25.220.50 - Enamels
ICS 25.220.50 Details
Enamels
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Émaux
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General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 25.220.50 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Enamels". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 381 standards classified under ICS 25.220.50 (Enamels). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies requirements for the resistance of chemical enamels to chemical attack and thermal shock, as well as their designation, for ordering purposes.
It is applicable to enamels used in glass-lined apparatus, piping and other components, primarily used in process equipment in chemical plants, which are applied on to low-alloy carbon steels substrates.
NOTE The main criteria for assessing enamel quality are its resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock, and the structure of the cover coat enamel.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for the resistance of chemical enamels to chemical attack and thermal shock, as well as their designation, for ordering purposes.
It is applicable to enamels used in glass-lined apparatus, piping and other components, primarily used in process equipment in chemical plants, which are applied on to low-alloy carbon steels substrates.
NOTE The main criteria for assessing enamel quality are its resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock, and the structure of the cover coat enamel.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for the resistance of chemical enamels to chemical attack and thermal shock, as well as their designation, for ordering purposes. It is applicable to enamels used in glass-lined apparatus, piping and other components, primarily used in process equipment in chemical plants, which are applied on to low-alloy carbon steels substrates. NOTE The main criteria for assessing enamel quality are its resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock, and the structure of the cover coat enamel.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed to detect existing discontinuities in the glass coating of glassed steel equipment while maintaining a voltage low enough as to be unlikely to cause breakdown of the coating. The test is adaptable for manufacturing inspection in the processing of equipment and for field use to find existing defects which can be “plugged” or repaired before serious damage is done to the equipment. As a means of positive detection, it is applicable to process studies, quality control, or specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the detection of discontinuities in the glass coating of glassed steel equipment where such discontinuities would result in early failure due to the attack of the chemical contents of the vessel on the metal substrate. It is applicable to (1) provide a manufacturing and inspection test of glassed-steel equipment designed for relatively mild, low-temperature corrosive service, and (2) the field testing of similar equipment used in more severely corrosive environment.
Note 1: A manufacturing test method for the latter type of equipment is described in Test Method C537.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The widespread use of glassed-steel equipment in highly corrosive chemical processes has made it necessary to detect weak spots in the coating and repair them before catastrophic failure occurs in service. This test is intended to detect discontinuities and thin areas in a glass coating on metal to ensure that the coating is defect free and has sufficient thickness to withstand the prescribed service conditions. A test voltage may be selected at any desired value up to 20k V, thus making the test applicable to a wide range of thickness requirements. When, because of bubbles or defects, the thickness of glass at any spot is less than enough to withstand the applied voltage, a puncture results with an accompanying indication of a defect. Remedial action is then required to repair the defect before the equipment can be used for corrosive service. (When such defects are found before the equipment leaves the manufacturer's plant another application of glass can usually be applied and fired to become an integral part of the coating.)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the reliability of glass coating on metal and is intended for use by manufacturers of equipment that is designed to withstand highly corrosive conditions where a failure of the coating in service would cause extreme damage to the exposed metal. Its use outside the manufacturer's plant is discouraged because improper or indiscriminate testing can cause punctures that are difficult to repair without returning the equipment to the manufacturer's plant. This test method detects not only existing discontinuities in the glass coating, but also areas where the glass may be thin enough to be likely to result in premature failure in service.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document gives guidance on the selection of test methods for evaluating the performance of vitreous and porcelain enamelled finishes in different applications. This document references the test methods available for measuring the properties of these finishes and correlates these properties to the requirements of specific enamelled articles.
This document is limited for the most part to test methods in ISO documents or European standards but does not provide acceptance criteria or performance limits for the properties.
This document is applicable to all enamelled articles, irrespective of their basis metals.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of test for determining the scratch hardness of the surface of vitreous and porcelain enamels.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a simulating method of test for determination of the release of metal-ions from enamelled articles, which are intended to come into contact with food.
This document also specifies limits for the release of metal-ions from enamelled articles, which are intended to come into contact with food.
