91.080.20 - Timber structures
ICS 91.080.20 Details
Timber structures
Holzbau
Structures en bois
Lesene konstrukcije
General Information
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1.1 Scope of prEN 1995-1-1
(1) prEN 1995-1-1 gives general design rules for timber structures.
(2) prEN 1995-1-1 also gives specific design rules for buildings and timber civil engineering works.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to this document.
(2) prEN 1995-1-1 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts) when timber structures are built in seismic regions.
- Draft440 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a laboratory method of determining the minimum pressing time for glue line thicknesses close contact, 0,2 mm, 0,3 mm and 0,5 mm, at three temperatures and three wood moisture contents.
This document is intended to determine the minimum pressing time using a specified procedure for obtaining a reliable base for comparison of minimum pressing time between adhesives under referenced conditions.
The method gives a result that cannot be applied to the safe manufacture of timber structures without taking into account the influence in variation of factors such as timber density, wood moisture content, factory temperature and relative air humidity.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the creep deformation of bonded specimens loaded in bending shear. It is applicable to adhesives used in load bearing timber structures.
It is applicable for assessing the compliance of adhesives to EN 15425 and EN 16254.
This test is intended primarily to obtain performance data for the classification of adhesives for load bearing timber structures according to their suitability for use in defined climatic environments.
This method is not intended to provide data for structural design and does not necessarily represent the performance of the bonded member in service.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a laboratory method of determining the open assembly time under referenced conditions in standard climate (20 ± 2) °C and (65 ± 5) % relative humidity (hereafter climate [20/65]).
The method gives a result that cannot be applied to the safe manufacture of timber structures without taking into account the influence of factors such as timber density, moisture content, factory temperature and relative air humidity.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the ability of adhesive bonds to resist long-term sustained load applied vertical to the glue lines. It is applicable to adhesives used in load-bearing timber structures.
It is applicable for the following applications:
a) for assessing the compliance of adhesives according to EN 15425 and EN 16254;
b) for assessing the effect on the bond strength resulting from long-term sustained load at cyclic climate conditions.
This method is intended primarily to obtain performance data for the classification of adhesives for load bearing timber structures according to their suitability for use in defined climatic environments.
This method is not intended to provide data for structural design and does not necessarily represent the performance of the bonded member in service.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1995-3
(1) This document gives minimum requirements for execution of timber structures (buildings and bridges) designed in accordance with EN 1995 (all parts) to ensure that what is built meets the requirements for mechanical resistance, serviceability, durability, and fire performance.
(2) This document gives guidance on moisture control during transport to the building site, storage on site, handling on site and erection.
(3) This document gives guidance on workmanship and deviation limits during execution.
(4) This document assumes that there is an execution specification which states all the specific requirements relevant for the execution of a particular structure.
(5) For products covered by a European technical product specification, this document only covers those aspects of fabrication such as cutting, machining and drilling after placement of the product on the market.
(6) This document does not cover:
a) parts which are not designed according to EN 1995;
b) temporary works (such as formwork, scaffolding, propping, shoring, etc.);
c) specification, production and conformity of timber members in accordance with European technical product specifications;
d) deviation limits for other properties than mechanical resistance, serviceability, durability and fire performance;
e) contractual aspects, responsibilities of the various parties, competency requirements or the degree of independence of the personnel undertaking the inspection;
f) health and safety requirements during execution.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) It is assumed that all relevant provisions of EN 1995 are complied with.
(2) It is recognized in this document that areas such as detailed requirements for competence of personnel, and details related to Quality Management are within the competence of the CEN Member States.
(3) Before the execution begins on a part of the structure, it is assumed that the following are available on site:
— the drawings and specification of that part;
— the execution specification.
(4) Before the start of the execution, it is assumed that the execution specification has been checked for completeness.
(5) It is assumed that previous work (such as foundations) has been inspected and that any work which needs to be done due to deviations from the execution specification has been carried out.
- Draft70 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1995-1-2
(1) This document deals with the design of timber structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and it is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1995-1-1 and EN 1991-1-2.
This document only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.
(2) This document applies to timber structures required to fulfil a loadbearing function, separating function or both.
(3) This document gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned functions and the levels of performance.
(4) This document applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN 1995-1-1 and are designed accordingly.
(5) The methods given in this document are applicable to all products covered by European technical product specifications made reference to in this document.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990, the following assumptions apply:
- the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation;
- any fire protection measure taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained.
