77.160 - Powder metallurgy
ICS 77.160 Details
Powder metallurgy
Pulvermetallurgie
Métallurgie des poudres
Metalurgija prahov
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 77.160 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Powder metallurgy". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 740 standards classified under ICS 77.160 (Powder metallurgy). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the transverse rupture strength of sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals. The method is particularly suitable for comparing the sintered strength of a batch of metal powder with that of a reference powder or with a reference strength. The method is applicable to sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals, whether they have been subjected to heat treatment after sintering or not, and also to materials that have been sized or coined after sintering. It is especially suitable for materials having a uniform hardness throughout their section and negligible ductility, i.e. a ductility corresponding to a permanent deformation of less than about 0,5 mm measured between the two supports during the transverse rupture strength determination. NOTE The permanent deformation can be measured with sufficient precision from the two fragments of the broken or cracked bar by indexing the lower surface. Alternatively, the deflection of a straight line drawn horizontally on the side of the test piece can be measured using an optical instrument such as a measuring microscope or optical comparator.
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This document specifies methods for determining the density (dry density or fully impregnated density), oil content (related to test piece volume and related to open porosity) and open porosity of permeable sintered metal materials. This document applies in particular to porous metal bearings and to structural parts produced by pressing and sintering metal powders.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of tap density, i.e. the density of a powder that has been tapped into a container under specified conditions.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of tap density, i.e. the density of a powder that has been tapped into a container under specified conditions.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the hydrogen-reducible oxygen content of metallic powders containing mass percentage of 0,05 % to 3 % oxygen.
This document is applicable to unalloyed, partially alloyed or completely alloyed metal powders and also to mixtures of carbides and binder metal. This document is not applicable to powders containing lubricants or organic binders.
This document can be extended to powders containing carbon by the use of a special catalytic device. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 760 and ISO 4491-1.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of tap density, i.e. the density of a powder that has been tapped into a container under specified conditions.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the hydrogen-reducible oxygen content of metallic powders containing mass percentage of 0,05 % to 3 % oxygen.
This document is applicable to unalloyed, partially alloyed or completely alloyed metal powders and also to mixtures of carbides and binder metal. This document is not applicable to powders containing lubricants or organic binders.
This document can be extended to powders containing carbon by the use of a special catalytic device. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 760 and ISO 4491-1.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the hydrogen-reducible oxygen content of metallic powders containing mass percentage of 0,05 % to 3 % oxygen. This document is applicable to unalloyed, partially alloyed or completely alloyed metal powders and also to mixtures of carbides and binder metal. This document is not applicable to powders containing lubricants or organic binders. This document can be extended to powders containing carbon by the use of a special catalytic device. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 760 and ISO 4491-1.
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This document specifies a metallographic test method for determining the non-metallic inclusion level in metal powders using a powder-forged specimen. This test method is applicable to repress powder-forged test specimens in which there has been minimal lateral flow (<1 %). The core region of the powder-forged test specimen must not contain porosity detectable at 100x magnification.
This test method can also be applied to determine the non-metallic inclusion content of powder-forged steel parts. However, in parts where there has been a significant amount of material flow, the near-neighbour separation distance needs to be changed, or the inclusion sizes agreed between the parties need to be adjusted.
This test method is not applicable for determining the non-metallic inclusion level of parts that have been forged such that the core region contains porosity. At the magnification used for this test method, residual porosity is hard to distinguish from inclusions. Too much residual porosity makes a meaningful assessment of the inclusion population impossible.
This test method can also be applied to materials that contain manganese sulphide (admixed or prealloyed), provided the near-neighbour separation distance is changed from 30 µm to 15 µm.
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This document specifies a metallographic test method for determining the non-metallic inclusion level in metal powders using a powder-forged specimen. This test method is applicable to repress powder-forged test specimens in which there has been minimal lateral flow (<1 %). The core region of the powder-forged test specimen must not contain porosity detectable at 100x magnification.
This test method can also be applied to determine the non-metallic inclusion content of powder-forged steel parts. However, in parts where there has been a significant amount of material flow, the near-neighbour separation distance needs to be changed, or the inclusion sizes agreed between the parties need to be adjusted.
