77.160 - Powder metallurgy
ICS 77.160 Details
Powder metallurgy
Pulvermetallurgie
Métallurgie des poudres
Metalurgija prahov
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This document specifies a method for the determination of tap density, i.e. the density of a powder that has been tapped into a container under specified conditions.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of tap density, i.e. the density of a powder that has been tapped into a container under specified conditions.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the hydrogen-reducible oxygen content of metallic powders containing mass percentage of 0,05 % to 3 % oxygen.
This document is applicable to unalloyed, partially alloyed or completely alloyed metal powders and also to mixtures of carbides and binder metal. This document is not applicable to powders containing lubricants or organic binders.
This document can be extended to powders containing carbon by the use of a special catalytic device. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 760 and ISO 4491-1.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of tap density, i.e. the density of a powder that has been tapped into a container under specified conditions.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the hydrogen-reducible oxygen content of metallic powders containing mass percentage of 0,05 % to 3 % oxygen.
This document is applicable to unalloyed, partially alloyed or completely alloyed metal powders and also to mixtures of carbides and binder metal. This document is not applicable to powders containing lubricants or organic binders.
This document can be extended to powders containing carbon by the use of a special catalytic device. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 760 and ISO 4491-1.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the hydrogen-reducible oxygen content of metallic powders containing mass percentage of 0,05 % to 3 % oxygen. This document is applicable to unalloyed, partially alloyed or completely alloyed metal powders and also to mixtures of carbides and binder metal. This document is not applicable to powders containing lubricants or organic binders. This document can be extended to powders containing carbon by the use of a special catalytic device. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 760 and ISO 4491-1.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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This document specifies a metallographic test method for determining the non-metallic inclusion level in metal powders using a powder-forged specimen. This test method is applicable to repress powder-forged test specimens in which there has been minimal lateral flow (<1 %). The core region of the powder-forged test specimen must not contain porosity detectable at 100x magnification.
This test method can also be applied to determine the non-metallic inclusion content of powder-forged steel parts. However, in parts where there has been a significant amount of material flow, the near-neighbour separation distance needs to be changed, or the inclusion sizes agreed between the parties need to be adjusted.
This test method is not applicable for determining the non-metallic inclusion level of parts that have been forged such that the core region contains porosity. At the magnification used for this test method, residual porosity is hard to distinguish from inclusions. Too much residual porosity makes a meaningful assessment of the inclusion population impossible.
This test method can also be applied to materials that contain manganese sulphide (admixed or prealloyed), provided the near-neighbour separation distance is changed from 30 µm to 15 µm.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a metallographic test method for determining the non-metallic inclusion level in metal powders using a powder-forged specimen. This test method is applicable to repress powder-forged test specimens in which there has been minimal lateral flow (<1 %). The core region of the powder-forged test specimen must not contain porosity detectable at 100x magnification.
This test method can also be applied to determine the non-metallic inclusion content of powder-forged steel parts. However, in parts where there has been a significant amount of material flow, the near-neighbour separation distance needs to be changed, or the inclusion sizes agreed between the parties need to be adjusted.
This test method is not applicable for determining the non-metallic inclusion level of parts that have been forged such that the core region contains porosity. At the magnification used for this test method, residual porosity is hard to distinguish from inclusions. Too much residual porosity makes a meaningful assessment of the inclusion population impossible.
This test method can also be applied to materials that contain manganese sulphide (admixed or prealloyed), provided the near-neighbour separation distance is changed from 30 µm to 15 µm.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a metallographic test method for determining the non-metallic inclusion level in metal powders using a powder-forged specimen. This test method is applicable to repress powder-forged test specimens in which there has been minimal lateral flow ( This test method can also be applied to determine the non-metallic inclusion content of powder-forged steel parts. However, in parts where there has been a significant amount of material flow, the near-neighbour separation distance needs to be changed, or the inclusion sizes agreed between the parties need to be adjusted. This test method is not applicable for determining the non-metallic inclusion level of parts that have been forged such that the core region contains porosity. At the magnification used for this test method, residual porosity is hard to distinguish from inclusions. Too much residual porosity makes a meaningful assessment of the inclusion population impossible. This test method can also be applied to materials that contain manganese sulphide (admixed or prealloyed), provided the near-neighbour separation distance is changed from 30 µm to 15 µm.
