77.060 - Corrosion of metals
ICS 77.060 Details
Corrosion of metals
Korrosion von Metallen
Corrosion des métaux
Korozija kovin
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 77.060 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Corrosion of metals". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 897 standards classified under ICS 77.060 (Corrosion of metals). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document sets out a methodology for the exposure zone division of reinforced concrete structures in marine environments, based on a test procedure that is provided in this document. This document is applicable to the division of coastal and offshore marine environment areas. It is not applicable to typhoon, strong tide and other marine environment areas. Annexes B, C, and D provide examples of marine environment zonation to illustrate the methodology.
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This document specifies an atmospheric accelerated test procedure in two closely related variants that contain intermittent salt exposure combined with dynamic humidity patterns: variant A at constant dew point and variant B at constant temperature. These variants are used in assessing the corrosion resistance of metals in environments where there is a significant influence of chloride ions, mainly as sodium chloride from, for example, winter road de-icing salt. The results obtained do not permit far-reaching conclusions on the corrosion resistance of the tested metallic material under the whole range of environmental conditions in which it can be used. Nevertheless, the method provides information on the relative corrosion resistance of a material exposed to a salt-contaminated environment with varying humidity conditions.
The two accelerated laboratory corrosion test variants are applicable to:
— metals and their alloys (ferrous and non-ferrous);
— metallic coatings;
— chemical conversion coatings;
— organic coating on metals;
— a combination of materials and coatings that include galvanic interactions and/or crevice conditions.
NOTE 1 If testing low-alloy stainless steels according to this document, especially austenitic grades, there is a risk of exaggerated pitting, which is not representative of most service environments.
NOTE 2 This document is not suitable for testing of wax and oil-based rust protection agents, due to the constantly elevated temperature condition of the test.
This document also specifies requirements on the test equipment and contains detailed procedures for quality control, including recommended instrumentation.
This document does not specify the dimensions of the tests specimens, the exposure period to be used for a particular product, or the interpretation of the results. Such details are provided in the appropriate product specifications.
- Standard47 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies: a) the determination of mass gain; b) the surface inspection of products of hafnium when corrosion tested in water at 360 °C. This document is applicable to hot-work or cold-work hafnium rods, wires, plates, sheets and strips. This method has been widely used in the development of hafnium products. It is applicable for use in its entirety to the extent specified for a product acceptance test, rather than merely a means of assessing performance in service of pressurized water reactor.
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This document specifies the apparatus, materials, specimen preparation, procedures, results and reports for testing the corrosion test of steel bars. This document includes an evaluation method. This document applies to reinforced concrete structures exposed simultaneously to atmospheric, splash, tidal, immersion, and buried zones in marine environments. NOTE Annex A provides test apparatus examples. Annex B illustrates test results.
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This standard specifies the general requirements of the corrosion control engineering life cycle in nuclear power plants. This standard applies to of various activities management of the corrosion control engineering life cycle in nuclear power plants.
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This document specifies an atmospheric accelerated test procedure in two closely related variants that contain intermittent salt exposure combined with dynamic humidity patterns: variant A at constant dew point and variant B at constant temperature. These variants are used in assessing the corrosion resistance of metals in environments where there is a significant influence of chloride ions, mainly as sodium chloride from, for example, winter road de-icing salt. The results obtained do not permit far-reaching conclusions on the corrosion resistance of the tested metallic material under the whole range of environmental conditions in which it can be used. Nevertheless, the method provides information on the relative corrosion resistance of a material exposed to a salt-contaminated environment with varying humidity conditions.
The two accelerated laboratory corrosion test variants are applicable to:
— metals and their alloys (ferrous and non-ferrous);
— metallic coatings;
— chemical conversion coatings;
— organic coating on metals;
— a combination of materials and coatings that include galvanic interactions and/or crevice conditions.
NOTE 1 If testing low-alloy stainless steels according to this document, especially austenitic grades, there is a risk of exaggerated pitting, which is not representative of most service environments.
NOTE 2 This document is not suitable for testing of wax and oil-based rust protection agents, due to the constantly elevated temperature condition of the test.
This document also specifies requirements on the test equipment and contains detailed procedures for quality control, including recommended instrumentation.
This document does not specify the dimensions of the tests specimens, the exposure period to be used for a particular product, or the interpretation of the results. Such details are provided in the appropriate product specifications.