- Draft180 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for the components of glued laminated bamboo members intended for structural use. Although currently most glued laminated bamboo is made from Phyllostachys edulis (Moso), this document also applies to other bamboo species (e.g. Guadua angustifolia, Dendrocalamus asper) if the performance required by this document can be shown to have been achieved. The basic requirements apply to structural members of all service classes; however, special precautions are necessary for service class 3, for example, the use of weather resistant adhesives (see 5.2). Annex C contains informative references for formaldehyde emission. The requirements will need to be supplemented to take into consideration any relevant special conditions as well as material and/or functional requirements.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document gives methods of determination of duration of load and creep factors under bending actions at ambient temperatures for a defined population of structural timber products such as solid timber, LVL, OSB, plywood, particleboard, I-beams calculated from test values. It presents methods for a) determining the duration of load and creep factors for new timber products, b) establishing whether a previously defined set of duration of load and creep factors can be applied to a tested product, and c) an optional method for establishment of sensitivity of duration of load and creep factors to changes in environmental conditions. NOTE 1 This document is intended to apply to wood-based products for which a duration of load factor or a creep factor is used in design. NOTE 2 The effect of elevated temperature on the duration of load factor and creep factor that is derived using these methods for use with timber products can need additional consideration.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies test methods, using small size specimens, suitable for determining the following mechanical properties of engineered bamboo products: tensile strength parallel-to-fibre; tensile modulus parallel-to-fibre; compressive strength parallel-to-fibre; tensile strength perpendicular-to-fibre; tensile modulus perpendicular-to-fibre; compressive strength perpendicular-to-fibre; compressive modulus perpendicular-to-fibre; shear strength parallel-to-fibre and shear modulus parallel-to-fibre. NOTE This document provides an alternative test method to ISO 23478. This document specifies test procedures for currently manufactured products as defined in 3.1 and 3.2 to evaluate material properties. The methods specified in this document are applicable to small size test specimens. The methods required to determine characteristic values, design values, or allowable values of the mechanical properties for a population are out of the scope of this document. Materials that do not conform to the definitions of bamboo scrimber or glued-laminated bamboo are beyond the scope of this specification.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The design method provided in this document addresses vibration induced by walking action of occupants and covers the following timber floor systems: a) Light frame floors built with timber joists spaced at a distance of no more than 610 mm with a layer of structural wood-based subfloor that is connected to the joists using mechanical fasteners or adhesive. The area density of a bare light frame floors without a screed (topping) and ceiling is not greater than 25 kg/m2. Figure 1 shows such a light frame floor. b) Mass timber floors built with mass timber panels such as cross laminated timber (CLT). This document consists of three elements: a) a baseline vibrational serviceability design criterion for timber floors using fundamental natural frequency and 1 kN static point load deflection as the design parameters including two types of design criteria, coupled and decoupled criteria; b) equations for calculating the design parameters; c) guidelines for the design values of the physical and mechanical properties of floor components. The design method is based on the assumption that the floor system has a single span and simple support conditions.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method of determining the ability of adhesive bonds to resist static load. It is applicable to adhesives used in load bearing timber structures.
It is applicable for the following applications:
a) for assessing the compliance of adhesives according to EN 301, EN 15425, EN 16254, EN 17334 and EN 17418;
b) for assessing the suitability and quality of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures;
c) for assessing the effect on the bond strength resulting from constant load at different climate conditions.
This method is intended primarily to obtain performance data for the classification of adhesives for load bearing timber structures according to their suitability for use in defined climatic environments.
This method is not intended to provide data for structural design and does not necessarily represent the performance of the bonded member in service.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the influence of shear strength in crosswise gluing by wood shrinkage under drying conditions.
It is applicable for the following applications:
a) for assessing the compliance of adhesives with EN 301, EN 15425, EN 16254, EN 17334 and EN 17418;
b) for assessing the suitability and quality of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures;
c) for determining if the adhesive is capable of withstanding stresses due to wood shrinkage without unacceptable loss of strength.
This test is intended primarily to obtain performance data for the classification of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures according to their suitability for use in defined climatic environments. This test is carried out on Norway spruce (Picea abies L.).
This method is not intended to provide data for structural design and does not necessarily represent the performance of the bonded member in service.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the shear strength of adhesive bonds in close contact glue line and thick glue line.
It is applicable to the following applications:
a) for assessing the compliance of adhesives with EN 301, EN 15425, EN 16254, EN 17334 and EN 17418;
b) for assessing the suitability and quality of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures.
