IPKZ - Protection of metals against corrosion

This document specifies requirements for electroplated coatings of zinc with supplementary treatments using hexavalent chromium compounds on iron or steel. It includes information to be supplied by the purchaser to the electroplater, and the requirements for heat treatment before and after electroplating.
This document is not applicable to zinc coatings applied:
—     to sheet, strip or wire in the non-fabricated form;
—     to close-coiled springs;
—     for purposes other than protective and decorative.
This document does not specify requirements for the surface condition of the basis metal prior to electroplating with zinc. However, defects in the surface of the basis metal can adversely affect the appearance and performance of the coating.
The coating thickness that can be applied to threaded components can be limited by dimensional requirements, including class or fit.

This document specifies an atmospheric accelerated test procedure in two closely related variants that contain intermittent salt exposure combined with dynamic humidity patterns: variant A at constant dew point and variant B at constant temperature. These variants are used in assessing the corrosion resistance of metals in environments where there is a significant influence of chloride ions, mainly as sodium chloride from, for example, winter road de-icing salt. The results obtained do not permit far-reaching conclusions on the corrosion resistance of the tested metallic material under the whole range of environmental conditions in which it can be used. Nevertheless, the method provides information on the relative corrosion resistance of a material exposed to a salt-contaminated environment with varying humidity conditions.
The two accelerated laboratory corrosion test variants are applicable to:
—     metals and their alloys (ferrous and non-ferrous);
—     metallic coatings;
—     chemical conversion coatings;
—     organic coating on metals;
—     a combination of materials and coatings that include galvanic interactions and/or crevice conditions.
NOTE 1        If testing low-alloy stainless steels according to this document, especially austenitic grades, there is a risk of exaggerated pitting, which is not representative of most service environments.
NOTE 2        This document is not suitable for testing of wax and oil-based rust protection agents, due to the constantly elevated temperature condition of the test.
This document also specifies requirements on the test equipment and contains detailed procedures for quality control, including recommended instrumentation.
This document does not specify the dimensions of the tests specimens, the exposure period to be used for a particular product, or the interpretation of the results. Such details are provided in the appropriate product specifications.

This document specifies the method for non-destructive thickness measurement via the magnetic type of electrodeposited nickel coatings, also called “e-nickel”, on magnetic or non-magnetic substrates.
It is possible that the method is not applicable to autocatalytic (electroless) nickel coatings, since these coatings are often non-magnetic due to their chemical composition.
For the purposes of this document, two types of substrates are distinguished:
a)       nickel coatings on magnetic substrates (type A coatings);
b)       nickel coatings on non-magnetic substrates (type B coatings).
Not all instruments are applicable to both types of coating.
The effective measuring ranges of instruments using the principle of magnetic attraction are up to 50 µm for type A coatings and up to 25 µm for type B coatings.
For instruments using the principle of reluctance, the effective ranges are much greater, up to 1 mm or even more. This method is applicable to both types of coatings.

This document specifies two accelerated corrosion test methods. These methods assess the corrosion resistance of products containing copper in environments where there is a significant influence of chloride ions, mainly as sodium chloride from a marine source or winter road de-icing salt, as well as the influence of corrosion-promoting gases from industrial or traffic air pollution.
This document specifies both the test apparatus and test procedures to be used in executing the accelerated corrosion tests.
The methods are especially suitable for assessing the corrosion resistance of sensitive products with metals, e.g. electronic components, used in traffic and industrial environments.

This document defines requirements and gives recommendations for the chemical composition, electrochemical properties, physical tolerances and test and inspection procedures for cast galvanic anodes of aluminium, magnesium and zinc-based alloys for cathodic protection in seawater, saline sediment and brackish water.
Information on salinity ranges can be found in Annex A.
The requirements and recommendations of this document can be applied to any available anode shape for cast anodes, e.g. trapezoid, circular, half-spherical cross sections, bracelet type.
Whilst other metals, such as soft iron, can be used as galvanic anode material to protect more noble metals than iron and steel, these are not covered in this document.

