77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
ICS 77.040.99 Details
Other methods of testing of metals
Weitere Prufmethoden von Metallen
Autres méthodes d'essai des métaux
Druge metode za preskušanje kovin
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 77.040.99 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Other methods of testing of metals". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 287 standards classified under ICS 77.040.99 (Other methods of testing of metals). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies a method for determining the hardenability of steel by end quenching (Jominy test) by using a test piece 25 mm in diameter and at least 100 mm long.
By agreement and for a defined field of application, the test described in this document can be replaced by the calculation of the Jominy curve according to an accepted mathematical model.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies micrographic methods of determining apparent ferritic or austenitic grain size in steels. It describes the methods of revealing grain boundaries and of estimating the mean grain size of specimens with unimodal size distribution. Although grains are three-dimensional in shape, the metallographic sectioning plane can cut through a grain at any point from a grain corner, to the maximum diameter of the grain, thus producing a range of apparent grain sizes on the two-dimensional plane, even in a sample with a perfectly consistent grain size.
- Standard53 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the hardenability of steel by end quenching (Jominy test) by using a test piece 25 mm in diameter and at least 100 mm long.
By agreement and for a defined field of application, the test described in this document can be replaced by the calculation of the Jominy curve according to an accepted mathematical model.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies micrographic methods of determining apparent ferritic or austenitic grain size in steels. It describes the methods of revealing grain boundaries and of estimating the mean grain size of specimens with unimodal size distribution. Although grains are three-dimensional in shape, the metallographic sectioning plane can cut through a grain at any point from a grain corner, to the maximum diameter of the grain, thus producing a range of apparent grain sizes on the two-dimensional plane, even in a sample with a perfectly consistent grain size.
- Standard53 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies micrographic methods of determining apparent ferritic or austenitic grain size in steels. It describes the methods of revealing grain boundaries and of estimating the mean grain size of specimens with unimodal size distribution. Although grains are three-dimensional in shape, the metallographic sectioning plane can cut through a grain at any point from a grain corner, to the maximum diameter of the grain, thus producing a range of apparent grain sizes on the two-dimensional plane, even in a sample with a perfectly consistent grain size.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard48 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for determining the hardenability of steel by end quenching (Jominy test) by using a test piece 25 mm in diameter and at least 100 mm long. By agreement and for a defined field of application, the test described in this document can be replaced by the calculation of the Jominy curve according to an accepted mathematical model.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard19 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a point counting method for statistically estimating the volume fraction of a constituent through the microstructure of a steel by means of a point grid. It applies to constituents which are clearly identifiable. By default, counting is performed manually, but can be computer assisted or substituted by validated computer algorithms. NOTE In this document, the word "constituent" can designate a phase as well as a micrographic constituent composed of two or more phases.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Pole figures are two-dimensional graphic representations, on polar coordinate paper, of the average distribution of crystallite orientations in three dimensions. Data for constructing pole figures are obtained with X-ray diffractometers, using reflection and transmission techniques.
3.2 Several alternative procedures may be used. Some produce complete pole figures. Others yield partial pole figures, which may be combined to produce a complete figure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of the X-ray diffractometer to prepare quantitative pole figures.
1.2 The test method consists of several experimental procedures. Some of the procedures (1-5)2 permit preparation of a complete pole figure. Others must be used in combination to produce a complete pole figure.
1.3 Pole figures (6) and inverse pole figures (7-10) are two dimensional averages of the three-dimensional crystallite orientation distribution. Pole figures may be used to construct either inverse pole figures (11-13) or the crystallite orientation distribution (14-21). Development of series expansions of the crystallite orientation distribution from reflection pole figures (22, 23) makes it possible to obtain a series expansion of a complete pole figure from several incomplete pole figures. Pole figures or inverse pole figures derived by such methods shall be termed calculated. These techniques will not be described herein.
1.4 Provided the orientation is homogeneous through the thickness of the sheet, certain procedures (1-3) may be used to obtain a complete pole figure.
1.5 Provided the orientation has mirror symmetry with respect to planes perpendicular to the rolling, transverse, and normal directions, certain procedures (4, 5, 24) may be used to obtain a complete pole figure.
1.6 The test method emphasizes the Schulz reflection technique (25). Other techniques (3, 4, 5, 24) may be considered variants of the Schulz technique and are cited as options, but not described herein.
1.7 The test method also includes a description of the transmission technique of Decker, et al (26), which may be used in conjunction with the Schulz reflection technique to obtain a complete pole figure.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of these tests is to determine water vapor transmission rate of materials by means of a simple gravimetric procedure.
5.2 Test Conditions:
5.2.1 A WVTR result obtained in one method under one set of test conditions cannot be used to predict the result that would be obtained using the same method with a different set of conditions, or using the other method. See Appendix X3 for discussion of determining dependency of WVTR on different relative humidity (at a given temperature).
5.2.2 Test conditions that are commonly used or are considered standard in various industries or research applications are listed as Procedures A-E in Appendix X1, but use of these conditions is not mandatory in the methods herein.
5.2.3 Given the caution in 5.2.1, the selection of test conditions that closely approach exposure conditions of material in actual use is advised when possible.
5.2.4 Where tests are conducted for classification or compliance purposes, test conditions are typically defined in codes, specifications, and manufacturer’s technical literature.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of materials, such as, but not limited to, paper, plastic films, other sheet materials, coatings, foams, fiberboards, gypsum and plaster products, wood products, and plastics. Two basic methods, the Desiccant Method and the Water Method, are provided for the measurement of WVTR. In these tests, the desired temperature and side-to-side humidity conditions, with resultant vapor drive through the specimen, are used. The test conditions employed are at the discretion of the user, but in all cases, are reported with the results.
1.2 The values stated in either Inch-Pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Derived results are converted from one system to the other using appropriate conversion factors (see Table 1).
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document defines the decarburization and specifies three methods of measuring the depth of decarburization of steel products.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Applications of Macroetching:
3.1.1 Macroetching is used to reveal the heterogeneity of metals and alloys. Metallographic specimens and chemical analyses will provide the necessary detailed information about specific localities, but they cannot give data about variation from one place to another unless an inordinate number of specimens are taken.