This test is intended primarily to obtain performance data for the classification of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures according to their suitability for use in defined climatic environments.
This method is not intended for use to provide for structural design and does not necessarily represent the performance of the bonded member in service.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the effect on bond strength of damage to wood fibres caused by the action of acids from the adhesive or primer used in the gluing process during climatic cycling.
It is applicable to the following applications:
a) for assessing the compliance of adhesives with EN 301, EN 15425 and EN 16254;
b) for assessing the suitability and quality of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures;
c) for determining if the adhesive after bonding has a damaging influence on the strength of the wood due to chemical action.
This test is intended primarily to obtain performance data for the classification of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures according to their suitability for use in defined climatic environments. This test is carried out on Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) or Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.).
This method is not intended to provide data for structural design and does not necessarily represent the performance of the bonded member in service.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the resistance to delamination in glue lines.
It is applicable to the following applications:
a) for assessing the compliance of adhesives with EN 301, EN 15425, EN 16254, EN 17334 and EN 17418;
b) for assessing the suitability and quality of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures;
c) for comparing the effects on the bond strength resulting from the choice of bonding conditions, from different climatic conditioning and from the treatment of the test pieces before and after bonding.
This test does not apply to modified and stabilized wood with strongly reduced swelling and shrinkage properties, such as acetylated wood, heat-treated wood and polymer impregnated wood.
This test is intended primarily to obtain performance data for the classification of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures according to their suitability for use in defined climatic environments.
This method is not intended to provide data for structural design and does not necessarily represent the performance of the bonded member in service.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes a classification for emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI) adhesives according to their suitability for use in load-bearing timber products in defined climatic exposure conditions, and specifies performance requirements for such adhesives for the industrial manufacture of load-bearing timber products only.
The performance requirements of this document are applicable to the adhesives only, not to the timber products. This document does not cover the performance of adhesives for on-site gluing (except for factory-like conditions) or the production of wood-based panels, except solid wood panels, or modified and stabilized wood with considerably reduced swelling and shrinkage properties, e.g. acetylated wood, heat treated wood and polymer impregnated wood.
This document is primarily intended for use by adhesive manufacturers and for use in timber products bonded with adhesives, to assess or control the quality of adhesives. This document only specifies the performance of an adhesive for use in an environment corresponding to the defined conditions.
Such an adhesive meeting the requirements of this document for its type is adequate for use in load-bearing timber products, provided that the bonding process has been carried out according to an appropriate product standard.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the working life for adhesives mixed with hardener for load-bearing timber structures, by a viscosity test.
This method does not apply to determining the working life of a multi-component adhesive whose actual working life is very short.
This document is only intended for obtaining a reliable basis for comparison between adhesives. The method gives results which cannot be applied to the safe manufacture of timber structures without modifications for the influences of factory temperature and relative air humidity.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the minimum pressing time for two glue line thicknesses, close contact glue line and thick glue line (between 0,3 mm and 8 mm), at three temperatures. It is applicable to adhesives used in load-bearing timber products.
This document is only intended for obtaining a reliable base of comparison of pressing time between adhesives. The method gives results that cannot be applied to the safe manufacture of timber structures without modifications for the influences of timber density/absorbency, moisture content, factory temperature and relative air humidity.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes a classification for phenolic and aminoplastic polycondensation adhesives according to their suitability for use for load-bearing timber products in defined climatic exposure conditions, and specifies performance requirements for such adhesives for the factory manufacture or factory-like manufacturing conditions of load-bearing timber products only.
This document only specifies the performance of an adhesive for use in an environment corresponding to the defined conditions.
The performance requirements of this document are applicable to the adhesive only, not to the manufacturing timber products. This document does not cover the performance of adhesives for on-site gluing (except for factory-like conditions) or the production of wood-based panels, except solid wood panels, or modified and stabilized wood with considerably reduced swelling and shrinkage properties, e.g. acetylated wood, heat treated wood and polymer impregnated wood.
This document is primarily intended for use by adhesive manufacturers and for use in timber products bonded with adhesives, to assess or control the quality of adhesives. The requirements are applicable to the type testing of the adhesives. Production control activities are outside the scope of this document.
Adhesives meeting the requirements of this document are adequate for use in load-bearing timber products, provided that the bonding process has been carried out according to an appropriate product standard.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a laboratory method of determining the maximum assembly time at two spread rate levels in standard atmosphere [20/65].