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This document specifies the dimensions of an unnotched impact test piece of sintered metal materials. The test piece may be obtained directly by pressing and sintering or by machining a sintered part.
This document applies to all sintered metals and alloys, with the exception of hardmetals. However, for certain materials (for example, materials with low porosity or materials with high ductility), it may be more appropriate to use a notched test piece which, in this case, will give results with less scatter. (In this case, refer to ISO 148-1.)
NOTE For porous sintered materials, the results obtained from impact tests on unnotched specimens according to this standard are not fully comparable with results obtained from tests on solid metals tested on notched specimens.
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This document is applicable to all sintered metals and alloys, excluding hardmetals.
This document specifies:
— the die cavity dimensions used for making tensile test pieces by pressing and sintering, and by metal injection moulding (MIM) and sintering;
— the dimensions of tensile test pieces machined from sintered and powder forged materials.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the dimensions of an unnotched impact test piece of sintered metal materials. The test piece may be obtained directly by pressing and sintering or by machining a sintered part.
This document applies to all sintered metals and alloys, with the exception of hardmetals. However, for certain materials (for example, materials with low porosity or materials with high ductility), it may be more appropriate to use a notched test piece which, in this case, will give results with less scatter. (In this case, refer to ISO 148-1.)
NOTE For porous sintered materials, the results obtained from impact tests on unnotched specimens according to this standard are not fully comparable with results obtained from tests on solid metals tested on notched specimens.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the dimensions of an unnotched impact test piece of sintered metal materials. The test piece may be obtained directly by pressing and sintering or by machining a sintered part. This document applies to all sintered metals and alloys, with the exception of hardmetals. However, for certain materials (for example, materials with low porosity or materials with high ductility), it may be more appropriate to use a notched test piece which, in this case, will give results with less scatter. (In this case, refer to ISO 148-1.) NOTE For porous sintered materials, the results obtained from impact tests on unnotched specimens according to this standard are not fully comparable with results obtained from tests on solid metals tested on notched specimens.
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This document is applicable to all sintered metals and alloys, excluding hardmetals.
This document specifies:
— the die cavity dimensions used for making tensile test pieces by pressing and sintering, and by metal injection moulding (MIM) and sintering;
— the dimensions of tensile test pieces machined from sintered and powder forged materials.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to all sintered metals and alloys, excluding hardmetals. This document specifies: — the die cavity dimensions used for making tensile test pieces by pressing and sintering, and by metal injection moulding (MIM) and sintering; — the dimensions of tensile test pieces machined from sintered and powder forged materials.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a gas chromatography and a mass spectrometry method of detecting the presence of argon in metal powder produced components, consolidated by hot isostatic pressing.
This document specifies the calibration and functionality test for the equipment covered. It also specifies methods for sampling, sample preparation and sample test procedure of PM HIP components to detect argon presence.
Components produced by additive manufacturing are not covered in this document.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of green strength by measuring the transverse rupture strength of compacts of rectangular cross-section.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a gas chromatography and a mass spectrometry method of detecting the presence of argon in metal powder produced components, consolidated by hot isostatic pressing.
This document specifies the calibration and functionality test for the equipment covered. It also specifies methods for sampling, sample preparation and sample test procedure of PM HIP components to detect argon presence.
Components produced by additive manufacturing are not covered in this document.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of green strength by measuring the transverse rupture strength of compacts of rectangular cross-section.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of green strength by measuring the transverse rupture strength of compacts of rectangular cross-section.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the relative loss of mass which a metallic powder undergoes when heated in a stream of pure dry hydrogen under specified conditions.
The purpose of this test is to evaluate a chemical powder characteristic which is of importance to the powder metallurgical industry. The test is not intended as a means for the determination of the content of specific elements (see Annex A and ISO 4491-1).