- Standard47 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an atmospheric accelerated test procedure in two closely related variants that contain intermittent salt exposure combined with dynamic humidity patterns: variant A at constant dew point and variant B at constant temperature. These variants are used in assessing the corrosion resistance of metals in environments where there is a significant influence of chloride ions, mainly as sodium chloride from, for example, winter road de-icing salt. The results obtained do not permit far-reaching conclusions on the corrosion resistance of the tested metallic material under the whole range of environmental conditions in which it can be used. Nevertheless, the method provides information on the relative corrosion resistance of a material exposed to a salt-contaminated environment with varying humidity conditions. The two accelerated laboratory corrosion test variants are applicable to: - metals and their alloys (ferrous and non-ferrous); - metallic coatings; - chemical conversion coatings; - organic coating on metals; - a combination of materials and coatings that include galvanic interactions and/or crevice conditions. NOTE 1 If testing low-alloy stainless steels according to this document, especially austenitic grades, there is a risk of exaggerated pitting, which is not representative of most service environments. NOTE 2 This document is not suitable for testing of wax and oil-based rust protection agents, due to the constantly elevated temperature condition of the test. This document also specifies requirements on the test equipment and contains detailed procedures for quality control, including recommended instrumentation. This document does not specify the dimensions of the tests specimens, the exposure period to be used for a particular product, or the interpretation of the results. Such details are provided in the appropriate product specifications.
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This document specifies the general requirements for various factors in the corrosion control engineering throughout the life cycle of equipment and devices of power transmission and transformation systems. This document is applicable to the corrosion control engineering of power transmission and transformation systems.
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This document specifies the examination of samples that have been exposed to corrosive environments at high temperatures. This document specifies the classification, identification and thickness measurement of the corrosion layer that forms during exposure to corrosive environments at high temperatures.
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This document specifies two accelerated corrosion test methods. These methods assess the corrosion resistance of products containing copper in environments where there is a significant influence of chloride ions, mainly as sodium chloride from a marine source or winter road de-icing salt, as well as the influence of corrosion-promoting gases from industrial or traffic air pollution.
This document specifies both the test apparatus and test procedures to be used in executing the accelerated corrosion tests.
The methods are especially suitable for assessing the corrosion resistance of sensitive products with metals, e.g. electronic components, used in traffic and industrial environments.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies two accelerated corrosion test methods. These methods assess the corrosion resistance of products containing copper in environments where there is a significant influence of chloride ions, mainly as sodium chloride from a marine source or winter road de-icing salt, as well as the influence of corrosion-promoting gases from industrial or traffic air pollution.
This document specifies both the test apparatus and test procedures to be used in executing the accelerated corrosion tests.
The methods are especially suitable for assessing the corrosion resistance of sensitive products with metals, e.g. electronic components, used in traffic and industrial environments.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies two accelerated corrosion test methods. These methods assess the corrosion resistance of products containing copper in environments where there is a significant influence of chloride ions, mainly as sodium chloride from a marine source or winter road de-icing salt, as well as the influence of corrosion-promoting gases from industrial or traffic air pollution. This document specifies both the test apparatus and test procedures to be used in executing the accelerated corrosion tests. The methods are especially suitable for assessing the corrosion resistance of sensitive products with metals, e.g. electronic components, used in traffic and industrial environments.
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This document defines requirements and gives recommendations for the chemical composition, electrochemical properties, physical tolerances and test and inspection procedures for cast galvanic anodes of aluminium, magnesium and zinc-based alloys for cathodic protection in seawater, saline sediment and brackish water.
Information on salinity ranges can be found in Annex A.
The requirements and recommendations of this document can be applied to any available anode shape for cast anodes, e.g. trapezoid, circular, half-spherical cross sections, bracelet type.
Whilst other metals, such as soft iron, can be used as galvanic anode material to protect more noble metals than iron and steel, these are not covered in this document.
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This document defines requirements and gives recommendations for the chemical composition, electrochemical properties, physical tolerances and test and inspection procedures for cast galvanic anodes of aluminium, magnesium and zinc-based alloys for cathodic protection in seawater, saline sediment and brackish water.
Information on salinity ranges can be found in Annex A.
The requirements and recommendations of this document can be applied to any available anode shape for cast anodes, e.g. trapezoid, circular, half-spherical cross sections, bracelet type.
