25.220.99 - Other treatments and coatings
ICS 25.220.99 Details
Other treatments and coatings
Weitere Aspekte der Oberflachenbehandlung und -beschichtung
Autres traitements et revetements de surface
Druge obdelave in prevleke
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 25.220.99 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Other treatments and coatings". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 163 standards classified under ICS 25.220.99 (Other treatments and coatings). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies requirements for surface preparation, materials, application, inspection and testing of internal coating lining systems that are intended to be applied on internal surfaces of steel storage tanks of crude oil, hydrocarbons and water for corrosion protection.
It covers both new construction and maintenance works of tank internal coating and lining as well as the repair of defective and deteriorated coating/lining.
This document also provides requirements for shop performance testing of the coated/lined samples and the criteria for their approval.
- Standard44 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the qualitative evaluation of the adhesion of ceramic coatings up to 20 μm thick by indentation with a Rockwell diamond indenter. The formation of cracks after indentation can also reveal cohesive failure. The indentations are made with a Rockwell hardness test instrument.
The method described in this document can also be suitable for evaluating the adhesion of metallic coatings.
The test is not suitable for elastic coatings on hard substrates.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Old coatings, such as paint or related coatings, may have to be removed from a surface before successful recoating can occur. This practice can be used to test the coatings removal efficiency of products designed for such use.
SCOPE
1.1 The practice evaluates the effectiveness of coatings removers used on clear or pigmented coatings as applied to wood and metal.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies spectroscopic ellipsometry for the determination of optical properties (refractive index n and extinction coefficient k) and the optical classification of different types of amorphous carbon films within the n-k plane.
It is applicable to amorphous carbon films deposited by ionized evaporation, sputtering, arc deposition, plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition, hot filament techniques and others.
It does not apply to carbon films modified with metals or silicon, amorphous carbon films that have a gradient of composition/property in the thickness, paints and varnishes.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies spectroscopic ellipsometry for the determination of optical properties (refractive index n and extinction coefficient k) and the optical classification of different types of amorphous carbon films within the n-k plane.
It is applicable to amorphous carbon films deposited by ionized evaporation, sputtering, arc deposition, plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition, hot filament techniques and others.
It does not apply to carbon films modified with metals or silicon, amorphous carbon films that have a gradient of composition/property in the thickness, paints and varnishes.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements relating to rinsed and non rinsed chromate conversion coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys intended to give protection against corrosion and as a base for other coatings. Aluminum and aluminum alloys are chromate coated in order to retard corrosion; as a base for organic films including paints, plastics, and adhesives; and as a protective coating having a low electrical contact impedance. The materials are classified according to its coating thickness: Class 1; Class 2; Class 3; and Class 4. Chromate conversion coatings are normally applied by dipping: the coating may also be applied by inundation, spraying, roller coating, or by wipe-on techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements relating to rinsed and nonrinsed chromate conversion coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys intended to give protection against corrosion and as a base for other coatings. This edition of the specification has been coordinated with ISO/DIS 10546 and is technically equivalent.
1.2 Aluminum and aluminum alloys are chromate coated in order to retard corrosion; as a base for organic films including paints, plastics, and adhesives; and as a protective coating having a low electrical contact impedance.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hard anodic oxidation coatings are often used to obtain improved resistance to abrasion, and have been used in such applications as valves, sliding parts, hinge mechanisms, cams, gears, swivel joints, pistons, insulation plates, blast shields, etc.
5.2 This abrasion resistance test method may be useful for acceptance testing of a hard anodic coating, and it can be used to evaluate the effects of processing variables such as substrate preparation before coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, and post coating treatments.
5.3 Results may be used for process control, comparative ranking, or to correlate with end-use performance. The resistance of material surfaces to abrasion, as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory, is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance as experienced in the actual use of the material. Other factors may need to be considered in any calculation of predicted life from specific abrasion data.
5.4 The properties and characteristics of hard anodic oxidation coatings are significantly affected by both the alloy and the method of production.
Note 2: Hard anodizing will usually result in a dimensional increase on each surface equal to about 50 % of the coating thickness. Normal thickness for wear applications tends to be 40 µm to 60 µm; however the thickness of anodized coatings often ranges between 8 µm to 150 µm.
5.5 The resistance of hard anodic coatings to abrasion may be affected by factors including test conditions, type of abradant, pressure between the specimen and abradant, composition of the alloy, thickness of the coating, and the conditions of anodizing or sealing, or both.
Note 3: The resistance to abrasion is generally measured on unsealed anodic oxidation coatings. While corrosion resistance is often increased by sealing the coating, it has been observed that sealing or dyeing can reduce the resistance to abrasion by over 50 %.
5.6 The outer surface of the anod...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance of electrolytically formed hard anodic oxidation coatings on a plane, rigid surface of aluminum or aluminum alloy.
1.2 This test uses a Taber-type abraser,2 which generates a combination of rolling and rubbing to cause wear to the coating surface. Wear is quantified as cumulative mass loss or loss in mass per thousand cycles of abrasion.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The procedure described in Method A is similar to MIL-PRF-8625 (paragraph 4.5.5) and SAE AMS 2469 (paragraph 3.3.4). The procedure described in Method B includes a break-in period of 1000 cycles and is similar to ISO 10074 Annex B. When no procedure is specified, Method A shall be the default procedure. Although the procedures described in this method may be similar, they are not equivalent to Specification B893 or Test Method D4060.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test is intended to assess the mechanical integrity, failure modes, and practical adhesion strength of a specific hard ceramic coating on a given metal or ceramic substrate. The test method does not measure the fundamental “adhesion strength” of the bond between the coating and the substrate. Rather, the test method gives a quantitative engineering measurement of the practical (extrinsic) adhesion strength and damage resistance of the coating-substrate system as a function of applied normal force. The adhesion strength and damage modes depend on the complex interaction of the coating-substrate properties (hardness, fracture strength, modulus of elasticity, damage mechanisms, microstructure, flaw population, surface roughness, and so forth) and the test parameters (stylus properties and geometry, loading rate, displacement rate, and so forth).
