that element is a specified element. The tensile property and hardness property requirements are discussed, the tensile property requirement is highlighted by a full size fasteners, wedge tensile testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers alloy and stainless steel bolting materials and bolting components for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications. See Specification A962/A962M for the definition of bolting. Bars and wire shall be hot-wrought and may be further processed by centerless grinding or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be carbide solution treated or carbide solution treated and strain-hardened. When strain hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered, the purchaser should take special care to ensure that Appendix X1 is thoroughly understood.
1.2 Several grades are covered, including ferritic steels and austenitic stainless steels designated B5, B8, and so forth. Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, mechanical properties, and high temperature characteristics.
1.3 The following referenced general requirements are indispensable for application of this specification: Specification A962/A962M.
Note 1: The committee formulating this specification has included several steel types that have been rather extensively used for the present purpose. Other compositions will be considered for inclusion by the committee from time to time as the need becomes apparent.
Note 2: For grades of alloy-steel bolting suitable for use at the lower range of high temperature applications, reference should be made to Specification A354.
Note 3: For grades of alloy-steel bolting suitable for use in low temperature applications, reference should be made to Specification A320/A320M.
1.4 Nuts for use with bolting are covered in Section 13.
1.5 Supplementary Requirements are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified in the purchase order or contract.
1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Technical specification14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification covers alloy steel bolting materials for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings for low-temperature service. Each alloy shall conform to the prescribed chemical composition requirements. The material, as represented by the tension specimens, shall conform to the requirements as to tensile properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and hardness. The material shall meet the prescribed impact energy absorption requirements and the recommended test temperature. Mechanical tests shall be conducted on the material, namely: impact testing, tension testing, and hardness testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers alloy and stainless steel bolting materials and bolting components for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings for low-temperature service. See Specification A962/A962M for the definition of bolting. The bars shall be hot-wrought and may be further processed by centerless grinding or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be solution annealed or annealed and strain-hardened. When strain hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered, the purchaser should take special care to ensure that Appendix X1 is thoroughly understood.
1.2 Several grades are covered, including both ferritic and austenitic steels designated L7, B8, etc. Selection will depend on design, service conditions, mechanical properties, and low-temperature characteristics. The mechanical requirements of Table 1 indicate the diameters for which the minimum mechanical properties apply to the various grades and classes, and Table 2 stipulates the requirements for Charpy impact energy absorption. The manufacturer should determine that the material can conform to these requirements before parts are manufactured. For example, when Grade L43 is specified to meet the Table 2 impact energy values at −150 °F [−101 °C], additional restrictions (such as procuring a steel with lower P and S contents than might normally be supplied) in the chemical composition for AISI 4340 are likely to be required.
Note 1: The committee formulating this specification has included several grades of material that have been rather extensively used for the present purpose. Other compositions will be considered for inclusion by the committee from time to time as the need becomes apparent. Users should note that hardenability of some of the grades mentioned may restrict the maximum size at which the required mechanical properties are obtainable.
1.3 The following referenced general requirements are indispensable for application of this specification: Specification A962/A962M.
1.4 Nuts for use with bolting are covered in Section 10 and the nut material shall be impact tested.
1.5 Supplementary Requirements are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified in the purchase order or contract.
1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI) units, the inch-pound units shall apply.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Technical specification8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document defines the decarburization and specifies three methods of measuring the depth of decarburization of steel products.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an order for listing elements within the chemical composition of steels and most other iron-based alloys, excluding foundry irons.
NOTE This document has been developed and is used by ISO/TC 17/SC 4, but can also be used by other ISO/TC 17 subcommittees.
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This document specifies an order for listing elements within the chemical composition of steels and most other iron-based alloys, excluding foundry irons.
NOTE This document has been developed and is used by ISO/TC 17/SC 4, but can also be used by other ISO/TC 17 subcommittees.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A pressure vessel surveillance program requires a methodology for relating radiation-induced changes in materials exposed in accelerated surveillance locations to the condition of the pressure vessel (see Practice E853). An important consideration is that the irradiation exposures be expressed in a unit that is physically related to the damage mechanisms.
