ASTM D7602-11(2017)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7602 − 11 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Practice for
Installation of Vulcanized Rubber Linings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7602; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4538 Terminology Relating to Protective Coating and
Lining Work for Power Generation Facilities
1.1 Thispracticecoversthetechniquesusedtoinstallrubber
D5162 Practice for Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of Non-
lining sheet stock in metal tanks, pipes, and other components.
conductive Protective Coating on Metallic Substrates
Installation requirements, procedures, inspection instructions,
E1216 Practice for Sampling for Particulate Contamination
and storage conditions for the lined tanks or equipment are
by Tape Lift
outlined.
2.2 International Organization for Standardization:
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
ISO 8502-3 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before Applica-
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
tion of Paints and Related Products—Tests for theAssess-
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
ment of Surface Cleanliness—Part 3:Assessment of Dust
and are not considered standard.
on Steel Surfaces Prepared for Painting (Pressure-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Sensitive Tape Method)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2.3 NACE Standards:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
SP0178 Standard Recommended Practice—Fabrication
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Details, Surface Finish Requirements and Proper Design
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Considerations for Tanks and Vessels to be Lined for
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Immersion Service
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
SP0188 Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of New Protective
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Coatings
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
2.4 SSPC Standards:
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
SSPC-TechnologyGuide15 FieldMethodsforRetrievaland
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Analysis of Soluble Salts on Steel and Other Nonporous
2. Referenced Documents Substrates
2 SSPC-SP 1 Solvent Cleaning
2.1 ASTM Standards:
SSPC-SP 2 Hand Tool Cleaning
D429 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Adhesion to
SSPC-SP 3 Power Tool Cleaning
Rigid Substrates
SSPC-SP 5/NACE No. 1 White Metal Blast Cleaning
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-
SSPC-VIS 1 Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel
ness
Surfaces Prepared by Dry Abrasive Blast Cleaning
D4285 Test Method for Indicating Oil or Water in Com-
pressed Air
3. Terminology
D4417 Test Methods for Field Measurement of Surface
3.1 Definitions—Definitions for use with this standard are
Profile of Blast Cleaned Steel
shown in Terminology D4538 or other applicable standards.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D33 on Protective
Coating and Lining Work for Power Generation Facilities and is the direct
responsibilityofSubcommitteeD33.09onProtectiveLiningforAirQualityControl
Systems. Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originally 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7602 – 11. DOI: Available from NACE International (NACE), 15835 ParkTen Pl., Houston,TX
10.1520/D7602-11R17. 77084, http://www.nace.org.
2 5
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC), 800 Trumbull Dr.,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Pittsburgh, PA 15205, http://www.sspc.org.Available from American Architectural
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Manufacturers Association (AAMA), 1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 550,
the ASTM website. Schaumburg, IL 60173-4268, http://www.aamanet.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7602 − 11 (2017)
3.2.1 autoclave, n—a pressure vessel used for the curing or adhesive will not be required. After vulcanization, the area so
vulcanization of rubber parts by means of steam under pres- treated is homogeneous and should be considered identical to
sure. a lap joint or seam, not a patch or repair.
3.2.2 blister, n—an isolated convex deformation arising 3.2.20 patch or repair, n or v—the remedy to a defect that is
from the detachment of one or more layers of lining material. done after vulcanization necessitating application of uncured
sheet stock to fully cured or vulcanized stock.
3.2.3 bond failure, n—a separation of two adjoining sur-
faces. 3.2.21 primer, n—a coating applied to the surface of a
material, prior to the application of an adhesive; sometimes
3.2.4 calender, n—a machine equipped with two or more
considered as a part of the adhesive system.
heavy, internally heated or cooled rolls, that is used for
continuous sheeting or plying-up of rubber compounds. 3.2.22 semi-hard rubber, n—a term used for hard rubber
which when fully cured is flexible and can be bent without
3.2.5 calender blister, n—trapped air between calender plies
shattering.
of a multi-ply rubber buildup.