5.2 The test method as described herein is not appropriate for polymer coatings, ductile metal coatings, very thin (30 μm) ceramic coatings.
Note 2: Under narrow circumstances, the test may be used for ceramic coatings on polymer substrates with due consideration of the differences in elastic modulus, ductility, and strength between the two types of materials. Commonly, the low comparative modulus of the polymer substrate means that the ceramic coating will generally tend to fail in bending (through-thickness adhesive failure) before cohesive failure in the coating itself.
5.3 The quantitative coating adhesion scratch test is a simple, practical, and rapid test. However, reliable and reproducible test results require careful control of the test system configuration and testing parameters, detailed analysis of the coating damage features, and appropriate characterization of the properties and morphology of the coating and the substrate of the test specimens.
5.4 The coating adhesion test has direct application across the full range of coating development, engineering, and production efforts. Measurements of t...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the practical adhesion strength and mechanical failure modes of hard (Vickers Hardness HV = 5 GPa or higher), thin (≤30 μm) ceramic coatings on metal and ceramic substrates at ambient temperatures. These ceramic coatings are commonly used for wear/abrasion resistance, oxidation protection, and functional (optical, magnetic, electronic, biological) performance improvement.
1.2 In the test method, a diamond stylus of defined geometry (Rockwell C, a conical diamond indenter with an included angle of 120° and a spherical tip radius of 200 μm) is drawn across the flat surface of a coated test specimen at a constant speed and a defined normal force (constant or progressively increasing) for a defined distance. The damage along the scratch track is microscopically assessed as a function of the applied force. Specific levels of progressive damage are associated with increasing normal stylus forces. The force level(s) which produce a specific type/level of damage in the coating are defined as a critical scratch load(s). The test method also describes the use of tangential force and acoustic emission signals as secondary test data to identify different coating damage levels.
1.3 Applicability to Coatings—This test method is applicable to a wide range of hard ceramic coating compositions: carbides, nitrides, oxides, diamond, and diamond-like carbon on ceramic and metal substrates. The test method, as defined with the 200 μm radius diamond stylus, is commonly used for coating thicknesses in the range of 0.1 to 30 μm. Test specimens generally have a planar surface for testing, but cylinder geometries can also be tested with an appropriate fixture.
1.4 Principal Limitations:
1.4.1 The test method does not measure the fundamental adhesion strength of the bond between the coating and the substrate. Rather, the test method gives an engineering measurement of the practical (ext...
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is suitable for in-service condition assessment and quality control (QC) testing.
4.2 This technique is used to investigate a polymer barrier coating over a conductive substrate and is limited to exposed and accessible coating surfaces.
4.3 This test method is applicable to polymer barrier coatings of all thicknesses provided the impedance is within equipment capabilities. Special considerations are required for evaluation of coatings exceeding 2 mm thickness or containing conductive media, such as metal pigments and conducting polymers.
4.4 This test method provides the experimental method needed to ensure proper application of field EIS testing and reporting of its results. This test method uses two test cells per measurement with no electrical connection to the substrate (1-4) (a deviation from the traditional three-electrode measurement) to prevent the need for electrical connection to the underlying structure.
Note 1: The two-test-cell method measures the impedances beneath the two cells plus the impedance of the path between them. This arrangement has additional risks of false negatives/positives that are not encountered using the traditional three-electrode measurement in which an electrical connection to the substrate is made. For this test method, a false positive is defined as a higher impedance value than is typical for the coating, and a false negative is defined as a lower impedance value than is typical for the coating. A traditional three-electrode measurement in the field is possible, but a reliable electrical connection to the substrate can be challenging and may require damage to an otherwise good coating.
4.5 This test method may be used at any time during the life of a coating system. If used for QC, allow for any manufacturer’s recommended cure or drying time unless otherwise agreed upon between the participating parties.
Note 2: The results obtained by using this test method could be used for informed coatin...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for field measurement of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for polymeric coatings over conductive substrates.
1.2 This test method covers the parameters for determining an adequate sample size.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Specimens for analysis must be adequately sampled, packaged, and documented to obtain meaningful information from the laboratory. The sampling procedure and packaging will be dependent upon the reason for taking the sample.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods to remove samples of coating films for subsequent analysis related to identification of generic coating type and failure analysis or other reasons. These techniques can be used in the field, the fabricating shop, or laboratory.
1.2 The method for obtaining coating samples for heavy metal analysis is presented in Practice D5702.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Assessment of the condition of aged coated surfaces strengthens decisions on when coating maintenance is required, aids in the selection of effective coating maintenance procedures, and provides a means to characterize performance of coating systems. SSPC Technology Update No. 3 discusses the risks associated with selecting overcoating as a maintenance strategy, particularly without performing visual assessments and evaluating the physical properties of the existing coating system(s) described in Section 5.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes general procedures for conducting a detailed assessment of the condition of aged coatings on steel structures and the extent of rust breakthrough of the coated surface. Additional assessment may be required to support coating failure analyses or other job-specific needs.