This test method is not applicable for determining the non-metallic inclusion level of parts that have been forged such that the core region contains porosity. At the magnification used for this test method, residual porosity is hard to distinguish from inclusions. Too much residual porosity makes a meaningful assessment of the inclusion population impossible.
This test method can also be applied to materials that contain manganese sulphide (admixed or prealloyed), provided the near-neighbour separation distance is changed from 30 µm to 15 µm.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a metallographic test method for determining the non-metallic inclusion level in metal powders using a powder-forged specimen. This test method is applicable to repress powder-forged test specimens in which there has been minimal lateral flow ( This test method can also be applied to determine the non-metallic inclusion content of powder-forged steel parts. However, in parts where there has been a significant amount of material flow, the near-neighbour separation distance needs to be changed, or the inclusion sizes agreed between the parties need to be adjusted. This test method is not applicable for determining the non-metallic inclusion level of parts that have been forged such that the core region contains porosity. At the magnification used for this test method, residual porosity is hard to distinguish from inclusions. Too much residual porosity makes a meaningful assessment of the inclusion population impossible. This test method can also be applied to materials that contain manganese sulphide (admixed or prealloyed), provided the near-neighbour separation distance is changed from 30 µm to 15 µm.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded (MIM) materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering with or without subsequent heat treatment. These materials are: low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel and molybdenum (MIM-2200 and MIM-2700); low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, and carbon (MIM-4605); austenitic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-316L); precipitation hardening stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-17-4 PH); and ferritic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-430L). Chemical analysis shall be performed for the elements copper, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel. The materials shall be subjected to tensile test and unnotched Charpy impact energy test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering, with or without subsequent heat treatment.
1.2 This specification covers the following injection molded materials.
1.2.1 Compositions:
1.2.1.1 MIM-2200, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.2 MIM-2700, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.3 MIM-4605, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.4 MIM-4140, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.5 MIM-316L, austenitic stainless steel
1.2.1.6 MIM-17-4 PH, precipitation hardening stainless steel
1.2.1.7 MIM-420, martensitic stainless steel
1.2.1.8 MIM-430L, ferritic stainless steel
1.2.1.9 MIM-440, martensitic stainless steel
1.2.1.10 MIM-Cu, copper
1.3 Chemical composition limits are specified in Table 1.
1.4 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses or in separate tables are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Oil content values are generally contained in specifications for oil-impregnated PM bearings.
5.2 The oil-impregnation efficiency provides an indication of how well the as-received parts had been impregnated.
5.3 The desired self-lubricating performance of PM bearings requires a minimum amount of surface-connected porosity and satisfactory oil impregnation of the surface-connected porosity. A minimum oil content is specified.
5.4 The results from these test methods may be used for quality control or compliance purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard describes three related test methods that cover the measurement of physical properties of oil-impregnated powder metallurgy products.
1.1.1 Determination of the volume percent of oil contained in the material.
1.1.2 Determination of the efficiency of the oil-impregnation process.
1.1.3 Determination of the percent surface-connected porosity by oil impregnation.
1.2 Units—With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Measurement of coercivity provides a relative comparison of carbide grain size, binder content, and possibly carbon deficiency for a given graded carbide material or product, and may be employed as a non-destructive measurement indicating deviation from a specified norm.
5.2 This test method allows the non-destructive estimate of average carbide grain size in sintered cemented carbide hardmetals. It is appropriate for a wide range of compositions and tungsten carbide (WC) WC grain sizes, and can be used for acceptance of material or product to specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of magnetization coercivity (Hcs) of cemented carbide materials and products using coercive force instrumentation. It is patterned after ISO 3326.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method allows the nondestructive measurement of the magnetic fraction of the binder phase in cemented carbide powder materials and sintered product, and may be used as an indirect measure of the carbon level in the material or product.
5.2 Measurement of magnetic saturation provides a comparison of the relative fraction of magnetic binder phase, that is, cobalt, nickel, or iron, present in the material and can be used for acceptance of product to specification.