This document is applicable to obtaining a reliable base of comparison of the maximum assembly time between adhesives at referenced conditions.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes a classification for one component polyurethane (PUR) adhesives according to their suitability for use in load-bearing timber products in defined climatic exposure conditions, and specifies performance requirements for such adhesives for the factory manufacture or factory-like manufacturing of load-bearing timber products only.
It also classifies “adhesive product lines” where all the products within the line have the same chemical composition except for a different amount of catalyst.
This document only specifies the performance of adhesives for use in an environment corresponding to the defined conditions.
The performance requirements of this document are applicable to the adhesives only, not to the manufactured timber products. This document does not cover the performance of adhesives for on-site gluing (except for factory-like conditions) or the production of wood-based panels, except solid wood panels, or modified and stabilized wood with considerably reduced swelling and shrinkage properties, e.g. acetylated wood, heat treated wood and polymer impregnated wood.
This document is primarily intended for use by adhesive manufacturers and for use in timber products bonded with adhesives, to assess or control the quality of adhesives. The requirements are applicable to the type testing of the adhesives. Production control activities are outside the scope of this document.
Adhesives meeting the requirements of this document are adequate for use in load-bearing timber products, provided that the bonding process has been carried out according to an appropriate product standard.
This document does not address the classification and use of adhesives in combination with the spraying of water before or during the bonding process; see informative Annex C of this document.
This does neither allow nor forbid the use of adhesives in combination with the spraying of water.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard gives a method for determining characteristic values of mechanical properties and density, for defined populations of visual grades and/or strength classes of machine graded structural timber. Additionally it covers the stages of sampling, testing, analysis and presentation of the data.
The standard provides methods to derive strength, stiffness and density properties for structural timber from tests with defect-free specimen.
The values determined in accordance with this standard for mechanical properties and density are suitable for assigning grades and species to the strength classes of EN 338.
NOTE 1 For assigning grades and species to the strength classes in EN 338 only three properties, i.e. bending or tension strength, modulus of elasticity parallel to grain in bending or tension and density need to be determined from test data, other properties can be calculated according to Table 2.
NOTE 2 EN 1912 gives examples of established visual grades assigned to strength classes.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements, additional to those of EN 14081-1, for type testing of machine graded structural timber with rectangular cross-sections shaped by sawing, planning or other methods, and having deviations from the target sizes corresponding to EN 336. This includes requirements for strength grading machines.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies test methods suitable for determining the following mechanical properties of engineered bamboo products: a) modulus of elasticity in bending; b) shear modulus; c) bending strength; d) modulus of elasticity in tension parallel to the fibre; e) tension strength parallel to the fibre; f) modulus of elasticity in compression parallel to the fibre; g) compression strength parallel to the fibre; h) modulus of elasticity in tension perpendicular to the fibre; i) tension strength perpendicular to the fibre; j) modulus of elasticity in compression perpendicular to the fibre; k) compression strength perpendicular to the fibre and shear strength; i) shear strength parallel to the fibre. In addition, the determination of dimensions, moisture content and density are specified. This document is applicable to prismatic shapes of glued laminated bamboo and bamboo scrimber intended to resist flexure, shear, axial loads, or combinations thereof.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the characteristics of the following types of dowel-type fasteners:
- nails;
- staples;
- screws;
- dowels;
- bolts with nuts.
This document covers dowel-type fasteners for structural use in load bearing timber structures only. This document covers also the following additional intended uses of the screws:
- to fix roof or cladding elements to the timber structure, with or without insulation layers; and
- as reinforcement inserted in timber or in a glue laminated timber element to improve its resistance to compression perpendicular to the grain.
This document covers types of dowel-type fasteners, which are manufactured of either carbon steel or stainless steel and which may be coated for the following purposes:
- corrosion protection (as Type 1 coating);
- lubrication, to facilitate insertion (as Type 2 coating);
- withdrawal enhancement and/or collation for nails and staples (adhesive and/or resin coatings) (as Type 3 coating).
This document covers types of dowel-type fasteners, which are manufactured from materials and within the specifications for their geometry related properties, only as they are specified for:
- nails (see G.1);
- staples (see G.2);
- screws (see G.3);
- dowels (see G.4); and
- bolts with nuts (see G.5).
This document specifies also the assessment and verification of constancy of performance (AVCP) procedures of these characteristics and includes provisions for marking of dowel-type fasteners.
This document does not cover dowel-type fasteners treated with fire retardants to improve their fire performance, nor does it cover glued-in rods.