4.2 A major source of neutron radiation damage in metals is the displacement of atoms from their normal lattice sites. Hence, an appropriate damage exposure index is the number of times, on the average, that an atom has been displaced during an irradiation. This can be expressed as the total number of displaced atoms per unit volume, per unit mass, or per atom of the material. Displacements per atom is the most common way of expressing this quantity. The number of dpa associated with a particular irradiation depends on the amount of energy deposited in the material by the neutrons, and hence, depends on the neutron spectrum. (For a more extended discussion, see Practice E521.)
4.3 No simple correspondence exists in general between dpa and a particular change in a material property. A reasonable starting point, however, for relative correlations of property changes produced in different neutron spectra is the dpa value associated with each environment. That is, the dpa values themselves provide a spectrum-sensitive index that may be a useful correlation parameter, or some function of the dpa values may affect correlation.
4.4 Since dpa is a construct that depends on a model of the neutron interaction processes in the material lattice, as well as the cross section (probability) for each of these processes, the value of dpa would be different if improved models or cross sections are used. The calculated displacement cross section for ferritic iron, as given in this practice, is determined by the procedure given in 6.3. The currently recommended iron displacement cross section in this practice (Table 1) wa...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a standard procedure for characterizing neutron irradiations of iron (and low alloy steels) in terms of the exposure index displacements per atom (dpa) for iron.
1.2 Although the methods of this practice apply to any material for which a displacement cross section σd(E) is known (see Practice E521), this practice is written specifically for iron.
1.3 It is assumed that the displacement cross section for iron is an adequate approximation for calculating displacements in steels that are mostly iron (95 to 100 %) in radiation fields for which secondary damage processes are not important.
1.4 Procedures analogous to this one can be formulated for calculating dpa in charged particle irradiations. (See Practice E521.)
1.5 The application of this practice requires knowledge of the total neutron fluence and flux spectrum. Refer to Practice E521 for determining these quantities.
1.6 The correlation of radiation effects data is beyond the scope of this practice.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Significance—Retained austenite with a near random crystallographic orientation is found in the microstructure of heat-treated low-alloy, high-strength steels that have medium (0.40 weight %) or higher carbon contents. Although the presence of retained austenite may not be evident in the microstructure, and may not affect the bulk mechanical properties such as hardness of the steel, the transformation of retained austenite to martensite during service can affect the performance of the steel.
2.2 Use—The measurement of retained austenite can be included in low-alloy steel development programs to determine its effect on mechanical properties. Retained austenite can be measured on a companion specimen or test section that is included in a heat-treated lot of steel as part of a quality control practice. The measurement of retained austenite in steels from service can be included in studies of material performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of retained austenite phase in steel using integrated intensities (area under peak above background) of X-ray diffraction peaks using chromium Kα or molybdenum Kα X-radiation.
1.2 The method applies to carbon and alloy steels with near random crystallographic orientations of both ferrite and austenite phases.
1.3 This test method is valid for retained austenite contents from 1 % by volume and above.
1.4 If possible, X-ray diffraction peak interference from other crystalline phases such as carbides should be eliminated from the ferrite and austenite peak intensities.
1.5 Substantial alloy contents in steel cause some change in peak intensities which have not been considered in this method. Application of this method to steels with total alloy contents exceeding 15 weight % should be done with care. If necessary, the users can calculate the theoretical correction factors to account for changes in volume of the unit cells for austenite and ferrite resulting from variations in chemical composition.
1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document presents a list of common practices in preparation methods of metallographic specimens for optical and scanning electron microscopy, including preliminary preparation, grinding and polishing of specimens as well as microstructure revelation methods covering the optical method, etching methods (chemical, electrolytic, constant potential, ion sputtering and high temperature relieving) and the interface layer method [1][2].