3.1.2 Macroetching, on the other hand, will provide information on variations in (1) structure, such as grain size, flow lines, columnar structure, dendrites, and so forth; (2) variations in chemical composition as evidenced by segregation, carbide and ferrite banding, coring, inclusions, and depth of carburization or decarburization. The information provided about variations in chemical composition is strictly qualitative but the location of extremes in segregation will be shown. Chemical analyses or other means of determining the chemical composition would have to be performed to determine the extent of variation. Macroetching will also show the presence of discontinuities and voids, such as seams, laps, porosity, flakes, bursts, extrusion rupture, cracks, and so forth.
3.1.3 Other applications of macroetching in the fabrication of metals are the study of weld structure, definition of weld penetration, dilution of filler metal by base metals, entrapment of flux, porosity, and cracks in weld and heat affected zones, and so forth. It is also used in the heat-treating shop to determine location of hard or soft spots, tong marks, quenching cracks, case depth in shallow-hardening steels, case depth in carburization, effectiveness of stop-off coatings in carburization, and so forth. In the machine shop, it can be used for the determination of grinding cracks in tools and dies.
3.1.4 Macroetching is used extensively for quality control in the steel industry, to determine the tone of a heat in billets with respect to inclusions, segregation, and structure. Forge shops, in addition, use macroetching to reveal flow...
SCOPE
1.1 These procedures describe the methods of macroetching metals and alloys to reveal their macrostructure.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to the International System (SI) units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For specific warning statements, see 6.2, 7.1, 8.1.3, 8.2.1, 8.8.3, 8.10.1.1, and 8.13.2. It is further recommended to review the guidance in Guide E2014.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice lists recommended methods and solutions for the etching of specimens for metallographic examination. Solutions are listed that highlight the phases and constituents present in most major alloy systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers chemical solutions and procedures to be used in etching metals and alloys for microscopic examination. Safety precautions and miscellaneous information are also included.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific cautionary statements, see 6.1 and Table 2.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods cover four macroscopic and five microscopic test methods (manual and image analysis) for describing the inclusion content of steel and procedures for expressing test results.
4.2 Inclusions are characterized by size, shape, concentration, and distribution rather than chemical composition. Although compositions are not identified, Microscopic methods place inclusions into one of several composition-related categories (sulfides, oxides, and silicates—the last as a type of oxide). Paragraph 11.1.1 describes a metallographic technique to facilitate inclusion discrimination. Only those inclusions present at the test surface can be detected.
4.3 The macroscopic test methods evaluate larger surface areas than microscopic test methods and because examination is visual or at low magnifications, these methods are best suited for detecting larger inclusions. Macroscopic methods are not suitable for detecting inclusions smaller than about 0.40 mm (1/64 in.) in length and the methods do not discriminate inclusions by type.
4.4 The microscopic test methods are employed to characterize inclusions that form as a result of deoxidation or due to limited solubility in solid steel (indigenous inclusions). As stated in 1.1, these microscopic test methods rate inclusion severities and types based on morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. These inclusions are characterized by morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. The microscopic methods are not intended for assessing the content of exogenous inclusions (those from entrapped slag or refractories). In case of a dispute whether an inclusion is indigenous or exogenous, microanalytical techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) may be used to aid in determining the nature of the inclusion. However, experience and knowledge of the casting proce...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods will be described in terms of their use on steels.
1.2 These test methods cover procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance with microscopic methods A and D.
1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory.
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory...
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This document defines the decarburization and specifies three methods of measuring the depth of decarburization of steel products.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines the decarburization and specifies three methods of measuring the depth of decarburization of steel products.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to provide steel phase transformation data required for use in numerical models for the prediction of microstructures, properties, and distortion during steel manufacturing, forging, casting, heat treatment, and welding. Alternatively, the practice provides end users of steel and fabricated steel products the phase transformation data required for selecting steel grades for a given application by determining the microstructure resulting from a prescribed thermal cycle.
5.1.1 There are available several computer models designed to predict the microstructures, mechanical properties, and distortion of steels as a function of thermal processing cycle. Their use is predicated on the availability of accurate and consistent thermal and transformation strain data. Strain, both thermal and transformation, developed during thermal cycling is the parameter used in predicting both microstructure and properties, and for estimating distortion. It should be noted that these models are undergoing continued development. This process is aimed, among other things, at establishing a direct link between discrete values of strain and specific microstructure constituents in steels. This practice describes a standardized method for measuring strain during a defined thermal cycle.
5.1.2 This practice is suitable for providing data for computer models used in the control of steel manufacturing, forging, casting, heat-treating, and welding processes. It is also useful in providing data for the prediction of microstructures and properties to assist in steel alloy selection for end-use applications.
5.1.3 This practice is suitable for providing the data needed for the construction of transformation diagrams that depict the microstructures developed during the thermal processing of steels as functions of time and temperature. Such diagrams provide a qualitative assessment of the effects of changes in thermal cycle on steel microstructure. Appendix X2 describes ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of hypoeutectoid steel phase transformation behavior by using high-speed dilatometry techniques for measuring linear dimensional change as a function of time and temperature, and reporting the results as linear strain in either a numerical or graphical format.
1.2 The practice is applicable to high-speed dilatometry equipment capable of programmable thermal profiles and with digital data storage and output capability.
1.3 This practice is applicable to the determination of steel phase transformation behavior under both isothermal and continuous cooling conditions.
1.4 This practice includes requirements for obtaining metallographic information to be used as a supplement to the dilatometry measurements.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This guide presents the simulation procedure which would provide advice for conducting experiments to investigate the effects of helium on the properties of irradiated metals where the technique for introducing the helium differs in someway from the actual mechanism of introduction of helium in service. Simulation techniques considered for introducing helium shall include charged particle implantation, exposure to α-emitting radioisotopes, and tritium decay techniques. Procedures for the analysis of helium content and helium distribution within the specimen are also recommended. The two other methods for introducing helium into irradiated materials namely, the enhancement of helium production in nickel-bearing alloys by spectral tailoring in mixed-spectrum fission reactors, and the isotopic tailoring in both fast and mixed-spectrum fission reactors, are not covered in this guide. Dual ion beam techniques for simultaneously implanting helium and generating displacement damage are also not included here.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Helium is introduced into metals as a consequence of nuclear reactions, such as (n, α), or by the injection of helium into metals from the plasma in fusion reactors. The characterization of the effect of helium on the properties of metals using direct irradiation methods may be impractical because of the time required to perform the irradiation or the lack of a radiation facility, as in the case of the fusion reactor. Simulation techniques can accelerate the research by identifying and isolating major effects caused by the presence of helium. The word ‘simulation’ is used here in a broad sense to imply an approximation of the relevant irradiation environment. There are many complex interactions between the helium produced during irradiation and other irradiation effects, so care must be exercised to ensure that the effects being studied are a suitable approximation of the real effect. By way of illustration, details of helium introduction, especially the implantation temperature, may determine the subsequent distribution of the helium (that is, dispersed atomistically, in small clusters in bubbles, etc.).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides advice for conducting experiments to investigate the effects of helium on the properties of metals where the technique for introducing the helium differs in some way from the actual mechanism of introduction of helium in service. Techniques considered for introducing helium may include charged particle implantation, exposure to α-emitting radioisotopes, and tritium decay techniques. Procedures for the analysis of helium content and helium distribution within the specimen are also recommended.