3.2.23 skive, n—a cut made on an angle to the surface
3.2.6 chemical cure, n—a rubber lining system which can
producing a tapered or feathered edge.
cure at low temperatures by topically applying a liquid curing
agent. 3.2.24 soft rubber, n—a term used for rubber with a hard-
ness after cure of 70 durometer “A” scale, or less.
3.2.7 cutting table, n—a table used for laying out, cutting
and cementing rubber sheets prior to application to the com- 3.2.25 stitch, v—the act of joining two pieces of uncured
rubbercompoundtogetherbymeansofastitchingroller,which
ponent to be lined; often, the table is heated when used.
is a handheld tool comprised of a wheel with a narrow edge
3.2.8 closed skive, n—a reverse-angle cut along the edge of
that is often serrated.
a rubber panel that enables the installer to stitch down the cut
edge so that the bottom layer of rubber or tie gum is protected 3.2.26 surface imperfection, n—a condition on the surface
of sheet stock that, although presenting an appearance other
from exposure to the commodity contained within the tank or
pipe. than smooth, is not detrimental to the serviceability of the
lining.
3.2.9 defect, n—a condition that prevents the lining from
serving its function. 3.2.27 tack cement, n—a formulated rubber/cement mixture
which can be rolled or brushed on surfaces which will hold the
3.2.10 down skive, n—see closed skive.
rubber panel in place until cure takes place; normally consid-
3.2.11 durometer, n—an instrument used for measuring the
ered a part of the adhesive system.
hardness of rubber and plastics; the “A” durometer scale is
3.2.28 tiegum,n—anintermediatelayerofrubberemployed
used for flexible materials and the “D” for rigid materials.
to promote bonding of two surfaces; usually a soft rubber
3.2.12 durometer hardness, n—a value that indicates the
compound.
indentationorresistancetoindentationoftheindicatorpointof
3.2.29 wrinkle, n—it is a (1) surface imperfection if is has
a durometer; higher values indicate harder materials.
no effect on the serviceability of the lining because the full
3.2.13 face stock, n—the commodity-contacting stock in a
thickness and integrity of the material under the surface
multi-component lining.
imperfection is unaffected or (2) defect if it violates the
3.2.14 freshening, v—solvent washing of a rubber surface to
thickness tolerance specified or the integrity of the sheet and
provide tack.
shall be appropriately addressed with an overlay if it is
identified before cure or removal and repair if it is identified
3.2.15 hard rubber, n—amaterialmadebythevulcanization
after cure.
of rubber with high levels of sulfur, where the higher hardness
is due to the sulfur content.
4. Significance and Use
3.2.16 liner cloth, n—a separator, usually of cloth, plastic
4.1 The storage of corrosive or abrasive solutions or sus-
film, or paper, used to prevent adjacent layers of material from
pensions requires that the metal surface of storage tanks, large
sticking together.
pipes, or holding vessels be lined with a material that resists
3.2.17 muslin, n—a broad term describing a wide variety of
such action. Vulcanized rubber that is securely adhered to the
plain-weave cotton or polyester/cotton fabrics ranging from
tank or other metal surface imparts such resistance.An integral
lightweight sheers to heavier sheeting; quite frequently used as
part of the installation of such linings is the vulcanization
a liner in rolling up cemented rubber lining panels.
operation that produces proper mechanical strength, chemical
resistance, and sufficient rubber-to-metal adhesion.
3.2.18 open skive, n—a cut made on an angle to the surface
producing a tapered or feathered edge with the bottom layer of
4.2 Service conditions will dictate what type of rubber is
rubber or tie gum exposed to the commodity contained within
used. Also, the service conditions will determine the proper
the tank or pipe.
thickness of the rubber and the particular compound or
3.2.19 overlay, n—a layer of uncured stock applied to compounds used in a lining. For example: temperatures over
uncured sheet stock to achieve at least the minimum thickness 140°F (60°C) typically require a thickness of ⁄4 in. (6.35 mm).
specified.