This document is applicable to enamelled articles, including tanks and vessels, which are intended to be used for the preparation, cooking, serving and storage of food.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the basic conditions concerning the method for determining the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles to heat.
The method specified is applicable to vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles that are, in service, subjected to high temperature, for example, to some cooker components, exhaust pipe silencers, gas heating chimneys and flue pipes.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the design and use of vitreous enamel coated bolted cylindrical steel tanks for the storage or treatment of water or municipal or industrial effluents and sludges.
It is applicable to the design of the tank and any associated roof and gives guidance on the requirements for the design of the foundation.
It is applicable where:
a) the tank is cylindrical and is mounted on a load-bearing base substantially at or above ground level;
b) the product of the tank diameter in metres and the wall height in metres lies within the range 5 to 500;
c) the tank diameter does not exceed 100 m and the total wall height does not exceed 50 m;
d) the stored material has the characteristics of a liquid, exerting a negligible frictional force on the tank wall; the stored material can be undergoing treatment as part of a municipal or industrial effluent treatment process;
e) the internal pressure in the headspace above the liquid does not exceed 50 kPa and the internal partial vacuum above the liquid does not exceed 10 kPa;
f) the walls of the tank are vertical;
g) the floor of the tank is substantially flat at its intersection with the wall; the floor of the tank can have a rise or fall built in to allow complete emptying of the tank contents, the slope of which does not exceed 1:100;
h) there is negligible inertial and impact load due to tank filling;
i) the minimum thickness of the tank shell is 1,5 mm;
j) the material used for the manufacture of the steel sheets is carbon steel (tanks constructed of sheets made from aluminium or stainless steel are outside the scope of this document);
k) the temperature of the tank wall during operation is within the range −50 °C to +100 °C under all operating conditions.
This document also gives details of procedures to be followed during installation on site and for inspection and maintenance of the installed tank.
It does not apply to chemical-reaction vessels.
It does not cover resistance to fire.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for the determination of the crack formation temperature of enamels for the chemical industry by subjecting enamelled steel specimens to thermal shock using cold water.
The value of the crack formation temperature measured according to this test method does not apply to the finished component (see Annex A). It is a parameter of vitreous and porcelain enamels for comparing the relative quality of different enamel formulations.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the design and use of vitreous enamel coated bolted cylindrical steel tanks for the storage or treatment of water or municipal or industrial effluents and sludges.
It is applicable to the design of the tank and any associated roof and gives guidance on the requirements for the design of the foundation.
It is applicable where:
a) the tank is cylindrical and is mounted on a load-bearing base substantially at or above ground level;
b) the product of the tank diameter in metres and the wall height in metres lies within the range 5 to 500;
c) the tank diameter does not exceed 100 m and the total wall height does not exceed 50 m;
d) the stored material has the characteristics of a liquid, exerting a negligible frictional force on the tank wall; the stored material can be undergoing treatment as part of a municipal or industrial effluent treatment process;
e) the internal pressure in the headspace above the liquid does not exceed 50 kPa and the internal partial vacuum above the liquid does not exceed 10 kPa;
f) the walls of the tank are vertical;
g) the floor of the tank is substantially flat at its intersection with the wall; the floor of the tank can have a rise or fall built in to allow complete emptying of the tank contents, the slope of which does not exceed 1:100;
h) there is negligible inertial and impact load due to tank filling;
i) the minimum thickness of the tank shell is 1,5 mm;
j) the material used for the manufacture of the steel sheets is carbon steel (tanks constructed of sheets made from aluminium or stainless steel are outside the scope of this document);
k) the temperature of the tank wall during operation is within the range −50 °C to +100 °C under all operating conditions.
This document also gives details of procedures to be followed during installation on site and for inspection and maintenance of the installed tank.
It does not apply to chemical-reaction vessels.
It does not cover resistance to fire.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the basic conditions concerning the method for determining the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles to heat.
The method specified is applicable to vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles that are, in service, subjected to high temperature, for example, to some cooker components, exhaust pipe silencers, gas heating chimneys and flue pipes.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of test for determining the scratch hardness of the surface of vitreous and porcelain enamels.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for the determination of the crack formation temperature of enamels for the chemical industry by subjecting enamelled steel specimens to thermal shock using cold water.