1.2 Three other methods for introducing helium into irradiated materials are not covered in this guide. They are: (1) the enhancement of helium production in nickel-bearing alloys by spectral tailoring in mixed-spectrum fission reactors, (2) a related technique that uses a thin layer of NiAl on the specimen surface to inject helium, and (3) isotopic tailoring in both fast and mixed-spectrum fission reactors. These techniques are described in Refs (1-6).2 Dual ion beam techniques (7) for simultaneously implanting helium and generating displacement damage are also not included here. This latter method is discussed in Practice E521.
1.3 In addition to helium, hydrogen is also produced in many materials by nuclear transmutation. In some cases it appears to act synergistically with helium (8-10). The specific impact of hydrogen is not addressed in this guide.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulat...
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ABSTRACT
These test methods cover the detection of detrimental intermetallic phase in duplex austenitic/ferritic stainless steel to the extent that toughness and corrosion resistance is affected significantly. These test methods will not necessarily detect losses of toughness or corrosion resistance attributable to other causes. Test method A-sodium hydroxide etch test, test method B-Charpy impact test, and test method C-ferric chloride corrosion test shall be made for classification of structures of duplex stainless steels.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of these test methods is to allow detection of the presence of intermetallic phases in certain duplex stainless steels as listed in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 to the extent that toughness or corrosion resistance is affected significantly. These test methods will not necessarily detect losses of toughness or corrosion resistance attributable to other causes. Similar test methods for other duplex stainless steels are described in Test Method A1084, but the procedures described in this standard differ significantly from Test Methods A, B, and C in A1084.
1.2 Duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steels are susceptible to the formation of intermetallic compounds during exposures in the temperature range from approximately 600 to 1750 °F (320 to 955 °C). The speed of these precipitation reactions is a function of composition and thermal or thermomechanical history of each individual piece. The presence of these phases is detrimental to toughness and corrosion resistance.
1.3 Correct heat treatment of duplex stainless steels can eliminate these detrimental phases. Rapid cooling of the product provides the maximum resistance to formation of detrimental phases by subsequent thermal exposures.
1.4 Compliance with the chemical and mechanical requirements for the applicable product specification does not necessarily indicate the absence of detrimental phases in the product.
1.5 These test methods include the following:
1.5.1 Test Method A—Sodium Hydroxide Etch Test for Classification of Etch Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 3 – 7).
1.5.2 Test Method B—Charpy Impact Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 8 – 13).
1.5.3 Test Method C—Ferric Chloride Corrosion Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 14 – 20).
1.6 The presence of detrimental intermetallic phases is readily detected in all three tests, provided that a sample of appropriate location and orientation is selected. Because the occurrence of intermetallic phases is a function of temperature and cooling rate, it is essential that the tests be applied to the region of the material experiencing the conditions most likely to promote the formation of an intermetallic phase. In the case of common heat treatment, this region will be that which cooled most slowly. Except for rapidly cooled material, it may be necessary to sample from a location determined to be the most slowly cooled for the material piece to be characterized.
1.7 The tests do not determine the precise nature of the detrimental phase but rather the presence or absence of an intermetallic phase to the extent that it is detrimental to the toughness and corrosion resistance of the material.
1.8 Examples of the correlation of thermal exposures, the occurrence of intermetallic phases, and the degradation of toughness and corrosion resistance are given in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2.
1.9 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 This internat...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Duplex grain size may occur in some metals and alloys as a result of their thermomechanical processing history. For comparison of mechanical properties with metallurgical features, or for specification purposes, it may be important to be able to characterize grain size in such materials. Assigning an average grain size value to a duplex grain size specimen does not adequately characterize the appearance of that specimen, and may even misrepresent its appearance. For example, averaging two distinctly different grain sizes may result in reporting a size that does not actually exist anywhere in the specimen.
5.2 These test methods may be applied to specimens or products containing randomly intermingled grains of two or more significantly different sizes (henceforth referred to as random duplex grain size). Examples of random duplex grain sizes include: isolated coarse grains in a matrix of much finer grains, extremely wide distributions of grain sizes, and bimodal distributions of grain size.
5.3 These test methods may also be applied to specimens or products containing grains of two or more significantly different sizes, but distributed in topologically varying patterns (henceforth referred to as topological duplex grain sizes). Examples of topological duplex grain sizes include: systematic variation of grain size across the section of a product, necklace structures, banded structures, and germinative grain growth in selected areas of critical strain.
5.4 These test methods may be applied to specimens or products regardless of their state of recrystallization.
5.5 Because these test methods describe deviations from a single, log-normal distribution of grain sizes, and characterize patterns of variation in grain size, the total specimen cross-section must be evaluated.
5.6 These test methods are limited to duplex grain sizes as identifiable within a single polished and etched metallurgical specimen. If duplex grain size is suspected in a product too ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods provide simple guidelines for deciding whether a duplex grain size exists. The test methods separate duplex grain sizes into one of two distinct classes, then into specific types within those classes, and provide systems for grain size characterization of each type.
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to assess the indigenous inclusions or second-phase constituents of metals using basic stereological procedures performed by automatic image analyzers.
5.2 This practice is not suitable for assessing the exogenous inclusions in steels and other metals. Because of the sporadic, unpredictable nature of the distribution of exogenous inclusions, other methods involving complete inspection, for example, ultrasonics, must be used to locate their presence. The exact nature of the exogenous material can then be determined by sectioning into the suspect region followed by serial, step-wise grinding to expose the exogenous matter for identification and individual measurement. Direct size measurement rather than application of stereological methods is employed.