Some service conditions that have a solution composed of
3.2.19.1 Discussion—If properly performed, a non-rubber several chemicals may require different layers of rubber
D7602 − 11 (2017)
compounds. Within these layers, the hardness or durometer of experience. Past experience is very important and, in many
the rubber may be changed as well to provide the longest cases, cannot be confirmed by short-term laboratory tests.
service life of the rubber lining. Consult with the rubber lining
5.5 A complete specification of service conditions is very
manufacturer when selecting the rubber lining system and
important in the selection of a rubber sheet lining. The
preparing application specifications and procedures.
following information should be included:
5.5.1 Size, shape, and dimensions of tank or equipment to
5. Chemical Resistance of Rubber Sheet Linings
be lined (drawings if possible);
5.1 Rubber linings have excellent resistance to various 5.5.2 Dimensions, wall thickness, and type of flanges or
chemicals (acids and bases) as well as provide superior
couplings for the pipe systems;
abrasion resistance. Each manufacturer has rubber linings that
5.5.3 Chemical concentrations of all ingredients, including
are compounded for specific service conditions. For example,
defoamers, additives, or impurities in the solution to be
a typically soft natural rubber could be specified for a low-
handled;
temperature solution; however, as the temperatures increase,
NOTE 2—It is important that all ingredients be listed, no matter how
the hardness of the rubber must increase to provide the same
small their concentration, as certain materials may not remain totally in
resistance to permeation. Also, various types of rubber have
solution. They may concentrate on the bottom, the top (liquid vapor
specific resistance to different chemicals. Linings can also be interface), or volatilize in the vapor phase above the liquid level.
made with several combinations or layers of different rubber
5.5.4 Maximum, minimum, and operating temperatures and
compounds to provide multiple levels of chemical and tem-
time cycle for temperature fluctuations;
perature resistance. Even various colors can be provided when
5.5.5 Percentabrasivesolids,typeofsolid,particlesize,and
necessary.
velocity;
5.2 The types of rubber sheet linings can be listed in four
5.5.6 Indoor or outdoor installation;
categories:
5.5.7 Operating pressure or vacuum; and
5.2.1 Soft Rubber (Natural Rubber (NR) or Isoprene Rubber
5.5.8 Special requirements or conditions not covered in the
(IR))—One homogeneous layer.
factors in 5.5.1 – 5.5.7.
5.2.2 Two-Layer Construction—Semi-hard, hard, or flexible NOTE 3—To assure that the best possible lining system is specified,
provide the rubber lining manufacturer with all the information requested
hard rubber face with a soft cushion layer of rubber (tie gum).
in 5.5.1 – 5.5.8.
5.2.3 Three-Layer Construction—Soft face, semi-hard
5.6 When concentrations are low, from 0 to 5 %, it is often
rubber, and soft cushion (tie gum).
preferabletousehardorsemi-hardrubberlinings,especiallyat
NOTE 1—Each layer usually consists of 0.02- to 0.03-in. (0.5- to
higher temperatures 150 to 185°F (65 to 85°C), because of
0.8-mm) plies calendered together to produce the specified thickness.
their superior water resistance when compared with soft
5.2.4 Synthetic Rubbers—Including but not limited to neo-
rubber.
prene (polychloroprene) (CR), butyl (isobutylene-isoprene)
5.7 Soft rubber linings are normally considered suitable up
(IIR), chlorobutyl (chloro-isobutylene-isoprene) (CIIR), bro-
to 130°F (55°C) and semi-hard, hard, or synthetic rubber
mobutyl (bromo-isobutylene-isoprene) (BIIR), ethylene pro-
linings up to 185°F (85°C). At elevated temperatures, the
pylene diene (EPDM), hypalon (chlorosulfonated-
chemical effect on the lining is accelerated and the effects of
polyethylene) (CSPE), and so forth.