The value of the crack formation temperature measured according to this test method does not apply to the finished component (see Annex A). It is a parameter of vitreous and porcelain enamels for comparing the relative quality of different enamel formulations.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of the resistance of porcelain-enameled utensils to thermal shock. A hot plate, timing device, container, and sponge shall be used. The surface temperature of the hot plate, determined by any suitable surface temperature measuring device, may be varied by changing the wattage input to the hot plate. If the hot plate surface temperature be calibrated to wattage input, the desired temperature may then be set by adjusting wattage input. The wattage input or similar calibration shall be made for each surface temperature. In preparation for the test, the hot plate shall be leveled and the surface temperature shall be adjusted to a certain level. Quenching water shall be placed in a large container and its temperature shall be adjusted to a certain level. The amount of water required to fill a test utensil to a certain depth shall be measured. A dry utensil shall be centered directly on the preheated hot plate. After a certain time, the utensil shall be removed from the hot plate and the utensil immediately shall be filled to some depth with quenching water. After a few seconds, the quenching water shall be poured out and the inside of the utensil shall be wiped with a wrung-out damp sponge. After some time, the utensil on the hot plate shall be replaced. Immediately after centering the utensil on the hot plate, the input to the hot plate shall be adjusted so that the hot plate surface temperature will reach a certain level. The utensil shall be allowed to heat dry for a few minutes with the hot plate adjusted so the new surface temperature will be reached. After a certain heating period, the utensil shall be removed. This procedure shall be repeated according to the schedule given. The test shall be continued until the utensil fails or has withstood quenching after a certain heating temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of porcelain-enameled utensils to thermal shock. This test method is adaptable to any porcelain-enamel utensil that can be filled with water to a depth of 1 in. (25 mm).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the basic conditions concerning the method for determining the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles to heat. The method specified is applicable to vitreous and porcelain enamelled articles that are, in service, subjected to high temperature, for example, to some cooker components, exhaust pipe silencers, gas heating chimneys and flue pipes.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements for the design and use of vitreous enamel coated bolted cylindrical steel tanks for the storage or treatment of water or municipal or industrial effluents and sludges. It is applicable to the design of the tank and any associated roof and gives guidance on the requirements for the design of the foundation. It is applicable where: a) the tank is cylindrical and is mounted on a load-bearing base substantially at or above ground level; b) the product of the tank diameter in metres and the wall height in metres lies within the range 5 to 500; c) the tank diameter does not exceed 100 m and the total wall height does not exceed 50 m; d) the stored material has the characteristics of a liquid, exerting a negligible frictional force on the tank wall; the stored material can be undergoing treatment as part of a municipal or industrial effluent treatment process; e) the internal pressure in the headspace above the liquid does not exceed 50 kPa and the internal partial vacuum above the liquid does not exceed 10 kPa; f) the walls of the tank are vertical; g) the floor of the tank is substantially flat at its intersection with the wall; the floor of the tank can have a rise or fall built in to allow complete emptying of the tank contents, the slope of which does not exceed 1:100; h) there is negligible inertial and impact load due to tank filling; i) the minimum thickness of the tank shell is 1,5 mm; j) the material used for the manufacture of the steel sheets is carbon steel (tanks constructed of sheets made from aluminium or stainless steel are outside the scope of this document); k) the temperature of the tank wall during operation is within the range −50 °C to +100 °C under all operating conditions. This document also gives details of procedures to be followed during installation on site and for inspection and maintenance of the installed tank. It does not apply to chemical-reaction vessels. It does not cover resistance to fire.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard29 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method of test for determining the scratch hardness of the surface of vitreous and porcelain enamels.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This International Standard specifies a method of determining, by successive thermal shock tests, the
behaviour of vitreous and porcelain enamelled cooking utensils and similar articles under sudden
changes of temperature (resistance to thermal shock).
