ISO/TC 156 - Corrosion of metals and alloys

This document sets out a methodology for the exposure zone division of reinforced concrete structures in marine environments, based on a test procedure that is provided in this document. This document is applicable to the division of coastal and offshore marine environment areas. It is not applicable to typhoon, strong tide and other marine environment areas. Annexes B, C, and D provide examples of marine environment zonation to illustrate the methodology.

This document specifies: a) the determination of mass gain; b) the surface inspection of products of hafnium when corrosion tested in water at 360 °C. This document is applicable to hot-work or cold-work hafnium rods, wires, plates, sheets and strips. This method has been widely used in the development of hafnium products. It is applicable for use in its entirety to the extent specified for a product acceptance test, rather than merely a means of assessing performance in service of pressurized water reactor.

This document specifies the apparatus, materials, specimen preparation, procedures, results and reports for testing the corrosion test of steel bars. This document includes an evaluation method. This document applies to reinforced concrete structures exposed simultaneously to atmospheric, splash, tidal, immersion, and buried zones in marine environments. NOTE Annex A provides test apparatus examples. Annex B illustrates test results.

This standard specifies the general requirements of the corrosion control engineering life cycle in nuclear power plants. This standard applies to of various activities management of the corrosion control engineering life cycle in nuclear power plants.

This document specifies an atmospheric accelerated test procedure in two closely related variants that contain intermittent salt exposure combined with dynamic humidity patterns: variant A at constant dew point and variant B at constant temperature. These variants are used in assessing the corrosion resistance of metals in environments where there is a significant influence of chloride ions, mainly as sodium chloride from, for example, winter road de-icing salt. The results obtained do not permit far-reaching conclusions on the corrosion resistance of the tested metallic material under the whole range of environmental conditions in which it can be used. Nevertheless, the method provides information on the relative corrosion resistance of a material exposed to a salt-contaminated environment with varying humidity conditions. The two accelerated laboratory corrosion test variants are applicable to: — metals and their alloys (ferrous and non-ferrous); — metallic coatings; — chemical conversion coatings; — organic coating on metals; — a combination of materials and coatings that include galvanic interactions and/or crevice conditions. NOTE 1 If testing low-alloy stainless steels according to this document, especially austenitic grades, there is a risk of exaggerated pitting, which is not representative of most service environments. NOTE 2 This document is not suitable for testing of wax and oil-based rust protection agents, due to the constantly elevated temperature condition of the test. This document also specifies requirements on the test equipment and contains detailed procedures for quality control, including recommended instrumentation. This document does not specify the dimensions of the tests specimens, the exposure period to be used for a particular product, or the interpretation of the results. Such details are provided in the appropriate product specifications.

This document specifies the general requirements for various factors in the corrosion control engineering throughout the life cycle of equipment and devices of power transmission and transformation systems. This document is applicable to the corrosion control engineering of power transmission and transformation systems.

This document specifies the examination of samples that have been exposed to corrosive environments at high temperatures. This document specifies the classification, identification and thickness measurement of the corrosion layer that forms during exposure to corrosive environments at high temperatures.

This document specifies two accelerated corrosion test methods. These methods assess the corrosion resistance of products containing copper in environments where there is a significant influence of chloride ions, mainly as sodium chloride from a marine source or winter road de-icing salt, as well as the influence of corrosion-promoting gases from industrial or traffic air pollution. This document specifies both the test apparatus and test procedures to be used in executing the accelerated corrosion tests. The methods are especially suitable for assessing the corrosion resistance of sensitive products with metals, e.g. electronic components, used in traffic and industrial environments.

This document defines requirements and gives recommendations for the chemical composition, electrochemical properties, physical tolerances and test and inspection procedures for cast galvanic anodes of aluminium, magnesium and zinc-based alloys for cathodic protection in seawater, saline sediment and brackish water. Information on salinity ranges can be found in Annex A. The requirements and recommendations of this document can be applied to any available anode shape for cast anodes, e.g. trapezoid, circular, half-spherical cross sections, bracelet type. Whilst other metals, such as soft iron, can be used as galvanic anode material to protect more noble metals than iron and steel, these are not covered in this document.

This document defines terms relating to corrosion that are widely used in modern science and technology. In addition, some definitions are supplemented with short explanations. Throughout the document, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry rules for electrode potential signs are applied. The term “metal” is also used to include alloys and other metallic materials. Terms and definitions related to the inorganic surface treatment of metals are given in ISO 2080.

