91.080.40 - Concrete structures
ICS 91.080.40 Details
Concrete structures
Betonbau
Structures en béton
Betonske konstrukcije
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 91.080.40 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Concrete structures". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 573 standards classified under ICS 91.080.40 (Concrete structures). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document provides the principles and procedures of environmental management for execution activities of concrete structures, which comprises earthwork/foundation work, formwork, reinforcement work, concreting work and waste treatment. Additional works for concrete structures such as electric work and utility work are outside the scope of this standard.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the management principles and procedures implemented at the execution stage under the framework of life cycle management specified by ISO 22040.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides performance requirements for standards on concrete structures. It can be used for international alignment of design, assessment and construction requirements. This document includes: a) principles, which guide the selection of requirements that translate societal and owner’s expectations for the performance of the concrete structure; b) requirements, which define the required performance of the concrete structure; c) criteria, which give means for expressing the requirements; d) evaluation clauses, which give acceptable methods of verifying the specific criteria.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides a general framework, principles and requirements related to the determination of system boundaries and the acquisition of inventory data necessary for conducting a life cycle assessment (LCA) of concrete, precast concrete and concrete structures. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with, and following the principles set out in ISO 14040, ISO 14044, ISO 21930, ISO 21931-1 and ISO 21931-2. Where deviation occurs, this document takes precedence.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for round, cold-drawn, high-tensile steel wire, that is either plain, indented, spiral ribbed or crimped. The product is supplied as mill coil wire or straightened and stress-relieved wire in coils or cut lengths, according to the general requirements specified in ISO 6934-1.
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This document defines the overall scope and provides a general overview of the other parts of the ISO 9607 series. It also includes requirements and guidance on using the ISO 9607 series.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a laboratory test method for evaluating the thermal stress resistance of water-leakage crack repair materials through permeability testing. This document outlines general principles and procedures for the test method. This document does not specify specific variables that control the quantifiable parameters of the testing.
- Technical specification16 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a laboratory test method for evaluating the substrate (crack) movement response of water-leakage crack repair materials through permeability testing. This document outlines general principles and procedures for the test method. Specific variables that control the quantifiable parameters of the testing are filled in using relevant national standards or testing parameters, or both.
- Technical specification16 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a laboratory test method for evaluating watertightness of water-leakage crack repair materials through permeability testing. This document outlines general principles and procedures for the test method. This document does not specify specific variables that control the quantifiable parameters of the testing.
- Technical specification15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for round high tensile strength steel bars for the prestressing of concrete. The surface can be plain or threaded.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The proposed document provides the life cycle management of concrete structures particularly focusing on the structural planning and design stage on the basis of the framework and general principles specified by ISO 22040, Life cycle management. This document is applicable to not only newly constructed structures but also existing structures when their life cycle is restarted. This document specifies on how performance requirements should be considered at the planning and design stage and also how the basic LCM scenario should be drawn up. Management items at the design stage are clearly defined and information that may be fed back to the planning stage and be transferred to the execution stage is described.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides a framework and basic rules on environmental management related to concrete and concrete structures. This includes the assessment of the environmental impacts and methods of implementing environmental improvement based on the assessment. This document is used for the environmental consideration in activities related to the production of concrete constituents, the production, recycling and disposal of concrete, and the design, execution, use and demolition of concrete structures. It is applied for their entire lifecycles, respective stages of the lifecycles, or certain ranges of the lifecycles. This document is applicable to newly produced concrete and newly constructed concrete structures, and also existing concrete and concrete structures. This document applies to single concretes, concrete families, single concrete structures, and concrete structure complexes. For materials other than concrete, the related ISO standards are applied where available. In the case where no ISO standard is available, such materials are appropriately dealt with referring to this document and the normative references. This document covers global, regional and local environments. This document does not directly deal with the environmental impacts resulting from the operation of equipment installed in concrete structures. However, the special properties of concrete and concrete structures affecting the operational efficiency of such equipment are considered in this document. This document covers secondary effects of the production of concrete and execution of concrete structures. NOTE The secondary effects of the production of concrete include the future possibility of leaching of heavy metals from concrete or the absorption of heavy metals from the environment, the effect of waste treatments on the environment, etc. This document covers the economic and social effects of environmental consideration in the production of concrete and execution of concrete structures.
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This document specifies technical requirements for factory made sheets or rolls of welded fabric, manufactured from steel wires or bars with diameters from 4 mm to 18 mm and designed for the reinforcement of concrete structures and the ordinary reinforcement of prestressed concrete structures.