Whilst other metals, such as soft iron, can be used as galvanic anode material to protect more noble metals than iron and steel, these are not covered in this document.
- Standard49 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
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This document defines requirements and gives recommendations for the chemical composition, electrochemical properties, physical tolerances and test and inspection procedures for cast galvanic anodes of aluminium, magnesium and zinc-based alloys for cathodic protection in seawater, saline sediment and brackish water. Information on salinity ranges can be found in Annex A. The requirements and recommendations of this document can be applied to any available anode shape for cast anodes, e.g. trapezoid, circular, half-spherical cross sections, bracelet type. Whilst other metals, such as soft iron, can be used as galvanic anode material to protect more noble metals than iron and steel, these are not covered in this document.
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This document defines terms relating to corrosion that are widely used in modern science and technology. In addition, some definitions are supplemented with short explanations.
Throughout the document, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry rules for electrode potential signs are applied. The term “metal” is also used to include alloys and other metallic materials.
Terms and definitions related to the inorganic surface treatment of metals are given in ISO 2080.
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This document specifies general requirements and parameters for the pilot test evaluation of corrosion and scaling control additives in open recirculating cooling water systems. This document covers parameters including test unit design, operation, water quality and contamination. It also covers the design and operation of pilot test devices as well as parameters to be evaluated in pilot test units.
This document covers the criteria that are used in pilot scale testing programmes for selecting water treatment programmes for specific recirculating cooling water systems.
This document is only applicable to open recirculating cooling water systems. It does not apply to closed cooling systems and once-through cooling water systems.
This document applies only to systems that incorporate shell and tube heat exchangers with standard uncoated smooth tubes and cooling water on the tube side. This document does not apply to heat exchangers with shell-side water, plate and frame and/or spiral heat exchangers and other heat exchange devices. However, when the test conditions are properly set up to model the surface temperature and shear stress in more complex heat transfer devices, the test results can predict the results of operating heat exchangers of that design.
The test criteria established in this document are not intended to govern the type of bench and pilot scale testing normally carried out by water treatment companies as part of their proprietary product development programmes. However, water treatment companies can choose to use the criteria in this document as guidelines in the development of their own product development test procedures.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms relating to corrosion that are widely used in modern science and technology. In addition, some definitions are supplemented with short explanations.
Throughout the document, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry rules for electrode potential signs are applied. The term “metal” is also used to include alloys and other metallic materials.
Terms and definitions related to the inorganic surface treatment of metals are given in ISO 2080.
- Standard34 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the principles, reagents and materials, test apparatus, test methods, evaluation of results and requirements for test reports using pilot tests for industrial cooling water systems.
This document specifies a method to evaluate the performance of treatment programmes for open recirculating cooling water systems. It is based primarily on laboratory testing, but the heat exchanger testing facility can also be used for on-site evaluation. This document does not include heat exchangers with cooling water on the shell-side (i.e. external to the tubes).
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general requirements and parameters for the pilot test evaluation of corrosion and scaling control additives in open recirculating cooling water systems. This document covers parameters including test unit design, operation, water quality and contamination. It also covers the design and operation of pilot test devices as well as parameters to be evaluated in pilot test units.
This document covers the criteria that are used in pilot scale testing programmes for selecting water treatment programmes for specific recirculating cooling water systems.
This document is only applicable to open recirculating cooling water systems. It does not apply to closed cooling systems and once-through cooling water systems.
This document applies only to systems that incorporate shell and tube heat exchangers with standard uncoated smooth tubes and cooling water on the tube side. This document does not apply to heat exchangers with shell-side water, plate and frame and/or spiral heat exchangers and other heat exchange devices. However, when the test conditions are properly set up to model the surface temperature and shear stress in more complex heat transfer devices, the test results can predict the results of operating heat exchangers of that design.
The test criteria established in this document are not intended to govern the type of bench and pilot scale testing normally carried out by water treatment companies as part of their proprietary product development programmes. However, water treatment companies can choose to use the criteria in this document as guidelines in the development of their own product development test procedures.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms relating to corrosion that are widely used in modern science and technology. In addition, some definitions are supplemented with short explanations. Throughout the document, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry rules for electrode potential signs are applied. The term “metal” is also used to include alloys and other metallic materials. Terms and definitions related to the inorganic surface treatment of metals are given in ISO 2080.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard24 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the principles, reagents and materials, test apparatus, test methods, evaluation of results and requirements for test reports using pilot tests for industrial cooling water systems.