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Applies to enamelled walls of roasting devices, grills and baking devices; self-cleaning consists in the capacity first to absorb oil or fat in droplet form, and then to volatilize the greater part of the fat or oil by the sequential processes of distillation, decomposition, and combustion. Is not applicable to pyrolytically cleaning enamels.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Specifies a test method which is used as a factory production control test. The test is not intended to be used for testing the adhesion of the enamel. Annexes A and B are for information only.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for the determination of the crack formation temperature of enamels for the chemical industry by subjecting enamelled steel specimens to thermal shock using cold water. The value of the crack formation temperature measured according to this test method does not apply to the finished component (see Annex A). It is a parameter of vitreous and porcelain enamels for comparing the relative quality of different enamel formulations.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard5 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
Applies to enamelled walls of roasting devices, grills and baking devices; self-cleaning consists in the capacity first to absorb oil or fat in droplet form, and then to volatilize the greater part of the fat or oil by the sequential processes of distillation, decomposition, and combustion. Is not applicable to pyrolytically cleaning enamels.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Specifies a test method which is used as a factory production control test. The test is not intended to be used for testing the adhesion of the enamel. Annexes A and B are for information only.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This International Standard specifies a method of determining, by successive thermal shock tests, the
behaviour of vitreous and porcelain enamelled cooking utensils and similar articles under sudden
changes of temperature (resistance to thermal shock).
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document gives guidance on the selection of test methods for evaluating the performance of vitreous and porcelain enamelled finishes in different applications. This document references the test methods available for measuring the properties of these finishes and correlates these properties to the requirements of specific enamelled articles.
This document is limited for the most part to test methods in ISO documents or European standards but does not provide acceptance criteria or performance limits for the properties.
This document is applicable to all enamelled articles, irrespective of their basis metals.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document gives guidance on the selection of test methods for evaluating the performance of vitreous and porcelain enamelled finishes in different applications. This document references the test methods available for measuring the properties of these finishes and correlates these properties to the requirements of specific enamelled articles. This document is limited for the most part to test methods in ISO documents or European standards but does not provide acceptance criteria or performance limits for the properties. This document is applicable to all enamelled articles, irrespective of their basis metals.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard14 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a simulating method of test for determination of the release of metal-ions from enamelled articles, which are intended to come into contact with food.
This document also specifies limits for the release of metal-ions from enamelled articles, which are intended to come into contact with food.
This document is applicable to enamelled articles, including tanks and vessels, which are intended to be used for the preparation, cooking, serving and storage of food.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ABSTRACT
This classification covers water used in the milling of porcelain enamel frit. Three classes of water are covered: For porcelain enamel frits, Class A water should cause no difficulties in the production of a high quality finish. Class B water may be used by slight compensations in processing. Mill addition water falling into Class C should be treated before use in order to preclude faulty enamel production. For analysis, the following elements and properties shall be determined: sampling, bicarbonate, calcium & magnesium, chloride, hardness, iron, manganese, pH, sulfate, and total solids.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers water used in the milling of porcelain enamel frit.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 These definitions pertain to the terminology used in the porcelain enamel and ceramic-coated metal industries.
1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are peculiar to these industries.
1.3 Hyphenated words, double words, or phrases are listed alphabetically under the first word; additional important words are cross-referenced.
1.4 When a word or phrase, listed as a synonym, is not separately defined, the defined word or phrase is the accepted or preferred form.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a test method for determining the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamel coatings to abrasion by rubbing, grinding or other mechanical effects.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Specifies the requirements for the testing apparatus to be used. Includes a general description and figures.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a simulating method of test for determination of the release of metal-ions from enamelled articles, which are intended to come into contact with food. This document also specifies limits for the release of metal-ions from enamelled articles, which are intended to come into contact with food. This document is applicable to enamelled articles, including tanks and vessels, which are intended to be used for the preparation, cooking, serving and storage of food.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document provides a list of terms with their definitions illustrated by typical photographs, in order
to define a common vocabulary on the imperfections and damage that may occur during the
manufacture of organic matrix composite materials (which will be called “resin” in this document).
Some types of damage may also be encountered in use.