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1.1 Scope of FprEN 1992-1-1
(1) This document gives the general basis for the design of structures in plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete made with normal weight, lightweight and heavyweight aggregates. It gives specific rules for buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures, including temporary structures; additional requirements specific to bridges are given in Annex K. The rules are valid under temperature conditions between −40 °C and +100 °C generally. This document complies with the principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, durability and robustness of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990.
(2) This document is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability, robustness and fire resistance of concrete structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.
(3) This document does not cover:
- resistance to fire (see EN 1992 1 2);
- fastenings in concrete (see EN 1992 4);
- seismic design (see EN 1998 (all parts));
- particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as dams, pressure vessels);
- structures made with no-fines concrete, aerated or cellular concrete, lightweight aggregate concrete with open structure components;
- structures containing steel sections considered in design (see EN 1994 (all parts)) for composite steel and concrete structures;
- structural parts made of concrete with a smallest value of the upper sieve aggregate size Dlower < 8 mm (or if known Dmax < 8 mm) unless otherwise stated in this Eurocode.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to FprEN 1992-1-1.
(2) It is assumed that the requirements for execution and workmanship given in EN 13670 are complied with.
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1.1 Scope of prEN 1992 1 2
(1) This document deals with the design of concrete structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with prEN 1992 1 1 and EN 1991 1 2. This document identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.
(2) This document applies to concrete structures required to fulfil a loadbearing function, separating function or both.
(3) This document gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned functions and the levels of performance.
(4) This document applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of prEN 1992 1 1 and are designed accordingly.
(5) The methods given in this document are applicable to normal weight concrete up to strength class C100/115 and lightweight concrete up to strength class LC50/60.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of prEN 1990 the following assumptions apply:
- the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel or is given by the relevant national regulation;
- any fire protection measure taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained.
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This document provides the principles and procedures for environmental management related to production of concrete constituents and concrete. This document covers the following: - concrete constituents: cement, admixtures, additions, aggregate and mixing water; - concrete and precast concrete.
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This document specifies the scheme for assessment and verification of competence of personnel installing post-tensioning kits.
The document provides provisions for the training providers, assessment bodies and possible certification bodies.
Requirements to the minimum competence and experience for personnel installing post-tensioning kits are given in EN 17678-1.
This document can be amended with a national annex where indicated in the text.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- National annex2 pagesSlovenian languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the scheme for assessment and verification of competence of personnel installing post-tensioning kits.
The document provides provisions for the training providers, assessment bodies and possible certification bodies.
Requirements to the minimum competence and experience for personnel installing post-tensioning kits are given in EN 17678-1.
This document can be amended with a national annex where indicated in the text.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the standards for design, construction and maintenance following completion of intervention to be applied for performing intervention work using cementitious materials to improve the performance of existing concrete structures. The intervention dealt with in this document is intended to restore, sustain or improve the mechanical performance of concrete structures. When the intervention is aimed at restoring or improving durability, reference should be made to relevant documents. This document covers the overlaying, underlaying and jacketing methods using cementitious materials. The intervention with cementitious materials is covered in ISO 16311-1, Clause 4.
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This document specifies the standards for design and construction using the bottom-surface (soffit) underlaying method. Bottom-surface (soffit) underlaying is a method whereby reinforcing materials are placed on the bottom surface of the slabs or beams whose performance is lower than required and the improvement of durability, serviceability, safety and other performance of the members is achieved by the integrity between the reinforcing materials and existing members. This document specifies structural intervention of existing concrete structures using cementitious materials design and execution principles, and strategies for defects and on-going deterioration including, but not limited to: a) mechanical actions, e.g. fatigue, impact, overloading, movement caused by settlement, blast, vibration, and seismic actions; b) chemical and biological actions from environments, e.g. sulfate attack, alkali-aggregate reaction; c) physical actions, e.g. freeze–thaw, thermal cracking, moisture movement, salt crystallization, fire, and erosion; d) reinforcement corrosion; e) original construction defects that remained unaddressed from the time of construction.
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This document specifies the standard requirements regarding design, construction and maintenance to be applied for structural intervention using the jacketing method, which places reinforcing materials such as reinforcing steel or fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) grids around the periphery of existing concrete column or beam and jackets these members with cementitious materials. This document specifies structural intervention of existing concrete structures using cementitious materials design and execution principles, and strategies for defects and on-going deterioration including, but not limited to: a) mechanical actions, e.g. fatigue, impact, overloading, movement caused by settlement, blast, vibration, and seismic actions; b) chemical and biological actions from environments, e.g. sulfate attack, alkali-aggregate reaction; c) physical actions, e.g. freeze–thaw, thermal cracking, moisture movement, salt crystallization, fire, and erosion; d) reinforcement corrosion; e) original construction defects that remained unaddressed from the time of construction.