This document specifies requirements for the resistance of chemical enamels to chemical attack and thermal shock, as well as their designation, for ordering purposes.
It is applicable to enamels used in glass-lined apparatus, piping and other components, primarily used in process equipment in chemical plants, which are applied on to low-alloy carbon steels substrates.
NOTE            The main criteria for assessing enamel quality are its resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock, and the structure of the cover coat enamel.

This document defines terms relating to corrosion that are widely used in modern science and technology. In addition, some definitions are supplemented with short explanations.
Throughout the document, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry rules for electrode potential signs are applied. The term “metal” is also used to include alloys and other metallic materials.
Terms and definitions related to the inorganic surface treatment of metals are given in ISO 2080.

This document specifies general requirements and parameters for the pilot test evaluation of corrosion and scaling control additives in open recirculating cooling water systems. This document covers parameters including test unit design, operation, water quality and contamination. It also covers the design and operation of pilot test devices as well as parameters to be evaluated in pilot test units.
This document covers the criteria that are used in pilot scale testing programmes for selecting water treatment programmes for specific recirculating cooling water systems.
This document is only applicable to open recirculating cooling water systems. It does not apply to closed cooling systems and once-through cooling water systems.
This document applies only to systems that incorporate shell and tube heat exchangers with standard uncoated smooth tubes and cooling water on the tube side. This document does not apply to heat exchangers with shell-side water, plate and frame and/or spiral heat exchangers and other heat exchange devices. However, when the test conditions are properly set up to model the surface temperature and shear stress in more complex heat transfer devices, the test results can predict the results of operating heat exchangers of that design.
The test criteria established in this document are not intended to govern the type of bench and pilot scale testing normally carried out by water treatment companies as part of their proprietary product development programmes. However, water treatment companies can choose to use the criteria in this document as guidelines in the development of their own product development test procedures.

This document specifies the principles, reagents and materials, test apparatus, test methods, evaluation of results and requirements for test reports using pilot tests for industrial cooling water systems.
This document specifies a method to evaluate the performance of treatment programmes for open recirculating cooling water systems. It is based primarily on laboratory testing, but the heat exchanger testing facility can also be used for on-site evaluation. This document does not include heat exchangers with cooling water on the shell-side (i.e. external to the tubes).

This document specifies the requirements for phosphate conversion coatings which are usually destined for application on ferrous materials, aluminium, zinc, and their alloys (see Annex B).

This document is applicable for thermal sprayed coatings. It contains basic recommendations for the design of components, which have to be completely or partially coated. The recommendations are applicable for new manufacturing as well as for repair of worn components. The coating can be of metallic, metal-ceramic, oxide-ceramic materials or polymers.

This document specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the pre-installation surveys, design, materials, equipment, fabrication, installation, commissioning, operation, inspection and maintenance of cathodic protection (CP) systems for offshore pipelines for the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries as defined in ISO 13623. Flexible pipelines, in-field flowlines, spools and risers are included in this document. Subsea production and injection equipment and structures are not included in this document.
This document is applicable to carbon steel, stainless steel and flexible metallic pipelines in offshore service.
This document is applicable to retrofits, modifications and repairs made to existing pipeline systems.
This document is applicable to all types of seawater and seabed environments encountered in submerged conditions and on risers up to mean water level.

This document reviews methods for measuring the thickness of metallic and other inorganic coatings on both metallic and non-metallic substrates (see Tables 1, A.1 and A.2). It is limited to tests already specified, or to be specified, in International Standards and excludes certain tests that are used for special applications.

This document specifies requirements for classification of metal and non-metal wires (solid and cored), rods, cords processed by means of thermal spraying, especially by arc and flame spraying.

This document specifies the procedure for thermal spraying of self-fluxing alloys that are simultaneously or subsequently fused to create a homogeneous, diffusion-bonded coating.