This document specifies a method to evaluate the performance of treatment programmes for open recirculating cooling water systems. It is based primarily on laboratory testing, but the heat exchanger testing facility can also be used for on-site evaluation. This document does not include heat exchangers with cooling water on the shell-side (i.e. external to the tubes).
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general requirements and parameters for the pilot test evaluation of corrosion and scaling control additives in open recirculating cooling water systems. This document covers parameters including test unit design, operation, water quality and contamination. It also covers the design and operation of pilot test devices as well as parameters to be evaluated in pilot test units. This document covers the criteria that are used in pilot scale testing programmes for selecting water treatment programmes for specific recirculating cooling water systems. This document is only applicable to open recirculating cooling water systems. It does not apply to closed cooling systems and once-through cooling water systems. This document applies only to systems that incorporate shell and tube heat exchangers with standard uncoated smooth tubes and cooling water on the tube side. This document does not apply to heat exchangers with shell-side water, plate and frame and/or spiral heat exchangers and other heat exchange devices. However, when the test conditions are properly set up to model the surface temperature and shear stress in more complex heat transfer devices, the test results can predict the results of operating heat exchangers of that design. The test criteria established in this document are not intended to govern the type of bench and pilot scale testing normally carried out by water treatment companies as part of their proprietary product development programmes. However, water treatment companies can choose to use the criteria in this document as guidelines in the development of their own product development test procedures.
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This document specifies the principles, reagents and materials, test apparatus, test methods, evaluation of results and requirements for test reports using pilot tests for industrial cooling water systems. This document specifies a method to evaluate the performance of treatment programmes for open recirculating cooling water systems. It is based primarily on laboratory testing, but the heat exchanger testing facility can also be used for on-site evaluation. This document does not include heat exchangers with cooling water on the shell-side (i.e. external to the tubes).
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This document specifies a method for evaluating depositions on real structures and equipment by wiping. Depositions become corrosion and/or degradation factors for metals, alloys and organic materials, and can be analysed quantitatively to control the corrosion and degradation of real structures and equipment. The method specified in this document is suitable for evaluating the type and amounts of depositions on real structures and equipment in all industries. This method identifies the type of depositions and gives instantaneous values of the concentrations of water-soluble and insoluble depositions, which are expressed by mass per area without a time component. These values provide information on environmental factors related to corrosion and degradation. The method can be used to detect water-soluble depositions, including chloride ion, sulfate ion and other ions, and can assist users in understanding the synergistic and antagonistic effects that accelerate corrosion. This document is applicable to: - metals and their alloys; - metallic coatings; - organic coatings; - concretes and other structural materials. The method for determining chloride on clean surfaces, which ensures the cleanness of steel substrates after surface preparation such as grinding, polishing, cleaning and rinsing and before the application of paints, is given in ISO 8502-2, ISO 8502-5, ISO 8502-6 and ISO 8502-9.
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This document specifies an aerosol spray method for testing the corrosivity of disinfectants against metallic materials. The test method involves the cyclic exposure of test specimens to a mist of disinfectant and to a ventilation condition. After the cycles, the specimens are studied to identify if there is a change in mass, or changes to the specimen surface. This document provides details on the instruments, reagents, preparation and pretreatment of the test specimens, test conditions, test methods, calculation of corrosion rate, reports, etc. A feature of this document is a corrosion test method which can stimulate exposure to the real disinfection environment for metal materials. This document is applicable to the determination of corrosion of disinfectant aerosol spray to metal materials.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Different electroplating systems can be corroded under the same conditions for the same length of time. Differences in the average values of the radius or half-width or of penetration into an underlying metal layer are significant measures of the relative corrosion resistance of the systems. Thus, if the pit radii are substantially higher on samples with a given electroplating system, when compared to other systems, a tendency for earlier failure of the former by formation of visible pits is indicated. If penetration into the semi-bright nickel layer is substantially higher, a tendency for earlier failure by corrosion of basis metal is evident.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a means for measuring the average dimensions and number of corrosion sites in an electroplated decorative nickel plus chromium or copper plus nickel plus chromium coating on steel after the coating has been subjected to corrosion tests. This test method is useful for comparing the relative corrosion resistances of different electroplating systems and for comparing the relative corrosivities of different corrosive environments. The numbers and sizes of corrosion sites are related to deterioration of appearance. Penetration of the electroplated coatings leads to appearance of basis metal corrosion products.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document provides the data of exposure test results for carbon steel and galvanized steel sheets in three countries, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand, under the “e-Asia Project” as valuable information on the corrosivity of atmospheres in the world.
