EN ISO 3252:2023

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2023
Metalurgija prahov - Slovar (ISO 3252:2023)
Powder metallurgy - Vocabulary (ISO 3252:2023)
Pulvermetallurgie - Begriffe (ISO 3252:2023)
Métallurgie des poudres - Vocabulaire (ISO 3252:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 3252:2023
ICS:
01.040.77 Metalurgija (Slovarji) Metallurgy (Vocabularies)
77.160 Metalurgija prahov Powder metallurgy
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 3252
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
March 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.77; 77.160 Supersedes EN ISO 3252:2019
English Version
Powder metallurgy - Vocabulary (ISO 3252:2023)
Métallurgie des poudres - Vocabulaire (ISO 3252:2023) Pulvermetallurgie - Begriffe (ISO 3252:2023)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 March 2023.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIO N

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUN G

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 3252:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 3252:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119 "Powder
metallurgy" in collaboration with CCMC.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2023, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 3252:2019.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 3252:2023 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 3252:2023 without any modification.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 3252
Sixth edition
2023-02
Powder metallurgy — Vocabulary
Métallurgie des poudres — Vocabulaire
Reference number
ISO 3252:2023(E)
ISO 3252:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Terms related to powders . 1
3.2 Terms related to forming . 14
3.3 Terms related to sintering and characteristics of sintered materials . 27
3.4 Terms related to post-sintering treatments .34
3.5 Terms related to powder metallurgy materials . 35
Bibliography .37
Index .38
iii
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119, Powder metallurgy, in collaboration
with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/SS M11, Powder
metallurgy, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
This sixth edition cancels and replaces the fifth edition (ISO 3252:2019), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— several new definitions and figures related to forming (3.2) have been added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Introduction
The terms are classified alphabetically under the following categories:
— powders;
— forming;
— sintering and characteristics of sintered materials;
— post-sintering treatments;
— powder metallurgy materials.
NOTE Additional information on certain terms defined can be found in the standards given in Notes to entry.
These are listed in the Bibliography.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3252:2023(E)
Powder metallurgy — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document defines terms related to powder metallurgy.
Powder metallurgy is the branch of metallurgy which relates to the manufacture of metallic powders,
or of articles made from such powders with or without the addition of non-metallic powders, by the
application of forming and sintering processes.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Terms related to powders
3.1.1
acicular, adj.
needle-like particle form
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Figure 1 — Acicular
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.2
agglomerate
several particles adhering together
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Key
1 grain
2 particle
3 agglomerate
Figure 2 — Diagramatic representation of grain, particle and agglomerate
3.1.3
alloyed powder
metal powder consisting of at least two constituents that are partially or completely alloyed with each
other
3.1.4
angle of repose
basal angle of a pile formed by a powder when freely poured under specified conditions on to a
horizontal surface
3.1.5
angular, adj.
sharp-edged or roughly polyhedral
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Figure 3 — Angular
3.1.6
apparent density
mass per unit volume of a powder obtained following specific methods
Note 1 to entry: For example, ISO 3923-1 related to free-flowing powders and ISO 3923-2 related to non-free-
flowing powders.
3.1.7
atomization
dispersion of a molten metal into particles by a rapidly moving gas or liquid stream or by mechanical
means
[SOURCE: ASTM B243-17]
3.1.8
atomized metal powder
metal powder produced by atomization (3.1.7)
3.1.9
binder
material added to the powder mix to increase the green strength (3.2.48) of the compact or to counteract
dusting and segregation (3.1.75) of fine particulate mix constituents, and which is expelled during
sintering
Note 1 to entry: In hard metals, it is also used for material (binder metal, usually of lower melting point) added to
a powder mixture for the specific purpose of cementing together powder particles which alone would not sinter
into a strong body.
Note 2 to entry: Cementing medium is also used in the field of hard metals.
3.1.10
blended powder
powder made by blending (3.1.11)
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.11
blending
thorough intermingling of powders of the same nominal composition
Note 1 to entry: Not to be confused with mixing (3.1.53).
3.1.12
bridging
formation of arched cavities in a powder mass
3.1.13
bulk density
mass per unit volume of a powder under nonstandard conditions
3.1.14
cake
bonded mass of unpressed metal powder
EXAMPLE The condition of a powder mass as it exits an annealing furnace.