This document describes the procedure for the measurement of the feed rate for thermal spraying with spray materials in powder form in a production environment.
The application of this document is essential if information on the feed rate of a spray material in powder form is required when using a thermal spraying method.
It is applicable to any thermal spraying method using spray materials in powder form (see EN ISO 14917) where the technical installation used allows the spray powder to be fed through without an activated spray gun.
The determination of the feed rate is mandatory for the preparation of thermal spray procedure specifications in accordance with EN 17002 and the determination of the deposition efficiency in accordance with EN ISO 17836.

This document specifies the information to be supplied by the purchaser to the finisher, requirements and test methods for electropolishing as a means of smoothing and passivating stainless steel alloys in the S2XXXX, S3XXXX and S4XXXX series, and the precipitation hardened alloys (see ISO 15510 for information on composition).

This document specifies tests which are intended to determine the influence of one or more flowing polluting gas(es) at volume fractions less than or equal to 10−6 on test samples and/or articles of metals and alloys with or without corrosion protection under determined conditions of temperature and relative humidity.
This document is applicable to
a) metals and their alloys,
b) metallic coatings (anodic and cathodic),
c) metals with conversion coatings,
d) metals with anodic oxide coatings, and
e) metals with organic coatings.

This document specifies the apparatus, the reagents and the procedure to be used in conducting the neutral salt spray (NSS), acetic acid salt spray (AASS) and copper-accelerated acetic acid salt spray (CASS) tests for assessment of the corrosion resistance of metallic materials, with or without permanent or temporary corrosion protection.
It also describes the method employed to evaluate the corrosivity of the test cabinet environment.
It does not specify the dimensions or types of test specimens, the exposure period to be used for a particular product, or the interpretation of results. Such details are provided in the appropriate product specifications.
The salt spray tests are particularly useful for detecting discontinuities, such as pores and other defects, in certain metallic, organic, anodic oxide and conversion coatings.
The NSS test is particularly applicable to:
—    metals and their alloys;
—    metallic coatings (anodic and cathodic);
—    conversion coatings;
—    anodic oxide coatings;
—    organic coatings on metallic materials.
The AASS test is especially useful for testing decorative coatings of copper + nickel + chromium, or nickel + chromium. It has also been found suitable for testing anodic and organic coatings on aluminium.
The CASS test is useful for testing decorative coatings of copper + nickel + chromium, or nickel + chromium. It has also been found suitable for testing anodic and organic coatings on aluminium.
The salt spray methods are all suitable for checking that the quality of a metallic material, with or without corrosion protection, is maintained. They are not intended to be used for comparative testing as a means of ranking different materials relative to each other with respect to corrosion resistance or as means of predicting long-term corrosion resistance of the tested material.

This document specifies a method of test for determining the scratch hardness of the surface of vitreous and porcelain enamels.

This document specifies the basic conditions concerning the method for determining the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles to heat.
The method specified is applicable to vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles that are, in service, subjected to high temperature, for example, to some cooker components, exhaust pipe silencers, gas heating chimneys and flue pipes.

This document specifies the requirements for the design and use of vitreous enamel coated bolted cylindrical steel tanks for the storage or treatment of water or municipal or industrial effluents and sludges.
It is applicable to the design of the tank and any associated roof and gives guidance on the requirements for the design of the foundation.
It is applicable where:
a) the tank is cylindrical and is mounted on a load-bearing base substantially at or above ground level;
b) the product of the tank diameter in metres and the wall height in metres lies within the range 5 to 500;
c) the tank diameter does not exceed 100 m and the total wall height does not exceed 50 m;
d) the stored material has the characteristics of a liquid, exerting a negligible frictional force on the tank wall; the stored material can be undergoing treatment as part of a municipal or industrial effluent treatment process;
e) the internal pressure in the headspace above the liquid does not exceed 50 kPa and the internal partial vacuum above the liquid does not exceed 10 kPa;
f) the walls of the tank are vertical;
g) the floor of the tank is substantially flat at its intersection with the wall; the floor of the tank can have a rise or fall built in to allow complete emptying of the tank contents, the slope of which does not exceed 1:100;
h) there is negligible inertial and impact load due to tank filling;
i) the minimum thickness of the tank shell is 1,5 mm;
j) the material used for the manufacture of the steel sheets is carbon steel (tanks constructed of sheets made from aluminium or stainless steel are outside the scope of this document);
k) the temperature of the tank wall during operation is within the range −50 °C to +100 °C under all operating conditions.
This document also gives details of procedures to be followed during installation on site and for inspection and maintenance of the installed tank.
It does not apply to chemical-reaction vessels.
It does not cover resistance to fire.