The test method is applicable to unalloyed, partially alloyed and completely alloyed powders of the metals listed in Table 1 (see 7.2.1). It is not applicable to lubricated powders or to mixtures of metal powders.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is the first part of a series of standards dealing with the determination of oxygen content in metallic powders by reduction methods. It specifies general guidance to these methods and gives some recommendations for the correct interpretation of the results obtained.
The test methods are applicable generally to all powders of metals, alloys, carbides and mixtures thereof. The constituents of the powder shall be non-volatile under the conditions of test. The powder shall be free of lubricant or organic binder.
However, there exist certain limitations which depend upon the nature of the analysed metal. These limitations are discussed in Clause 4.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the relative loss of mass which a metallic powder undergoes when heated in a stream of pure dry hydrogen under specified conditions.
The purpose of this test is to evaluate a chemical powder characteristic which is of importance to the powder metallurgical industry. The test is not intended as a means for the determination of the content of specific elements (see Annex A and ISO 4491-1).
The test method is applicable to unalloyed, partially alloyed and completely alloyed powders of the metals listed in Table 1 (see 7.2.1). It is not applicable to lubricated powders or to mixtures of metal powders.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the relative loss of mass which a metallic powder undergoes when heated in a stream of pure dry hydrogen under specified conditions. The purpose of this test is to evaluate a chemical powder characteristic which is of importance to the powder metallurgical industry. The test is not intended as a means for the determination of the content of specific elements (see Annex A and ISO 4491-1). The test method is applicable to unalloyed, partially alloyed and completely alloyed powders of the metals listed in Table 1 (see 7.2.1). It is not applicable to lubricated powders or to mixtures of metal powders.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document is the first part of a series of standards dealing with the determination of oxygen content in metallic powders by reduction methods. It specifies general guidance to these methods and gives some recommendations for the correct interpretation of the results obtained.
The test methods are applicable generally to all powders of metals, alloys, carbides and mixtures thereof. The constituents of the powder shall be non-volatile under the conditions of test. The powder shall be free of lubricant or organic binder.
However, there exist certain limitations which depend upon the nature of the analysed metal. These limitations are discussed in Clause 4.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms related to powder metallurgy.
Powder metallurgy is the branch of metallurgy which relates to the manufacture of metallic powders, or of articles made from such powders with or without the addition of non-metallic powders, by the application of forming and sintering processes.
- Standard49 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is the first part of a series of standards dealing with the determination of oxygen content in metallic powders by reduction methods. It specifies general guidance to these methods and gives some recommendations for the correct interpretation of the results obtained. The test methods are applicable generally to all powders of metals, alloys, carbides and mixtures thereof. The constituents of the powder shall be non-volatile under the conditions of test. The powder shall be free of lubricant or organic binder. However, there exist certain limitations which depend upon the nature of the analysed metal. These limitations are discussed in Clause 4.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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This document defines terms related to powder metallurgy.
Powder metallurgy is the branch of metallurgy which relates to the manufacture of metallic powders, or of articles made from such powders with or without the addition of non-metallic powders, by the application of forming and sintering processes.
- Standard49 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms related to powder metallurgy. Powder metallurgy is the branch of metallurgy which relates to the manufacture of metallic powders, or of articles made from such powders with or without the addition of non-metallic powders, by the application of forming and sintering processes.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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This document specifies the requirements for the chemical composition and the mechanical and physical properties of sintered metal materials used for bearings and structural parts.
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This document specifies the requirements for the chemical composition and the mechanical and physical properties of sintered metal materials used for bearings and structural parts.
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a gas chromatography and a mass spectrometry method of detecting the presence of argon in metal powder produced components, consolidated by hot isostatic pressing. This document specifies the calibration and functionality test for the equipment covered. It also specifies methods for sampling, sample preparation and sample test procedure of PM HIP components to detect argon presence. Components produced by additive manufacturing are not covered in this document.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements for the chemical composition and the mechanical and physical properties of sintered metal materials used for bearings and structural parts.