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ABSTRACT
This practice explains the procedure for identifying standard grades and types of flat-rolled electrical steels in ASTM electrical steel specifications. This practice applies to flat-rolled magnetically soft irons and steel such as low-carbon steels and alloys of iron with silicon, aluminum, and so forth produced to a specified thickness and maximum value of core loss. These designations are intended to replace the old AISI M designations which are no longer supported. The practice also has a cross-reference between thickness and electrical sheet gage number.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for designating (within ASTM specifications) standard grades of flat-rolled electrical steels made to specified maximum values of specific core loss. This practice applies to magnetically soft irons and steel (low-carbon steels and alloys of iron with silicon, aluminum, and other alloying elements) where a core loss measurement at a stated peak value of alternating induction and a stated frequency, such as 1.5 T (15 kG) and 60 Hz, is normally used to grade the material. This practice also applies when some other property is specified (or a different induction or frequency, or both) as the limiting characteristic, provided the material also meets all the requirements of the ASTM specification.
1.2 Individual specifications that are in conformity with this practice are Specifications A677, A683, A726, A876, and A1086.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document defines terms relating to methods of the determination of the chemical composition of steel and steel products.
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ISO 18203:2016 specifies a method of measuring the case hardening depth, surface hardening depth, nitriding hardness depth and total thickness of surface hardening depth obtained, e.g. thermal (flame and induction hardening, electron beam hardening, laser beam hardening, etc.) or thermochemical (carbonitriding, carburizing and hardening, hardening and nitriding, etc.) treatment.
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This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of the vanadium content in steel.
The method is applicable to vanadium contents between 0,01 % (mass fraction) and 0,80 % (mass fraction), provided that the tungsten content in a 1,0 g test portion is not higher than 1,0 % and/or the titanium content is not higher than 0,5 %.
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This International Standard specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the
determination of the cobalt content in steel and iron.
The method is applicable to cobalt contents between 0,003 % (m/m) and 5,0 % (m/m).
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This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths.
Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to carbon, carbon manganese, molybdenum and chromium molybdenum steels within the tensile strength range 300 N/mm2 to 700 N/mm2 and in the hot-rolled, hot-rolled and normalized or annealed conditions, with or without tempering.
These conversions are not applicable to:
a) cold reduced steels;
b) quenched and tempered steels;
c) austenitic steels.
These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds or where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
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- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths.
Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to austenitic stainless steels within the tensile strength range 450 to 750 N/mm2 and in the solution treated condition.
These conversions are not applicable to:
a) cold reduced steels;
b) quenched and tempered steels;
c) non-austenitic steels.
These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds 25√S0 or where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
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- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an infrared absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace for the determination of the low carbon content in unalloyed steel.
The method is applicable to carbon contents between 0,000 3 % (mass fraction) and 0,009 % (mass fraction).
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This document specifies the method for the verification of models for the determination of the property data of steels and the validation of the modelling process. It is applicable where modelling of mechanical or physical properties is used to substitute conventional testing for specific inspection. Models can be based on statistical data, thermo-physical data or indirect measurement (e.g. measurement of magnetic or ultrasonic data), or a combination of these methods.
This document applies only for providing the properties of rolled and/or heat-treated products such as plates, sheets, strip, sections and bars.
This document is used to demonstrate the ability of the model to supply property data which is equivalent to data, measured by conventional testing.
Any self-learning system is excluded from the scope.
NOTE A self-learning, in the spirit of an auto-adaptive model, is a model which changes its internal parameters by itself.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for the spectrometric analysis of metals and alloys is primarily intended to test such materials for compliance with compositional specifications. It is assumed that all who use this test method will be analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the simultaneous determination of 21 alloying and residual elements in carbon and low-alloy steels by spark atomic emission vacuum spectrometry in the mass fraction ranges shown Note 1.