This document specifies spectroscopic ellipsometry for the determination of optical properties (refractive index n and extinction coefficient k) and the optical classification of different types of amorphous carbon films within the n-k plane.
It is applicable to amorphous carbon films deposited by ionized evaporation, sputtering, arc deposition, plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition, hot filament techniques and others.
It does not apply to carbon films modified with metals or silicon, amorphous carbon films that have a gradient of composition/property in the thickness, paints and varnishes.

This document specifies a method for measuring the thickness of the individual nickel layers in electroplated multilayer nickel coatings and measuring the potential differences between the individual nickel layers in electroplated multilayer nickel coatings.
The measurement of coatings or layer systems other than electroplated multilayer nickel coatings is outside the scope of this document.

This document specifies a method for determining optical and dielectric constants in the UV-VIS-NIR spectral range as well as layer thicknesses in the field of at-line production control, quality assurance and material development through accredited test laboratories.
It is applicable to stand-alone measuring systems. The presentation of the uncertainty of results conforms to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3.

This document specifies a method for non-destructive measurements of the thickness of conductive coatings on non-conductive base materials. This method is based on the principle of the sheet resistivity measurement and is applicable to any conductive coatings and layers of metal and semiconductor materials. In general, the probe has to be adjusted to the conductivity and the thickness of the respective application. However, this document focuses on metallic coatings on non-conductive base materials (e.g. copper on plastic substrates, printed circuit boards).
This method is also applicable to thickness measurements of conductive coatings on conductive base materials, if the resistivity of the coating and the base material is significantly different. However, this case is not considered in this document.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of the crack formation temperature of enamels for the chemical industry by subjecting enamelled steel specimens to thermal shock using cold water.
The value of the crack formation temperature measured according to this test method does not apply to the finished component (see Annex A). It is a parameter of vitreous and porcelain enamels for comparing the relative quality of different enamel formulations.

This International Standard specifies a method of determining, by successive thermal shock tests, the
behaviour of vitreous and porcelain enamelled cooking utensils and similar articles under sudden
changes of temperature (resistance to thermal shock).

Applies to enamelled walls of roasting devices, grills and baking devices; self-cleaning consists in the capacity first to absorb oil or fat in droplet form, and then to volatilize the greater part of the fat or oil by the sequential processes of distillation, decomposition, and combustion. Is not applicable to pyrolytically cleaning enamels.

Specifies a test method which is used as a factory production control test. The test is not intended to be used for testing the adhesion of the enamel. Annexes A and B are for information only.

This document specifies the general properties of hot dip galvanized coatings and test methods for hot dip galvanized coatings applied by dipping fabricated iron and steel articles (including certain castings) in a zinc melt (containing not more than 2 % of other metals). This document does not apply to the following:
a) sheet, wire and woven or welded mesh products that are continuously hot dip galvanized;
b) tube and pipe that are hot dip galvanized in automatic plants;
c) hot dip galvanized products (e.g. fasteners) for which specific standards exist and which can include additional requirements or requirements which are different from those of this document.
NOTE      Individual product standards can incorporate this document for the galvanized coating by quoting its number, or can incorporate it with modifications specific to the product. Different requirements can also be made for galvanized coatings on products intended to meet specific regulatory requirements.
This document does not apply to after-treatment or additional coating of hot dip galvanized articles.