This document specifies general requirements and parameters for the pilot test evaluation of corrosion and scaling control additives in open recirculating cooling water systems. This document covers parameters including test unit design, operation, water quality and contamination. It also covers the design and operation of pilot test devices as well as parameters to be evaluated in pilot test units. This document covers the criteria that are used in pilot scale testing programmes for selecting water treatment programmes for specific recirculating cooling water systems. This document is only applicable to open recirculating cooling water systems. It does not apply to closed cooling systems and once-through cooling water systems. This document applies only to systems that incorporate shell and tube heat exchangers with standard uncoated smooth tubes and cooling water on the tube side. This document does not apply to heat exchangers with shell-side water, plate and frame and/or spiral heat exchangers and other heat exchange devices. However, when the test conditions are properly set up to model the surface temperature and shear stress in more complex heat transfer devices, the test results can predict the results of operating heat exchangers of that design. The test criteria established in this document are not intended to govern the type of bench and pilot scale testing normally carried out by water treatment companies as part of their proprietary product development programmes. However, water treatment companies can choose to use the criteria in this document as guidelines in the development of their own product development test procedures.

This document specifies the principles, reagents and materials, test apparatus, test methods, evaluation of results and requirements for test reports using pilot tests for industrial cooling water systems. This document specifies a method to evaluate the performance of treatment programmes for open recirculating cooling water systems. It is based primarily on laboratory testing, but the heat exchanger testing facility can also be used for on-site evaluation. This document does not include heat exchangers with cooling water on the shell-side (i.e. external to the tubes).

This document specifies an aerosol spray method for testing the corrosivity of disinfectants against metallic materials. The test method involves the cyclic exposure of test specimens to a mist of disinfectant and to a ventilation condition. After the cycles, the specimens are studied to identify if there is a change in mass, or changes to the specimen surface. This document provides details on the instruments, reagents, preparation and pretreatment of the test specimens, test conditions, test methods, calculation of corrosion rate, reports, etc. A feature of this document is a corrosion test method which can stimulate exposure to the real disinfection environment for metal materials. This document is applicable to the determination of corrosion of disinfectant aerosol spray to metal materials.

This document specifies a method for evaluating depositions on real structures and equipment by wiping. Depositions become corrosion and/or degradation factors for metals, alloys and organic materials, and can be analysed quantitatively to control the corrosion and degradation of real structures and equipment. The method specified in this document is suitable for evaluating the type and amounts of depositions on real structures and equipment in all industries. This method identifies the type of depositions and gives instantaneous values of the concentrations of water-soluble and insoluble depositions, which are expressed by mass per area without a time component. These values provide information on environmental factors related to corrosion and degradation. The method can be used to detect water-soluble depositions, including chloride ion, sulfate ion and other ions, and can assist users in understanding the synergistic and antagonistic effects that accelerate corrosion. This document is applicable to: — metals and their alloys; — metallic coatings; — organic coatings; — concretes and other structural materials. The method for determining chloride on clean surfaces, which ensures the cleanness of steel substrates after surface preparation such as grinding, polishing, cleaning and rinsing and before the application of paints, is given in ISO 8502-2, ISO 8502-5, ISO 8502-6 and ISO 8502-9.

This document provides the data of exposure test results for carbon steel and galvanized steel sheets in three countries, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand, under the “e-Asia Project” as valuable information on the corrosivity of atmospheres in the world.

This document gives guidelines for producing corrosivity maps and maps related to increased risk of corrosion in outdoor open atmospheres, but not sheltered or semi-sheltered positions. The maps are calculated based on environmental data using specific relationships, so-called dose-response functions. Other means of producing corrosivity maps, for example using detailed measurements of corrosion and subsequent interpolation of measured corrosion values, are not within the scope of this document.

This document specifies the general requirements for designing and conducting tests to assess the susceptibility of metals and alloys to stress corrosion cracking under atmospheric exposure conditions. The testing methodology includes exposure to natural environments and environments in artificially accelerated laboratory tests. Applications include aluminium and its alloys in aerospace and construction; stainless steels in construction, pressure vessels, and nuclear waste containment; high strength low alloy steels in automotive, construction, and in lifting chains.