1.2 This guide does not address determining the structural condition of a steel substrate. It provides procedures to determine the percent of the surface rusted, but not the severity, condition, or cause of such rusting.
Note 1: A more comprehensive condition assessment procedure, Practice F1130, has been developed for determining the condition of coatings on a ship.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sampling inspection permits the estimation of the overall quality of a group of product articles through the inspection of a relatively small number of product articles drawn from the group.
5.2 The specification of a sampling plan provides purchasers and sellers a means of identifying the minimum quality level that is considered to be satisfactory.
5.3 Because sampling plans yield estimates of the quality of a product, the results of the inspection are subject to error. Through the selection of a sampling plan, the potential error is known and controlled.
5.4 Sampling inspection is used when a decision must be made about what to do with a quantity of articles. This quantity may be a shipment from a supplier, articles that are ready for a subsequent manufacturing operation, or articles ready for shipment to a customer.
5.5 In sampling inspection, a relatively small number of articles (the sample) is selected randomly from a larger number of articles (the inspection lot); the sample is inspected for conformance to the requirements placed on the articles. Based on the results, a decision is made whether or not the lot conforms to the requirements.
5.6 Since only a portion of a production lot is inspected, the quality of the uninspected articles is not known. The possibility exists that some of the uninspected articles are nonconforming. Therefore, basic to any sampling inspection plan is the willingness of the buyer to accept lots that contain some nonconforming articles. The number of nonconforming articles in accepted lots is controlled by the size of the sample and the criteria of acceptance that are placed on the sample.
5.7 Acceptance sampling plans are used for the following reasons:
5.7.1 When the cost of inspection is high and the consequences of accepting a nonconforming article are not serious.
5.7.2 When 100 % inspection is fatiguing and boring and, therefore, likely to result in errors.
5.7.3 When inspection requires a destru...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides sampling plans that are intended for use in the inspection of metallic and inorganic coatings on products for the purpose of deciding whether submitted lots of coated products comply with the specifications applicable to the coating.
1.2 The sampling plans are variables plans. In plans of this type, several articles of product are drawn from a production lot. A characteristic of the coating on the drawn articles is measured. The values obtained are used to estimate the number of articles in the lot that do not conform to a numerical limit, for example a minimum thickness. The number is compared to a maximum allowable.
1.3 Variables plans can only be used when the characteristic of interest is measurable, the test method gives a numerical measure of the characteristic, and the specification places a numerical limit on the measured value. It is also necessary that the variation of the characteristic from article to article in a production lot be normally distributed (see Appendix X2). Each article must be tested in the same way (for example, coating thickness must be measured at the same location, see X2.7) so that the values from article to article are comparable. If one or more of these conditions are not met, a variables plan cannot be used. Instead, an attributes plan must be used. These are given in Guide B602 and Guide B697.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade ...
- Guide10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Sampling inspection permits the estimation of the overall quality of a group of product articles through the inspection of a relatively small number of product items drawn from the group.
4.2 The selection of a sampling plan provides purchasers and sellers a means of identifying the minimum quality levels that are considered to be satisfactory.
4.3 Because sampling plans will only yield estimates of the quality of a product, the results of the inspection are subject to error. Through the use of sampling plans, the risk of error is known and controlled.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide gives sampling plans that are intended for use in the inspection of metallic and inorganic coatings for conformance to ASTM standard specifications.
1.2 The plans in this guide, except as noted, have been selected from some of the single sampling plans of MIL-STD-105D. The specific plans selected are identified in Tables 1-3 of this guide. The plan of Table 4, which is used for destructive testing, is not from the Military Standard. This standard does not contain the Military Standard's requirement for tightened inspection when the quality history of a supplier is unsatisfactory.
1.3 The plans are based on inspection by attributes, that is, an article of product is inspected and is classified as either conforming to a requirement placed on it, or as nonconforming. Sampling plans based on inspection by variables are given in Guide B762. Variables plans are applicable when a test yields a numerical value for a characteristic, when the specification imposes a numerical limit on the characteristic, and when certain statistical criteria are met. These are explained in Guide B762.