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This document specifies the standards for design and construction using the top-surface overlaying method, which increases the thickness of existing concrete members by integrating cementitious materials onto the top surface of the members so as to improve the safety, serviceability, durability and other properties of a concrete structure. This document specifies structural intervention of existing concrete structures using cementitious materials design and execution principles, and strategies for defects and on-going deterioration including, but not limited to: a) mechanical actions, e.g. fatigue, impact, overloading, movement caused by settlement, blast, vibration, and seismic actions; b) chemical and biological actions from environments, e.g. sulfate attack, alkali-aggregate reaction; c) physical actions, e.g. freeze–thaw, thermal cracking, moisture movement, salt crystallization, fire, and erosion; d) reinforcement corrosion; e) original construction defects that remained unaddressed from the time of construction.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test is meant to simulate the ability of a coating applied to a basement or other below grade masonry walls to prevent the intrusion of water through the coating caused by hydrostatic pressure from water on the outside of the structure.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is for the evaluation of coatings used in below grade applications to resist the passage of water through concrete block.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods provide a reliable means for predicting the inhibiting or corrosive properties of admixtures to be used in concrete.
3.2 The total integrated (coulombs) current is calculated to provide an indication of the corrosion that occurs due to the macrocell corrosion.
3.3 These test methods are useful for development studies of corrosion inhibitors to be used in concrete.
3.4 These test methods have been used elsewhere with good agreement between corrosion as measured by these test methods and corrosion damage on the embedded steel (1-4).4 These test methods might not properly rank the performance of different corrosion inhibitors, especially at concrete covers over the steel less than 40 mm (1.5 in.) or water-to-cement ratios above 0.45. The concrete mixture proportions and cover over the steel are chosen to accelerate chloride ingress. Some inhibitors might have an effect on this process, which could lead to results that would differ from what would be expected in actual use (5).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover a procedure for determining the effects of chemical admixtures on the corrosion of metals in concrete. These test methods can be used to evaluate materials intended to inhibit chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete. It can also be used to evaluate the corrosivity of admixtures in a chloride environment.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a laboratory test method for the qualitative determination of the retention level of chemical resistance of repair materials in repaired cracks of concrete structures in conditions where the material is either underwater or in contact with water that can have various chemical components present.
- Technical specification8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a laboratory test method on the quantitative determination of repair materials performance and resistance against erosion and wash out due to underground water flow.
- Technical specification8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a laboratory test method for indirectly measuring the adhesion performance of repair material to wet concrete crack surfaces by qualitatively, as a pass/fail at predetermined time, against predetermined amount of weight exerted on the repair material adhesion. NOTE This document classifies and categorizes materials that are tested into families of similar properties for the purpose of making relative comparisons with the data results.
- Technical specification12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to prepare concrete for coatings where optimum bond is desired for service conditions such as continuous or intermittent immersion, temperature cycling, or mechanical loading.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers surface preparation of concrete to prepare the surface prior to the application of coatings.
1.2 This practice is intended to alter the surface profile of the concrete and to remove foreign materials and weak surface laitance.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Surface cleaning is used to prepare concrete surfaces for applying coatings intended for light-duty service.
4.2 Use of this practice alone is not intended where protective systems will be used for continuous or intermittent immersion, mechanical loading, or for protective systems needing optimum bond for satisfactory performance (see Practices D4259 and D4260).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice includes surface cleaning of concrete to remove grease, dirt, and loose material prior to the application of coatings. Procedures include broom cleaning, vacuum cleaning, air blast cleaning, water cleaning, detergent water cleaning, and steam cleaning.
1.2 This practice is not intended to alter the surface profile of the concrete but to clean the surface.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used to determine the solids content of mixing water used to produce concrete when one or more of the water sources is wash water from concrete production operations or water that contains solids when batched as mixing water in concrete.
4.2 The test method provides a means to determine the relationship between the density and solids content of water for compliance with solids content limits of mixing water such as in Specification C1602/C1602M.
4.3 During production of concrete, the water property measured is its density, which can then be used to estimate the solids content from procedures described in this test method.