5.3 Measurement of magnetic saturation can be used as a measure of the quality of powder material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of magnetic saturation (Ms) of cemented carbide powder materials and sintered products using magnetic saturation induction test instrumentation.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. An exception is the use of Gauss-cm3 per gram, which is a longstanding industry practice.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Both suppliers and users of metals can benefit from knowledge of the skeletal density of these materials. Results of many intermediate and final processing steps are controlled by or related to skeletal density of the metal. In addition, the performance of many sintered or cast metal structures may be predicted from the skeletal density of the starting metal powder, for all or a portion of the finished piece.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of skeletal density of metal powders. The test method specifies general procedures that are applicable to many commercial pycnometry instruments. The method provides specific sample outgassing procedures for listed materials. It includes additional general outgassing instructions for other metals. The ideal gas law forms the basis for all calculations.
1.2 This test method does not include all existing procedures appropriate for outgassing metal materials. The included procedures provided acceptable results for samples analyzed during an interlaboratory study. The investigator shall determine the appropriateness of listed procedures.
1.3 Units—With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document is applicable to all sintered metals and alloys, excluding hardmetals.
This document specifies:
— the die cavity dimensions used for making tensile test pieces by pressing and sintering, and by metal injection moulding (MIM) and sintering;
— the dimensions of tensile test pieces machined from sintered and powder forged materials.
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This document specifies the dimensions of an unnotched impact test piece of sintered metal materials. The test piece may be obtained directly by pressing and sintering or by machining a sintered part.
This document applies to all sintered metals and alloys, with the exception of hardmetals. However, for certain materials (for example, materials with low porosity or materials with high ductility), it may be more appropriate to use a notched test piece which, in this case, will give results with less scatter. (In this case, refer to ISO 148-1.)
NOTE For porous sintered materials, the results obtained from impact tests on unnotched specimens according to this standard are not fully comparable with results obtained from tests on solid metals tested on notched specimens.
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This document specifies the dimensions of an unnotched impact test piece of sintered metal materials. The test piece may be obtained directly by pressing and sintering or by machining a sintered part.
This document applies to all sintered metals and alloys, with the exception of hardmetals. However, for certain materials (for example, materials with low porosity or materials with high ductility), it may be more appropriate to use a notched test piece which, in this case, will give results with less scatter. (In this case, refer to ISO 148-1.)
NOTE For porous sintered materials, the results obtained from impact tests on unnotched specimens according to this standard are not fully comparable with results obtained from tests on solid metals tested on notched specimens.
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This document specifies the dimensions of an unnotched impact test piece of sintered metal materials. The test piece may be obtained directly by pressing and sintering or by machining a sintered part. This document applies to all sintered metals and alloys, with the exception of hardmetals. However, for certain materials (for example, materials with low porosity or materials with high ductility), it may be more appropriate to use a notched test piece which, in this case, will give results with less scatter. (In this case, refer to ISO 148-1.) NOTE For porous sintered materials, the results obtained from impact tests on unnotched specimens according to this standard are not fully comparable with results obtained from tests on solid metals tested on notched specimens.
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This document is applicable to all sintered metals and alloys, excluding hardmetals.
This document specifies:
— the die cavity dimensions used for making tensile test pieces by pressing and sintering, and by metal injection moulding (MIM) and sintering;
— the dimensions of tensile test pieces machined from sintered and powder forged materials.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to all sintered metals and alloys, excluding hardmetals. This document specifies: - the die cavity dimensions used for making tensile test pieces by pressing and sintering, and by metal injection moulding (MIM) and sintering; - the dimensions of tensile test pieces machined from sintered and powder forged materials.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The volume of a complex shaped PM part cannot be measured accurately using micrometers or calipers. Since density is mass per unit volume, a precise method for measuring the volume is needed. Archimedes’ principle may be used to calculate the volume of water displaced by an immersed object. For this to be applicable to PM materials that contain surface connected porosity, the surface pores are sealed by oil impregnation or some other means.
5.2 The green density of compacted parts or test pieces is normally determined to assist during press set-up, or for quality control purposes. It is also used for determining the compressibility of base powders, mixed powders, and premixes.
5.3 The sintered density of sintered PM parts and sintered PM test specimens is used as a quality control measure.
5.4 The impregnated density of sintered bearings is normally measured for quality control purposes as bearings are generally supplied and used oil-impregnated.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard describes a method for measuring the density of powder metallurgy products that usually have surface-connected porosity.
1.2 The density of impermeable PM materials, those materials that do not gain mass when immersed in water, may be determined using Test Method B311.