1.4 The plans in this guide are intended to be generally suitable. There may be instances in which tighter or looser plans or ones that are more discriminating are desired. Additional plans that may serve these needs are given in Guide B697. Also, Guide B697 describes the nature of attribute sampling plans and the several factors that must be considered in the selection of a sampling plan. More information and an even greater selection of plans are given in MIL-STD-105D, MIL-STD-414, ANSI/ASQC Z1.9-1979, Refs (1-7)2, and in Guide B697.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This guide provides information on the deposition of engineering chromium by electroplating. This is sometimes called "functional" or "hard" chromium and is usually applied directly to the basis metal and is usually thicker than decorative deposits. This guide is not intended as a standardized procedure, but as a guide for obtaining smooth, adherent coatings of a desired thickness while retaining the required physical and mechanical properties of the base metals. Engineering chromium may be plated directly to the surface of a commonly used engineering metals such as aluminum, nickel alloys, cast iron, steels, copper, copper alloys, and titanium. Substrate requirements including smoothness, fatigue, high-strength steel stress relief, and oxidation are specified. The procedure and requirements for the following are detailed: (1) racking, including rack and anode designs, (2) cleaning, (3) deoxidizing and etching such as anodic etching in chromic acid solution, in plating solution, and in sulfuric acid solution, and slight etching by acid immersion, (4) chromium electroplating process, (5) treatment of chromium coatings such as baking to avoid hydrogen embrittlement, and mechanical finishing by grinding, grinding and honing, or lapping, (6) repair of chromium electrodeposits on steel substrates, and (7) test methods such as thickness determination, hardness test, and adhesion test.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information about the deposition of chromium on steel for engineering uses. This is sometimes called “functional” or “hard” chromium and is usually applied directly to the basis metal and is usually thicker than decorative deposits.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This guide is not intended as a standardized procedure, but as a guide for obtaining smooth, adherent coatings of chromium of a desired thickness while retaining the required physical and mechanical properties of the base metals. Specified chromium electrodeposits on ferrous surfaces are defined in Specification B650.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In performing maintenance of a coating system, the new coating being applied must be compatible with the existing coating. While general guides exist which indicate compatibility of different generic types of coatings, differences in manufacturer’s formulation and the condition of the in-place coating system may affect compatibility.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for assessing coating compatibility when maintenance of an in-place coating system is being contemplated. It does not address procedures for assessing the integrity of the existing coating to determine if it can be repainted, nor does it establish the compatibility of the maintenance coating system with the substrate or corrosion products. The practice is intended for use in the field. SSPC-TU 3 discusses the risks associated with the maintenance painting practice known as overcoating.
Note 1: Pass-Fail Criteria (for example, adhesion requirements) are not established by this practice. These should be established by the user or specifier with input from the coating manufacturer.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies spectroscopic ellipsometry for the determination of optical properties (refractive index n and extinction coefficient k) and the optical classification of different types of amorphous carbon films within the n-k plane. It is applicable to amorphous carbon films deposited by ionized evaporation, sputtering, arc deposition, plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition, hot filament techniques and others. It does not apply to carbon films modified with metals or silicon, amorphous carbon films that have a gradient of composition/property in the thickness, paints and varnishes.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard7 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method measures the amount of formaldehyde that is released from a coating under laboratory conditions. The amount of formaldehyde available for release from a coating may vary depending on composition, and may decrease as the sample ages.
4.2 This test method may be used for typical air dried paints where water is the major volatile material. The useful range is estimated to be from 10 ppm to 1000 ppm formaldehyde in the sample.
4.3 Significant amounts of other volatile aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, are reported to cause an interference with the determination of formaldehyde. This limitation is not expected to cause a problem for most common water reducible coatings.
4.4 Samples containing organic solvents as the major volatile component have not been evaluated and are not expected to be compatible with this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method may be used to measure the amount of formaldehyde evolved from air-dry water reducible coatings utilizing latices, resin emulsions, or water reducible alkyds. The results may be used to define the “free” formaldehyde evolved from a sample under controlled laboratory conditions.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Calcium phosphate coatings have been shown in animal and clinical studies to be biocompatible and to enhance the early attachment of bone to implant surfaces (see Refs. (1-5)).3
3.2 It is believed that the form of calcium phosphate ceramic and its purity with respect to secondary crystalline phases and amorphous material have an effect on its physical, mechanical, and biological properties. However, no definitive studies of effects on biological properties have been completed. To achieve reproducible clinical results and to permit the determination of the effects of properties of the coating on biological performance, it is essential that the properties of both clinical and experimental materials be well-characterized and consistent.
3.3 This practice provides procedures for determination of the percentage by weight of the crystalline phases identified as hydroxyapatite, β-TCP, and CaO in plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is for the determination, by the Reference Intensity Ratio External Standard Method, of the percent by weight of the crystalline phases, hydroxyapatite (HA), beta-(whitlockite) tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), and calcium oxide (CaO) in coatings deposited upon metallic substrates by plasma spraying hydroxyapatite.
1.2 A major component in plasma-sprayed HA coatings other than HA is expected to be amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). Crystalline components other than HA that may be present include alpha- and beta- (whitlockite) tricalcium phosphates, tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP), calcium oxide, and calcium pyrophosphates. Quantification of the minor crystalline components has proven to be very unreliable due to extreme overlap and confounding of X-ray diffraction peaks. Therefore, this practice addresses the quantification of only HA, β-TCP, and CaO.
1.3 This practice was developed for plasma-sprayed HA coatings with HA contents of at least 50 % of the total coating. It is recognized that the analysis of the crystalline components uses diffraction from regions of the pattern that also include a small contribution from the amorphous component. However, within the limits of applicability of this practice, the effect of such interference is believed to be negligible.
1.4 The coating analyzed shall be produced and processed under manufacturing conditions equivalent to those used on the device of interest.
1.5 This practice requires the use of monochromated copper Kα radiation and flat samples.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coatings, particularly the high gloss coatings used on automobiles, boats, toys, etc., are subject to a wide variety of conditions (for example, wiping, cleaning and exposure) during manufacture and service that can mar their surface. The ability of high gloss coatings to maintain their appearance is an important product attribute. This test method provides a way to estimate the ability of high gloss coatings to resist mar damage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the relative mar resistance of a high gloss coating applied to a flat, rigid surface. Wet rub and dry rub abrasion tests are described. To fully characterize a coating's mar resistance, both tests should be run.
Note 1: Dry abrasion mar resistance can also be evaluated by using Test Methods D6037. If a very highly mar resistant coating is being evaluated, Test Methods D6037 will generally provide the better performance discrimination than the dry rub test described here. However, if the equipment described in Test Methods D6037 is not available, the dry rub test described in this test method affords a reasonable alternative. The dry rub test is also useful for evaluating coatings that are not highly mar resistant.