- Standard68 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard63 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a generic test method to determine the abrasion wear characteristics of hardmetals.
The test is appropriate for use in situations where test laboratories have a need to simulate abrasive damage. The procedure includes information which enables the test to be used in a variety of different conditions:
a) with counterface wheels of different stiffness (for example steel and rubber);
b) wet and dry;
c) different abrasive sizes;
d) different chemical environments.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a generic test method to determine the abrasion wear characteristics of hardmetals.
The test is appropriate for use in situations where test laboratories have a need to simulate abrasive damage. The procedure includes information which enables the test to be used in a variety of different conditions:
a) with counterface wheels of different stiffness (for example steel and rubber);
b) wet and dry;
c) different abrasive sizes;
d) different chemical environments.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the methods of metallographic determination of the microstructure of hardmetals using photomicrographs.
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This document gives guidelines for the measurement of hardmetal grain size by metallographic techniques only using optical or electron microscopy. It is intended for WC/Co hardmetals (also called cemented carbides or cermets) containing primarily tungsten carbide (WC[1]) as the hard phase. It is also intended for measuring the grain size and distribution by the linear-intercept technique.
This document essentially covers four main topics:
— calibration of microscopes, to underpin the accuracy of measurements;
— linear analysis techniques, to acquire sufficient statistically meaningful data;
— analysis methods, to calculate representative average values;
— reporting, to comply with modern quality requirements.
This document is supported by a measurement case study to illustrate the recommended techniques (see Annex A).
This document is not intended for the following:
— measurements of size distribution;
— recommendations on shape measurements. Further research is needed before recommendations for shape measurement can be given.
Measurements of coercivity are sometimes used for grain-size measurement, however, this document is concerned only with a metallographic measurement method. It is also written for hardmetals and not for characterizing powders. However, the method can, in principle, be used for measuring the average size of powders that are suitably mounted and sectioned.
[1] DE: Wolframcarbid, EN: tungsten carbide.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a generic test method to determine the abrasion wear characteristics of hardmetals. The test is appropriate for use in situations where test laboratories have a need to simulate abrasive damage. The procedure includes information which enables the test to be used in a variety of different conditions: a) with counterface wheels of different stiffness (for example steel and rubber); b) wet and dry; c) different abrasive sizes; d) different chemical environments.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard13 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for determining the flow rate of metallic powders, including powders for hardmetals and mixes of metallic powders and organic additives such as lubricants, by means of a calibrated funnel (Gustavsson flowmeter).
The method is applicable only to powders which flow freely through the specified test orifice.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the particle size distribution of metallic powders by dry sieving into size fractions.
The method is applicable to dry, unlubricated metallic powders, but not applicable to powders in which the morphology differs markedly from being equiaxial, for example flake-type powders.
The method is not applicable to metallic powders having a particle size wholly or mostly under 45 µm.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document gives guidelines for the measurement of hardmetal grain size by metallographic techniques only using optical or electron microscopy. It is intended for WC/Co hardmetals (also called cemented carbides or cermets) containing primarily tungsten carbide (WC[1]) as the hard phase. It is also intended for measuring the grain size and distribution by the linear-intercept technique.
This document essentially covers four main topics:
— calibration of microscopes, to underpin the accuracy of measurements;
— linear analysis techniques, to acquire sufficient statistically meaningful data;
— analysis methods, to calculate representative average values;
— reporting, to comply with modern quality requirements.
This document is supported by a measurement case study to illustrate the recommended techniques (see Annex A).
This document is not intended for the following:
— measurements of size distribution;
— recommendations on shape measurements. Further research is needed before recommendations for shape measurement can be given.
Measurements of coercivity are sometimes used for grain-size measurement, however, this document is concerned only with a metallographic measurement method. It is also written for hardmetals and not for characterizing powders. However, the method can, in principle, be used for measuring the average size of powders that are suitably mounted and sectioned.