- Standard78 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements additional to those given in EN 14081 1 for factory production control of machine graded structural timber with rectangular cross-sections shaped by sawing, planing or other methods, and having deviations from the target sizes corresponding to EN 336.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The purpose of this document is to extract the methods for determining the yield and ultimate characteristics and ductility of joints and assemblies from test data by reviewing existing standards in Europe, North America and Far East Asia and to provide the basic data for unifying the evaluation methods of parameters by clarifying their similarities and differences. These parameters are applied for determining the seismic performance of timber structures. This document deals with the method for determining the mechanical properties of individual joints and assemblies, and it does not refer to the seismic performance of the entire structure.
- Technical report38 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the characteristics of the following types of dowel-type fasteners:
- nails;
- staples;
- screws;
- dowels;
- bolts with nuts.
This document covers dowel-type fasteners for structural use in load bearing timber structures only. This document covers also the following additional intended uses of the screws:
- to fix roof or cladding elements to the timber structure, with or without insulation layers; and
- as reinforcement inserted in timber or in a glue laminated timber element to improve its resistance to compression perpendicular to the grain.
This document covers types of dowel-type fasteners, which are manufactured of either carbon steel or stainless steel and which may be coated for the following purposes:
- corrosion protection (as Type 1 coating);
- lubrication, to facilitate insertion (as Type 2 coating);
- withdrawal enhancement and/or collation for nails and staples (adhesive and/or resin coatings) (as Type 3 coating).
This document covers types of dowel-type fasteners, which are manufactured from materials and within the specifications for their geometry related properties, only as they are specified for:
- nails (see G.1);
- staples (see G.2);
- screws (see G.3);
- dowels (see G.4); and
- bolts with nuts (see G.5).
This document specifies also the assessment and verification of constancy of performance (AVCP) procedures of these characteristics and includes provisions for marking of dowel-type fasteners.
This document does not cover dowel-type fasteners treated with fire retardants to improve their fire performance, nor does it cover glued-in rods.
- Standard78 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of CEN/TS 19103
(1) CEN/TS 19103 gives general design rules for timber-concrete composite structures.
(2) It provides requirements for materials, design parameters, connections, detailing and execution for timber-concrete composite structures. Recommendations for environmental parameters (temperature and moisture content), design methods and test methods are given in the Annexes.
(3) It includes rules common to many types of timber-concrete composite, but does not include details for the design of glued timber-concrete composites, nor for bridges.
NOTE For the design of glued timber-concrete composites or bridges alternative references are available.
(4) It covers the design of timber-concrete composite structures in both quasi-constant and variable environmental conditions. For ease of use, it provides simple design rules for quasi-constant environmental conditions and more complex rules for variable environmental conditions.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) CEN/TS 19103 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1992 (all parts), EN 1994 (all parts), EN 1995 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts) when timber structures are built in seismic regions, and ENs for construction products relevant to timber structures.
- Technical specification58 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of CEN/TS 19103
(1) CEN/TS 19103 gives general design rules for timber-concrete composite structures.
(2) It provides requirements for materials, design parameters, connections, detailing and execution for timber-concrete composite structures. Recommendations for environmental parameters (temperature and moisture content), design methods and test methods are given in the Annexes.
(3) It includes rules common to many types of timber-concrete composite, but does not include details for the design of glued timber-concrete composites, nor for bridges.
NOTE For the design of glued timber-concrete composites or bridges alternative references are available.
(4) It covers the design of timber-concrete composite structures in both quasi-constant and variable environmental conditions. For ease of use, it provides simple design rules for quasi-constant environmental conditions and more complex rules for variable environmental conditions.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) CEN/TS 19103 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1992 (all parts), EN 1994 (all parts), EN 1995 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts) when timber structures are built in seismic regions, and ENs for construction products relevant to timber structures.