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This document gives guidelines for producing corrosivity maps and maps related to increased risk of corrosion in outdoor open atmospheres, but not sheltered or semi-sheltered positions. The maps are calculated based on environmental data using specific relationships, so-called dose-response functions. Other means of producing corrosivity maps, for example using detailed measurements of corrosion and subsequent interpolation of measured corrosion values, are not within the scope of this document.
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This document specifies the general requirements for designing and conducting tests to assess the susceptibility of metals and alloys to stress corrosion cracking under atmospheric exposure conditions. The testing methodology includes exposure to natural environments and environments in artificially accelerated laboratory tests. Applications include aluminium and its alloys in aerospace and construction; stainless steels in construction, pressure vessels, and nuclear waste containment; high strength low alloy steels in automotive, construction, and in lifting chains.
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This document specifies the procedures for testing the resistance to localized corrosion of biomedical Ti alloys fabricated via additive manufacturing (AM) method. This document defines the method of measuring the electrochemical critical localized corrosion potential (E-CLCP) of the AM Ti materials in aqueous environments, including biomedical solutions, for comparative evaluation of resistance to localized corrosion.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Axially loaded tension specimens provide one of the most versatile methods of performing a stress-corrosion test because of the flexibility permitted in the choice of type and size of test specimen, stressing procedures, and range of stress levels.
4.2 The uniaxial stress system is simple; hence, this test method is often used for studies of stress-corrosion mechanisms. This type of test is amenable to the simultaneous exposure of unstressed specimens (no applied load) with stressed specimens and subsequent tension testing to distinguish between the effects of true stress corrosion and mechanical overload (2). Additional considerations in regard to the significance of the test results and their interpretation are given in Sections 6 and 10.
4.3 Wide variations in test results may be obtained for a given material and specimen orientation with different specimen sizes and stressing procedures. This consideration is significant especially in the standardization of a test procedure for interlaboratory comparisons or quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for designing, preparing, and using ASTM standard tension test specimens for investigating susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking. Axially loaded specimens may be stressed quantitatively with equipment for application of either a constant load, constant strain, or with a continuously increasing strain.
1.2 Tension test specimens are adaptable for testing a wide variety of product forms as well as parts joined by welding, riveting, or various other methods.
1.3 The exposure of specimens in a corrosive environment is treated only briefly because other standards are being prepared to deal with this aspect. Meanwhile, the investigator is referred to Practices G35, G36, G37, and G44, and to ASTM Special Technical Publication 425 (1).2
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies the performance evaluation test method for corrosion inhibitors used in chemical cleaning of industry equipment. It includes instruments, reagents, preparation and pretreatment of the specimen, test conditions, test methods, reports, etc. The performance evaluation test method includes the static or the dynamic test. This document is applicable to testing the performance of corrosion inhibitors used in chemical cleaning of industry equipment.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Crude petroleum contains sulfur compounds, most of which are removed during refining. However, of the sulfur compounds remaining in the petroleum product, some can have a corroding action on various metals, including copper, and this corrosivity is not necessarily related to the total sulfur content. The effect can vary according to the chemical types of sulfur compounds present. This copper foil strip corrosion test is designed to assess the relative degree of corrosivity of a petroleum product towards copper and copper-containing alloys using a shorter test duration than that specified in Test Method D130.
4.2 Some sulfur species may become corrosive to copper only at higher temperatures. Thus, higher test temperatures, particularly 100 °C (212 °F), may be used to test some products by the pressure vessel procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosiveness to copper of aviation gasoline, aviation turbine fuel, automotive gasoline, natural gasoline, or other hydrocarbons having a vapor pressure no greater than 124 kPa (18 psi), cleaners (for example, Stoddard solvent), kerosine, diesel fuel, distillate fuel oil, lubricating oil, and other petroleum products.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.2.1 Exception—The values in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1, 10.1.1, and Annex A2.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document provides an overview of the erosion corrosion tests of materials in single-phase flowing liquids and the test methods available.
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