[1] DE: Wolframcarbid, EN: tungsten carbide.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the methods of metallographic determination of the microstructure of hardmetals using photomicrographs.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the methods of metallographic determination of the microstructure of hardmetals using photomicrographs.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document gives guidelines for the measurement of hardmetal grain size by metallographic techniques only using optical or electron microscopy. It is intended for WC/Co hardmetals (also called cemented carbides or cermets) containing primarily tungsten carbide (WC[1]) as the hard phase. It is also intended for measuring the grain size and distribution by the linear-intercept technique. This document essentially covers four main topics: — calibration of microscopes, to underpin the accuracy of measurements; — linear analysis techniques, to acquire sufficient statistically meaningful data; — analysis methods, to calculate representative average values; — reporting, to comply with modern quality requirements. This document is supported by a measurement case study to illustrate the recommended techniques (see Annex A). This document is not intended for the following: — measurements of size distribution; — recommendations on shape measurements. Further research is needed before recommendations for shape measurement can be given. Measurements of coercivity are sometimes used for grain-size measurement, however, this document is concerned only with a metallographic measurement method. It is also written for hardmetals and not for characterizing powders. However, the method can, in principle, be used for measuring the average size of powders that are suitably mounted and sectioned. [1] DE: Wolframcarbid, EN: tungsten carbide.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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This document specifies a method of measuring the air permeability and the porosity of a packed bed of metal powder, and of deriving therefrom the value of the envelope-specific surface area. The permeability is determined under steady-state flow conditions, using a laminar flow of air at a pressure near atmospheric. This document does not include the measurement of permeability by a constant volume method.
Several different methods have been proposed for this determination, and several test devices are available commercially. They give similar, reproducible results, provided that the general instructions given in this document are respected, and the test parameters are identical.
This document does not specify a particular commercial test device and corresponding test procedure. However, for the convenience of the user, an informative annex has been included (see Annex A) which is intended to give some practical information on three specific methods:
— the Lea and Nurse method, involving a test device which can be built in a laboratory (see A.1);
— the Zhang Ruifu method, using a similar test device (see A.2);
— the Gooden and Smith method, involving a test device which can be built in a laboratory but for which a commercial test device also exists. (Two types of commercial test device exist; one of these is no longer available for purchase, but is still being used, see A.3.)
These methods are given as examples only. Other test devices available in various countries are acceptable within the scope of this document.
This testing method is applicable to all metallic powders, including powders for hardmetals, up to 1 000 µm in diameter, but it is generally used for particles having diameters between 0,2 µm and 75,0 µm. It is not intended to be used for powders composed of particles whose shape is far from equiaxial, i.e. flakes or fibres, unless specifically agreed upon between the parties concerned.
This testing method is not applicable to mixtures of different metallic powders or powders containing binders or lubricant.
If the powder contains agglomerates, the measured surface area can be affected by the degree of agglomeration. If the powder is subjected to a de-agglomeration treatment (see Annex B), the method used is to be agreed upon between the parties concerned.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the flow rate of metallic powders, including powders for hardmetals and mixes of metallic powders and organic additives such as lubricants, by means of a calibrated funnel (Gustavsson flowmeter).
The method is applicable only to powders which flow freely through the specified test orifice.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the particle size distribution of metallic powders by dry sieving into size fractions.
The method is applicable to dry, unlubricated metallic powders, but not applicable to powders in which the morphology differs markedly from being equiaxial, for example flake-type powders.
The method is not applicable to metallic powders having a particle size wholly or mostly under 45 µm.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the flow rate of metallic powders, including powders for hardmetals and mixes of metallic powders and organic additives such as lubricants, by means of a calibrated funnel (Gustavsson flowmeter). The method is applicable only to powders which flow freely through the specified test orifice.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard6 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method of determining the particle size distribution of metallic powders by dry sieving into size fractions. The method is applicable to dry, unlubricated metallic powders, but not applicable to powders in which the morphology differs markedly from being equiaxial, for example flake-type powders. The method is not applicable to metallic powders having a particle size wholly or mostly under 45 µm.
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This document specifies procedures for the sampling and testing of powder mixtures for the manufacture of hardmetals, using sintered test pieces. It also covers the preparation of test pieces.
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