- Technical specification58 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document applies to the design of bamboo structures whose primary load bearing structure is made of round bamboo or shear panel systems in which the framing members are made from round bamboo. Except as indicated in Clause 12, this document applies to one- and two-storey residential, small commercial or institutional and light industrial buildings not exceeding 7 m in height. This document is concerned only with requirements for mechanical resistance, serviceability and durability of bamboo structures. This document permits an allowable load-bearing capacity design (ACD) and/or allowable stress design (ASD) approach for the design of bamboo structures. Allowable load-bearing capacity and allowable stress approaches may be used in combination in the same structure. This document additionally recognises design approaches based on partial safety factor design (PSFD) and/or load and resistance factor design (LRFD) methods (5.11.1), previous established experience (5.11.2), or documented ‘design by testing’ approaches (5.11.3). Other requirements, such as those concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered. Bamboo structures may require consideration of additional requirements beyond the scope of this document. Execution is covered to the extent that it impacts the quality of construction materials and products required to comply with the design requirements contained herein. This document provides a number of modification factors, designated Ci. These are empirically derived factors, based on best available engineering judgement, that are believed to be universally applicable to bamboo materials that are appropriate for building construction. Parameters affecting bamboo material performance are many and are addressed explicitly through the use of experimentally determined characteristic values of strength and stiffness. Annex A provides a summary of the bases upon which the provisions of this document were developed. This document does not apply to — structures made of engineered bamboo products such as glue-laminated bamboo, cross-laminated bamboo, oriented strand, or densified bamboo materials, — bamboo-reinforced materials where bamboo is not the primary load-bearing constituent. This includes bamboo-reinforced concrete, masonry and soil, or, — scaffold structures constructed with bamboo.
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document sets out provisions regarding the performance of characteristics of the following Types of cross laminated timber for use in buildings and bridges:
- Type 1: Straight or curved cross laminated timber comprising only timber layers but no large finger joints;
- Type 2: Straight cross laminated timber comprising only timber layers and large finger joints;
- Type 3: Straight cross laminated timber comprising timber and wood-based panel layers but no large finger joints.
This document covers cross laminated timber of all three Types of cross laminated timber:
- manufactured according to this document, which sets up provisions for:
- boundary conditions during manufacture of cross laminated timber;
- moisture content and temperature of timber to be bonded;
- production of finger joints and bonds between layers;
- to be used in service class 1 or 2 according to EN 1995-1-1;
- made of coniferous species and poplar listed in this document;
- which may be made of layers made of different species;
- bonded with phenolic or aminoplastic or moisture curing one-component polyurethane or emulsion polymer isocyanate adhesives of adhesive Type I according to the respective standard;
- made of timber laminations having a nominal width between 40 mm (including) and 300 mm (including);
- built up of at least three orthogonally bonded layers (at least two of them timber layers);
- which may have, depending on the number of layers, adjacent layers bonded parallel to the grain;
- made of timber layers which are made of strength graded timber according to EN 14081-1;
-made of timber layers having nominal thicknesses between 6 mm (including) and 47 mm (including);
- made of timber layers which may comprise edge bonds;
- having nominal overall thicknesses up to 500 mm.
Additional provisions of this document apply for straight cross laminated timber comprising only timber layers and comprising large finger joints (Type 2):
- made from cross laminated timber pieces having the same cross-section and layup;
- made from cross laminated timber pieces having nominal cross-sectional thicknesses from 51 mm (including) up to 345 mm (including) and nominal minimum thicknesses of the outer layers not less than 17 mm (including);
- made from cross laminated timber pieces solely comprising timber layers;
- made from plane cross laminated timber pieces;
- with parallel x-axes of the jointed components;
- with large finger joints having a finger length of at least 45 mm and fingers which are visible at the two narrow sides of the components;
- having large finger joints bonded with phenolic or aminoplastic or moisture curing one-component polyurethane adhesives of adhesive Type I according to the respective standard.
Additional provisions of this document apply for straight cross laminated timber comprising timber and wood-based panel layers but no large finger joints (Type 3):
- made of structural wood-based panels specified in this document;
- made of one panel per layer and;
- having thicknesses between 6 mm (including) and 45 mm (including).
This document applies to cross laminated timber untreated or treated against biological attack.
This document does not cover:
- cross laminated timber treated with fire retardants;
- cross laminated timber which is produced from re-used timber or wood-based panels comprising re-used timber.
It also lays down procedures for assessment and verification of constancy of performance (AVPC) of cross laminated timber.
- Standard96 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies test methods for the determination of the suitability of two component epoxy and two component polyurethane adhesives for glued-in steel rods in glued laminated timber (GLT) and glued solid timber (GST) according to EN 14080, cross laminated timber (CLT) according to EN 16351 and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) according to EN 14374.
NOTE 1 The English term "glued-in rods" has been chosen as the established term instead of "bonded-in rods".
It specifies performance requirements and the determination of characteristic bond strength values for such adhesives for the prefabrication under factory or factory-like conditions of joints between load-bearing timber products and steel rods only. This document does not cover the performance of adhesives for on-site gluing (except for factory-like conditions).