1.2 Mar resistance is assessed by measuring the gloss of the abraded and unabraded areas. Mar resistance is directly related to the coating’s ability to retain gloss in abraded areas.
Note 2: The mar resistance values obtained by this test method have no absolute significance. They should only be used to derive relative performance rankings for test panels that have been prepared from the series of coatings that are currently being evaluated. If mar resistance values are quoted between laboratories, it is essential that a common standard be measured and that the values be compared to that standard. Even then, the values should be used with caution.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Electrode potential measurement is an essential step in many electrochemical corrosion test methods and practices.
5.2 The SCE has been widely specified for laboratory tests because it is reliable, accurate, simple to use, and it has been readily available. However, because this device contains mercury, and mercury has recently been banned by some governmental agencies, it may not be available in locations where mercury is banned. As a result, test methods using the SCE may not be possible in locations where mercury is banned. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an alternative reference electrode for these standards.
5.3 The KCl saturated, silver/silver chloride reference electrode, Ag/AgCl (sat KCl), is a satisfactory replacement for the SCE in laboratory test methods and practices. This reference electrode should provide comparable performance and accuracy to the SCE.
5.4 It will be necessary to carry out interlaboratory test programs for each test method where the Ag/AgCl (sat KCl) electrode is specified to replace the SCE, in order to develop the precision of the method using the new reference electrode.
Note 1: In cases where a test method specifies that either the SCE or the Ag/AgCl (sat KCl) reference electrode may be used, and the ILS program used to develop the precision of the method included significant numbers of participants using each of these reference electrodes, no additional testing is required.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the steps necessary to prepare revisions to standards that specify the saturated calomel reference electrode (SCE) for measuring or controlling electrode potentials.
1.2 The SCE contains mercury and, as a result, it may not be available in locations where mercury has been banned. This practice covers the selection and use of an alternative reference electrode.
1.3 In test methods where the SCE is specified, it will be necessary to develop a new precision statement using the alternative reference electrode.
1.4 This practice will not apply to electrometric pH determinations where the SCE has been used. (Electrometric pH measurement is an analytical method that is covered elsewhere.)
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document describes the electrical contact resistance testing method applicable to conductive and non-conductive coatings applied on test specimens made of conductive materials (unless otherwise specified) for aerospace applications. An objective of this practice is to define and control many of the known variables in such a way that valid comparisons of the contact properties of materials can be made.
This test may be locally destructive depending on the process tested.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is applicable to non-chromate coatings that are colorless, colored, electrochemically applied or non-electrochemically applied. The zinc or cadmium, or both, may be electrodeposited, mechanically deposited, hot-dipped, rolled, or in the form of castings.
4.2 Because of variables inherent in the salt-spray test which may differ from one test cabinet to another, interpretation of test results for compliance with expected performance should be specified by the purchaser.
4.3 Properties such as thickness, color, luster, and ability to provide good paint adhesion are not covered in this practice, nor are the chemical composition and the method of application of these finishes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the protective value of chemical and electrochemical conversion coatings produced by non-chromate (chromate being defined as a compound that has chromium in the plus six oxidation state, and as such, chromium compounds in other oxidation states, such as plus three, shall not be excluded) treatments of zinc and cadmium surfaces.
1.2 The protective value of a non-chromate coating is usually determined by salt-spray test and by determining whether or not the coating possesses adequate abrasion resistance when applied for that purpose.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document describes the electrical contact resistance testing method applicable to conductive and non-conductive coatings applied on test specimens made of conductive materials (unless otherwise specified) for aerospace applications. An objective of this practice is to define and control many of the known variables in such a way that valid comparisons of the contact properties of materials can be made.
This test may be locally destructive depending on the process tested.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Protective coatings are used on metallic and concrete storage and processing vessels, shipping containers, dams and rail cars to protect the substrate from corrosive attack and to protect stored materials (cargo) from contamination. This method provides a means to assess the ability of a protective coating to resist degradation by chemicals and to protect the liquid cargo from contamination by either the substrate or coating, based on visual observations. Other measures of degradation, such as changes in weight or dimensions of the coating material, or chemical changes to the cargo, may be used to assess this protective ability as mutually agreed upon between contracting parties. Simple chemical-resistance evaluations of the lining materials may be performed more conveniently by other pertinent methods as a prescreening test for this procedure in accordance with Test Methods C267 and D471.
4.2 This practice covers three approaches to conducting evaluations of a lining coating material’s fitness for purpose.
4.2.1 Method A—Evaluation of specimens under conditions of constant temperature at atmospheric pressure (that is, without a thermal gradient).
4.2.2 Method B—Evaluation of specimens under conditions which provide a temperature gradient across the sample.
4.2.3 Method C—Evaluation of specimens under conditions of constant temperature and increased pressure (that is, without a thermal gradient).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes procedures for the evaluation of the resistance of industrial protective coatings to immersion in chemicals.
1.2 Linings are a particular type of coating intended for protection of substrates from corrosion as a result of continuous or intermittent fluid immersion.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesis are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a quantitative method for the measurement of adhesive strength of metallic and other inorganic coatings applied to metallic, polymer and glass substrates.
Typical coatings for which this document applies are metallic coatings such as aluminium, copper, nickel, nickel plus chromium, silver, tin, tin-nickel alloys, zinc, gold as well as other inorganic coatings such as oxides or nitrides, e.g. of aluminium, indium and indium-tin, silicon, niobium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium and others.