5.3 Because the characteristics of the indigenous inclusion population vary within a given lot of material due to the influence of compositional fluctuations, solidification conditions and processing, the lot must be sampled statistically to assess its inclusion content. The largest lot sampled is the heat lot but smaller lots, for example, the product of an ingot, within the heat may be sampled as a separate lot. The sampling of a given lot must be adequate for the lot size and characteristics.
5.4 The practice is suitable for assessment of the indigenous inclusions in any steel (or other metal) product regardless of its size or shape as long as enough different fields can be measured to obtain reasonable statistical confidence in the data. Because the specifics of the manufacture of the product do influence the morphological characteristics of the inclusions, the report should state the relevant manufacturing details, that is, data regarding the deformation history of the product.
5.5 To compare the inclusion measurement results from different lots of the same or similar types of steels, or other metals, a standard sampling scheme should be adopted such as described in Test Method...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for obtaining stereological measurements that describe basic characteristics of the morphology of indigenous inclusions in steels and other metals using automatic image analysis. The practice can be applied to provide such data for any discrete second phase.
Note 1: Stereological measurement methods are used in this practice to assess the average characteristics of inclusions or other second-phase particles on a longitudinal plane-of-polish. This information, by itself, does not produce a three-dimensional description of these constituents in space as deformation processes cause rotation and alignment of these constituents in a preferred manner. Development of such information requires measurements on three orthogonal planes and is beyond the scope of this practice.
1.2 This practice specifically addresses the problem of producing stereological data when the features of the constituents to be measured make attainment of statistically reliable data difficult.
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coefficients of linear thermal expansion are required for design purposes and are used, for example, to determine dimensional behavior of structures subject to temperature changes, or thermal stresses that can occur and cause failure of a solid artifact composed of different materials when it is subjected to a temperature excursion.
5.2 This test method is a reliable method of determining the linear thermal expansion of solid materials.
5.3 For accurate determinations of thermal expansion, it is absolutely necessary that the dilatometer be calibrated by using a reference material that has a known and reproducible thermal expansion. The appendix contains information relating to reference materials in current general use.
5.4 The measurement of thermal expansion involves two parameters: change of length and change of temperature, both of them equally important. Neglecting proper and accurate temperature measurement will inevitably result in increased uncertainties in the final data.
5.5 The test method can be used for research, development, specification acceptance, quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear thermal expansion of rigid solid materials using push-rod dilatometers. This method is applicable over any practical temperature range where a device can be constructed to satisfy the performance requirements set forth in this standard.
Note 1: Initially, this method was developed for vitreous silica dilatometers operating over a temperature range of –180 °C to 900 °C. The concepts and principles have been amply documented in the literature to be equally applicable for operating at higher temperatures. The precision and bias of these systems is believed to be of the same order as that for silica systems up to 900 °C. However, their precision and bias have not yet been established over the relevant total range of temperature due to the lack of well-characterized reference materials and the need for interlaboratory comparisons.
1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material that, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by instrumentation, has a negligible creep or elastic strain rate, or both, thus insignificantly affecting the precision of thermal-length change measurements. This includes, as examples, metals, ceramics, refractories, glasses, rocks and minerals, graphites, plastics, cements, cured mortars, woods, and a variety of composites.
1.3 The precision of this comparative test method is higher than that of other push-rod dilatometry techniques (for example, Test Method D696) and thermomechanical analysis (for example, Test Method E831) but is significantly lower than that of absolute methods such as interferometry (for example, Test Method E289). It is generally applicable to materials having absolute linear expansion coefficients exceeding 0.5 μm/(m·°C) for a 1000 °C range, and under special circumstances can be used for lower expansion materials when special precautions are used to ensure that the produced expansion of the specimen falls within the capabilities of the measuring system. In such cases, a sufficiently long specimen was found to meet the specification.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Or...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Significance—Retained austenite with a near random crystallographic orientation is found in the microstructure of heat-treated low-alloy, high-strength steels that have medium (0.40 weight %) or higher carbon contents. Although the presence of retained austenite may not be evident in the microstructure, and may not affect the bulk mechanical properties such as hardness of the steel, the transformation of retained austenite to martensite during service can affect the performance of the steel.
2.2 Use—The measurement of retained austenite can be included in low-alloy steel development programs to determine its effect on mechanical properties. Retained austenite can be measured on a companion specimen or test section that is included in a heat-treated lot of steel as part of a quality control practice. The measurement of retained austenite in steels from service can be included in studies of material performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of retained austenite phase in steel using integrated intensities (area under peak above background) of X-ray diffraction peaks using chromium Kα or molybdenum Kα X-radiation.
1.2 The method applies to carbon and alloy steels with near random crystallographic orientations of both ferrite and austenite phases.
1.3 This test method is valid for retained austenite contents from 1 % by volume and above.
1.4 If possible, X-ray diffraction peak interference from other crystalline phases such as carbides should be eliminated from the ferrite and austenite peak intensities.
1.5 Substantial alloy contents in steel cause some change in peak intensities which have not been considered in this method. Application of this method to steels with total alloy contents exceeding 15 weight % should be done with care. If necessary, the users can calculate the theoretical correction factors to account for changes in volume of the unit cells for austenite and ferrite resulting from variations in chemical composition.
1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Standards of Committee E04 consist of test methods, practices, and guides developed to ensure proper and uniform testing in the field of metallography. In order for one to properly use and interpret these standards, the terminology used in these standards must be understood.
3.2 The terms used in the field of metallography have precise definitions. The terminology and its proper usage must be completely understood in order to adequately communicate in this field. In this respect, this standard is also a general source of terminology relating to the field of metallography facilitating the transfer of information within the field.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test is a guide for evaluating magnesium anodes. The degree of correlation between this test and service performance has not been fully determined.
5.2 Test specimens from the same casting may not be identical because of inhomogeneities in the casting. A method of ensuring that identical test specimens are being evaluated is to retest a test specimen. The surface of the test specimen should be smoothed by machining before retesting. The new diameter should be measured and the test current adjusted so that the retest current density is 0.039 mA/cm2 (0.25 mA/in.2).