Element
Composition Range, %
Applicable Range,
Mass Fraction %A
Quantitative Range,
Mass Fraction %B
Aluminum
0 to 0.093
0.006 to 0.093
Antimony
0 to 0.027
0.006 to 0.027
Arsenic
0 to 0.1
0.003 to 0.1
Boron
0 to 0.007
0.0004 to 0.007
Calcium
0 to 0.003
0.002 to 0.003
Carbon
0 to 1.1
0.02 to 1.1
Chromium
0 to 8.2
0.007 to 8.14
Cobalt
0 to 0.20
0.006 to 0.20
Copper
0 to 0.5
0.006 to 0.5
LeadC
0 to 0.2
0.002 to 0.2
Manganese
0 to 2.0
0.03 to 2.0
Molybdenum
0 to 1.3
0.007 to 1.3
Nickel
0 to 5.0
0.006 to 5.0
Niobium
0 to 0.12
0.003 to 0.12
Nitrogen
0 to 0.015
0.01 to 0.055
Phosphorous
0 to 0.085
0.006 to 0.085
Silicon
0 to 1.54
0.02 to 1.54
Sulfur
0 to 0.055
0.001 to 0.055
Tin
0 to 0.061
0.005 to 0.061
Titanium
0 to 0.2
0.001 to 0.2
Vanadium
0 to 0.3
0.003 to 0.3
Zirconium
0 to 0.05
0.01 to 0.05
Note 1: The mass fraction ranges of the elements listed have been established through cooperative testing2 of reference materials.
1.2 This test method covers analysis of specimens having a diameter adequate to overlap and seal the bore of the spark stand opening. The specimen thickness can vary significantly according to the design of the spectrometer stand, but a thickness between 10 mm and 38 mm has been found to be most practical.
1.3 This test method covers the routine control analysis in iron and steelmaking operations and the analysis of processed material. It is designed for chill-cast, rolled, and forged specimens. Better performance is expected when reference materials and specimens are of similar metallurgical condition and composition. However, it is not required for all applications of this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers high strength stainless steel bolting for special purpose applications such as pressure vessels. Several grades of precipitation-hardened and duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steels are covered. Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, mechanical properties and characteristics related to the application. Bolting supplied to this specification shall conform to the requirements of Specification A962/A962M. These requirements include test methods, finish, thread dimensions, marking, terminology, testing, certification, optional supplementary requirements, and others. Bars shall be produced in accordance with Specifications A276/A276M, A479/A479M or A564/A564M as applicable while the fasteners shall be produced in accordance with this specification and the requirements of A962/A962M.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high strength stainless steel bolting materials and bolting components for special purpose applications such as pressure vessels. Several grades of precipitation-hardened and duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steels are covered. Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, mechanical properties and characteristics related to the application.
1.2 The following referenced general requirements are indispensable for application of this specification: Specification A962/A962M.
1.3 Supplementary Requirements are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The Supplementary Requirements shall only apply when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies an infrared absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace for the determination of the low carbon content in unalloyed steel.
The method is applicable to carbon contents between 0,000 3 % (mass fraction) and 0,009 % (mass fraction).
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the method for the verification of models for the determination of the property data of steels and the validation of the modelling process. It is applicable where modelling of mechanical or physical properties is used to substitute conventional testing for specific inspection. Models can be based on statistical data, thermo-physical data or indirect measurement (e.g. measurement of magnetic or ultrasonic data), or a combination of these methods.
This document applies only for providing the properties of rolled and/or heat-treated products such as plates, sheets, strip, sections and bars.
This document is used to demonstrate the ability of the model to supply property data which is equivalent to data, measured by conventional testing.
Any self-learning system is excluded from the scope.
NOTE A self-learning, in the spirit of an auto-adaptive model, is a model which changes its internal parameters by itself.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an infrared absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace for the determination of the low carbon content in unalloyed steel. The method is applicable to carbon contents between 0,000 3 % (mass fraction) and 0,009 % (mass fraction).