This document does not apply to certain hot dip, spray and mechanical coatings, for which other standards may apply, e.g. EN ISO 14916 or EN ISO 4624.
The measurement is valid if the cohesion and adhesion properties of the adhesive are higher than those of the coating subjected to test.
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This document specifies requirements for plant-applied external three-layer polyethylene and polypropylene based coatings for corrosion protection of welded and seamless steel pipes for pipeline transportation systems in the petroleum and natural gas industries in accordance with ISO 13623.
NOTE Pipes coated in accordance with this document are considered suitable for further protection by means of cathodic protection.
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This European Standard specifies the agreements to be made between the client, the galvanizer / sherardizer, the chemical suppliers and the applicators of the pre-treatment and the powder organic coating systems (if they are not one and the same). It also specifies the quality of the galvanized or sherardized articles to which the powder organic coatings are to be applied and for the pre-treatment and powder organic coatings intended for application to the galvanized or sherardized articles.
This standard applies to the application of hot dip galvanized, sherardized and powder organic coatings by controlled industrial processes to articles consisting of or manufactured from steel. The standard applies to hot dip galvanized products, galvanized in accordance with EN ISO 1461 and EN 10240 or products sherardized in accordance with EN ISO 17668, as well as parts of these products manufactured from continuously galvanized sheet and strip galvanized in accordance with EN 10346, which, after the galvanizing and/or assembly, or sherardizing, will have a powder organic coating system applied. This standard also applies to products which have been hot dip galvanized or sherardized according to specific product standards to which powder organic systems are applied.
This standard might also be useful when supplying other organic coating systems (excluding wet paint systems).
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is an extension of Test Method D5403. While Test Method D5403 specifies that a test specimen be cured by exposure to UV or EB as prescribed by the supplier of the material, most radiation curable monomers and oligomers provided as raw materials to formulators are not designed to be used alone but rather as blends of monomers and oligomers so that there are no “supplier prescribed” exposure conditions. Test Method D5403 is not appropriate for the measurement of volatiles from thin radiation-curable coatings because supplier prescribed cure conditions include both a thickness and an exposure specification which are difficult or impossible to achieve in a test lab. Furthermore, inks form a special class of thin radiation curable coatings because they are formulated with known interferences (for example, pigments). As a result, Test Method D5403 does not provide a method for measuring volatiles from monomers and oligomers used as raw materials in the formulation of radiation curable coatings nor does it provide a method for measuring volatiles from thin radiation curable coatings such as inks.
5.2 This test method provides a means to measure the volatile content of individual acrylate monomers, oligomers, and blends commonly used to formulate radiation curable coatings such as printing inks. Such coatings comprise liquid or solid reactants that cure by polymerizing, crosslinking, or a combination of both and are designed to be applied as thin coatings in the absence of water or solvent and to be cured by exposing to ultraviolet radiation. There is currently no direct method for measuring the volatiles from the individual materials used or thin coatings made from them.
5.3 This test method also provides a means to measure the volatiles from acrylate monomers, oligomers, and blends cured using ultraviolet radiation from which an estimate for the volatiles from a thin coating cured using ultraviolet radiation comprising these acrylate monomers, o...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a means to determine the percentage of processing, potential, and total volatiles from radiation curable acrylate monomers, oligomers, and blends. The results can be used to estimate the volatiles from thin radiation curable coatings that cannot otherwise be measured with the restriction that those coatings are not subjected to a pre-exposure water or solvent drying step. It also provides a means to determine the volatiles of thin radiation curable coatings in the absence of known interferences such as pigments in inks.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This European Standard specifies trivalent chromium based chemical conversion coatings for aluminium and aluminium alloys. It covers the application by bath but also by touch-up. It doesn’t give complete in house process instructions; these shall be given in the manufacturers detailed process instructions.
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This European Standard specifies trivalent chromium based chemical conversion coatings for aluminium and aluminium alloys. It covers the application by bath but also by touch-up. It doesn’t give complete in house process instructions; these shall be given in the manufacturers detailed process instructions.
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ISO 21809-5:2017 specifies the requirements for qualification, application, testing and handling of materials required for the application of reinforced concrete coating externally to either bare pipe or pre-coated pipe for use in pipeline transportation systems for the petroleum and natural gas industries as defined in ISO 13623.
The external application of concrete is primarily used for the negative buoyancy of pipes used in buried or submerged pipeline systems and/or for the mechanical protection of the pipe and its pre-coating.
ISO 21809-5:2017 is applicable to concrete thicknesses of 25 mm or greater.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The storage of corrosive or abrasive solutions or suspensions requires that the metal surface of storage tanks, large pipes, or holding vessels be lined with a material that resists such action. Vulcanized rubber that is securely adhered to the tank or other metal surface imparts such resistance. An integral part of the installation of such linings is the vulcanization operation that produces proper mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and sufficient rubber-to-metal adhesion.