5.3 The values of potential and Ah per unit mass consumed as measured by this test method, may not agree with those found in field applications. It is unlikely that field results of Ah per unit mass consumed would ever be greater than those measured in this test. However, actual test comparisons are not sufficient to allow precise correlation of laboratory and field results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure that measures the two fundamental performance properties of magnesium sacrificial anode test specimens operating in a saturated calcium sulfate, saturated magnesium hydroxide environment. The two fundamental properties are electrode (oxidation) potential and ampere hours (Ah) obtained per unit mass of specimen consumed. Magnesium anodes installed underground are usually surrounded by a backfill material that typically consists of 75 % gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), 20 % bentonite clay, and 5 % sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). The calcium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide test electrolyte simulates the long term environment around an anode installed in the gypsum-bentonite-sodium sulfate backfill.
1.2 This test method is intended to be used for quality assurance by anode manufacturers or anode users. However, long term field performance properties may not be identical to property measurements obtained using this laboratory test.
Note 1: Refer to Terminology G193 for terms used in this test method.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, See Section 8 and Paragraph 9.1.1.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a reliable prediction of the resistance or susceptibility, or both, to loss of material strength and ductility as a result of exposure to hydrogen-containing gaseous environments. This test method is applicable over a broad range of pressures, temperatures, and gaseous environments. The results from this test method can be used to evaluate the effects of material composition, processing, and heat treatment as well as the effects of changes in environment composition, temperature, and pressure. These results may or may not correlate with service experience for particular applications. Furthermore, this test method may not be suitable for the evaluation of high temperature hydrogen attack in steels unless suitable exposure time at the test conditions has taken place prior to the initiation of tensile testing to allow for the development of internal blistering, decarburization or cracking, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of tensile properties of metals in high pressure or high temperature, or both, gaseous hydrogen-containing environments. It includes accommodations for the testing of either smooth or notched specimens.
1.2 This test method applies to all materials and product forms including, but not restricted to, wrought and cast materials.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ISO 18203:2016 specifies a method of measuring the case hardening depth, surface hardening depth, nitriding hardness depth and total thickness of surface hardening depth obtained, e.g. thermal (flame and induction hardening, electron beam hardening, laser beam hardening, etc.) or thermochemical (carbonitriding, carburizing and hardening, hardening and nitriding, etc.) treatment.
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ABSTRACT
This guide deals with the selection of the appropriate leak testing method for either leak measurement or location for a particular system being tested (test system), which may consist either of open units or sealed units. The leak testing method may either be dynamic or static, with the dynamic test method requiring shorter time but lesser sensitivity as compared to static techniques. The choice of the appropriate leak testing method shall involve most importantly the optimization of the sensitivity, cost, and reliability of the test. In the case where various testing methods are available for a particular test system, each shall be examined separately and then ranked according to test system sensitivity. However, when determining the sensitivity, it is important to be able to differentiate the sensitivity associated with the instrument used to measure leakage from the sensitivity of the test system followed using the instrument. While the sensitivity of a specific test is dependent on the sensitivity of the instrument used, the choice of instrument and the test system are both influenced by the range of temperatures or pressures and the kinds of fluids involved.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide2 is intended to assist in the selection of a leak testing method.3 Fig. 1 is supplied as a simplified guide.
FIG. 1 Guide for Selection of Leakage Testing Method
1.2 The type of item to be tested or the test system and the method considered for either leak measurement or location are related in the order of increasing sensitivity.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Test Method A shall only be used to supplement the results of Test Methods B and C. It shall not be used as a rejection criterion, nor shall it be used as an acceptance criterion. Test Methods B and C are intended to be the procedures giving the acceptance criteria for this standard.
4.2 Test Method A can reveal potentially detrimental phases in the metallographic structure. As the precipitated detrimental phases can be very small, this test demands high proficiency from the metallographer, especially for thinner material.
4.3 The presence of detrimental phases is readily detected by Test Methods B and C provided that a sample of appropriate location and orientation is selected.
4.4 The tests do not determine the precise nature of the detrimental phase but rather the presence or absence to the extent that the normally expected toughness and corrosion resistance of the material are significantly affected.
4.5 This standard covers testing of samples taken from coil, coil- and plate mill plate, sheet, tubing, piping, bar and deformed bar, though some of these products might not be suitable for testing according to Method B (see Test Method B for further details). Other product forms have thus far not been sufficiently tested and documented to be an integral part of this standard, though the standard does not prohibit testing of these product forms according to the three test methods. For these other product forms, this standard gives only limited and non-exhaustive guidance as to interpretation of result and associated acceptance criteria.
4.6 Testing on product forms outside the present scope of this standard shall be agreed between purchaser and supplier.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this test method is to allow detection of the presence of detrimental chromium-containing phases in selected lean duplex stainless steels to the extent that toughness or corrosion resistance is affected significantly. Such phases can form during manufacture and fabrication of lean duplex products. This test method does not necessarily detect losses of toughness nor corrosion resistance attributable to other causes, nor will it identify the exact type of detrimental phases that caused any loss of toughness or corrosion resistance. The test result is a simple pass/fail statement.
1.2 Lean duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steels are typically duplex stainless steels composed of 30 % to 70 % ferrite content with a typical alloy composition having Cr > 17 % and Mo Table 1. Similar test methods for some higher alloyed duplex stainless steels are described in Test Methods A923, but the procedures described in this standard differ significantly for all three methods from the ones described in Test Methods A923.
1.3 Lean duplex stainless steels are susceptible to the formation of detrimental chromium-containing compounds such as nitrides and carbides and other undesirable phases. Typically this occurs during exposures in the temperature range from approximately 300 °C to 955 °C (570 °F to 1750 ºF) with a maximum susceptibility in the temperature range around 650 °C to 750 °C (1200 °F to 1385 ºF). The speed of these precipitation reactions is a function of composition and the thermal or thermo-mechanical history of each individual piece. The presence of an amount of these phases can be detrimental to toughness and corrosion resistance.
1.4 Because of the low molybdenum content, lean duplex stainless steels only exhibit a minor susceptibility to sigma or other types of molybdenum containing intermetallic phases. Heat treatment, that could lead to formation of small amounts of molybdenum containing intermetallics, would result in a large amount of precipitation of detrimental nitrides or carbides, long before any signs of sigma and similar phases would be observed.