oxidation and diffusion are more rapid, so that the overall life
5.3 Rubber sheet linings resist many chemicals and are
of the lining will be shorter than it would be at room
considered suitable for the following, subject to temperature
temperature.
and concentration limitations:
5.8 There have been many economical applications of
5.3.1 Most inorganic acids including, but not limited to,
linings for chemical service in the range of temperatures from
hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrofluoric, and hydro-
185 to 300°F (85 to 150°C). No potential application should be
fluosilicic;
rejected because of service temperature but should be referred
5.3.2 Many organic acids including, but not limited to,
to the protective linings manufacturer.
acetic, tannic, and gallic;
NOTE 4—Generally, rubber has limited resistance to elevated tempera-
5.3.3 Inorganic salt solutions including, but not limited to,
tures. To take full advantage of rubber’s good chemical resistance, tanks
ferric chloride, zinc chloride, tin chloride, sodium cyanide, and
and vessels can be designed to use a refractory material, such as brick, to
ferrous sulfate; protecttherubberfromtheoperatingenvironment.Thetypeandthickness
of the refractory is selected so that sufficient ∆T is achieved across the
5.3.4 Inorganic bases including, but not limited to, sodium
refractory to ensure the rubber won’t exceed its temperature ratings. The
hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide;
rubber lining, protected in this manner, serves as a chemical and fluid
5.3.5 Plating solutions including, but not limited to, nickel,
permeation resisting anti-corrosion membrane.
brass, tin, zinc, silver, and cadmium; and
5.9 Alternating from one chemical service to another is not
5.3.6 Bleach solutions including, but not limited to, sodium
generally recommended. In such cases, objectionable surface
hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and chlorine.
effectsoftendevelopthatcantaketheformofcrusting,flaking,
5.4 The type of rubber sheet lining to be used for a specified and pitting, which can cause contamination of the chemical
chemical service should be recommended by the rubber lining solution. Alternate chemical service can also shorten the
manufacturerbasedontheirlaboratorytestsandindividualpast service life of the lining.
D7602 − 11 (2017)
5.10 Certain linings will swell and deteriorate in various solvent vapors. Precautions shall be taken to ensure all elec-
degrees by certain liquid fatty acids, drying oils, cyclic trical equipment, including lighting, are explosion proof.
aliphatic liquids, aromatic solvents, carbon tetrachloride, eth-
6.2.6.2 Tanks, cutting tables, and air-moving blowers shall
ylene dichloride, and carbon disulfide. This effect can be
have ground wires to eliminate the possibility of static sparks
significant even with small quantities present as the result of
during cementing and solvent-washing operations.
cumulative absorption into the lining.
6.2.6.3 Applicators and inspectors shall be provided with
3 1
industry standard protective and breathing equipment during
5.11 For the majority of installations, ⁄16-or ⁄4-in. (4.76- or
the cementing and solvent-washing operation as protection
6.35-mm) nominal thickness linings are considered standard.
1 1
against toxic solvent vapors when required.
However, there are many installations in which a ⁄8-to ⁄2-in.
6.2.6.4 Adequate provisions for removal of solvent vapors
(3.18- to 12.70-mm) nominal thickness has been used. When
eitherthetemperatureorconcentrationofthechemicalsolution by a suction blower and recirculation of fresh air shall be
provided. Atmospheric monitoring shall be used to ensure
approaches a maximum operating condition, the ⁄4-in. (6.35-
mm) nominal thickness or heavier is recommended. The vapors are maintained below the lower explosive limit (LEL).
heavier lining thickness is also used with soft rubber to handle
6.2.6.5 When possible, two 24-in. (610-mm) diameter
a severe abrasion problem.
manholes, free of obstructions, should be provided for access
NOTE 5—Although often omitted from service condition specifications,
to closed tanks. Other openings required for safety or to
rubber linings may cause discoloration or contamination of chemically
facilitate lining operations will be indicated by the applicator.
pure solutions.