1.3 The current method is applicable to green compacts, sintered parts, and green and sintered test specimens.
1.4 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The microstructure of a cemented carbide affects the material's mechanical and physical properties. This guide is not intended to be used as a specification for carbide grades. Producers and users may use the microstructural information as a guide in developing their own specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers apparatus and procedures for the metallographic identification of microstructures in cemented carbides.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Precautions applying to use of hazardous laboratory chemicals should be observed for chemicals specified in Table 1.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Guide5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a gas chromatography and a mass spectrometry method of detecting the presence of argon in metal powder produced components, consolidated by hot isostatic pressing.
This document specifies the calibration and functionality test for the equipment covered. It also specifies methods for sampling, sample preparation and sample test procedure of PM HIP components to detect argon presence.
Components produced by additive manufacturing are not covered in this document.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of green strength by measuring the transverse rupture strength of compacts of rectangular cross-section.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a gas chromatography and a mass spectrometry method of detecting the presence of argon in metal powder produced components, consolidated by hot isostatic pressing.
This document specifies the calibration and functionality test for the equipment covered. It also specifies methods for sampling, sample preparation and sample test procedure of PM HIP components to detect argon presence.
Components produced by additive manufacturing are not covered in this document.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of green strength by measuring the transverse rupture strength of compacts of rectangular cross-section.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of green strength by measuring the transverse rupture strength of compacts of rectangular cross-section.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Dimensional Change When Compacting and Sintering Metal Powders:
5.1.1 The dimensional change value obtained under specified conditions of compacting and sintering is a material characteristic inherent in the powder.
5.1.2 The test is useful for quality control of the dimensional change of a metal powder mixture, to measure compositional and processing changes and to guide in the production of PM parts.
5.1.3 The absolute dimensional change may be used to classify powders or differentiate one type or grade from another, to evaluate additions to a powder mixture or to measure process changes, and to guide in the design of tooling.
5.1.4 The comparative dimensional change is mainly used as a quality control test to measure variations between a lot or shipment of metal powder and a reference powder of the same material composition.
5.1.5 Factors known to affect size change are the base metal powder grade; type and lot; particle size distribution; level and types of additions to the base metal powder; amount and type of lubricant, green density, as well as processing conditions of the test specimen; heating rate; sintering time and temperature; sintering atmosphere; and cooling rate.
5.2 Dimensional Change of Various PM Processing Steps:
5.2.1 The general procedure of measuring the die or a test compact before and after a PM processing step, and calculating a percent dimensional change, is also adapted for use as an internal process evaluation test to quantify green expansion, repressing size change, heat treatment changes, or other changes in dimensions that result from a manufacturing operation.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers a test method that may be used to measure the sum of the changes in dimensions that occur when a metal powder is first compacted into a test specimen and then sintered.
1.2 The dimensional change is determined by a quantitative laboratory procedure in which the arithmetic difference between the dimensions of a die cavity and the dimensions of a sintered test specimen produced from that die is calculated and expressed as a percent growth or shrinkage.
1.3 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the relative loss of mass which a metallic powder undergoes when heated in a stream of pure dry hydrogen under specified conditions.
The purpose of this test is to evaluate a chemical powder characteristic which is of importance to the powder metallurgical industry. The test is not intended as a means for the determination of the content of specific elements (see Annex A and ISO 4491-1).
The test method is applicable to unalloyed, partially alloyed and completely alloyed powders of the metals listed in Table 1 (see 7.2.1). It is not applicable to lubricated powders or to mixtures of metal powders.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is the first part of a series of standards dealing with the determination of oxygen content in metallic powders by reduction methods. It specifies general guidance to these methods and gives some recommendations for the correct interpretation of the results obtained.
The test methods are applicable generally to all powders of metals, alloys, carbides and mixtures thereof. The constituents of the powder shall be non-volatile under the conditions of test. The powder shall be free of lubricant or organic binder.
However, there exist certain limitations which depend upon the nature of the analysed metal. These limitations are discussed in Clause 4.
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SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions that are helpful in the interpretation and application of powder metallurgy terms.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the relative loss of mass which a metallic powder undergoes when heated in a stream of pure dry hydrogen under specified conditions.
The purpose of this test is to evaluate a chemical powder characteristic which is of importance to the powder metallurgical industry. The test is not intended as a means for the determination of the content of specific elements (see Annex A and ISO 4491-1).
