ASTM C1645-22a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
Standard Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is intended to determine the effects of freezing and thawing on units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M while immersed in a test solution. Other types of segmental concrete paving units that do not conform to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M may be tested using this test method.
3.2 The results from this test method are not intended to provide a quantitative measure of the length of service from concrete paving units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method evaluates the resistance to freezing and thawing of solid interlocking concrete paving units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M. Units are tested in a test solution that is either tap water or 3 % saline solution, depending on the intended use of the units in actual service.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 30-Nov-2022
- Technical Committee
- C15 - Masonry – Manufactured Masonry Units, Mortars and Grouts
- Drafting Committee
- C15.03 - Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Sep-2018
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2016
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2013
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2012
- Effective Date
- 15-Dec-2011
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2009
Overview
ASTM C1645-22a, titled "Standard Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units," is a critical international standard developed by ASTM International. This standard outlines procedures to assess the durability of solid concrete interlocking paving units when exposed to freeze-thaw cycles and de-icing salts. The focus is on segmental paving units that follow the dimensional requirements of ASTM C936/C936M, but it is also applicable to other types of paving units.
This test method plays a vital role in evaluating how concrete pavers withstand the effects of freeze-thaw cycles and exposure to saline (de-icing) solutions-conditions often encountered in pavement applications subject to harsh weather, especially in regions where winters can damage paving surfaces.
Key Topics
- Freeze-Thaw Durability Testing: Assesses the resilience of concrete paving units by subjecting them to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing, simulating environmental stresses.
- De-icing Salt Exposure: Evaluates the effect of exposure to a 3% saline solution (or tap water) on the integrity of paving units, representing conditions found in areas where de-icing salts are commonly used.
- Applicability to Paving Units: Designed for solid interlocking concrete pavers meeting ASTM C936/C936M dimensions, yet offers guidance for segmental units of other sizes and shapes.
- Test Procedures and Parameters:
- Defined environment for freezing (+23°F/–5°C) and thawing cycles (+86°F/+30°C).
- Sampling guidelines to ensure representative units.
- Detailed instructions for conditioning, soaking, freeze-thaw cycling, residue collection, and calculation of mass loss.
- Reporting Requirements: Includes comprehensive documentation of sample identification, curing history, cycle count, mass loss, surface damage, and test deviations.
Applications
Adoption of ASTM C1645-22a brings practical value to a range of stakeholders:
- Manufacturers: Validate product durability under real-world freeze-thaw and de-icing salt conditions, demonstrating compliance with industry standards and enhancing product credibility in the marketplace.
- Designers and Engineers: Benchmark the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete pavers during specification and procurement for projects in cold climates or where de-icing chemicals are used.
- Quality Control: Standardizes the assessment across manufacturers and projects, enabling reliable comparison of performance data.
- Specifiers and Regulators: Refer to a recognized methodology to ensure installed pavements meet necessary durability requirements, reducing risk of premature failure and costly repairs.
- Research and Development: Facilitate comparative studies and innovation in material development for improved freeze-thaw and de-icing salt resistance.
Related Standards
- ASTM C936/C936M: Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units - defines dimensional requirements for the units tested under ASTM C1645-22a.
- ASTM C140: Used to determine dimensions and calculate surface area of test specimens.
- ISO Standards and WTO TBT Principles: ASTM C1645-22a aligns with globally recognized standardization practices, supporting international trade and regulatory harmonization.
Practical Value
By precisely defining freeze-thaw and de-icing durability testing for interlocking concrete pavers, ASTM C1645-22a supports the design and selection of paving units that withstand demanding climates and maintenance practices. Following this standard helps ensure the long-term performance of concrete pavements in municipal, commercial, and residential environments, ultimately benefiting owners, designers, and end users through increased durability, reduced maintenance costs, and improved public safety.