NOTE 2 Factory like conditions provide shelter from direct weathering and dirt, prevent undue movement of the joints during curing of the adhesive and provide temperature and relative humidity conditions and control as in factory production environment.
This document also covers glued-in rods in surface treated wood. It does not cover glued-in rods in modified and stabilized wood with considerably reduced swelling and shrinkage properties, e.g. acetylated wood, heat treated wood, polymer impregnated wood and preservative treated wood.
The joints are intended for load-bearing timber structures in service classes 1 and 2 according to EN 1995-1-1 which are loaded predominantly static or quasi static according to EN 1990 and EN 1991-1-1. The joints are intended for load-bearing timber structures which are not subjected to a prolonged exposure to temperatures over 60 °C.
A design procedure for glued-in rods in glued structural timber products is given in the informative Annex A.
NOTE 3 Several provisions of this document can apply to in situ repair and upgrading of existing timber structures including (cracked/fissured) solid wood beams. For adhesives for glued-in rods used in on-site repair or applications with solid timber additional provisions apply, e.g. related to rheology and site temperature conditions. Such provisions are not part of this document.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies test methods and requirements for two-component epoxy and polyurethane adhesives for on-site repair of cracks in timber structures made of strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross-section, structural finger-jointed timber, glued solid timber and glued laminated timber made of softwood species by injection of the repair adhesive with glue line thicknesses up to 8 mm. The adhesive can also be used to rehabilitate cracks in the area of joints made by nails, screws, dowel-type fasteners and dowels with threads. The adhesive can also be used to fill gaps between the faces of structural components. This document addresses exclusively adhesives which fulfil the requirements according to Clause 8.
NOTE There is no sufficient experience with adhesives which do not fulfil the requirements in 8.4.4.
This document also covers the repair of surface treated wood. It does not cover the repair of preservative treated wood, modified and stabilized wood with considerably reduced swelling and shrinkage properties, e.g. acetylated wood, heat treated wood and polymer impregnated wood.
The adhesive is intended for the repair of load bearing timber structures not subjected to temperatures more than 60 °C over a longer time in service classes 1 and 2 according to EN 1995-1-1 which are loaded predominantly static or non-fatigue quasi static, see EN 1990 and EN 1991-1-1. A verification of quality and bond line integrity of the on-site repair bonding is given in an informative Annex A.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies test methods for determining the contribution of fire protection kits to the fire resistance of structural timber members.
Such fire protection kits include claddings, sprayed fire protection and reactive coatings.
The method is applicable to all fire protection kits used for the protection of timber members. These can be fixed directly, totally or in part, to the timber member and can include an air gap between the fire protectionkit and the timber member, as an integral part of its design.
Evaluation of timber constructions protected by horizontal or vertical protective membranes are the subject of EN 13381-1 or EN 13381-2 respectively.
The test method is applicable to the determination of the contribution of fire protection kits to the fire resistance of loadbearing timber structural members including floors, roofs, walls, beams and columns.
This document contains the fire test which specifies the test to be carried out to determine the ability of the fire protection kit at a specified thickness to delay the temperature rise throughout the timber member, to determine the ability of the fire protection kit at a specified thickness to remain coherent and fixed to the timber member and to provide data for determining the charring rate of the protected test member, when exposed to the standard temperature/time curve according to the procedures defined herein. This document is not appropriated to classify the tested assembly according to EN 13501-2.
The test to subject reactive protection material to a smouldering temperature time fire curve and the special circumstances for this are detailed in Annex G.
The fire test methodology makes provision for the collection and presentation of data which can be used as direct input to the calculation of fire resistance of timber members in accordance with the procedures given in EN 1995-1-2.
A description of the relationship of this test method and the assessment of the results obtained therefrom to EN 1995-1-2 and guidelines for the use of this test method in accordance with that standard are given in Annex B.
This document also contains the assessment which indicates how the analysis of the test data should be made and gives guidance to the procedures by which interpolation should be undertaken.
The limits of applicability of the results of the assessment arising from the fire test are defined, together with the direct application of the results to different timber constructions with the specified thickness and fixation of the applied fire protection kit tested.
- Standard90 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method based on density, for the selection of pieces of wood used in determining the strength and stiffness properties of joints between members of structural timber made with mechanical fasteners. It is intended to be used in conjunction with a test standard specifying a test method.
It is assumed that the wood pieces are conditioned to the relevant conditions, that the wood density is normally distributed and that any deviations are reported.
