ASTM G109-23

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Designation: G109 − 21 G109 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion
of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to
Chloride Environments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G109; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover a procedure for determining the effects of chemical admixtures on the corrosion of metals in
concrete. These test methods can be used to evaluate materials intended to inhibit chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete.
It can also be used to evaluate the corrosivity of admixtures in a chloride environment.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for
information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method
C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
C231/C231M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
C511 Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic
Cements and Concretes
C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
C876 Test Method for Corrosion Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete
C881/C881M Specification for Epoxy-Resin-Base Bonding Systems for Concrete
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.14 on Corrosion
of Metals in Construction Materials.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2021June 1, 2023. Published January 2022June 2023. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20132021 as
G109G109 – 21.–07 (2013). DOI: 10.1520/G0109-21. DOI: 10.1520/G0109-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G109 − 23
C1152/C1152M Test Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete
D448 Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge Construction
D632 Specification for Sodium Chloride
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
G3 Practice for Conventions Applicable to Electrochemical Measurements in Corrosion Testing
G193 Terminology and Acronyms Relating to Corrosion
G33 Practice for Recording Data from Atmospheric Corrosion Tests of Metallic-Coated Steel Specimens
G46 Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion
G193 Terminology and Acronyms Relating to Corrosion
2.2 SSPC/NACE Standards:
SSPC-SP 5/NACE No. 1 White Metal Blast Cleaning
3. Significance and Use
3.1 These test methods provide a reliable means for predicting the inhibiting or corrosive properties of admixtures to be used in
concrete.
3.2 The total integrated (coulombs) current is calculated to provide an indication of the corrosion that occurs due to the macrocell
corrosion.
3.3 These test methods are useful for development studies of corrosion inhibitors to be used in concrete.
3.4 These test methods have been used elsewhere with good agreement between corrosion as measured by these test methods and
corrosion damage on the embedded steel (1-4). These test methods might not properly rank the performance of different corrosion
inhibitors, especially at concrete covers over the steel less than 40 mm (1.5 in.) or water-to-cement ratios above 0.45. The concrete
mixture proportions and cover over the steel are chosen to accelerate chloride ingress. Some inhibitors might have an effect on this
process, which could lead to results that would differ from what would be expected in actual use (5).
4. Apparatus
4.1 The apparatus required for the evaluation of corrosion inhibitors includes a high impedance voltmeter (at least one Mohm)
capable of measuring to 0.001 mV, a 10 Ω (65 %) resistor.
4.2 Reference Electrode, such as a saturated silver/silver chloride or saturated calomel electrode for measuring the corrosion
potential of the bars, as defined in Terminology G193.
5. Reagents and Materials
5.1 Cement, that conforms to Type I or Type II of Specification C150/C150M or a Type 1L according to Specification
C595/C595M. Coarse aggregate shall conform to Specification C33/C33M and Classification D448, with nominal maximum size
3 3
between 9.5 mm and 19 mm ( ⁄8 in. and ⁄4 in.).
NOTE 1—Preferred maximum size aggregate is 12.5 mm (0.5 in.).
5.2 Steel Reinforcement Bars, deformed, meeting the requirement of Specification A615/A615M; with a diameter between 10 mm
(0.4 in.) and 16 mm (0.6 in.), and a length of 360 mm (14 in.), drilled and tapped at one end to be fitted with coarse-thread stainless
steel and nuts, as described in 5.3 and 5.4. These bars shall be used to manufacture the test specimens, as described in Section 6.
NOTE 2—Interlaboratory test program and statistical data in Section 11 are based upon 13 mm (0.5 in.) steel bars, 12.5 mm maximum size aggregate, and
19 mm (0.75 in.) and 25 mm (1 in.) cover.
5.3 316 Stainless Steel Screws, with diameter smaller than bar diameter (coarse thread < 5mm5 mm (0.2 in.)), 25 mm to 35 mm
(1 in. to 1.5 in.) long (one per bar).
Available from The Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP), 800 Trumbull Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15205, https://www.ampp.org.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.
G109 − 23
5.4 316 Stainless Steel Nuts, two per bar to fit stainless steel screws, as described in 5.3.
5,6
5.5 Two-part Waterproof Epoxy —This epoxy shall meet the chemical resistance requirements of a Type IV, Grade 3, Class E
of Specification C881/C881M.