This document specifies the procedures for testing the resistance to localized corrosion of biomedical Ti alloys fabricated via additive manufacturing (AM) method. This document defines the method of measuring the electrochemical critical localized corrosion potential (E-CLCP) of the AM Ti materials in aqueous environments, including biomedical solutions, for comparative evaluation of resistance to localized corrosion.

This document specifies the performance evaluation test method for corrosion inhibitors used in chemical cleaning of industry equipment. It includes instruments, reagents, preparation and pretreatment of the specimen, test conditions, test methods, reports, etc. The performance evaluation test method includes the static or the dynamic test. This document is applicable to testing the performance of corrosion inhibitors used in chemical cleaning of industry equipment.

This document provides an overview of the erosion corrosion tests of materials in single-phase flowing liquids and the test methods available.

This document provides guidelines and requirements for the corrosion testing of metals and alloys in the simulated environment of deep-sea water, including principle, testing equipment, specimen preparation, testing procedure and evaluation after test. This document applies to the immersion testing, corrosion testing under stress condition and electrochemical testing in the simulated environment of deep-sea water in the laboratory. Testing of other materials such as composites and elastomers can also be carried out in the simulated environment of deep-sea water with reference to this document, but the evaluation of these materials after the testing is different from that of metals and alloys.

This document describes the general procedure for electrochemical measurements in high-temperature molten salts using potentiodynamic polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and describes the experimental apparatus.

This document specifies a method to test for intergranular corrosion (IGC) in austenitic stainless steels using an oxalic acid etch. This method can evaluate non-sensitization of austenitic stainless steels by observing the structure of the etched surface with a microscope after performing electrolytic etching (hereinafter called “etching”) on austenitic stainless steel in an oxalic acid solution.

The document specifies a method for undertaking uniaxial constant load testing of the susceptibility of a metal, or an alloy, to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in high-purity water environments at high temperature (above the boiling point of water at normal pressures) and pressure. The test method is particularly applicable to simulated primary water environments of light water reactors (LWRs). The test method enables assessment of the relative resistance to SCC of a material in different environments and the comparative resistance of different materials (using the same environment, specimen dimensions and loading). The terms “metal” and “alloy”, as used in the document, include weld metals and weld heat affected zones.

This document specifies a method for testing the corrosivity of disinfectants against metals and alloys (for example, apparatus, reagents and materials, test specimens, pre-cleaning of test specimens, conditioning, procedure, test report) under total immersion conditions. This document is applicable to the determination of corrosion of disinfectants to metal materials under total immersion. Other corrosion test methods are not included in this document, and this document does not include the evaluation of corrosion test results. This document does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility for the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This document specifies tests which are intended to determine the influence of one or more flowing polluting gas(es) at volume fractions less than or equal to 10−6 on test samples and/or articles of metals and alloys with or without corrosion protection under determined conditions of temperature and relative humidity. This document is applicable to a) metals and their alloys, b) metallic coatings (anodic and cathodic), c) metals with conversion coatings, d) metals with anodic oxide coatings, and e) metals with organic coatings.

This document specifies a test method for the measurement of the pitting potential of aluminium and aluminium alloys in sodium chloride solution of a mass fraction of 5 %, with a fixed concentration of acetic acid as the oxidant, using a two-electrode system. This document provides a simple method for ranking aluminium alloys and is especially useful for evaluating galvanic protection performance of thin clad materials because the test method causes little specimen damage.

This document specifies the apparatus, the reagents and the procedure to be used in conducting the neutral salt spray (NSS), acetic acid salt spray (AASS) and copper-accelerated acetic acid salt spray (CASS) tests for assessment of the corrosion resistance of metallic materials, with or without permanent or temporary corrosion protection. It also describes the method employed to evaluate the corrosivity of the test cabinet environment. It does not specify the dimensions or types of test specimens, the exposure period to be used for a particular product, or the interpretation of results. Such details are provided in the appropriate product specifications. The salt spray tests are particularly useful for detecting discontinuities, such as pores and other defects, in certain metallic, organic, anodic oxide and conversion coatings. The NSS test is particularly applicable to: — metals and their alloys; — metallic coatings (anodic and cathodic); — conversion coatings; — anodic oxide coatings; — organic coatings on metallic materials. The AASS test is especially useful for testing decorative coatings of copper + nickel + chromium, or nickel + chromium. It has also been found suitable for testing anodic and organic coatings on aluminium. The CASS test is useful for testing decorative coatings of copper + nickel + chromium, or nickel + chromium. It has also been found suitable for testing anodic and organic coatings on aluminium. The salt spray methods are all suitable for checking that the quality of a metallic material, with or without corrosion protection, is maintained. They are not intended to be used for comparative testing as a means of ranking different materials relative to each other with respect to corrosion resistance or as means of predicting long-term corrosion resistance of the tested material.