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are used to detect surface losses in carbon content due to heating at elevated temperatures, as in hot working or heat treatment.
5.2 Results of such tests may be used to qualify material for shipment according to agreed upon guidelines between purchaser and manufacturer, for guidance as to machining allowances, or to assess the influence of processing upon decarburization tendency.
5.3 Screening tests are simple, fast, low-cost tests designed to separate non-decarburized samples from those with appreciable decarburization. Based on the results of such tests, the other procedures may be utilized as applicable.
5.4 Microscopical tests require a metallographically polished cross section to permit reasonably accurate determination of the depth and nature of the decarburization present. Several methods may be employed for estimation of the depth of decarburization. The statistical accuracy of each varies with the amount of effort expended.
5.5 Microindentation hardness methods are employed on polished cross sections and are most suitable for hardened specimens with reasonably uniform microstructures. This procedure can be used to define the depth to a specific minimum hardness or the depth to a uniform hardness.
5.6 Chemical analytical methods are limited to specimens with simple, uniform shapes and are based on analysis of incremental turnings or after milling at fixed increments.
5.7 Microscopical tests are generally satisfactory for determining the suitability of material for intended use, specification acceptance, manufacturing control, development, or research.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for estimating the depth of decarburization of steels irrespective of the composition, matrix microstructure, or section shape. The following basic procedures may be used:
1.1.1 Screening methods.
1.1.2 Microscopical methods.
1.1.3 Microindentation hardness methods.
1.1.4 Chemical analysis methods.
1.2 In case of a dispute, the rigorous quantitative or lineal analysis method (see 7.3.5 and 7.3.6) shall be the referee method. These methods can be employed with any cross-sectional shape. The chemical analytical methods generally reveal a greater depth of decarburization than the microscopical methods but are limited to certain simple shapes and by availability of equipment. These techniques are generally reserved for research studies. The microindentation hardness method is suitable for accurate measurements of hardened structures with relatively homogeneous microstructures.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies an order for listing elements within the chemical composition of steels and most other iron-based alloys, excluding foundry irons. NOTE This document has been developed and is used by ISO/TC 17/SC 4, but can also be used by other ISO/TC 17 subcommittees.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the hardenability of steel by the end-quench or Jominy test. The test consists of water quenching one end of a cylindrical test specimen 1.0 in. in diameter and measuring the hardening response as a function of the distance from the quenched end.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the identification and description of test methods for determining the hardenability of steels. The two test methods include the quantitative end-quench or Jominy Test and a method for calculating the hardenability of steel from the chemical composition based on the original work by M. A. Grossman.
1.2 The selection of the test method to be used for determining the hardenability of a given steel shall be agreed upon between the supplier and user. The Certified Material Test Report shall state the method of hardenability determination.
1.3 The calculation method described in these test methods is applicable only to the range of chemical compositions that follow:
Element
Range, %
Carbon
0.10–0.70
Manganese
0.50–1.65
Silicon
0.15–0.60
Nickel
1.50 max
Chromium
1.35 max
Molybdenum
0.55 max
Copper
0.35 max
Vanadium
0.20 max
1.4 Hardenability is a measure of the depth to which steel will harden when quenched from its austenitizing temperature (Table 1). It is measured quantitatively, usually by noting the extent or depth of hardening of a standard size and shape of test specimen in a standardized quench. In the end-quench test the depth of hardening is the distance along the specimen from the quenched end which correlates to a given hardness level.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of fracture propagation toughness in terms of the steady-state crack-tip-opening angle (CTOA) using the drop-weight tear test (DWTT)-type specimen. The method is applicable to ferritic steels that exhibit predominantly ductile fracture with at least 85 % shear area measured according to Test Method E436 - Standard Test Method for Drop-Weight Tear Tests of Ferritic Steels. This test method applies to ferritic steels with thicknesses between 6 mm and 20 mm. Annex A1 describes the method to test ferritic steels with thicknesses between 20 mm to 32 mm.