4.2 Service conditions will dictate what type of rubber is used. Also, the service conditions will determine the proper thickness of the rubber and the particular compound or compounds used in a lining. For example: temperatures over 140°F (60°C) typically require a thickness of 1/4 in. (6.35 mm). Some service conditions that have a solution composed of several chemicals may require different layers of rubber compounds. Within these layers, the hardness or durometer of the rubber may be changed as well to provide the longest service life of the rubber lining. Consult with the rubber lining manufacturer when selecting the rubber lining system and preparing application specifications and procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the techniques used to install rubber lining sheet stock in metal tanks, pipes, and other components. Installation requirements, procedures, inspection instructions, and storage conditions for the lined tanks or equipment are outlined.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ISO 20523:2017 specifies classification, designations and short names for carbon based films. These are films in which carbon is the predominant constituent part and which are deposited by physical vapour deposition (PVD) or chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process. This includes amorphous carbon-based films, also called diamond-like carbon films (DLC), as well as CVD diamond films, graphite and polymer-like films. ISO 20523:2017 is applicable to those films which are produced on an industrial scale. Additional carbon based films are under development. ISO 20523:2017 refers to the material of carbon based films. It does not refer to the entire coating that can consist of a main functional layer with additional layers below or on top. A layer can change in composition and/or material property over its thickness. Such layers are called gradient layers. The definitions in this document refer to non-gradient layers. A carbon based film can include other elements like hydrogen, metal elements or others. Metal constituents can be included as metal carbides. Films with additional elements are only covered by this document if carbon is the predominant constituent part. Carbon incorporated as carbide, as can be present in metal-containing amorphous carbon films (a-C:Me, a-C:H:Me), does not count to this amount. ISO 20523:2017 does not apply to the class of carbon materials such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene.
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ISO 20267:2017 specifies a method for measuring the interfacial toughness of thermal spray ceramic coatings at room temperature based on an indentation method. The interfacial toughness is calculated from the mean length of cracks emanating from the corners of the impression induced by a Vickers hardness tester, and it is intended for use with ceramic coatings with a single layer or multilayers. The test procedures proposed in this document are intended for use in an ambient environment. ISO 20267:2017 is recommended for thermal spray ceramic coatings such as thermal barrier coatings, wear resistant coatings and electrical insulating coatings.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test procedure is used to simulate the physical and environmental stresses that a coating for exterior transportation applications (for example, automotive) is exposed to in a subtropical climate, such as southern Florida. It has been found that such a subtropical climate causes particularly severe deterioration of such coatings. The long water exposures and wet/dry cycling found in southern Florida are particularly important for this deterioration, in addition to the high dosage of solar radiation (3). This practice was developed to address the deficiencies of historical tests used for transportation coatings, especially automotive coatings (4).
Note 1: This test procedure was developed through eight years of cooperative testing between automotive and aerospace OEM’s, material suppliers, and test equipment manufacturers. See References for published papers on this research.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice specifies the operating procedures for a controlled irradiance xenon arc light and water apparatus. The procedure uses one or more lamp(s) and optical filter(s) to produce irradiance similar to sunlight in the UV and visible range. It also simulates the water absorption and stress cycles experienced by automotive exterior coatings under natural weathering conditions. This practice has also been found applicable to coatings on other transportation vehicles, such as aircraft, trucks and rail cars.
1.2 This practice uses a xenon arc light source with specified optical filter(s). The spectral power distribution (SPD) for the lamp and special daylight filter(s) is as specified in Annex A1. The irradiance level used in this practice varies between 0.40 and 0.80 W/(m2·nm) at 340 nm. Water is sprayed on the specimens during portions of several dark steps. The application of water is such that the coatings will absorb and desorb substantial amounts of water during testing. In addition, the cycling between wet/dry and warm/cool will induce mechanical stresses into the materials. These test conditions are designed to simulate the physical and chemical stresses from environments in a subtropical climate, such as southern Florida.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Electrode potential is the reversible work that is required to transfer a unit of positive charge between the surface in question and a reference electrode through the electrolyte that is in contact with both electrodes. The sign of the electrode potential is determined by the Gibbs Stockholm Convention described in Practice G3.
5.2 The electrode potential of a surface is related to the Gibbs free energy of the oxidation/reduction reactions occurring at the surface in question compared to the Gibbs free energy of the reactions occurring on the reference electrode surface.4
5.3 Electrode potentials are used together with potential-pH (Pourbaix) diagrams to determine the corrosion products that would be in equilibrium with the environment and the electrode surface.5
5.4 Electrode potentials are used in the estimation of corrosion rates by several methods. One example is by means of Tafel line extrapolation, see Practices G3 and G102. Polarization resistance measurements are also determined using electrode potential measurements, see Test Method G59 and Guide G96.
5.5 Corrosion potential measurements are used to determine whether metal surfaces are passive in the environment in question, see Test Method C876.
5.6 Corrosion potential measurements are used in the evaluation of alloys to determine their resistance or susceptibility to various forms of localized corrosion, see Test Methods F746, F2129, G61, and G150.
5.7 Corrosion potentials are used to determine the metallurgical condition of some aluminum alloys, see Test Method G69. Similar measurements have been used with hot dipped galvanized steel to determine their ability to cathodically polarize steel. See Appendix X2.
5.8 Corrosion potentials are used to evaluate aluminum and magnesium alloys as sacrificial anodes for underground and immersion cathodic protection application, see Test Method G97 and NACE TM0190–2012.
5.9 Corrosion potentials are used to evaluate the galvanic performanc...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidance on the measurement of electrode potentials in laboratory and field studies both for corrosion potentials and polarized potentials.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Any other units of measurements included in this standard are present because of their wide usage and acceptance.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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ISO 21809-3:2016 specifies requirements for field joint coating of seamless or welded steel pipes for buried and submerged sections of pipeline transportation systems used in the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries as defined in ISO 13623. This part of ISO 21809 specifies the qualification, application and testing of the corrosion protection coatings applied to steel surfaces left bare after the joining of pipes and fittings (components) by welding.