This document establishes requirements for designing tests and test specimens and conducting tests to assess susceptibility of additively manufactured metals and alloys to localized corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking in aqueous solutions.

This document specifies general requirements for each element in the life cycle of corrosion control engineering in fossil fuel power plants. This document is applicable to corrosion control engineering of all types of fossil fuel power plants.

This document specifies the thermogravimetric method (continuous measurement) for isothermal and cyclic exposure of metals and metallic alloys at high temperature under corrosive conditions.

This document specifies the requirements for the external and internal cathodic protection for offshore wind farm structures. It is applicable for structures and appurtenances in contact with seawater or seabed environments. This document addresses: — design and implementation of cathodic protection systems for new steel structures; — assessment of residual life of existing cathodic protection systems; — design and implementation of retrofit cathodic protection systems for improvement of the protection level or for life extension of the protection; — inspection and performance monitoring of cathodic protection systems installed on existing structures, and — guidance on cathodic protection of reinforced concrete structures.

This document specifies performance requirements for cathodic protection of steel in cement-based concrete, in both new and existing structures. It covers building and civil engineering structures, including carbon steel reinforcement and prestressed reinforcement embedded in the concrete. It is applicable to uncoated steel reinforcement and to organic-coated steel reinforcement. It is not applicable to reinforced concrete containing electrically conductive fibres (e.g. carbon or steel). This document applies to steel embedded in atmospherically exposed, buried, immersed and tidal elements of buildings or structures. This document is only applicable to the applications of cathodic protection to steel in concrete which are designed with the intention to, and can be demonstrated to, meet the criteria of protection specified in 8.6. This requires the provision of sufficient performance monitoring systems as specified in 6.3 to all parts of the structure intended to be protected, in order to assess the extent to which the criteria in 8.6 are met. This document does not apply to galvanic anodes or systems applied into patch repairs to reduce the effects of ‘incipient anodes’. This document does also not apply to any form of cathodic protection systems or other electrochemical treatments that either cannot meet the requirements of 8.6 or are not provided with the performance monitoring systems (see 6.3) that are necessary to assess whether the criteria of protection specified in 8.6 are met. NOTE 1 Annex A gives guidance on the principles of cathodic protection and its application to steel in concrete. NOTE 2 This document, while not specifically intended to address cathodic protection of steel in any electrolyte except concrete, can be applied to cathodic protection of steel in other cementitious materials such as are found, for example, in early 20th century steel-framed masonry, brick and terracotta clad buildings. In such applications, additional considerations specific to these structures are required in respect of design, materials and installation of cathodic protection; however, the requirements of this document can be applied to these systems.

This document provides an overview of the corrosivity of disinfectants and corrosion protection when using disinfectants, including an overview of test methods that can be used to determine their corrosivity. This document is generic and applicable to organizations of all sizes in all industries, as well as to families and individuals, and it is intended to assist in determining appropriate health and safety measures regarding the use of disinfectants. The resolution of security issues related to the use of disinfectants is outside the scope of this document.

This document specifies a method for evaluating the aesthetic appearance of stainless steels qualitatively by rating rust and stains formed by atmospheric corrosion. The rust and stains on stainless steels formed by atmospheric corrosion are rated by using 10 photographic standards. This method is especially suitable for evaluating the appearance of specimens and structures made of stainless steels under atmosphere exposure.

This document specifies a test method for particle-free erosion corrosion of metallic materials by use of jet-in-slit which is flow induced corrosion in single phase flowing liquids. The test method can be used for ranking materials performance, selecting candidate materials and testing the effects of corrosion inhibitors.