This document is restricted to their definitions and does not give any acceptance criteria. The word
“imperfection” will be preferred to the word “defect”, although the word “defect” might be usually used.
Defect acceptance criteria to be discussed between the user and customer and documented
appropriately between the two parties.
- Standard54 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for determining the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamel coatings to abrasion by rubbing, grinding or other mechanical effects.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Specifies the requirements for the testing apparatus to be used. Includes a general description and figures.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Test Method A provides the producers of porcelain enameled utensils with a quality control method of testing for resistance to boiling acid for parts randomly selected from the production line.
2.2 Test Method B provides the supplier of porcelain enamel raw materials with a laboratory method for testing the resistance of different coatings (intended for use on utensils) to boiling acid.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the resistance of porcelain enamel coatings used on utensils to attack by boiling acid.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 The measurement of adherence in porcelain enamel systems, such as ground coat, ground coat/cover coat, and direct-on cover-coat enamels, is an important procedure for monitoring process variables in metal preparation, enamel application thickness, steel selection, and enamel selection, as well as assuring the ultimate quality of the finished product.
SCOPE
1.1 The scope of this test method is:
1.1.1 To determine quantitatively the amount of enamel remaining after the porcelain enamel coating specimen has been deformed;
1.1.2 To standardize the deformation parameters for testing adherence of porcelain enamel to sheet metal; and,
1.1.3 To provide a quantitative adherence rating scale for comparison to reference standards.
1.2 This adherence test method is applicable to porcelain enamel coatings on substrates from 18 to 24 gauge (0.0478 to 0.025 in. or from 1.214 to 0.654 mm).
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ISO 28706-2:2017 specifies a test method for the determination of the resistance of flat surfaces of vitreous and porcelain enamels to boiling acids, boiling neutral liquids, alkaline liquids and/or their vapours.
This method allows the determination of the resistance of vitreous and porcelain enamels to the liquid and vapour phases of the corrosive medium simultaneously.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard17 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results of this test indicate whether or not a sheet steel will cause reboiling under one given set of enameling conditions and enable the enamel processor to establish a possible source of imperfections in the finished coating.
5.2 This test method is normally used to test samples from lots, coils, or lifts of sheet steel which for some reason, production problems, defects evident on enameled parts, or production experience are suspected of causing defects in enameled ware which have the appearance of reboiling. It is often used to establish whether a problem exists with the bare steel or other factors such as the porcelain enamel, processing contamination, and so forth.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of whether a sheet steel for porcelain enameling will reboil under a given set of worse case conditions.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method defines the thermal expansion of porcelain enamel and glaze frits by the interferometric method. This determination is critical in avoiding crazing (cracking) of these glass coatings due to mismatching of the thermal expansion between the coating and substrate materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the interferometric determination of linear thermal expansion of premelted frits (porcelain enamel and glaze) and fired ceramic whiteware materials at temperatures lower than 1000 °C (1830 °F).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 The following procedures and practices are intended to provide guidelines for processing and quality control that will provide acceptable results for the intended end use, keeping in mind the varying quality of the castings available.
1.2 The recommendations are based on what have been acceptable industry standards and experiences for over 40 years of proven product usage.
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 It is difficult to overemphasize the importance of the spall test. Porcelain enameled aluminum that fails this test will probably spall in service if subjected to moisture or weathering.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover accelerated determination of the resistance of porcelain enamel coatings on aluminum alloys to spalling from exposure to moisture or weathering. Test Method A,2 using a 5 % solution of ammonium chloride, requires 96-h immersion while Test Method B,3 using a 1 % solution of antimony trichloride, is completed after 20 h of immersion. The spalling tendency is evaluated by the same criteria in both methods. While either method is suitable for magnesium silicon alloys, such as 6061, Test Method B is preferred for simple alloys or commercially pure aluminum, such as 1100.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
Sections
Test Method A—Ammonium Chloride
4 – 9
Test Method B—Antimony Trichloride
10 – 15
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the manufacture of porcelain enameled ware, sheet steel is subjected to forming operations and subsequently to firing of the enamel at temperatures, typically, of 1400 to 1550 °F (760 to 844 °C). Some steels used for porcelain enameling are subject to grain growth in critically strained areas resulting in loss of strength.