6.2.6.6 All safety requirements shall conform to applicable
regulations.
6. Requirements for Installation of Rubber Sheet Linings
6.3 Metal Fabrication:
6.1 General—Rubber sheet linings can be applied in a shop
6.3.1 All welding (hot work) on the tank, pipe, or other
or in the field.
equipment to be lined shall be complete before the application
6.2 Services and Facilities—The following services and
of adhesives or rubber lining materials.
facilities are required to install a rubber sheet lining. Their
6.3.2 Metal fabrication and welding shall be in accordance
availability and cost should be agreed upon between the
with specified codes. Welds shall be continuous and have a
applicator and the purchaser.
round and smooth surface in accordance with NACE SP0178,
6.2.1 Environmental Conditions—Environmentalconditions
Condition “C,” as a minimum. Welds shall be free of porosity,
during storage and application shall be established and main-
undercuts, and sharp edges. All corners shall be ground to a
tained per manufacturer’s instructions. The environmental
minimum of ⁄8-in. (3.18-mm) radius.
conditions recommended by the manufacturer during storage
6.3.3 Allattachmentsinsidethetankshallbefittedflushand
will likely be significantly different than those recommended
fully welded and ground as described in 6.3.2.
for application.Also, the manufacturer should be consulted for
the recommended storage configuration of sheet or rolls; stack
6.4 Surface Preparation:
height, etc.Time shall be allowed for the materials to reach the
6.4.1 Preliminary Preparation:
recommended application temperature when removed from
6.4.1.1 Remove all loose corrosion products, weld spatter,
storage.
mill scale, burrs, and sharp edges from the surface to be coated
6.2.2 Scaffolding and Ladders—For large tanks, scaffolding
using the appropriate hand or power tools in accordance with
and ladders shall be provided and removed after the lining
SSPC-SP 2 and SSPC-SP 3.
operation and the initial spark tests are completed.
6.4.1.2 Remove all visible dirt, oil, grease, adhesives, tapes,
6.2.3 Workroom and Cutting Table Storage of Materials for
markers, or other surface contaminants in accordance with
Immediate Use—The workroom and materials storage should
SSPC-SP 1. If necessary, use approved solvents to assure that
be located as close to the equipment being lined as possible.
all contaminants are removed.
Both areas should be reasonably clean, and the temperature
6.4.1.3 Cast iron equipment that is to be rubber lined shall
should be maintained between 60 and 90°F (15 and 32°C) 72
undergo steam cleaning or other heat treatment before blasting
h before, and throughout, the application procedure. A cutting
to remove any volatiles or oils that may prevent the rubber
table (heated per lining manufacturer’s recommendations) with
from bonding.
a smooth top shall be provided.
6.4.1.4 Surfaces to be lined may be evaluated for the
6.2.4 Air Lines and Electrical Connections—Compressed
presence of soluble salts or other surface contamination that
air lines and electrical connections shall be provided for as
could inhibit the performance of the lining system. Guidance
specified by the applicator.
for soluble salts is contained in SSPC-Technology Guide 15.
6.2.5 Rubber shall be stored per the rubber manufacturer’s
6.4.2 Blasting:
requirements.
6.4.2.1 Before the blasting, and at the beginning of each
6.2.6 Ventilation and Safety Precautions:
shift, ensure supplied air stream is oil and water free by
6.2.6.1 Solvent vapors from adhesives may be explosive
performing a blotter test in accordance with Test Method
under certain conditions; therefore, no flame, welding, or
D4285.
smoking shall be permitted during the lining application.
Precautions shall be taken to ensure that all electrical switches 6.4.2.2 A production blast will be performed on all metal
or materials that could cause sparks are a safe distance from surfaces to be lined to remove corrosion products and staining.
D7602 − 11 (2017)
All metal surfaces shall present a uniform white metal appear- 6.6.2 Adequate piping and headers to circulate the
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