3.1.15
carbonyl powder
powder produced by the thermal decomposition of a metal carbonyl
3.1.16
chill-block cooling
process for producing rapidly solidified powders by cooling a thin layer of molten material on a solid
substrate
3.1.17
chopped powder
powder produced by chopping material such as sheet, ribbon, fibre or filament
3.1.18
classification
separation of powder into fractions according to particle size
3.1.19
coated powder
powder consisting of particles having a surface layer of different composition
3.1.20
comminuted powder
powder produced by mechanical disintegration of solid metal
3.1.21
compactability
encompassing the powder characteristics of compressibility (3.1.24), green strength (3.2.48), edge
retention, and lamination tendency, that relates to the ability of a powder to be consolidated into a
usable green compact (3.2.11)
Note 1 to entry: Compactability is a conceptual term and may be a function of flowability, compressibility and
green strength.
3.1.22
completely alloyed powder
alloyed powder (3.1.3) in which each powder particle has a homogeneous chemical composition being
that of the entire powder
3.1.23
composite powder
powder in which each particle consists of two or more different constituents
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.24
compressibility
capacity of a powder to be densified under an uniaxially applied pressure
Note 1 to entry: The pressure applied is usually a uniaxial pressure in a closed die. Compressibility may be
expressed as the pressure needed to reach a required density or as the density obtained at a given pressure.
Note 2 to entry: See ISO 3927.
3.1.25
compression ratio
ratio of the volume of the loose powder to the volume of the compact made from it
3.1.26
cut
fraction of a powder nominally within stated particle size limits
3.1.27
dehydrided powder
powder made by removal of hydrogen from metal hydride
3.1.28
demixing
loss of homogeneity of a powder mix due to excessive mixing time
3.1.29
dendritic, adj.
branch-shaped
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 4.
Figure 4 — Dendritic
3.1.30
diffusion-alloyed powder
partially alloyed powder (3.1.3) produced by means of a thermal process involving diffusion
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.31
dopant
substance added in small quantity to a metallic powder to prevent or control recrystallization or grain
growth either during sintering (3.3.60) or during use of the resultant sintered object
Note 1 to entry: This term is especially used in the powder metallurgy of tungsten.
3.1.32
electrolytic powder
powder produced by an electrolytic process
3.1.33
elutriation
classification (3.1.18) of a powder through movement of the particles through a fluid medium
EXAMPLE Air classification and liquid classification.
3.1.34
feedstock
mouldable mixture of metal powder and binder (3.1.9) used for injection moulding or powder extrusion
3.1.35
fibrous, adj.
having the appearance of regularly or irregularly shaped threads
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.
Figure 5 — Fibrous
3.1.36
fill factor
ratio of the height to which a powder fills a die to the height of the compact,
measured after ejection from the die
3.1.37
fines
fraction of a powder that passes through the smallest sieve size used in the sieve analysis (3.1.76)
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.38
flaky, adj.
plate-like particle form
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 6.
Figure 6 — Flaky
3.1.39
flowability
behaviour of a powder when flowing through a funnel of defined dimension
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 4490 and ISO 13517.
3.1.40
flowmeter
standardized funnel and cylindrical cup used for the determination of apparent density (3.1.6) and flow
rate (3.1.41)
Note 1 to entry: For apparent density see ISO 3923-1 and ISO 3923-2.
Note 2 to entry: For flow rate see ISO 4490 and ISO 13517.
3.1.41
flow rate
time required for a powder sample of standard weight to flow through an orifice in a standard
instrument according to a specified procedure
[SOURCE: ASTM B243-17]
3.1.42
granular, adj.
approximately equidimensional non-spherical shape
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 7.
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Figure 7 — Granular
3.1.43
granulation
agglomeration of fine particles to obtain a coarser powder with improved flowability
3.1.44
hydrogen loss
loss in weight of metal powder or of a compact caused by heating a representative sample for a specified
time and temperature in a purified hydrogen atmosphere
Note 1 to entry: Broadly, a measure of the oxygen content of the sample when applied to materials containing
only such oxides as are reducible with hydrogen and no hydride forming element. See also ISO 4491-2.