5.2 This may lead to easy deformation of the steel and damage to the porcelain enamel coating.
5.3 This test method may be correlated with transit or use tests to evaluate the suitability of steel for porcelain enameled ware.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the yield strength of steel specimens after simulated forming and enamel firing operations.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When a porcelain enamel is first subjected to abrasion of the type involved in these tests, the rate of wear or attrition is relatively low. As the enamel is subjected to continued abrasion, the rate of wear increases until it reaches a steady value. Thereafter, the rate of wear remains almost constant until the enamel is penetrated and the underlying ground coat or metal exposed. The abrasion that occurs during the period of increasing rate-of-weight loss is defined as surface abrasion and results in reduced gloss and cleanability with high-gloss enamels and a modification of color, appearance, or surface texture, or combination thereof with low-gloss enamels. The abrasion that occurs during the period of steady rate-of-weight loss is defined as subsurface abrasion and results in the destruction of the continuity of the coating. These two types of abrasion are not necessarily proportional, and since it is desirable to be able to determine the resistance of porcelain enamel to both types of abrasion, it is necessary to deal with each one separately.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover determination of the resistance of porcelain enamels to surface abrasion and subsurface abrasion.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The fineness of the frit has a direct bearing on many of its properties, such as fusibility, tearing, gloss, opacity, suspension in the slip, and ease of spraying.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the fineness of frit in wet- or dry-milled porcelain enamels and other ceramic coatings for metals by means of the No. 200 (75-μm) or No. 325 (45-μm) sieve.
1.2 The two methods appear as follows:
Sections
Method A—Referee Method
Method B—Routine Method
4 to 9
10 to 14
1.3 Method A is intended for use where a referee method of higher accuracy is required, while Method B is intended to meet the needs of normal enamel plant production control operations where a rapid, simplified method of sieve testing is required. The accuracy of the simplified method has proved to be entirely adequate for this use. The simplified test, however, is not recommended where high accuracy is required.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method is intended specifically for testing the resistance to alkaline attack of porcelain enamels to be used as a final finish on washing machines, dishwashers, combination washer-dryers, and similar appliances where the surface is normally exposed to an alkaline environment at elevated temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 covers the measurement of the resistance of a porcelain enamel to a hot solution of tetrasodium pyrophosphate. Although the specific alkali mentioned herein is tetrasodium pyrophosphate, the equipment and techniques are equally applicable to other alkali solutions.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is intended specifically for testing the porcelain enamel finish on stoves, table tops, sinks, and other sanitary ware, laundry appliances, architectural units, etc., where the surface may come in contact with food acids at room temperature.
3.2 Citric acid has been chosen as the test medium because it is one of the most common of the food acids and will generally provide a measurable result in its action on porcelain enamel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating porcelain enamels in their resistance to citric acid exposure at room temperature. No attempt is made to categorize porcelain enamels as to their acid-resistance or non acid-resistance properties, since the requirements in the several branches of the industry differ.
1.2 The test method is applicable for ware of various shapes providing they contain a substantially flat area approximately 50 mm in diameter.
1.3 The test method is not applicable to finishes on chemical and hospital ware, which may come in contact with strong mineral acids, nor to cooking utensils, which may come in prolonged contact with hot acid solutions.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 All porcelain enamel coatings or glass coatings are by necessity under some degree of compression at room temperature. The desired degree of compression or stress depends upon the type of ware and the end use of the item. Some method of determining relative compressive stress of enamels is necessary to establish the suitability of an enamel for a proposed application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the compressive stresses (Note 1) developed by fired porcelain enamels using the loaded-beam method.
Note 1: Although some may interpret the calculations that are used in this test method as indicating compressive load, it is commonly referred to as compressive stress within the porcelain enamel industry.
1.2 This test method is limited to the use of the loaded-beam method. However, this method includes charts (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) that provide for conversion of loaded-beam test results to warp and ring stress values.
FIG. 2 Conversion Chart for Loaded-Beam Stress to Ring Stress
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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