Keywords: ASTM C1645-22a, freeze-thaw durability, de-icing salt resistance, concrete interlocking pavers, paving unit testing, paving standards, concrete durability.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM C1645-22a is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 3.1 This test method is intended to determine the effects of freezing and thawing on units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M while immersed in a test solution. Other types of segmental concrete paving units that do not conform to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M may be tested using this test method. 3.2 The results from this test method are not intended to provide a quantitative measure of the length of service from concrete paving units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M. SCOPE 1.1 This test method evaluates the resistance to freezing and thawing of solid interlocking concrete paving units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M. Units are tested in a test solution that is either tap water or 3 % saline solution, depending on the intended use of the units in actual service. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 3.1 This test method is intended to determine the effects of freezing and thawing on units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M while immersed in a test solution. Other types of segmental concrete paving units that do not conform to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M may be tested using this test method. 3.2 The results from this test method are not intended to provide a quantitative measure of the length of service from concrete paving units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M. SCOPE 1.1 This test method evaluates the resistance to freezing and thawing of solid interlocking concrete paving units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M. Units are tested in a test solution that is either tap water or 3 % saline solution, depending on the intended use of the units in actual service. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM C1645-22a is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 91.080.40 - Concrete structures. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM C1645-22a has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM C936/C936M-23a, ASTM C936/C936M-18, ASTM C936/C936M-16, ASTM C936/C936M-15, ASTM C936/C936M-13, ASTM C936/C936M-12, ASTM C936/C936M-11, ASTM C936/C936M-09. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM C1645-22a is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1645 − 22a
Standard Test Method for
Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid Concrete
Interlocking Paving Units
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1645; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* that do not conform to the dimensional requirements of
Specification C936/C936M may be tested using this test
1.1 Thistestmethodevaluatestheresistancetofreezingand
method.
thawingofsolidinterlockingconcretepavingunitsconforming
to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/
3.2 The results from this test method are not intended to
C936M. Units are tested in a test solution that is either tap
provide a quantitative measure of the length of service from
water or 3% saline solution, depending on the intended use of
concrete paving units conforming to the dimensional require-
the units in actual service.
ments of Specification C936/C936M.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4. Apparatus
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
4.1 Freezing-and-Thawing Apparatus—The freezing appa-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the ratus shall consist of suitable cabinet or cold room with
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
controls to reach and maintain within1hof introduction of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- specimens an air temperature of −5 6 3°C (23 6 5°F) at all
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
locations within the chamber regardless of the number of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. specimensinthechamber.Thethawingchambershallmaintain
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
a controlled air temperature. This temperature shall never be
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- greater than +30°C (86°F).
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.2 Balance—Abalance capable of weighing 500 g with an
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
accuracyof 60.1gshallbeusedformeasuringthemassofthe
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
fine spalled material.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.3 Drying Oven—A ventilated oven of appropriate size
2. Referenced Documents
capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110 65°C
(230 69°F).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C936/C936MSpecification for Solid Concrete Interlocking
4.4 Specimen Container—The specimen container shall be
Paving Units
made of non-corroding flexible material and have dimensions
that allow complete submersion of the specimen in the test
3. Significance and Use
solution.Thesizeofthecontainershallbelessthanorequalto
3.1 This test method is intended to determine the effects of
three times the volume of the unit that is being tested. The
freezing and thawing on units conforming to the dimensional
container shall prevent evaporation of the test solution.
requirementsofSpecificationC936/C936Mwhileimmersedin
a test solution. Other types of segmental concrete paving units
5. Sampling
5.1 Selection of Test Specimens—Select whole units repre-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
sentative of the lot from which they are selected. The units
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
shall be free from visible cracks, chipped edges, and structural
C15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.
defects.
CurrenteditionapprovedonDec.1,2022.PublishedDecember2022.Originally
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as C1645–22. DOI:
5.2 Number of Test Specimens—Sample according to the
10.1520/C1645-22A.
requirements of Specification C936/C936M.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.3 Identification—Mark each test specimen so that it is
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. identifiable at any time.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1645 − 22a
6. Preparation of Test Specimens 5 6 1 mm above the top surface of the specimens (Note 1).
Afterfillingthecontainers,theyshallbeimmediatelyclosedto
6.1 Sampling—Whenpossible,specimensshallbefull-sized
minimize evaporation and the closed containers left at a
units.Whentheunitscannotbetestedfull-sizeduetospecimen
temperature of 24 6 8°C for 24 6 1h. After the 24h soak
configuration or lack of suitable specimen containers, obtain a
period, check the level of the test solution and add additional
specimen by saw-cutting a full-height coupon with a surface
test solution as needed to maintain the required level of 5 6 1
areaofatleast190cm .Testspecimensshallbeaminimumof
mm above the surface of the specimens.