1.2 In terms of apparatus, specimen design, and test methodology, this test method draws from Test Method E436 and API 5L3 - Recommended Practice for Conducting Drop-Weight Tear Tests on Line Pipe.
1.3 The development of this test method has been driven by the need to design for fast ductile fracture arrest of axial running cracks in steel high-pressure gas pipelines (1). 2The purpose has been to develop a test to characterize fracture propagation resistance in a form suitable for use as a pipe mill test (2). The traditional Charpy test has been shown to be inadequate for modern high toughness pipe steels (1). This test method measures fracture propagation resistance in terms of crack-tip opening angle, and is used to characterize ferritic steels.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers precipitation-strengthened low carbon nickel copper-chromium-molybdenum-columbium alloy structural steel plates. Precipitation strengthening and precipitation heat treatment shall be performed on the material to enhance and alter the required structural and mechanical properties. Heat analysis shall be used to determine the required chemical composition for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, copper, columbium, and titanium. Yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation shall be evaluated using tension test and the required toughness shall be evaluated using notch toughness test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers low-carbon precipitation — strengthened nickel - copper - chromium - molybdenum - columbium (niobium) alloy steel plates for general applications. The alloys in this specification are strengthened by precipitation in various temperature ranges. Precipitation strengthening can occur upon air cooling after hot rolling, during normalizing, and by another heat treatment. These grades are not intended for use in applications above 900°F [480°C].
1.2 Two grades, each with three classes, are provided as follows:
Grade and Class
Condition
Grade A, Class 1
as-rolled and precipitation heat treated
Grade A, Class 2
normalized and precipitation heat treated
Grade A, Class 3
quenched and precipitation heat treated
Grade B, Class 1
as-rolled
Grade B, Class 2
normalized
Grade B, Class 3
normalized and precipitation heat treated
1.3 Grade A provides minimum yield strength levels ranging from 50 to 85 ksi [345 to 585 MPa], depending on thickness and condition.
1.4 Grade A, Class 1, plates are limited to a maximum thickness of 3/4 in. [20 mm]. The maximum thickness of Grade A, Classes 2 and 3, is limited only by the capacity of the composition to meet the specified mechanical property requirements; however, current practice normally limits the maximum thickness to 8 in. [200 mm].
1.5 Mandatory notch toughness requirements are specified for Grade A, Class 1.
1.6 Grade B provides minimum yield strength levels ranging from 70 to 75 ksi [485 to 515 MPa], depending on thickness and condition.
1.7 Grade B plates are limited to a maximum thickness of 2 in. [50 mm].
1.8 Mandatory notch toughness requirements are specified for the three classes of Grade B.
1.9 When the steel is to be welded, it is presupposed that a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service will be utilized. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.
1.10 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of calcium content in non-alloy and low alloy steels.
The method is applicable to calcium contents between 4 µg/g and 120 µg/g.
The method can be adapted to higher calcium contents by changing the test portion or the dilution process, provided the criteria in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 are still met.
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This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of lead content in non-alloy and low alloy steels.
The method is applicable to lead contents between 0,005 % (weight percent) and 0,5 % (weight percent).
The method can be adapted to lower or higher lead contents by changing the test portion or the dilution process, provided the criteria in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 are still met.
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This document specifies an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method for the determination of the chromium content (mass fraction) between 5,0 % (m/m) and 27,0 % (m/m) in alloyed steels.
The method doesn't apply to alloyed steels having carbon contents higher than 1 % and niobium and/or tungsten contents higher than 0,1 %.
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This document specifies an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method for the determination of the chromium content (mass fraction) between 5,0 % (m/m) and 27,0 % (m/m) in alloyed steels.
The method doesn't apply to alloyed steels having carbon contents higher than 1 % and niobium and/or tungsten contents higher than 0,1 %.
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This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrogen in steel.