The test method is applicable to unalloyed, partially alloyed and completely alloyed powders of the metals listed in Table 1 (see 7.2.1). It is not applicable to lubricated powders or to mixtures of metal powders.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the relative loss of mass which a metallic powder undergoes when heated in a stream of pure dry hydrogen under specified conditions. The purpose of this test is to evaluate a chemical powder characteristic which is of importance to the powder metallurgical industry. The test is not intended as a means for the determination of the content of specific elements (see Annex A and ISO 4491-1). The test method is applicable to unalloyed, partially alloyed and completely alloyed powders of the metals listed in Table 1 (see 7.2.1). It is not applicable to lubricated powders or to mixtures of metal powders.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers parts produced from pressing and sintering of iron-phosphorus powders. The specification does not cover parts produced by metal injection molding. These parts are used in magnetic applications requiring higher permeability and electrical resistivity and lower coercive field strength than routinely attainable in parts produced from unalloyed iron powder. Two powder types are covered: Type I containing nominally 0.45% phosphorus, and Type II containing nominally 0.8% phosphorus. Apart from chemistry, parts produced to this specification shall have a minimum sintered density and maximum allowable coercive field strength. The minimum sintered density shall be 6.8 g/cm3 (6800 kg/m3) in the magnetically critical section of the part. Three grades with increasing maximum allowable coercive field strength are defined for each powder type. Detailed appendices showing the effect of sintering conditions on the magnetic and mechanical properties of parts made from both powders are included in this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers parts produced from iron-phosphorus powder metallurgy materials. These parts are used in magnetic applications requiring higher permeability and electrical resistivity and lower coercive field strength than attainable routinely from parts produced from iron powder.
1.2 Two powder types are covered; Type I containing nominally 0.45 wt.% phosphorus, and Type II containing nominally 0.8 wt.% phosphorus.
1.3 This specification deals with powder metallurgy parts in the sintered or annealed condition. Should the sintered parts be subjected to any secondary operation that causes mechanical strain, such as machining or sizing, they should be resintered or annealed.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document is the first part of a series of standards dealing with the determination of oxygen content in metallic powders by reduction methods. It specifies general guidance to these methods and gives some recommendations for the correct interpretation of the results obtained.
The test methods are applicable generally to all powders of metals, alloys, carbides and mixtures thereof. The constituents of the powder shall be non-volatile under the conditions of test. The powder shall be free of lubricant or organic binder.
However, there exist certain limitations which depend upon the nature of the analysed metal. These limitations are discussed in Clause 4.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms related to powder metallurgy.
Powder metallurgy is the branch of metallurgy which relates to the manufacture of metallic powders, or of articles made from such powders with or without the addition of non-metallic powders, by the application of forming and sintering processes.
- Standard49 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is the first part of a series of standards dealing with the determination of oxygen content in metallic powders by reduction methods. It specifies general guidance to these methods and gives some recommendations for the correct interpretation of the results obtained. The test methods are applicable generally to all powders of metals, alloys, carbides and mixtures thereof. The constituents of the powder shall be non-volatile under the conditions of test. The powder shall be free of lubricant or organic binder. However, there exist certain limitations which depend upon the nature of the analysed metal. These limitations are discussed in Clause 4.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard4 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document defines terms related to powder metallurgy.
Powder metallurgy is the branch of metallurgy which relates to the manufacture of metallic powders, or of articles made from such powders with or without the addition of non-metallic powders, by the application of forming and sintering processes.
- Standard49 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms related to powder metallurgy. Powder metallurgy is the branch of metallurgy which relates to the manufacture of metallic powders, or of articles made from such powders with or without the addition of non-metallic powders, by the application of forming and sintering processes.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard42 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the tap density physical characteristic of metal powders and related compounds. The measured tap density bears a relationship to the mass of powder that will fill a fixed volume die cavity or other container in situations where the container is tapped, vibrated, or otherwise agitated. The degree of correlation between the results of this test method and the quality of powders in use will vary with each particular application and has not been fully determined.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a method for the determination of tap density (packed density) of metal powders and compounds, that is, the density of a powder that has been tapped, to settle contents, in a container under specified conditions.