1.5 Correct heat treatment of lean duplex stainless steels can eliminate or reduce the amount and alter the characteristics of t...
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ISO 18203:2016 specifies a method of measuring the case hardening depth, surface hardening depth, nitriding hardness depth and total thickness of surface hardening depth obtained, e.g. thermal (flame and induction hardening, electron beam hardening, laser beam hardening, etc.) or thermochemical (carbonitriding, carburizing and hardening, hardening and nitriding, etc.) treatment.
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This document specifies a method (Baumann) for the macrographic examination of steel by means of contact printing using silver salts and acid. The method is applicable to steels of which the sulphur content is less than 0,40 %. This method can also be applied to cast irons.
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This document provides an evaluation method of the resistance of high-strength steels to hydrogen embrittlement (i.e. hydrogen delayed fracture) using slow strain rate test with hydrogen pre-charged specimens. The amount of hydrogen absorbed in the specimens is analysed quantitatively by thermal desorption analysis such as gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and so on. This document includes testing methods for either smooth or notched specimens. It is applicable to ferritic base steels.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This terminology is not intended to supersede the requirements of similar definitions in certain other documents, but is intended to provide a listing of terms that are in current widespread usage, and their context in relation to weathering.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers terms that relate to the durability testing of Nonmetallic Materials using natural and artificial weathering exposure techniques.
1.2 It is the intent of this terminology standard to include those weathering terms in wide use in ASTM for which standard definitions appear desirable.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The slow strain rate test is used for relatively rapid screening or comparative evaluation, or both, of environmental, processing or metallurgical variables, or both, that can affect the resistance of a material to EAC. For example, this testing technique has been used to evaluate materials, heat treatments, chemical constituents in the environment, and temperature and chemical inhibitors.
5.2 Where possible, the application of the SSR test and data derived from its use should be used in combination with service experience or long-term EAC data, or both, obtained through literature sources or additional testing using other testing techniques. In applications where there has been little or no prior experience with SSR testing or little EAC data on the particular material/environment combination of interest, the following steps are recommended:
5.2.1 The SSR tests should be conducted over a range of applied extension rates (that is, usually at least one order of magnitude in applied extension rate above and below 10−6 in./s (2.54 × 10–5 mm/s) to determine the effect of strain rate or rate of increase of the stress or stress intensity factor on susceptibility to EAC.
5.2.2 Constant load or strain EAC tests should also be conducted in simulated service environments, and service experience should be obtained so that a correlation between SSR test results and anticipated service performance can be developed.
5.3 In many cases the SSR test has been found to be a conservative test for EAC. Therefore, it may produce failures in the laboratory under conditions which do not necessarily cause EAC under service application. Additionally, in some limited cases, EAC indications are not found in smooth tension SSR tests even when service failures have been observed. This effect usually occurs when there is a delay in the initiation of localized corrosion processes. Therefore, the suggestions given in 5.2 are strongly encouraged.
5.4 In some cases, EAC will only o...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the design, preparation, and use of axially loaded, tension test specimens and fatigue pre-cracked (fracture mechanics) specimens for use in slow strain rate (SSR) tests to investigate the resistance of metallic materials to environmentally assisted cracking (EAC). While some investigators utilize SSR test techniques in combination with cyclic or fatigue loading, no attempt has been made to incorporate such techniques into this practice.
1.2 Slow strain rate testing is applicable to the evaluation of a wide variety of metallic materials in test environments which simulate aqueous, nonaqueous, and gaseous service environments over a wide range of temperatures and pressures that may cause EAC of susceptible materials.
1.3 The primary use of this practice is to furnish accepted procedures for the accelerated testing of the resistance of metallic materials to EAC under various environmental conditions. In many cases, the initiation of EAC is accelerated through the application of a dynamic strain in the gauge section or at a notch tip or crack tip, or both, of a specimen. Due to the accelerated nature of this test, the results are not intended to necessarily represent service performance, but rather to provide a basis for screening, for detection of an environmental interaction with a material, and for comparative evaluation of the effects of metallurgical and environmental variables on sensitivity to known environmental cracking problems.
1.4 Further information on SSR test methods is available in ISO 7539 and in the references provided with this practice (1-6).2
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility ...
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This document gives guidelines for the measurement of hardmetal grain size by metallographic techniques only using optical or electron microscopy. It is intended for WC/Co hardmetals (also called cemented carbides or cermets) containing primarily tungsten carbide (WC[1]) as the hard phase. It is also intended for measuring the grain size and distribution by the linear-intercept technique.
This document essentially covers four main topics:
— calibration of microscopes, to underpin the accuracy of measurements;
— linear analysis techniques, to acquire sufficient statistically meaningful data;
— analysis methods, to calculate representative average values;
— reporting, to comply with modern quality requirements.
This document is supported by a measurement case study to illustrate the recommended techniques (see Annex A).
This document is not intended for the following:
— measurements of size distribution;
— recommendations on shape measurements. Further research is needed before recommendations for shape measurement can be given.
Measurements of coercivity are sometimes used for grain-size measurement, however, this document is concerned only with a metallographic measurement method. It is also written for hardmetals and not for characterizing powders. However, the method can, in principle, be used for measuring the average size of powders that are suitably mounted and sectioned.
[1] DE: Wolframcarbid, EN: tungsten carbide.
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This document specifies the methods of metallographic determination of the microstructure of hardmetals using photomicrographs.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Replication is a nondestructive sampling procedure that records and preserves the topography of a metallographically prepared surface as a negative relief on a plastic film (replica). The replica permits the examination and analysis of the metallographically prepared surface on the LM or SEM.
4.2 Enhancement procedures for improving replica contrast for microscopic examination are utilized and sometimes necessary (see 8.1).
Note 1: It is recommended that the purchaser of a field replication service specify that each replicator demonstrate proficiency by providing field prepared replica metallography and direct LM and SEM comparison to laboratory prepared samples of an identical material by grade and service exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers recognized methods for the preparation and evaluation of cellulose acetate or plastic film replicas which have been obtained from metallographically prepared surfaces. It is designed for the evaluation of replicas to ensure that all significant features of a metallographically prepared surface have been duplicated and preserved on the replica with sufficient detail to permit both LM and SEM examination with optimum resolution and sensitivity.