28 days old before freeze-thaw cycling begins.
NOTE 1—Excess test solution volume should be avoided in order to
6.2 Curing—Allsamplesshallbemoistcuredasspecifiedin
ensure rapid freezing of the specimens. Likewise, choose a container with
6.2.2 for 14 6 1 days then air cured as specified in 6.2.3 for a a plan area similar to the test specimen to minimize excess test solution.
minimum of 14 days prior to testing.
7.4 Temperature Monitoring—Followingthe24-hsaturation
6.2.1 The manufacturer of the pavers shall have the option
period, the specimens shall be subjected to continuous freeze-
towaivecuringofthetestspecimensasspecifiedin6.2.Inthat
thaw cycles. The ambient temperature in the freeze-thaw
case, specimens shall be air cured for a minimum of 48 h as
apparatus, as well as those of the specimen, shall be continu-
specified in 6.2.3 prior to testing.
ously measured at least every 15 min and recorded. If for any
6.2.2 Moist Curing—Moist curing shall be carried out in a
reason, except for residue collection, continuous 24-h cycles
moist chamber (cabinet or room), which shall maintain a
cannot be maintained, then this shall be noted in the report.
controlled air temperature of 23 6 2°C (73 6 4°F) and a
7.5 Collection of Residue—After7,28,and(ifnecessary)49
relative humidity of at least 90%.Alternatively, the units shall
cycles, the specimens shall be washed with test solution (tap
be stored by submerging them in a saturated lime solution
water or saline, as appropriate) to remove all loose particles.
maintained at 23 6 2°C (73 6 4°F).
These particles and spalled material collected at the bottom of
6.2.3 Air Curing—Air curing shall be carried out in lab
the containers shall be filtered using a sieve or filter paver with
conditions at 24 6 8°C (75 6 15°F) and a relative humidity of
a maximum opening of 80 µm and washed with tap water to
no less than 40% nor greater than 80%.
remove any soluble salts (Note 2). Dry all the filter paper and
6.3 Before testing begins, the specimens shall be brushed
residue(spall)collectedfromeachspecimeninthedryingoven
clean with a stiff bristled brush and all loose burrs and edge
for not less than 4 h and until two successive weighings at
shards shall be removed with a carborundum stone.
intervalsof2h 615minshowanincrementoflossnotgreater
than 0.2 % of the last previously determined weight. Place the
7. Proced
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1645 − 22 C1645 − 22a
Standard Test Method for
Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid Concrete
Interlocking Paving Units
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1645; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method evaluates the resistance to freezing and thawing of solid interlocking concrete paving units conforming to
the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M. Units are tested in a test solution that is either tap water or 3 % saline
solution, depending on the intended use of the units in actual service.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for
information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C936/C936M Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This test method is intended to determine the effects of freezing and thawing on units conforming to the dimensional
requirements of Specification C936/C936M while immersed in a test solution. Other types of segmental concrete paving units that
do not conform to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M may be tested using this test method.
3.2 The results from this test method are not intended to provide a quantitative measure of the length of service from concrete
paving units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Freezing-and-Thawing Apparatus—The freezing apparatus shall consist of suitable cabinet or cold room with controls to reach
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.03 on Concrete
Masonry Units and Related Units.
Current edition approved on July 1, 2022Dec. 1, 2022. Published July 2022December 2022. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 20212022
as C1645 – 21.C1645 – 22. DOI: 10.1520/C1645-22.10.1520/C1645-22A.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1645 − 22a
and maintain within 1 h of introduction of specimens an air temperature of −5 6 3°C (23 6 5°F) at all locations within the chamber
regardless of the number of specimens in the chamber. The thawing chamber shall maintain a controlled air temperature. This
temperature shall never be greater than +30°C (86°F).