1.2 Units—With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The surface roughness of PM parts is an important characteristic in relation to factors such as their load-bearing, wear, sealing, sliding, adhesion, electrical contact, and lubricant retention properties.
3.2 Surface roughness may also be critical for component assembly or system performance. Dimensional fit and mating surface interaction may require certain surface roughness requirements to meet performance specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover measuring the surface roughness of powder metallurgy (PM) products at all stages of manufacturing from green compact to fully hardened finished component.
1.2 These test methods provide the definition and schematic of some common surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rt, and RzISO)
1.3 This standard specifies two different standardized procedures for measuring the surface roughness of PM parts.
1.3.1 Method 1 uses a conical stylus and a Gaussian filter.
1.3.2 Method 2 uses a chisel (knife) edge stylus.
1.3.3 Each test method results in a different measure of surface roughness and the results are not directly comparable.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The rate and uniformity of die cavity filling are related to flow properties, which thus influence production rates and uniformity of compacted parts.
5.2 The ability of a powder to flow is a function of interparticle friction. As interparticle friction increases, flow is slowed. Some powders, often fine powders and lubricated powder mixtures, may not flow through the Hall funnel of Test Method B213. Nevertheless, if a larger orifice is provided, such as in the Carney funnel, a meaningful flow rate may be determined, providing specific information for certain applications.
5.3 Test Method B213, using the Hall funnel, is the preferred method for determining the flowability of metal powders. The Carney funnel of these test methods should only be used when a powder will not flow through the Hall funnel. These test methods may also be used for comparison of several powders when some flow through the Hall funnel and some do not.
5.4 Humidity and moisture content influence flow rate. Wet or moist powders may not flow through either the Hall or the Carney funnel.
5.5 These test methods are based on flow of a specific mass of powder. If flow of a specific volume of powder is preferred, Test Method B855 may be used for powders that flow readily through the Hall funnel.
5.6 These test methods may be part of the purchase agreement between powder suppliers and powder metallurgy (PM) part producers, or it can be an internal quality control test by either the supplier or the end user.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of a flow rate, by use of the Carney funnel, of metal powders and powder mixtures that do not readily flow through the Hall funnel of Test Method B213.
1.2 This is a non-destructive quantitative test performed in the laboratory.
1.3 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only, and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The engineering function of many PM parts may require an exterior portion of the part to have a hardened layer. Where case hardening produces a distinct transition in the microstructure, metallographic estimation of the observed case depth may be used to check the depth to which the surface has been hardened.
SCOPE
1.1 A metallographic method is described for estimating the observed case depth of ferrous powder metallurgy (PM) parts. This method may be used for all types of hardened cases where there is a discernible difference between the microstructure of the hardened surface and that of the interior of the part.
1.2 With the exception of the values for grit size for which the U.S. standard designation is the industry standard, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements for the chemical composition and the mechanical and physical properties of sintered metal materials used for bearings and structural parts.
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the chemical composition and the mechanical and physical properties of sintered metal materials used for bearings and structural parts.
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a gas chromatography and a mass spectrometry method of detecting the presence of argon in metal powder produced components, consolidated by hot isostatic pressing. This document specifies the calibration and functionality test for the equipment covered. It also specifies methods for sampling, sample preparation and sample test procedure of PM HIP components to detect argon presence. Components produced by additive manufacturing are not covered in this document.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements for the chemical composition and the mechanical and physical properties of sintered metal materials used for bearings and structural parts.
- Standard68 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard63 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification covers soft magnetic iron parts fabricated by pressing and sintering of iron powder. The specification does not cover parts produced by metal injection molding. Parts produced to this specification shall have a minimum sintered density of 6.6 g/cm3 (6600 kg/m3) in the magnetically critical section of the part. Chemical requirements for the sintered part are given. Three grades distinguished by the measured maximum value of coercive field strength are defined. Apart from the required measurements of sintered density, chemical composition and coercive field strength, information on magnetic aging and its detection is given. Appendices containing magnetic and mechanical property data for a variety of sintering conditions are provided.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers parts produced from iron powder metallurgy materials.
1.2 This specification deals with powder metallurgy parts in the sintered or annealed condition. Should the sintered parts be subjected to any secondary operation that causes mechanical strain, such as machining or sizing, they should be resintered or annealed.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units, which are provided for information only, and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off