3.1.45
hydrogen-reducible oxygen
oxygen content of a powder emanating from oxygen-bearing constituents reduced by hydrogen under
standardized conditions
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4491-3.
3.1.46
irregular
lacking any symmetry
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 8.
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Figure 8 — Irregular
3.1.47
lubricant
material used to reduce inter-particle friction and the friction between the powder mass and the tooling
3.1.48
master alloy powder
alloyed powder (3.1.3) containing a relatively high concentration of one or more elements that may be
difficult to introduce in their unalloyed states
Note 1 to entry: The master alloy powder is mixed with other powders to produce the required final composition.
3.1.49
mechanical alloying
process of alloying in the solid state by high-energy attritor or ball-mill
3.1.50
mechanically alloyed powder
composite powder (3.1.23) produced by mechanically incorporating other constituents which are
generally insoluble within the deformable particles of the matrix metal
3.1.51
milling
mechanical treatment of metal powder, or metal powder mixtures, as in a ball mill, to alter the size or
shape of the individual particles or to coat one component of the mixture with another
3.1.52
mixed powder
powder made by mixing powders, where the constituent powders differing in composition
3.1.53
mixing
thorough intermingling of powders of two or more materials
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.54
nodular, adj.
rounded irregular shape
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 9.
Figure 9 — Nodular
3.1.55
oversize
fraction of a powder sample with particle size larger than any specified upper limit
3.1.56
oversize particle
particle larger than any specified upper limit
3.1.57
partially alloyed powder
alloyed powder (3.1.3), the particles of which have not reached the completely alloyed state
3.1.58
particle
unit of powder that cannot readily be subdivided by the usual separation processes
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Note 2 to entry: The term “grain” is not synonymous with “particle” and should be used in its normal metallurgical
sense.
3.1.59
particle shape
external geometric form of a powder particle
3.1.60
particle size
linear dimension of an individual particle as determined by analysis with sieves or other suitable means
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.61
particle size distribution
percentage by mass, by numbers or by volume, of each fraction into which a powder sample has been
classified with respect to size
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4497.
3.1.62
plasticizer
thermoplastic material used as a binder (3.1.9) for improving formability of powders
3.1.63
powder
particles that are usually less than 1 mm in size
3.1.64
pre-alloyed powder
completely alloyed powder (3.1.22) usually made by atomization of melt (3.1.7)
3.1.65
precipitated powder
powder produced by chemical precipitation from solution
3.1.66
press-ready mix
premix
mixture of powders with other ingredients designed to make the mixture ready for compaction
3.1.67
pulverization
reduction in particle size (3.1.60) of metal powder by mechanical means, a specific type of disintegration
[SOURCE: ASTM B243-17]
3.1.68
pulverized powder
powder made by pulverization (3.1.67)
3.1.69
rapidly solidified powder
powder produced directly or in-directly at high solidification rates such that the particles have a
modified or metastable microstructure
3.1.70
reaction milling
process of mechanical alloying (3.1.49) in which a reaction takes place between the metal and additives,
the atmosphere or both
3.1.71
reduced powder
powder produced by chemical reduction of a metal compound without melting
3.1.72
sample splitter
device by means of which a previously obtained powder sample is split into representative portions
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 3954.
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.73
sample thief
device used to draw a representative powder sample from a bulk quantity of powder
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 3954.
3.1.74
sedimentation
settling of particles, suspended in a liquid, through the influence of an external force, such as gravity or
centrifugal force
3.1.75
segregation
unintentional separation of one or more constituents of a powder, for example, by particle size or
chemical composition
3.1.76
sieve analysis
screen analysis
screen classification
particle size distribution (3.1.61), usually expressed as the weight percentage retained upon each of a
series of standard sieves of decreasing size and the percentage passed by the sieve of finest size
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4497.
3.1.77
sieve set
calibrated series of non-magnetic wire-cloth sieves
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4497.
3.1.78
slurry
pourable viscous dispersion of powder in a liquid
3.1.79
specific surface area
total surface area of the particles per unit mass of powder
3.1.80
spheroidal, adj.
roughly spherical
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 10.