This document specifies: a) the determination of mass gain; b) the surface inspection of products of zirconium and its alloys when corrosion is tested in water at 360 °C or in steam at or above 400 °C; c) the performance of tests in steam at 10,3 MPa. This document is applicable to wrought products, castings, powder metallurgy products and weld metals. This method has been widely used in the development of new alloys, heat-treating practices and for the evaluation of welding techniques. It is applicable for use in its entirety to the extent specified for a product acceptance test, rather than merely a means of assessing performance in service.

1.1 This document specifies procedures for designing, preparing and using pre-cracked specimens for investigating the susceptibility of metal to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) by means of tests conducted under rising load or rising displacement. Tests conducted under constant load or constant displacement are dealt with in ISO 7539-6. The term “metal” as used in this document includes alloys. 1.2 Because of the need to confine plasticity at the crack tip, pre-cracked specimens are not suitable for the evaluation of thin products such as sheet or wire and are generally used for thicker products including plate, bar, and forgings. They can also be used for parts joined by welding. 1.3 Pre-cracked specimens can be stressed quantitatively with equipment for application of a monotonically increasing load or displacement at the loading points. 1.4 A particular advantage of pre-cracked specimens is that they allow data to be acquired from which critical defect sizes, above which stress corrosion cracking can occur, can be estimated for components of known geometry subjected to known stresses. They also enable rates of stress corrosion crack propagation to be determined. 1.5 A principal advantage of the test is that it takes account of the potential impact of dynamic straining on the threshold for stress corrosion cracking. 1.6 At sufficiently low loading rates, the threshold stress intensity factor for susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking, KISCC, determined by this method can be less than or equal to that obtained by constant load or displacement methods and can be determined more rapidly.

This document specifies a test method for determining the stress corrosion crack (SCC) growth rate of steels and alloys under static-load conditions in high-temperature water, such as the simulated water environment of light water reactors. The crack length of the specimen is monitored by a potential drop method (PDM) during the test in an autoclave. The test method is applicable to stainless steels, nickel base alloys, low alloy steels, carbon steels and other alloys.

This document specifies procedures for the removal of corrosion products formed on metal and alloy corrosion test specimens during their exposure in corrosive environments. For the purpose of this document, the term "metals" refers to pure metals and alloys. The specified procedures are designed to remove all corrosion products without significant removal of base metal. This allows an accurate determination of the mass loss of the metal, which occurred during exposure to the corrosive environment. In some cases, these procedures are also applicable to metal coatings, providing the possible effects from the substrate are considered.

This document specifies the general requirements for control elements in the life cycle of corrosion control engineering. It is applicable to all types of corrosion control engineering programmes.

This document specifies the general requirements for risk assessment in the life cycle of corrosion control engineering. This document is applicable to a risk assessment of all types of corrosion control engineering programmes.

This document specifies the general requirements for control elements in the life cycle of pipeline corrosion control engineering. This document is applicable to all types of pipeline corrosion control engineering programmes.

This document gives guidelines for the corrosion testing of metals and alloys exposed in deep-sea water, including the selection of the test site, components and assembly of the test system, specimen preparation, testing procedure, evaluation after the retrieval from exposure sites and test report. This document is applicable to the general corrosion exposure testing of metals and alloys as well as localized corrosion tests such as stress corrosion cracking (SCC) testing, galvanic corrosion testing and crevice corrosion testing of specimens exposed in deep-sea water. Testing with exposure in deep sea of other materials such as composites and elastomers can also be carried out with reference to these guidelines, but the evaluation of these materials after the retrieval is different from that of metals and alloys. This document does not include the performance testing of sacrificial anodes for cathodic protection in the field of deep sea, which can be conducted using specified testing cells and equipment in the deep-sea exposure. However, this guidance can also provide useful information as reference for conducting performance testing of sacrificial anodes in deep-sea water.

This document specifies the methodology of using multielectrode arrays for the measurement of the corrosion, especially localized corrosion, of metals and alloys. It can be used as a powerful tool for studying the initiation and propagation processes of localized corrosion. It is also a useful tool for long-term corrosion monitoring in the field, especially for localized corrosion, and for obtaining high throughput results for the evaluation of metals with different compositions and/or physical properties in different environments and the screening of a large number of inhibitors. Additionally, the galvanic coupling current and potential distribution of dissimilar metal parings can be assessed by multielectrode arrays. Multielectrode arrays can be implemented in full-immersion, thin-film, spray and alternating wet?dry cycle exposures. This document is not intended to be used for measurements of corrosion caused by a non-electrochemical mechanism.