This document gives guidance on the selection of test methods for evaluating the performance of vitreous and porcelain enamelled finishes in different applications. This document references the test methods available for measuring the properties of these finishes and correlates these properties to the requirements of specific enamelled articles.
This document is limited for the most part to test methods in ISO documents or European standards but does not provide acceptance criteria or performance limits for the properties.
This document is applicable to all enamelled articles, irrespective of their basis metals.

This document specifies a method for assessing the resistance of materials or products to a humid atmosphere containing sulfur dioxide.
This method is applicable to testing metals and alloys, metallic and non-organic coatings and organic coatings.

This International Standard specifies two accelerated corrosion test procedures, Methods A and B, for the evaluation of corrosion behaviour of surface-treated metals and their alloys with and without paint on them in atmospheric environments. It also specifies the apparatus used. The two tests involve salt deposition and dry/wet conditions at a constant absolute humidity.
Method A applies to:
metals and their alloys (including corrosion-resistance alloys)
Method B applies to:
metals and their alloys
metals and their alloys with coatings [including metallic coatings (anodic or cathodic), organic
coatings, and conversion coatings]

This document specifies the requirements for the external and internal cathodic protection for offshore wind farm structures. It is applicable for structures and appurtenances in contact with seawater or seabed environments. This document addresses:
—    design and implementation of cathodic protection systems for new steel structures;
—    assessment of residual life of existing cathodic protection systems;
—    design and implementation of retrofit cathodic protection systems for improvement of the protection level or for life extension of the protection;
—    inspection and performance monitoring of cathodic protection systems installed on existing structures, and
—    guidance on cathodic protection of reinforced concrete structures.

This document specifies performance requirements for cathodic protection of steel in cement-based concrete, in both new and existing structures. It covers building and civil engineering structures, including carbon steel reinforcement and prestressed reinforcement embedded in the concrete. It is applicable to uncoated steel reinforcement and to organic-coated steel reinforcement. It is not applicable to reinforced concrete containing electrically conductive fibres (e.g. carbon or steel).
This document applies to steel embedded in atmospherically exposed, buried, immersed and tidal elements of buildings or structures.
This document is only applicable to the applications of cathodic protection to steel in concrete which are designed with the intention to, and can be demonstrated to, meet the criteria of protection specified in 8.6. This requires the provision of sufficient performance monitoring systems as specified in 6.3 to all parts of the structure intended to be protected, in order to assess the extent to which the criteria in 8.6 are met.
This document does not apply to galvanic anodes or systems applied into patch repairs to reduce the effects of ‘incipient anodes’. This document does also not apply to any form of cathodic protection systems or other electrochemical treatments that either cannot meet the requirements of 8.6 or are not provided with the performance monitoring systems (see 6.3) that are necessary to assess whether the criteria of protection specified in 8.6 are met.
NOTE 1    Annex A gives guidance on the principles of cathodic protection and its application to steel in concrete.
NOTE 2    This document, while not specifically intended to address cathodic protection of steel in any electrolyte except concrete, can be applied to cathodic protection of steel in other cementitious materials such as are found, for example, in early 20th century steel-framed masonry, brick and terracotta clad buildings. In such applications, additional considerations specific to these structures are required in respect of design, materials and installation of cathodic protection; however, the requirements of this document can be applied to these systems.

This document specifies a simulating method of test for determination of the release of metal-ions from enamelled articles, which are intended to come into contact with food.
This document also specifies limits for the release of metal-ions from enamelled articles, which are intended to come into contact with food.
This document is applicable to enamelled articles, including tanks and vessels, which are intended to be used for the preparation, cooking, serving and storage of food.