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Figure 10 — Spheroidal
3.1.81
sponge powder
porous, reduced powder (3.1.71) produced by comminution of a metal sponge which is in itself a
coherent, highly porous metal
3.1.82
spray drying
process for granulating powders by the rapid evaporation of the liquid from the droplets of a slurry
(3.1.78)
3.1.83
tap density
mass per unit volume of a powder in a container that has been tapped under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 3953.
3.1.84
tapping apparatus
device for the determination of tap density (3.1.83)
3.1.85
ultrasonically gas-atomized powder
powder produced by a gas atomization (3.1.7) process in which ultrasonic vibration is applied to the gas
jet
3.1.86
ultrasonic gas-atomizing
atomization (3.1.7) process in which ultrasonic vibration is applied to the gas jet
3.1.87
undersize
fraction of a powder sample with particle size (3.1.60) smaller than any specified lower limit
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.1.88
undersize particle
particle smaller than any specified lower limit
3.2 Terms related to forming
3.2.1
adaptor
device in which the press tools are mounted outside the press
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 12.
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Key
1 upper punch (3.2.92) 11 die plate (3.2.24)
2 die (3.2.23) 12 clamp ring (3.2.8)
3 lower punch (3.2.57) 13 punch plate (3.2.73)
4 core rod (3.2.18) 14 punch riser (3.2.74)
5 guide rod (3.2.49) 15 socket (3.2.82)
6 filler plate (3.2.41) 16 base plate (3.2.4)
7 upper coupler plate (3.2.90) 17 core rod extension (3.2.20)
8 punch plate (3.2.73) 18 tie rod (3.2.85)
9 clamp ring (3.2.8) 19 lower coupler plate (3.2.55)
10 shrink ring (3.2.79) 20 core rod connector (3.2.19)
NOTE Other types and arrangements exist.
Figure 11 — Tool set and adaptor for a mechanical press
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Key
1 upper coupler plate (3.2.90) 8 tie rod (3.2.85)
2 upper plate (3.2.91) 9 lower plate (3.2.56)
3 upper plate (3.2.91) 10 lower plate (3.2.56)
4 upper plate (3.2.91) 11 lower plate (3.2.56)
5 guide rod (3.2.49) 12 base plate (3.2.4)
6 filler plate (3.2.41) 13 lower coupler plate (3.2.55)
7 die plate (3.2.24)
Figure 12 — Adaptor for multi-level hydraulic press
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Key
1 upper punch (3.2.92) 11 punch plate (3.2.73)
2 upper punch (3.2.92) 12 clamp ring (3.2.8)
3 upper punch (3.2.92) 13 shrink ring (3.2.79)
4 die (3.2.23) 14 clamp ring (3.2.8)
5 lower punch (3.2.57) 15 clamp ring (3.2.8)
6 lower punch (3.2.57) 16 clamp ring (3.2.8)
7 lower punch (3.2.57) 17 socket (3.2.82)
8 core rod (3.2.18) 18 socket (3.2.82)
9 punch plate (3.2.73) 19 clamp ring (3.2.8)
10 punch plate (3.2.73) 20 core rod extension (3.2.20)
Figure 13 — Tool set for a multi-level hydraulic press
3.2.2
adaptor table
member of the tool set designed to hold the bolster (3.2.79)
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.2.3
back relief
undesired dimensional reduction of the die (3.2.23) in the ejection direction
3.2.4
base plate
part of the tool set adaptor, transferring the force onto the bottom punch(es) into the machine-body and
providing the guide for the lower platens and die
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 12.
3.2.5
blank
pressed, presintered, or fully sintered compact, usually in the unfinished condition, requiring cutting,
machining, or some other operation to give it its final shape
3.2.6
brown body
debinded body ready to be sintered
3.2.7
canning
encapsulation (3.2.34) in a metallic container which is usually evacuated prior to sealing
3.2.8
clamp ring
member of the tool set ring designed to clamp a die (3.2.23), punch (3.2.72) or a core rod (3.2.18)
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 13.
3.2.9
cold isostatic pressing
CIP
isostatic pressing at ambient temperature
Note 1 to entry: The pressure-transmitting medium is normally a liquid.