4.4 To develop a correlation between the density and solids content of water, water samples should be tested that cover the range of solids concentrations anticipated during production.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the solids content in water for use as mixing water in ready-mixed concrete and the measurement of its density. Solids content is expressed in terms of parts per million (ppm) or in terms of percent by mass of the water sample.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the minimum training and registration requirements for post-tensioning personnel involved in the installation of PT kits. These PT kits are typically used in concrete structures using bonded or unbonded tendons in accordance with the relevant execution specifications, product standard and / or appropriate technical assessment.
This document specifies the tasks that the various categories of PT personnel can undertake.
For the purposes of this document, PT personnel means: PT Manager, PT Supervisors, PT Operatives and PT Trainees who are directly employed or indirectly employed on a sub-contract basis.
This document does not cover general safety and health aspects.
This document does not cover contractual issues.
prEN 17678-2:2022 deals with the assessment of competence.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is intended to determine the effects of freezing and thawing on units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M while immersed in a test solution. Other types of segmental concrete paving units that do not conform to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M may be tested using this test method.
3.2 The results from this test method are not intended to provide a quantitative measure of the length of service from concrete paving units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method evaluates the resistance to freezing and thawing of solid interlocking concrete paving units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M. Units are tested in a test solution that is either tap water or 3 % saline solution, depending on the intended use of the units in actual service.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pull-off strength and mode of failure of a coating from a concrete substrate are important performance properties that are used in specifications. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing coated surfaces, and evaluating and reporting the results.
5.2 Variations in strength results obtained using different instruments, different substrates, or different loading fixtures with the same coating are possible. Therefore, it is recommended that the specific test instrument and loading fixture be mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.
5.3 It is recommended that the coating be sufficiently cured to ensure cohesive strength and adhesion. This required minimum cure time before testing should be provided by the coating manufacturer, and may require an extension due to atmospheric conditions on site (for example, low temperature, and low or high humidity).
5.4 This test method may be adapted to determine surface strength of uncoated concrete (see X2.1). Test Method C1583 is also suitable for that determination.
5.5 The objective of this method is to determine the adhesion of a coating to concrete (or adapted for surface strength as stated in 5.4) and will result in failure in the coating or near the substrate surface. If evaluating the cohesive strength of the substrate or cementitious surfacers is the purpose of the testing, or if the substrate or cementitious surfacers have low strength, then Test Method C1583 may be more suitable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the pull-off strength of a coating on concrete. Pull-Off strength of coatings for other rigid substrates is described in Test Method D4541. The test determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that a surface area can bear before a plug of material is detached. Failure will occur along the weakest plane within the system comprised of the loading fixture, glue, coating system, and substrate, and will be exposed by the fracture surface.
1.2 This test method uses a class of apparatus known as portable pull-off adhesion testers.2 They are capable of applying a concentric load and counter load to a single surface so that coatings can be tested even though only one side is accessible. Measurements are limited by the strength of adhesion bonds between the loading fixture, coating system and the substrate or the cohesive strengths of the glue, coating layers, and substrate.
1.3 This test method is suitable for both laboratory and field testing.
1.4 Pull-off strength measurements depend upon both material and instrumental parameters. There are different instruments used that comply with this test method. The specific instrument used should be identified when reporting results. This test is destructive and spot repairs may be necessary.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method provides information on the condition of concrete bridge decks overlaid with asphaltic concrete without necessitating removal of the overlay, or other destructive procedures.
3.2 This test method also provides information on the condition of bridge decks without overlays and with portland cement concrete overlays.
3.3 A systematic approach to bridge deck rehabilitation requires considerable data on the condition of the decks. In the past, data has been collected using the traditional methods of visual inspection supplemented by physical testing and coring. Such methods have proven to be tedious, expensive, and of limited accuracy. Consequently, GPR provides a mechanism to rapidly survey bridges in an efficient, nondestructive manner.
3.4 Information on the condition of asphalt-covered concrete bridge decks is needed to estimate bridge deck condition for maintenance and rehabilitation, to provide cost-effective information necessary for rehabilitation contracts.
3.5 GPR is currently the only nondestructive method that can evaluate bridge deck condition on bridge decks containing an asphalt overlay.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers several ground penetrating radar (GPR) evaluation procedures that can be used to evaluate the condition of concrete bridge decks overlaid with asphaltic concrete wearing surfaces. These procedures can also be used for bridge decks overlaid with portland cement concrete and for bridge decks without an overlay. Specifically, this test method predicts the presence or absence of concrete or rebar deterioration at or above the level of the top layer of reinforcing bar.