1.2 This practice may be used as a controlling document in commercial situations.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The presence of surface finger-oxide penetration and interparticle oxide networks are two of the properties used to evaluate powder forged steel parts for proper processing. Maximum acceptable depths of penetration of surface finger-oxide penetration and acceptable concentrations of subsurface interparticle oxide networks depend on the component and its service environment.
5.2 Results of tests may be used to qualify parts for shipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic method for determining the maximum depth of surface finger-oxide penetration and the concentration of subsurface interparticle oxide networks in critical areas of powder forged steel parts.
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies the methods of metallographic determination of the microstructure of hardmetals using photomicrographs.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document gives guidelines for the measurement of hardmetal grain size by metallographic techniques only using optical or electron microscopy. It is intended for WC/Co hardmetals (also called cemented carbides or cermets) containing primarily tungsten carbide (WC[1]) as the hard phase. It is also intended for measuring the grain size and distribution by the linear-intercept technique.
This document essentially covers four main topics:
— calibration of microscopes, to underpin the accuracy of measurements;
— linear analysis techniques, to acquire sufficient statistically meaningful data;
— analysis methods, to calculate representative average values;
— reporting, to comply with modern quality requirements.
This document is supported by a measurement case study to illustrate the recommended techniques (see Annex A).
This document is not intended for the following:
— measurements of size distribution;
— recommendations on shape measurements. Further research is needed before recommendations for shape measurement can be given.
Measurements of coercivity are sometimes used for grain-size measurement, however, this document is concerned only with a metallographic measurement method. It is also written for hardmetals and not for characterizing powders. However, the method can, in principle, be used for measuring the average size of powders that are suitably mounted and sectioned.
[1] DE: Wolframcarbid, EN: tungsten carbide.
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ABSTRACT
This practice defines a reference axis for each of the two principal types of rosette configurations and the equations used for three-element strain gage rosette data analysis. The primary uses of this analysis procedure are to determine the directions and magnitudes of the principal surface strains, and to determine residual stresses. This is important for consistency in reporting results and for avoiding ambiguity in data analysis, especially when computers are used. There are several possible sets of equations, but the set presented herein is perhaps the most common.
SCOPE
1.1 The two primary uses of three-element strain gage rosettes are (a) to determine the directions and magnitudes of the principal surface strains and (b) to determine residual stresses. Residual stresses are treated in a separate ASTM standard, Test Method E837. This practice defines a reference axis for each of the two principal types of rosette configurations used and presents equations for data analysis. This is important for consistency in reporting results and for avoiding ambiguity in data analysis—especially when computers are used. There are several possible sets of equations, but the set presented here is perhaps the most common.
1.2 The equations in 4.2 and 4.3 of this practice are derived from infinitesimal (linear) strain theory. They are very accurate for the low strain levels normally encountered in the stress analysis of typical metal test objects. They become detectably inaccurate for strain levels greater than about 1 %. Rosette data reduction for larger strains is beyond the scope of this practice.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document provides a method for the evaluation of the resistance to hydrogen embrittlement (i.e. hydrogen delayed fracture) using constant loading test with hydrogen pre-charged specimens. The amount of hydrogen content absorbed in the specimens is analysed quantitatively by thermal desorption analysis such as gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and so on. In the case of hydrogen continuous charging such as hydrogen absorption in aqueous solution at free corrosion potential, hydrogen absorption in atmospheric corrosion environments and hydrogen absorption in high pressure hydrogen gas, the evaluation method is also briefly described. This method is mainly applicable to the evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement resistance of high strength steel bolts.
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This document gives guidelines for the measurement of hardmetal grain size by metallographic techniques only using optical or electron microscopy. It is intended for WC/Co hardmetals (also called cemented carbides or cermets) containing primarily tungsten carbide (WC[1]) as the hard phase. It is also intended for measuring the grain size and distribution by the linear-intercept technique. This document essentially covers four main topics: - calibration of microscopes, to underpin the accuracy of measurements; - linear analysis techniques, to acquire sufficient statistically meaningful data; - analysis methods, to calculate representative average values; - reporting, to comply with modern quality requirements. This document is supported by a measurement case study to illustrate the recommended techniques (see Annex A). This document is not intended for the following: - measurements of size distribution; - recommendations on shape measurements. Further research is needed before recommendations for shape measurement can be given. Measurements of coercivity are sometimes used for grain-size measurement, however, this document is concerned only with a metallographic measurement method. It is also written for hardmetals and not for characterizing powders. However, the method can, in principle, be used for measuring the average size of powders that are suitably mounted and sectioned. [1] DE: Wolframcarbid, EN: tungsten carbide.
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This document specifies the methods of metallographic determination of the microstructure of hardmetals using photomicrographs.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The extensive porosity present in pressed and sintered ferrous materials masks the effect of inclusions on mechanical properties. In contrast, the properties of material powder forged to near full density are strongly influenced by the composition, size, size distribution, and location of nonmetallic inclusions.
4.2 The test for nonmetallic inclusions in powder forged steels is useful as the following:
4.2.1 Characteristic to classify or differentiate one grade of powder from another.
4.2.2 Means of quality comparison of powders intended for powder forging, lot to lot.
4.3 Significant variations in nonmetallic inclusion content will occur if:
4.3.1 The powder used to form the test specimen does not meet powder forging quality standards for nonmetallic inclusion content.
4.3.2 Processing of the powder forged test specimen has been carried out under conditions that do not permit oxide reduction or allow oxidation of the test specimen, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic method for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of ferrous powders intended for powder forging (PF) applications.
1.2 The test method covers repress powder forged test specimens in which there has been minimal lateral material flow (
1.3 This test method is not suitable for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of powder forged test specimens that have been forged such that the core region contains porosity. At the magnification used for this test method, residual porosity is hard to distinguish from oxide inclusions. Too much residual porosity makes a meaningful assessment of the inclusion population impossible.
1.4 The test method may be applied to materials that contain manganese sulfide (admixed or prealloyed), provided the near neighbor separation distance is changed from 30 μm to 15 μm.
Note 1: The test method may be applied to powder forged parts where there has been a greater amount of material flow provided:
The near neighbor separation distance is changed, or
The inclusion sizes agreed between the parties are adjusted for the amount of material flow.