3.2.10
cold pressing
cold compacting
pressing metal powder using either compacting tools or CIP mould at ambient temperature
3.2.11
compact
green compact
object prepared from powder by cold-pressing or by injection-moulding
3.2.12
compacting
process of making a compact (3.2.11)
3.2.13
compacting pressure
specific compacting force related to the projected area of contact with the press punch(es)
3.2.14
composite compact
compound compact
metal powder compact consisting of two or more adhering layers, rings or other shapes of different
metals or alloys with each material retaining its original identity
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.2.15
compound
feedstock
mixture of metal powder, binder (3.1.9) and other additives
3.2.16
consolidation
process in which a powder or compact is densified
3.2.17
continuous-spray deposition
process for the production of a solid object by atomizing a molten or partially molten metallic stream
which, before solidification, impinges on a substrate, where solidification subsequently occurs
3.2.18
core rod
member of the tool set or mould forming the inner profile of a compacted or sintered object in the
compaction direction
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 13.
3.2.19
core rod connector
part of the tool set adaptor transmitting the movement of the machine for the core rod (3.2.18) to the
tool set
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 11.
3.2.20
core rod extension
part of the tool set adaptation between the core rod connector (3.2.19) and the core rod (3.2.18)
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 13.
3.2.21
counter-pressure
top-punch hold-down pressure
pressure at which a compact is held between an upper and a lower punch (3.2.57) during a withdrawal
or ejection process (3.2.32)
3.2.22
debinding
removal of binder (3.1.9) from injection moulded body before sintering (3.3.60)
3.2.23
die
member of the tool set forming the cavity in which the powder is compacted, or the sintered object is
re-pressed
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 13.
3.2.24
die plate
upper plate of the tool set adaptor holding the clamp ring (3.2.8), bolster (3.2.79) and die (3.2.23)
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 12.
3.2.25
die wall lubrication
lubrication of die wall with solid or liquid lubricant (3.1.47) to eliminate and/or minimize the need for
admixed lubricant to the powder
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.2.26
double-action pressing
method by which powder is pressed in a die (3.2.23) between two punches moving from opposite
directions into the die cavity
3.2.27
dry-bag isostatic pressing
method of cold isostatic pressing (3.2.9) whereby the flexible mould in which the powder or compact is
placed is rigidly mounted
3.2.28
dwell time
period during which constant pressure is applied to a compact
3.2.29
edge strength
ability of the edges of a compact to resist damage
3.2.30
ejection energy
total energy to eject a green compact (3.2.11) from die (3.2.23), obtained by integration of ejection force
(3.2.31) and displacement curve
3.2.31
ejection force
maximum force necessary to eject green compact (3.2.11) from die (3.2.23)
3.2.32
ejection process
operation by which a compact is pushed out from a die after completion of pressing
3.2.33
ejector
component of a press tool used for the ejection of a compact from the die (3.2.23)
3.2.34
encapsulation
enclosing a powder or a compact in a thin-walled container
3.2.35
explosive compaction
high-energy consolidation by means of a detonation shock wave
3.2.36
feed shoe
part of the compacting (3.2.12) press that delivers powder to the die cavity, usually by sliding an open
bottomed powder container over the open top of the die (3.2.23)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 14.
3.2.37
fill
quantity of powder required to charge a die (3.2.23)
3.2.38
fill height
distance between the lower punch face and the top of the die body in the fill position (3.2.39) of the
press tool set
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.2.39
fill position
position of the press tool set which allows the introduction of the desired amount of powder into the die
cavity
3.2.40
fill volume
volume of the die cavity at the fill position (3.2.39)
3.2.41
filler plate
plate positioned over the die upon which the feed shoe rests
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 12.
3.2.42
floating die
die (3.2.23) that is able to move freely in the direction of pressing in order to create a double-action
pressing (3.2.26) effect
Note 1 to entry: Generally, the die is supported by a spring.
3.2.43
fork
part of the tool set pressing adaptor, used in connection with the wedge (3.2.100) for the compaction
and uncovering of multi-sectional objects
3.2.44
forming
process in which a powder is transformed into a coherent body of the required shape
3.2.45
green
pressed or injection-moulded but unsintered
3.2.46
green density
mass per unit volume of an unsintered compact
3.2.47
green machining
machining of a unsintered compact to a predetermined shape
3.2.48
green strength
mechanical strength of an unsintered compact
Note 1 to entry: This may be measured by radial crushing (see ISO 2739) or transverse rupture (see ISO 3995).