1.2 Deterioration in concrete bridge decks is manifested by the corrosion of embedded reinforcement or the decomposition of concrete, or both. The most serious form of deterioration is that which is caused by corrosion of embedded reinforcement. Corrosion may be initiated by deicing salts, used for snow and ice control in the winter months, penetrating the concrete. In arid climates, the corrosion can be initiated by chloride ions contained in the mix ingredients. Deterioration may also be initiated by the intrusion of water and aggravated by subsequent freeze/thaw cycles, causing damage to the concrete and subsequent debonding of the reinforcing steel with the surrounding compromised concrete.
1.2.1 As the reinforcing steel corrodes, it expands and creates a crack or subsurface fracture plane in the concrete at or just above the level of the reinforcement. The fracture plane, or delamination, may be localized or may extend over a substantial area, especially if the concrete cover to the reinforcement is small. It is not uncommon for more than one delamination to occur on different planes between the concrete surface and the reinforcing steel. Delaminations are not visible on the concrete surface. However, if repairs are not made, the delaminations progress to open spalls and, with continued corrosion, eventually affect the structural integrity of the deck.
1.2.2 The portion of concrete contaminated with excessive chlorides is generally structurally deficient compared with non-contaminated concrete. Additionally, the chloride-contaminated concrete provides a pathway for the chloride ions to initiate corrosion of the reinforcing steel. It is therefore of particular interest in bridge deck condition investigations to locate not only the areas of active reinforcement corrosion, but also areas of chloride-contaminated and otherwise deteriorated concrete.
1.3 This test method may not be suitable for evaluating bridges with delaminations that are localized over the diameter of the reinforcement, or for those bridges that have cathodic protection (coke breeze as cathode) installed on the bridge or for which a conductive aggregate has been used in the asphalt (that is, blast furnace slag). This is because metals are perfect reflectors of electromagnetic waves, since th...
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers steel stud assemblies for shear reinforcement of concrete. Stud assemblies consist of either single-headed studs (Type 1) attached to a structural steel base rail by structural welding or stud welding, or double-headed studs (Type 2) mechanically crimped into a non-structural steel shape or attached to a steel plate by spot welding or tack welding. These stud assemblies are not intended for use as shear connectors in steel-concrete composite construction.
Note 1: The configuration of the studs for stud assemblies is much different than the configuration of the headed-type studs prescribed in Clause 9, Figure 9.1 of AWS D1.1/D1.1M. Ratios of the cross-sectional areas of the head-to-shank of the AWS D1.1/D1.1M studs range from about 2.5 to 4. In contrast, this specification requires the area of the head of the studs for stud assemblies to be at least 10 times the area of the shank. Thus, the standard headed-type studs in Clause 9, Figure 9.1 of AWS D1.1/D1.1M do not conform to the requirements of this specification for use as stud assemblies for shear reinforcement.
1.2 This specification is applicable for orders in either inch-pound units or in SI units.
1.3 The values stated either in inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the minimum training and registration requirements for post-tensioning personnel involved in the installation of PT kits. These PT kits are typically used in concrete structures using bonded or unbonded tendons in accordance with the relevant execution specifications, product standard and / or appropriate technical assessment.
This document specifies the tasks that the various categories of PT personnel can undertake.
For the purposes of this document, PT personnel means: PT Manager, PT Supervisors, PT Operatives and PT Trainees who are directly employed or indirectly employed on a sub-contract basis.
This document does not cover general safety and health aspects.
This document does not cover contractual issues.
prEN 17678-2:2022 deals with the assessment of competence.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Types of architectural joint systems included in this test method are the following:
4.1.1 Metallic systems;
4.1.2 Compression seals:
4.1.2.1 With frames, and
4.1.2.2 Without frames,
4.1.3 Strip seals;
4.1.4 Preformed sealant systems (see Appendix X1):
4.1.4.1 With frames, and
4.1.4.2 Without frames,
4.1.5 Preformed foams and sponges:
4.1.5.1 Self-Expanding, and
4.1.5.2 Nonexpanding,
4.1.6 Fire barriers:
4.1.6.1 Used as joint systems, and
4.1.6.2 Used as a part of the joint system, and
4.1.7 Elastomeric membrane systems:
4.1.7.1 With nosing material(s), and
4.1.7.2 Without nosing material(s).
4.2 This test method will assist users, producers, building officials, code authorities, and others in verifying some performance characteristics of representative specimens of architectural joint systems under common test conditions. The following performance characteristics are verifiable:
4.2.1 The maximum joint width,
4.2.2 The minimum joint width, and
4.2.3 The movement capability.
4.3 This test compares similar architectural joint systems by cycling but does not accurately reflect the system's application. Similar refers to the same type of architectural system within the same subsection under 4.1.