4.2 Balance—A balance capable of weighing 500 g with an accuracy of 60.1 g shall be used for measuring the mass of the fine
spalled material.
4.3 Drying Oven—A ventilated oven of appropriate size capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110 6 5°C (230 6 9°F).
4.4 Specimen Container—The specimen container shall be made of non-corroding flexible material and have dimensions that
allow complete submersion of the specimen in the test solution. The size of the container shall be less than or equal to three times
the volume of the unit that is being tested. The container shall prevent evaporation of the test solution.
5. Sampling
5.1 Selection of Test Specimens—Select whole units representative of the lot from which they are selected. The units shall be free
from visible cracks, chipped edges, and structural defects.
5.2 Number of Test Specimens—Sample according to the requirements of Specification C936/C936M.
5.3 Identification—Mark each test specimen so that it is identifiable at any time.
6. Preparation of Test Specimens
6.1 Sampling—When possible, specimens shall be full-sized units. When the units cannot be tested full-size due to specimen
configuration or lack of suitable specimen containers, obtain a specimen by saw-cutting a full-height coupon with a surface area
of at least 190 cm . Test specimens shall be a minimum of 28 days old before freeze-thaw cycling begins.
6.2 Curing—After sampling, all All samples shall be moist cured as specified in 6.2.16.2.2 for 14 6 1 days then air cured as
specified in 6.2.26.2.3 for a minimum of 14 days. The manufacturer of the pavers shall have the option to waive curing of the test
specimens. When this full curing is waived, specimens shall be air cured for a minimum of 48 h as specified in days prior to
testing.6.2.2.
6.2.1 The manufacturer of the pavers shall have the option to waive curing of the test specimens as specified in 6.2. In that case,
specimens shall be air cured for a minimum of 48 h as specified in 6.2.3 prior to testing.
6.2.2 Moist Curing—Moist curing shall be carried out in a moist chamber (cabinet or room), which shall maintain a controlled
air temperature of 23 6 2°C (73 6 4°F) and a relative humidity of at least 90 %. Alternatively, the units shall be stored by
submerging them in a saturated lime solution maintained at 23 6 2°C (73 6 4°F).
6.2.3 Air Curing—Air curing shall be carried out in lab conditions at 24 6 8°C (75 6 15°F) and a relative humidity of no less
than 40 % nor greater than 80 %.
6.3 Before testing begins, the specimens shall be brushed clean with a stiff bristled brush and all loose burrs and edge shards shall
be removed with a carborundum stone.
7. Procedure
7.1 Freezing and Thawing Cycles—One freeze-thaw cycle shall be completed every 24 h. The cycle shall consist of 16 6 1 h of
freezing followed by 8 6 1 h of thawing. The specimens shall be subjected to continuous cycles. If for reasons beyond the
operator’s control, a freezing period cannot commence at the specified time, the specimens shall remain in a thawed condition until
conditions are suitable for resumption of the test but not longer than 96 h. The specimen temperature shall conform to –5 6 3°C
(23 6 5°F) for the last 7 to 12 h of the freezing cycle and a minimum of +5°C (40°F) for the last 1 h of the thawing cycle. The
temperature shall be recorded at least every 15 min in the smallest and largest specimen (by weight) within the apparatus with a
temperature probe that is insulated from cabinet air and rests against, below, or inside a specimen.
C1645 − 22a
7.2 Specimen Containment—Immediately following completion of the conditioning, each specimen shall be centered with the
wearing surface facing upwards in individual containers. The supported bottom surface of the specimens shall rest on solid,
noncorrosive, nonabsorptive (for example, glass, stainless steel, ceramic, plastic, etc.) spacers approximately 5 mm high to ensure
exposure of at least 95 % of the bottom surface to the test solution. A minimum of 5 mm clearance shall be provided between the
specimen and the container in all directions.
7.3 Test Solution—The test solution shall be tap water or
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