3.2.49
guide rod
column
part of the tool set adaptor guiding the moving parts of the upper part of the tool set with the die plate
in the compacting direction
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 11 and 12.
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.2.50
hot isostatic pressing
HIP
isostatic pressing (3.2.52) at elevated temperature activating the phenomena of diffusion and creep
Note 1 to entry: The pressure-transmitting medium is normally a gas.
3.2.51
hot pressing
pressing of a powder or compact, normally uniaxially, at elevated temperatures thus activating the
phenomena of diffusion and creep
3.2.52
isostatic pressing
pressing of a powder or a compact by subjecting its surface or the surface of the flexible part of the
mould containing it, to nominally equal pressure from every direction
3.2.53
lamination crack
defect(s) roughly parallel to the punch faces of the part
Note 1 to entry: These defects usually occur when powder is compressed to high density and the relaxation
forces during pressure release exceed the binding force between the particles.
3.2.54
lifting rod
member of the tool set bringing the lower punch (3.2.57) into the filling position
3.2.55
lower coupler plate
part of the tool set adaptor transmitting the movement of the machine lower ram to the tool set
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 12.
3.2.56
lower plate
movable plate of the adaptor for connecting a lower punch (3.2.57)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 12.
3.2.57
lower punch
member of the tool set closing the die (3.2.23) from below and transmitting the pressure to the powder
or the sintered component
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 13.
3.2.58
lower ram
ram of a press acting on the pressing tool from below
3.2.59
metal injection moulding
MIM
method of forming (3.2.44) by the injection of a plasticized mixture of metallic powder(s) and binder(s)
(3.1.9) into a mould
3.2.60
mould
confining rigid form into which the powder and binder
mixture is forced, and the configuration of which forms the surfaces of the green (3.2.45)
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.2.61
mould
confining flexible form in which powder is isostatically-compacted
3.2.62
multiple-cavity tool
tool set that produces two or more compacts in each pressing cycle
3.2.63
multiple pressing
method of pressing whereby two or more compacts are produced simultaneously in separate die
cavities
3.2.64
multi-level tool adaptor
tool adaptor having several independently controllable plates, on the upper or lower side of the adaptor,
each holding a separate punch
3.2.65
neutral zone
zone in a compact in which the stresses imposed by opposing punches are in equilibrium
3.2.66
overfill
powder filling sequence pushing the powder up into the feed shoe (3.2.36) to ensure proper filling
Note 1 to entry: see Figure 14.
Key
1 step 1
2 step 2
3 feed shoe
NOTE Before filling commences, the lower punch is positioned to allow excess powder to enter the die.
Before removal of the feed shoe, the die or the lower punch (and/or core rod) is moved to force excess powder
back into the feed shoe, ensuring a good fill.
Figure 14 — Overfill
3.2.67
plasticized-powder extrusion
method of forming a plasticized mixture of powder and binder (3.1.9) by powder extrusion
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.2.68
powder rolling
process in which a powder is introduced between a pair of rotating rolls which cause the powder to be
compacted into a continuous, coherent strip
3.2.69
preform
blank (3.2.5) intended to be subject to deformation and densification (3.4.2) involving change of shape
3.2.70
pressing
process in which a powder held in a die (3.2.23) or other container is subjected to an external force in
order to densify the powder and produce a compact of prescribed shape and dimensions
3.2.71
pressing crack
crack formed in a compact during the pressing cycle
3.2.72
punch
item of a tool set used to apply pressure to the powder or object
3.2.73
punch plate
part of the tool set adaptor supporting a punch (3.2.72)
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 13.
3.2.74
punch riser
part of the tool set adaptation connecting a punch plate (3.2.73) to a socket in order to increase the
height of the assembly for a punch (3.2.72)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 11.
3.2.75
sandwich die
split die (3.2.83) consisting of discs perpendicular to the pressing direction
3.2.76
segmented die
die (3.2.23) fabricated by the assembly of several die segments within a retaining shrink ring (3.2.79)
3.2.77
segmented punch
set of punches (3.2.72) used to give various filling and compacting heights when producing two-stepped
or multi-stepped compacts
3.2.78
shaping
achievement of a desired geometry before final sintering
3.2.79
shrink ring
bolster
member of the tool set designed to hold the die
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 13.