4.4 This test method does not provide information on:
4.4.1 Durability of the architectural joint system under actual service conditions, including the effects of cycled temperature on the joint system,
4.4.2 Loading capability of the system and the effects of a load on the functional parameters established by this test method,
4.4.3 Rotational, vertical, and horizontal shear capabilities of the specimen,
4.4.4 Any other attributes of the specimen, such as fire resistance, wear resistance, chemical resistance, air infiltration, watertightness, and so forth, and
4.4.5 Testing or compatibility of substrates.
4.5 This test method is only to be used as one element in the selection of an architectural j...
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1.1 This test method covers testing procedures for architectural joint systems. This test method is intended for the following uses for architectural joint systems:
1.1.1 To verify movement capability information supplied to the user by the producer,
1.1.2 To standardize comparison of movement capability by relating it to specified nominal joint widths,
1.1.3 To determine the cyclic movement capability between specified minimum and maximum joint widths without visual deleterious effects, and
1.1.4 To provide the user with graphic information, drawings or pictures in the test report, depicting them at minimum, maximum, and nominal joint widths during cycling.
1.2 This test method is intended to be used only as part of a specification or acceptance criterion due to the limited movements tested.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide outlines general installation procedures and precautions for the application of sodium bentonite needle-punched geotextile waterproofing systems.
5.2 This guide is not all inclusive and is intended only to supplement detailed drawings and specifications from designers and the installation guidelines of manufacturers. Manufacturers of some of the systems addressed by this guide require proprietary products and special procedures not described in this guide. Manufacturers’ guidelines and details applicable for each site construction condition encountered on a project should therefore be considered in the application of this guide.
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1.1 This guide covers general installation guidelines of waterproofing membranes produced as a composite of sodium bentonite contained within two interlocked needle-punched geotextiles for designers to consider when developing project-specific drawings and specifications. This guide covers construction applications where the waterproofing is applied to the positive side of below-grade cast-in-place concrete foundation walls, both backfilled and support of excavation (SOE) construction, and under concrete pressure slabs. This guide does not cover plaza deck construction applications, either split-slab construction or pavers on pedestals, or vegetated green roof waterproofing applications.
1.2 This guide does not cover sodium bentonite waterproofing membranes produced with a corrugation paper carrier, bentonite bonded to a geomembrane, and spray-applied bentonite systems.
1.3 For the purpose of this guide, concrete is assumed to be cast-in-place with a surface profile as recommended in Guide D5295/D5295M, consolidated in accordance with applicable guidelines in ACI 309, structurally sound, able to accept the weight of anticipated loads, and meets the local building code requirements. All components of the waterproofing system are assumed to comply with any federal, state, and local environmental regulations that may be in effect at the time of installation. Expansion joints, insulation, and drainage layers are beyond the scope of this guide.
1.4 This guide does not cover sodium bentonite geotextile membranes installed on below-grade foundation walls and slabs constructed with masonry materials, precast concrete, or pneumatically applied concrete (that is, shotcrete).
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The unit values given in parentheses are for reference information only.
1.6 Different sodium bentonite geotextile membranes have different materials of composition and construction which can affect physical properties. The procedures contained in this guide, therefore, may not be universally applicable to all sodium bentonite geotextile membranes under all field conditions.
1.7 This guide does not purport to assign responsibilities of quality assurance or quality control. Specific quality assurance and quality control items should be addressed in project specifications and contract documents.
1.8 This guide does not purport to include requirements for warranties associated with the waterproofing materials or installation.
1.9 This guide does not purport to include all detailing techniques to address various conditions that can be encountered on construction projects.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies performance requirements for cathodic protection of steel in cement-based concrete, in both new and existing structures. It covers building and civil engineering structures, including carbon steel reinforcement and prestressed reinforcement embedded in the concrete. It is applicable to uncoated steel reinforcement and to organic-coated steel reinforcement. It is not applicable to reinforced concrete containing electrically conductive fibres (e.g. carbon or steel).
This document applies to steel embedded in atmospherically exposed, buried, immersed and tidal elements of buildings or structures.