ISO 21809-3:2016 defines and codifies in Table 1 the different types of field joint coatings for pipelines.
ISO 21809-3:2016 does not address requirements for additional mechanical protection, for thermal insulation or for joint infills of concrete weight-coated pipes.
NOTE Field joints of pipes and fittings coated in accordance with this part of ISO 21809 are considered suitable for further protection by means of cathodic protection.
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ISO 14604:2012 describes a method of measuring the fracture strain of ceramic coatings by means of uniaxial tension or compression tests coupled with acoustic emission to monitor the onset of cracking of the coating. Tensile or compressive strains can also be applied by flexure using four-point bending. Measurements can be made in favourable cases at elevated temperatures as well as at room temperature.
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ISO 18452:2005 specifies a method for the determination of the film thickness of a fine ceramic film and ceramic coatings by a contact-probe profilometer. The method is suitable for film thicknesses in the range of 10 nm to 10 000 nm.
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ISO 26424:2008 specifies a method for measuring the abrasive wear rate of ceramic coatings by means of a micro-scale abrasion wear test based on the well-known crater-grinding technique used for coating thickness determination in ISO 26423.
The method can provide data on both coating and substrate wear rates, either by performing two separate tests or by careful analysis of the data from a single test series.
The method can be applied to samples with planar or non-planar surfaces, but the results analysis described in the text applies only to flat samples. For non-planar samples, a more complicated analysis, possibly requiring the use of numerical methods, is required.
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ISO 20502:2005 describes a method of testing ceramic coatings by scratching with a diamond stylus. During a test, either a constant or increasing force normal to the surface under test is applied to the stylus, so as to promote adhesive and/or cohesive failure of the coating-substrate system. The test method is suitable for evaluating ceramic coatings up to a thickness of 20 micrometres and might also be suitable for evaluating other coating types and thicknesses.
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ISO 26423:2009 specifies a method for the determination of the thickness of ceramic coatings by a crater grinding method, which includes the grinding of a spherical cavity and subsequent microscopic examination of the crater.
Because of the uncertainty introduced into the measurement of crater dimensions, the test is not suitable for use where the surface roughness of the coating and/or substrate exceeds 20 % of the coating thickness.
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ISO 21809-2:2014 specifies the requirements for qualification, application, testing and handling of materials for plant application of single layer fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings applied externally for the corrosion protection of bare steel pipe for use in pipeline transportation systems for the petroleum and natural gas industries as defined in ISO 13623.
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1.1 This part of EN 1071 describes a method for evaluating the wear of ceramic coatings by use of a test in which a flat or spherically ended pin is brought, under load, into contact with the flat surface of a disk and the two are set in relative motion such that the pin describes a circular path on the disk. Depending on the conditions being simulated, either the pin or disk or both may be coated with the material under test, with the other member of the couple being selected for its relevance to the system under evaluation.
1.2 Where suitable equipment is available, the test may be used to determine the friction generated in the sliding contact.
1.3 The method is suitable for evaluating coatings in the thickness range from 1 to more than 100μm, and with suitable choice of conditions might also be applicable to testing thinner coatings.
1.4 Testing may be under either dry or lubricated conditions. However, the test is not designed for evaluating the properties of lubricants except in so far as they affect the wear behaviour of the materials being tested. Related methods for testing lubricants using a reciprocating motion are given in references [4] – [6].
1.5 Testing a materials couple under a range of loading conditions might provide information about the adhesive and/or cohesive strength of the coating, in addition to its wear behaviour.
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1.1 This European Standard describes a method for evaluating the wear of ceramic coatings by use of a reciprocating wear test whereby a flat or spherically ended pin is reciprocated, under load, against a flat plate. Depending on the conditions being simulated, either the pin or plate or both may be coated with the material under test, with the other member of the couple being selected for its relevance to the system under evaluation. The method described is considered to be not suitable for evaluating fretting wear.
1.2 The method is intended for evaluating coatings with a thickness of more than 1 μm, though might also be used for testing thinner coatings.
1.3 The test may be carried out under either dry or lubricated conditions. However, the test is not designed for evaluating the properties of lubricants except insofar as they affect the wear behaviour of the materials being tested. Related methods for testing lubricants using reciprocating motion are given in references [4] to [6].
1.4 Testing a materials couple under a range of loading conditions might provide information about the adhesive and/or cohesive strength of the coating, in addition to its wear behaviour.
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This document specifies a method of measuring the thickness of ceramic coatings by means of examination of a metallographically prepared cross-section of the coating in a calibrated optical or scanning electron microscope. It draws strongly on EN ISO 9220 [8], modifying and updating as required to be relevant to ceramic coatings and current best practice.
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This document specifies a method of measuring the thickness of ceramic coatings by means of examination of a metallographically prepared cross-section of the coating in a calibrated optical or scanning electron microscope. It draws strongly on EN ISO 9220 [8], modifying and updating as required to be relevant to ceramic coatings and current best practice.
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This European Standard describes methods for chemical analysis of ceramic coatings by means of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or an electron probe microanalyser.
The methods described are limited to the examination of single layer coatings when the analysis is carried out normal to the sample surface, but graded and multilayer coatings may also be analysed in cross-section if the thickness of the individual layers or gradations are greater than the maximum width of the volume of material within which characteristic or fluorescent X-rays are generated.
NOTE This method can also be used for the analysis of bulk materials.
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This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of the internal stress in thin ceramic coatings by application of the Stoney formula to the results obtained from measurement of the radius of curvature of coated strips or discs.
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