This document provides information on methods suitable for assessing the likelihood of leakage due to external corrosion of well casings and to evaluate the need for cathodic protection, as well as methods of providing cathodic protection to the external part of these wells in contact with the soil. It also defines requirements for monitoring of performance of CP systems.
Onshore and offshore wells are included in the scope. However, for offshore wells where protection is provided by anodes on the wellhead structure, it is recognized that it might not be practical to achieve full protection of well casings.
This document applies to any gas, oil or water well with metallic casing, whether cemented or not.
However, in special conditions (shallow casings: e.g. 50 m, and homogeneous soil), EN 12954 can be used to achieve the cathodic protection and assess its efficiency.
The general requirements of EN 12954 apply; this document details additional, specific, requirements for CP of well casings.
This document applies to production and injection wells. References later in this document to production also apply to injection.

This document defines the terms related to the general types of surface-finishing processes. Emphasis is placed on practical usage in surface-finishing technology in the metal-finishing field.
This document does not include terms for porcelain and vitreous enamel, thermally sprayed coatings and galvanising for which specialized vocabularies and glossaries exist. For the most part, basic terms that have the same meaning in surface finishing as in other fields of technology, and that are defined in handbooks and dictionaries of chemistry and physics, are not included.

This document specifies a destructive method for the measurement of the local thickness of metallic and other inorganic coatings by examination of cross-sections with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The method is applicable for thicknesses up to several millimetres, but for such thick coatings it is usually more practical to use a light microscope (see ISO 1463). The lower thickness limit depends on the achieved measurement uncertainty (see Clause 10).
NOTE       The method can also be used for organic layers when they are neither damaged by the preparation of the cross-section nor by the electron beam during imaging.

This document specifies:
a) the determination of mass gain;
b) the surface inspection of products of zirconium and its alloys when corrosion is tested in water at 360 °C or in steam at or above 400 °C;
c) the performance of tests in steam at 10,3 MPa.
This document is applicable to wrought products, castings, powder metallurgy products and weld metals.
This method has been widely used in the development of new alloys, heat-treating practices and for the evaluation of welding techniques. It is applicable for use in its entirety to the extent specified for a product acceptance test, rather than merely a means of assessing performance in service.

This document specifies four electrographic tests for assessing the porosity of electrodeposited gold and gold alloy coatings for engineering, and decorative and protective purposes.

This document establishes the general principles for the evaluation and minimization of the effects of stray current corrosion on external surfaces of buried or immersed pipeline systems caused by AC and DC electrical interference.
Other stray current effects such as overheating, and interference with welding operations are not covered in this document.
A brief description of AC effects, general principles and some guidelines, are provided.
NOTE 1 See ISO 18086 for the effects of alternating current on buried or immersed pipelines.
Systems that can also be affected by stray currents include buried or immersed metal structures such as the following:
a)   pipeline systems;
b)   metal sheathed cables;
c)   tanks and vessels;
d)   earthing systems;
e)   steel reinforcement in concrete;
f)    sheet steel piling.
This document gives guidelines for
—     the design of cathodic protection systems that might produce stray currents,
—     the design of pipeline systems, or elements of pipeline systems, which are buried or immersed, and which can be subject to stray current corrosion, and
—     the selection of appropriate protection or mitigation measures.
Internal corrosion risks from stray currents are not dealt with in detail in this document but principles and measures described here can be applicable for minimizing the interference effects.
NOTE 2 The impact of electromagnetic interference on above-ground appurtenances of pipeline systems is covered in EN 50443, IEC 61140, IEC 60364-4-41, IEC 60479-1, IEC 60364-5-52, IEC/TS 61201 and IEC/TR 60479-5.
This document can also be used for pipeline systems outside of the petrochemical and natural gas industries and other buried or immersed structures.
NOTE 3 EN 50162 provides guidance for railway related structures.

This document specifies a test method for determining the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamel coatings to abrasion by rubbing, grinding or other mechanical effects.

Specifies the requirements for the testing apparatus to be used. Includes a general description and figures.