This document is only applicable to the applications of cathodic protection to steel in concrete which are designed with the intention to, and can be demonstrated to, meet the criteria of protection specified in 8.6. This requires the provision of sufficient performance monitoring systems as specified in 6.3 to all parts of the structure intended to be protected, in order to assess the extent to which the criteria in 8.6 are met.
This document does not apply to galvanic anodes or systems applied into patch repairs to reduce the effects of ‘incipient anodes’. This document does also not apply to any form of cathodic protection systems or other electrochemical treatments that either cannot meet the requirements of 8.6 or are not provided with the performance monitoring systems (see 6.3) that are necessary to assess whether the criteria of protection specified in 8.6 are met.
NOTE 1 Annex A gives guidance on the principles of cathodic protection and its application to steel in concrete.
NOTE 2 This document, while not specifically intended to address cathodic protection of steel in any electrolyte except concrete, can be applied to cathodic protection of steel in other cementitious materials such as are found, for example, in early 20th century steel-framed masonry, brick and terracotta clad buildings. In such applications, additional considerations specific to these structures are required in respect of design, materials and installation of cathodic protection; however, the requirements of this document can be applied to these systems.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers mixing water used in the production of hydraulic cement concrete. It defines sources of water and provides requirements and testing frequencies for qualifying individual or combined water sources. Mixing water shall consist of: batch water, ice, water added by truck operator, free moisture on the aggregates, and water introduced in the form of admixtures. Potable and non-potable water is permitted to be used as mixing water in concrete. The following are concrete performance requirements for mixing water: compressive strength and time of set. Density of water shall be tested or monitored with a hydrometer. Optional chemical limits for combined mixing water are given for: chloride, sulfate, alkalis, and total solids.
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1.1 This specification covers the compositional and performance requirements for water used as mixing water in hydraulic cement concrete. It defines sources of water and provides requirements and testing frequencies for qualifying individual or combined water sources. In any case where the requirements of the purchaser differ from these in this specification, the purchaser’s specification shall govern.
1.2 This specification does not purport to cover methods of storage, transportation, or blending of water, or to address the development and maintenance of quality control programs sponsored or managed by the manufacturer.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.4 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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1.1 This specification covers an adhesive lubricant for facilitating the insertion and positioning of preformed elastomeric bridge compression seals in either concrete or steel-faced joints, and which bonds the seal to the joint faces to waterproof the joint.
1.2 Since a precision estimate for this standard has not been developed, this test method is to be used for research or informational purposes only. Therefore, this test should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes.
1.3 SI units are the standard. Units in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For proper bonding of overlays and coatings, it is important that a concrete surface have the correct surface profile. This test method allows one to obtain a permanent replica of the concrete surface, which can then be compared to visual profile standards, or evaluated quantitatively for profile depth. The permanent replica may also prove useful in resolving future disputes.
FIG. 1 Plastic Profiler with Replica Putty on Concrete
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1.1 This test method is suitable for both field and laboratory use to obtain a permanent record of concrete surface profile using replica putty and to determine the depth of that surface profile.
Note 1: The procedure in this standard was developed for concrete substrates but may be appropriate for other rigid substrates.
1.2 A profile can be imparted to concrete by various methods such as blast cleaning and acid etching. The depth of the surface profile has been shown to be a factor in coating adhesion and performance.
1.3 The International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI) provides a means of visually judging a concrete surface by use of ten different visual comparators called Concrete Surface Profiles (CSP). This standard compliments the use of these visual comparators.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies requirements for unidirectional carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips as external-bonded reinforcements on the concrete substrate. This document is applicable for the CFRP strips that: - consist of carbon fibre and thermoset resin; - are manufactured by pultrusion method; - have a carbon fibre fraction over 60 % by volume; and - have a thickness within 3 mm. This document specifies the methodologies to express the mechanical properties as characteristic values, appearance and dimensions, and sampling test.
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1.1 Scope of CEN/TS 19103
(1) CEN/TS 19103 gives general design rules for timber-concrete composite structures.
(2) It provides requirements for materials, design parameters, connections, detailing and execution for timber-concrete composite structures. Recommendations for environmental parameters (temperature and moisture content), design methods and test methods are given in the Annexes.
(3) It includes rules common to many types of timber-concrete composite, but does not include details for the design of glued timber-concrete composites, nor for bridges.
NOTE For the design of glued timber-concrete composites or bridges alternative references are available.