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a micrographic method of determining apparent ferritic or austenitic grain size in steels. It describes the methods of revealing grain boundaries and of estimating the mean grain size of specimens with unimodal size distribution. Although grains are three-dimensional in shape, the metallographic sectioning plane can cut through a grain at any point from a grain corner, to the maximum diameter of the grain, thus producing a range of apparent grain sizes on the two-dimensional plane, even in a sample with a perfectly consistent grain size.
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ABSTRACT
This practice describes a methodology to statistically characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous non-metallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative metallographic measurements. This practice enables the experimenter to estimate the extreme value distribution of inclusions in steels. The procedures in determining non-metallic inclusions in steel are presented and discussed in details.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to assess the indigenous inclusions or second-phase constituents in metals using extreme value statistics.
5.2 It is well known that failures of mechanical components, such as gears and bearings, are often caused by the presence of large nonmetallic oxide inclusions. Failure of a component can often be traced to the presence of a large inclusion. Predictions related to component fatigue life are not possible with the evaluations provided by standards such as Test Methods E45, Practice E1122, or Practice E1245. The use of extreme value statistics has been related to component life and inclusion size distributions by several different investigators (3-8). The purpose of this practice is to create a standardized method of performing this analysis.
5.3 This practice is not suitable for assessing the exogenous inclusions in steels and other metals because of the unpredictable nature of the distribution of exogenous inclusions. Other methods involving complete inspection such as ultrasonics must be used to locate their presence.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a methodology to statistically characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous nonmetallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative metallographic measurements. The practice is not suitable for assessing exogenous inclusions.
1.2 Based upon the statistical analysis, the nonmetallic content of different lots of steels can be compared.
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4.1 For measurements obtained from light microscopy, linear feature parameters shall be reported as micrometers, and feature areas shall be reported as micrometers.
1.5 The methodology can be extended to other materials and to other microstructural features.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The physical properties of metals and other materials are often anisotropic (for example: Young's modulus will typically vary in different crystallographic directions). As such, it is often desirable or necessary to determine the orientation of a single crystal to ascertain the relation of any pertinent physical properties with respect to different directions in the material.
4.2 This test method can be used commercially as a quality control test in production situations in which a desired orientation, within prescribed limits, is required.
4.3 With the use of an adjustable, fixed holder that can later be mounted on a saw, lathe, or other machine, a single crystal material can be moved to a preferred orientation and subsequently sectioned, ground, or processed otherwise.
4.4 If the grains in a polycrystalline material are large enough, this test method can also be used to determine their orientations and differences in orientation can be documented or mapped or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the back-reflection Laue procedure for determining the orientation of a metal crystal. The back-reflection Laue method for determining crystal orientation may be applied to macrograins and micrograins depending on the beam size within polycrystalline aggregates, as well as to single crystals of any size. This test method is described with reference to cubic crystals and other structures such as: hexagonal, tetragonal, or orthorhombic crystals.
1.2 Most natural crystals have well developed external faces, and the orientation of such crystals can usually be determined from inspection. The orientation of a crystal having poorly developed faces or no faces at all (for example, a metal crystal prepared in the laboratory) shall be determined by more elaborate methods. The most convenient and accurate of these involves the use of X-ray diffraction. The “orientation of a metal crystal” is known when the positions in space of the crystallographic axes of the unit cell have been located with reference to the surface geometry of the crystal specimen. This relation between unit cell position and surface geometry is most conveniently expressed by stereographic or gnomonic projection.
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Equipment and procedures described in this guide are comparative methods and are intended for identification or segregation, or both, of pieces or lots of metals that were mixed or lost their identity during certain manufacturing operations. It is presumed that all pieces or lots of metal have been previously checked and did meet applicable specifications.
4.2 The equipment and procedures described in this guide may also be suitable for identifying or segregating, or both, scrap metals.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the identification or segregation, or both, of mixed metal lots under plant conditions using trained plant personnel.
1.2 The identification is not intended to have the accuracy and reliability of procedures performed in a laboratory using laboratory equipment under optimum conditions, and performed by trained chemists or technicians. The identification is not intended to establish whether a given piece or lot of metal meets specifications.
1.3 Segregation of certain metal combinations is not always possible with procedures provided in this guide and can be subject to errors.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is based upon the stereological principle that a grid with a number of regularly arrayed points, when systematically placed over an image of a two-dimensional section through the microstructure, can provide, after a representative number of placements on different fields, an unbiased statistical estimation of the volume fraction of an identifiable constituent or phase (1, 2, 3).3
5.2 This test method has been described (4) as being superior to other manual methods with regard to effort, bias, and simplicity.
5.3 Any number of clearly distinguishable constituents or phases within a microstructure (or macrostructure) can be counted using the method. Thus, the method can be applied to any type of solid material from which adequate two-dimensional sections can be prepared and observed.
5.4 A condensed step-by-step guide for using the method is given in Annex A1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a systematic manual point counting procedure for statistically estimating the volume fraction of an identifiable constituent or phase from sections through the microstructure by means of a point grid.
1.2 The use of automatic image analysis to determine the volume fraction of constituents is described in Practice E1245.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method provides a satisfactory means of determining various ac magnetic properties of amorphous magnetic materials.
3.2 The procedures described herein are suitable for use by producers and users of magnetic materials for materials specification acceptance and manufacturing control.
3.3 The procedures described herein may be adapted for use with specimens of other alloys and other toroidal forms.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers tests for various magnetic properties of amorphous materials at power frequencies [25 to 400 Hz] using a toroidal test transformer. The term “toroidal test transformer” is used to describe the test device, reserving the term “specimen” to refer to the material used in the test. The test specimen consists of toroidally wound flat strip.
1.2 This test method covers the determination of core loss, exciting power, rms and peak exciting current, several types of ac permeability, and related properties under ac magnetization at moderate and high inductions at power frequencies [25 to 70 Hz].
1.3 With proper instrumentation and specimen preparation, this test method is acceptable for measurements at frequencies from 5 Hz to 100 kHz. Proper instrumentation implies that all test instruments have the required frequency bandwidth. Also see Annex A2.
1.4 This test method also provides procedures for calculating impedance permeability from measured values of rms exciting current and for calculating ac peak permeability from measured peak values of total exciting current at magnetic field strengths up to about 10 Oe [796 A/m].
1.5 Explanations of symbols and brief definitions appear in the text of this test method. The official symbols and definitions are listed in Terminology A340.
1.6 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A34/A34M.
1.7 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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