The method is applicable to the determination of nitrogen mass fraction between 0,000 6 % and 0,050 % in low alloy steels and between 0,010 % and 0,050 % in high alloy steels.
The method does not apply to samples containing silicon nitrides or having silicon contents higher than 0,6 %.
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This document applies to wrought steel enclosures and their welding. These enclosures are pressurized with dry air, inert gases, for example sulphur hexafluoride or nitrogen or a mixture of such gases, used in indoor and outdoor installations of high-voltage switchgear and controlgear with rated voltages above 1kV, where the gas is used principally for its dielectric and/or arc-quenching properties with rated voltages:
- above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV concerning gas-filled compartments with design pressure higher than 300 kPa relative pressure (gauge);
- above 52 kV concerning all gas-filled compartments.
The enclosures comprise parts of electrical equipment not necessarily limited to the following examples:
- circuit-breakers;
- switch-disconnectors;
- disconnectors;
- earthing switches;
- current transformers;
- voltage transformers;
- surge arrestors;
- busbars and connections;
- etc.
The scope also covers enclosures of pressurized components such as the centre chamber of live tank switchgear, gas-insulated current transformers, etc.
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This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrogen in steel.
The method is applicable to the determination of nitrogen mass fraction between 0,000 6 % and 0,050 % in low alloy steels and between 0,010 % and 0,050 % in high alloy steels.
The method does not apply to samples containing silicon nitrides or having silicon contents higher than 0,6 %.
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This document specifies guidelines and requirements for conducting life cycle inventory (LCI) studies of steel products reflecting steel's capacity for closed-loop recycling, including: a) specification of the functional unit used for LCI calculation of steel products; b) definition of the system boundaries used for LCI calculation of steel products; c) evaluation of scrap in LCI calculation of steel products; d) evaluation of co-products in LCI calculation of steel products; e) reporting of LCI calculation results of steel products. The application of LCI results, including life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), is outside the scope of this document.
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cold-formed welded high strength carbon steel or high strength low-alloy steel Hollow Structural Sections (HSS) or special shape structural tubing for welded, riveted, or bolted construction of bridges, buildings, and for structural purposes.
1.2 This HSS is produced in welded sizes with a periphery of 64 in. [1626 mm] or less, and a specified wall thickness of 0.625 in. [16 mm] or less.
Note 1: Products manufactured to this specification may not be suitable for those applications such as dynamic loaded elements in welded structures, etc. where low-temperature notch-toughness properties may be important. Inquire if dynamic loaded elements are required.
1.3 The text of this specification contains notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. Such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrogen in steel. The method is applicable to the determination of nitrogen mass fraction between 0,000 6 % and 0,050 % in low alloy steels and between 0,010 % and 0,050 % in high alloy steels. The method does not apply to samples containing silicon nitrides or having silicon contents higher than 0,6 %.
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ISO 9606-1:2012 specifies the requirements for qualification testing of welders for fusion welding of steels.
It provides a set of technical rules for a systematic qualification test of the welder, and enables such qualifications to be uniformly accepted independently of the type of product, location and examiner or examining body.
When qualifying welders, the emphasis is placed on the welder's ability manually to manipulate the electrode, welding torch or welding blowpipe, thereby producing a weld of acceptable quality.
The welding processes referred to in ISO 9606-1:2012 include those fusion-welding processes which are designated as manual or partly mechanized welding. It does not cover fully mechanized and automated welding processes.
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ISO 22825:2017 specifies the approach to be followed when developing procedures for the ultrasonic testing of the following welds:
- welds in stainless steels;
- welds in nickel-based alloys;
- welds in duplex steels;
- dissimilar metal welds;
- austenitic welds.
The purposes of the testing can be very different, for example:
- for the assessment of quality level (manufacturing);
- for the detection of specific discontinuities induced in service.
Acceptance levels are not included in ISO 22825:2017, but can be applied in accordance with the scope of the testing (see 4.1).
The requirements of ISO 22825:2017 are applicable to both manual and mechanized testing.
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