(4) It covers the design of timber-concrete composite structures in both quasi-constant and variable environmental conditions. For ease of use, it provides simple design rules for quasi-constant environmental conditions and more complex rules for variable environmental conditions.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) CEN/TS 19103 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1992 (all parts), EN 1994 (all parts), EN 1995 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts) when timber structures are built in seismic regions, and ENs for construction products relevant to timber structures.
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1.1 Scope of CEN/TS 19103
(1) CEN/TS 19103 gives general design rules for timber-concrete composite structures.
(2) It provides requirements for materials, design parameters, connections, detailing and execution for timber-concrete composite structures. Recommendations for environmental parameters (temperature and moisture content), design methods and test methods are given in the Annexes.
(3) It includes rules common to many types of timber-concrete composite, but does not include details for the design of glued timber-concrete composites, nor for bridges.
NOTE For the design of glued timber-concrete composites or bridges alternative references are available.
(4) It covers the design of timber-concrete composite structures in both quasi-constant and variable environmental conditions. For ease of use, it provides simple design rules for quasi-constant environmental conditions and more complex rules for variable environmental conditions.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) CEN/TS 19103 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1992 (all parts), EN 1994 (all parts), EN 1995 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts) when timber structures are built in seismic regions, and ENs for construction products relevant to timber structures.
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This document provides information to perform the design of the prestressed concrete I-girder bridge for road that complies with the limitations established in 6.1. The rules of design set forth in this document are simplifications of more elaborate requirements. Designs and details for new road bridges address structural integrity by considering the following: - the use of continuity and redundancy to provide one or more alternate paths; - structural members and bearing seat widths that are resistant to damage or instability; and - external protection systems to minimize the effects of reasonably conceived severe loads.
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This document provides information to perform the design of the prestressed concrete box girder bridge for road that complies with the limitations established in 6.1. The rules of design as set forth in the document are simplifications of more elaborate requirements. Among several erection methods of box girder bridges, the provisions of this document are mainly applicable to full staging method (FSM). Designs and details for new road bridges address structural integrity by considering the following: - the use of continuity and redundancy to provide one or more alternate paths; - structural members and bearing seat widths that are resistant to damage or instability; and - external protection systems to minimize the effects of reasonably conceived severe loads.
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This document provides the principles for implementing life cycle management (LCM) of concrete structures throughout the stages of planning, design, execution, use and end-of-life, as well as the framework and procedures for LCM. This document is applicable not only to new structures but also existing structures. It is also applicable to the entire life cycle and each one or more stages composing the life cycle of a structure. NOTE Details in the procedures and specific methodologies for management in each stage of structure's life cycle based on this document is established separately.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to determine the bend strength of FRP composite concrete reinforcements, developed at a standard twelve bar diameters of embedment. From this test, a variety of data are acquired that are needed for design purposes. Material-related factors that influence the tensile response of bars include the following: constituent materials, void content, volume percent reinforcement, methods of fabrication, and fiber reinforcement architecture. Similarly, factors relevant to the measured tensile response of bars include specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, and speed of testing. The results may be used for material specifications, research and development, and structural design and analysis.
Note 1: Two FRP bends are tested simultaneously in this test method, but in some cases, only one bend may fail. While resulting in a valid failure, notice should be taken that only one bend has been effectively measured and that the final compiled test results using this method could differ from those resulting from single FRP bend testing.
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1.1 This test method determines the quasi-static ultimate strength of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bent bars commonly used as anchorages for stirrups in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete structures. This test method only applies to bars with a solid cross section.
1.2 FRP bent bars are often used in reinforced concrete applications to shorten the development length of the bar or to act as a tie or a stirrup to resist shear forces. Bent bars can be produced with varying angles of bend in order to fit their intended purpose.
1.3 For this test method, the FRP bars are bent at a 90 degree angle. In general, bars have a regular pattern of surface undulations, a coating of bonded particles, or both, that promote mechanical interlock between the bar and concrete.
1.4 This test method may be completed on standardized bars, produced according to Specification D7957/D7957M. In this case, the nominal cross-sectional areas and effective diameters are taken from D7957/D7957M. This test method may also be used for bars that are not standardized. In this case, the cross-sectional areas and effective diameters should be measured and calculated as described in Test Method D7205/D7205M.
1.5 The strength values provided by this method are short-term, quasi-static tensile strengths that do not account for sustained static or cyclic loading. If bars are to be used under high levels of sustained or repeated loading, additional material characterization may be required.
1.6 The characteristic values obtained from this test method are intended to represent the quasi-static ultimate strength of FRP bent bars with a tail length of twelve bar diameters.
1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.7.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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