5.6 Sulfuric Acid, 10 % by mass, for pickling (optional).
7,6
5.7 Electroplater’s Tape.
5.8 Neoprene Tubing, with 3 mm ( ⁄8 in.) wall thickness and the same ID as the diameter of the bar used.
5.9 Sodium Chloride, complying with Specification D632.
5.10 Salt Solution, prepared by dissolving 3 parts of sodium chloride (as described in 5.9) in 97 parts of water mass.
5.11 Epoxy Sealer, for application to the concrete specimens after manufacture. This sealer shall be of Type III, Grade 1, Class
8,6
C in accordance with Specification C881/C881M.
5.12 Plastic Dams, 75 mm (3 in.) wide and 150 mm (6 in.) long with a minimum height of 75 mm (3 in.) for placement on the
1 1
test specimens. The wall thickness shall be 61 mm ( ⁄8 in. 6 ⁄32 in.).
9,6
5.13 Silicone Caulk, for sealing the outside of the plastic dam to the top of the concrete specimen.
5.14 Hexane.
6. Preparation of Test Specimens
6.1 Method A Mill Scale Removed:
6.1.1 Power wire brush or sand blast the bars to near white metal (see SSPC-SP 5/NACE No. 1), clean by soaking in hexane, and
allow to air dry.
NOTE 3—Pickling the bars with 10 % sulfuric acid for 10 min to 15 min and rinsing with potable water prior to wire brushing is recommended when the
bars have an excessive amount of rust.
6.2 Method B Mill Scale Not Removed:
6.2.1 Bars with mill scale shall be chosen so that no visible rust is present in the portion of the bar that will not be protected at
the ends.
6.2.2 Ends to be protected shall have mill scale removed as in 6.1.
6.3 Use the same method to clean all bars in the test program.
6.4 Drill and tap one end of each bar, attach a stainless steel screw and two nuts, as described in 5.3 and 5.4, and tape each end
of the bar with electroplater’s tape so that a 200 mm (8 in.) portion in the middle of the bar is bare. Place a 90 mm (3.5 in.) length
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is PC-Epoxy, made by Protective Coating Co., Allentown, PA.
If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M).
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Epoxy Concrete Scaler # 12560, made by Devcon.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is 3M Marine Adhesive 5200.
G109 − 23
NOTE 1—The tolerances are within 65 %.
FIG. 1 Concrete Beam
of neoprene tubing, as described in 5.8, over the electroplater’s tape at each end of the bar, and fill the length of tubing protruding
from the bar ends with the two-part epoxy, as described in 5.5.
6.5 Specimen size is 280 mm × 150 mm × 115 mm (11 in. × 6 in. ×by 150 mm by 115 mm (11 in. by 6 in. by 4.5 in.). Place two
bars, as described in 5.2, 25 mm (1 in.) from the bottom, and one bar at the top such that the distance from its top to the top surface
of the specimen is twice the maximum aggregate size, as shown in Fig. 1.
NOTE 4—For example, for a 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) aggregate, place the top bar 25 mm (1 in.) from the surface. For a 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) aggregate, place the
bar 19 mm (0.75 in.) from the top surface.
6.6 Place the bars in the molds so that 40 mm (approximately 1.5 in.) of the bars are protected within each exit end from the
concrete (minimizes edge effects). This will expose 200 mm (8 in.) of steel. Place the bars with the longitudinal ribs so that they
are nearer the side of the beam, that is, both ridges are equidistant from the top or bottom of the specimen.
6.7 Make the concrete specimens (controls and those with admixtures to be tested) in accordance with Practice C192/C192M,
using the same source of materials. Determine the air content, using either Test Method C231/C231M or C173/C173M. The
water-to-cement ratio (w/c) shall not exceed 0.5. The minimum slump is 50 mm (2 in.) (See Test Method C143/C143M). Place
and consolidate the concrete in the molds containing the bars in accordance with Practice C192/C192M.
3 3 3 3
NOTE 5—The concrete parameters used in the interlaboratory test were as follows: cement content of 355 kg ⁄m 6 3 kg/m (600 lb ⁄yd 6 5 lb ⁄yd ),
0.50 w ⁄c 6 0.01 w/c (ssd aggregates), and 6 % 6 1 % air.
6.8 Add the admixture to be tested at the manufacturer’s recommended dosages. A water reducer is allowed, if needed, to achieve
the desired slump. Record the admixtures used. Except for the test admixtures, use the same admixtures in all mixtures.
6.9 A minimum of three replicates shall be made. Make the same number of replicates per admixture tested and control (see Note
6). An additio
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