3.2.80
single-action pressing
method by which a powder is pressed in a stationary die between one moving and one fixed punch
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.2.81
skeleton
porous compact or sintered object intended for infiltration (3.3.31)
3.2.82
socket
part of the tool set adaptation connecting the assembly for a punch (3.2.72) to the plate of the adaptor
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 13.
3.2.83
split die
die (3.2.23) made in two or more sections that are separated to remove the compact
3.2.84
spring back
increase in dimensions of a compact after ejection from a die (3.2.23)
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4492.
3.2.85
tie rod
part of the tool set adaptor connecting and transferring the motion of the lower coupling plate to the die
plate
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 11 and 12.
3.2.86
tool set
assembly of tooling items used for the production of a specific powder product by the process of
compacting (3.2.12) or re-pressing (3.4.7)
Note 1 to entry: The tool set may include dies, punches and core rods (3.2.18) but excludes press fittings common
to more than one product.
3.2.87
undercut forming
forming a compact in a shape which requires horizontal splitting of the tool die
3.2.88
underfill
powder filling sequence displacing the powder down into the die cavity after filling to minimize powder
spillage
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 15.
ISO 3252:2023(E)
Key
1 step 1
2 step 2
NOTE After filling the die and removing the feed shoe, the lower punch or die is moved to transfer powder to
a lower level in the die, thus avoiding spillage of powder when processing commences.
Figure 15 — Underfill
3.2.89
uniaxial pressing
pressing of a powder in such a manner that the applied force is along a single axis
3.2.90
upper coupler plate
part of the tool set adaptor transmitting the movement of the machine upper ram to the tool set
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 12.
3.2.91
upper plate
movable plate of the adaptor for connecting an upper punch (3.2.92)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 12.
3.2.92
upper punch
member of the tool set closing the die (3.2.23) from the top and transmitting the pressure to the powder
or sintered component
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 11 and 13.
3.2.93
upper ram
ram of a press acting on the pressing tool from above
3.2.94
vibration-assisted compaction
compaction of a powder using an oscillating punch (3.2.72) or punches
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.2.95
vibration-assisted filling
filling of a powder into a mould or die (3.2.23) which is subjected to vibration
3.2.96
volume filling
metering of a powder charge into a die (3.2.23) by setting the depth of fill (3.2.37)
3.2.97
warm compaction
consolidation (3.2.16) of a pre-heated powder in a pre-heated die
3.2.98
warm pressing
warm compacting
pressing metal powder using heated powder and heated compaction tools to get higher density than
obtained by cold pressing (3.2.10)
3.2.99
warm-die compaction
consolidation (3.2.16) of an unheated powder in a pre-heated die
3.2.100
wedge
part of the tool set pressing adaptor, in connection with the fork (3.2.43), enabling the compaction and
the ejection of multi-sectional objects
3.2.101
weight filling
metering of a powder charge into a die (3.2.23) by weighing the powder
3.2.102
wet-bag isostatic pressing
method of cold isostatic pressing (3.2.9) whereby the flexible mould containing the powder or compact
is immersed in the pressure transmitting medium
3.2.103
withdrawal position
position of the tool set at the end of the withdrawal process (3.2.104)
3.2.104
withdrawal process
operation by which a die (3.2.23) descends over a fixed lower punch (3.2.57) to free the compact
3.3 Terms related to sintering and characteristics of sintered materials
3.3.1
activated sintering
sintering process during which the rate of sintering is increased
EXAMPLE Addition of a substance to the powder or under the influence of the sintering atmosphere (3.3.61).
3.3.2
A-pore
pore below 10 μm in size
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4499-4.
ISO 3252:2023(E)
3.3.3
apparent hardness
hardness of a sintered material (3.5.10) measured under specified conditions so as to include the effects
of porosity
Note 1 to entry: See also ISO 4498.
3.3.4
batch furnace
furnace designed to sinter separate batches without continuous transport
EXAMPLE A bell or box furnace.
3.3.5
batch sintering
sintering of a batch of parts in a furnac
...