This document is applicable only to specimens of structural timber.
NOTE It is emphasized that the wood density is only one of the properties that can influence the strength of a joint. Other relevant properties are, for example, growth-ring size and orientation, toughness and hardness.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method based on density, for the selection of pieces of wood used in determining the strength and stiffness properties of joints between members of structural timber made with mechanical fasteners. It is intended to be used in conjunction with a test standard specifying a test method.
It is assumed that the wood pieces are conditioned to the relevant conditions, that the wood density is normally distributed and that any deviations are reported.
This document is applicable only to specimens of structural timber.
NOTE It is emphasized that the wood density is only one of the properties that can influence the strength of a joint. Other relevant properties are, for example, growth-ring size and orientation, toughness and hardness.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods of evaluating the effectiveness of glued laminated timber face and edge bonds within a manufacturing plant by cleaving of the glue line in both dry and wet conditions. It is not intended that it be used for initial type testing where cyclic delamination or block shear is preferred. It is based on the principle that, provided minimum wood failure percentages are met, then the bond strength exceeds the perpendicular to the grain tension strength of the under-lying substrate and therefore the bond is not the weak element limiting the integrity of a glulam assembly.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the component performance and manufacturing requirements for prefabricated wood-based I-beams used as structural members in bending applications. It does not cover fire performance, formaldehyde requirements and biological durability. This document gives requirements for manufacturing, in-house quality assurance and periodic re-evaluation of prefabricated wood-based I-beams. Wood-based I-beams tested according to this document are intended for use in covered conditions and utilizing components that are able to resist the effects of moisture on structural performance due to construction delays or other conditions of similar severity, but not permanently exposed to the weather. NOTE The service conditions are similar to "Service class 2" as defined in ISO 20152‑1. Testing, evaluation and performance characterization requirements for prefabricated wood-based I-beams are covered in ISO 22389‑1. This document does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate health and safety practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for establishing the characteristic properties of structural laminated veneer lumber (LVL), including 5th percentile strength values, stiffness characteristics and other performance characteristics, related to its end use as a structural product for dry use (service class 1). It is applicable to members used in flatwise or edgewise bending orientations. It does not cover the assessment of formaldehyde requirements, biological durability, fire performance or manufacturing, such as quality control and marking.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document gives guidelines on the criteria to be used for the on-site assessment of load-bearing timber structures in heritage buildings. It is intended for all those concerned with the conservation of heritage buildings which contain wooden elements, from the building owners or authorities who are responsible for them to the professionals employed. It should also help decision-making regarding the need for immediate measures. Its aim is to guarantee that condition survey and assessment provide the necessary data for historical analysis, structural safety assessment and planning of intervention works.
This document is applicable to any kind of timber member and to any kind of historic timber structures. It is not applicable to timber members made of engineered wood based panels and glued laminated timber.
This document provides a comprehensive procedure for the on-site assessment. With a practical and technical evaluation of the damage found and based on the responsibility of the involved professionals, a sufficient assessment can also be made when not all the steps are followed.
In each different country, the document is expected to be applied in accordance with National legislation and regulations.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method based on density, for the selection of pieces of wood used in determining the strength and stiffness properties of joints between members of structural timber made with mechanical fasteners. It is intended to be used in conjunction with a test standard specifying a test method. It is assumed that the wood pieces are conditioned to the relevant conditions, that the wood density is normally distributed and that any deviations are reported. This document is applicable only to specimens of structural timber. NOTE It is emphasized that the wood density is only one of the properties that can influence the strength of a joint. Other relevant properties are, for example, growth-ring size and orientation, toughness and hardness.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard9 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This European Standard specifies requirements for strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross-sections either visual or machine graded, shaped by sawing, planning or other methods and with cross-sectional dimensions complying with EN 336 (referred to as structural timber in the following clauses).
This European Standard includes provisions for test methods, Assessment and Verification of Constancy of Performance and marking of structural timber.
NOTE 1 For machine strength graded timber additional provisions for type testing (TT) are given in EN 14081-2 and for factory production control (FPC) in EN 14081-3.
NOTE 2 An acceptance procedure for verification of a lot is given in EN 14358 which may be used for a delivery of structural timber.
This European Standard identifies characteristics for which limits have to be given in visual grading standards.
This European Standard covers structural timber, untreated or treated against biological attack.
This European Standard does not cover:
- timber treated by fire retardant products to improve its fire performance;
- thermally and/or chemically modified timber;
- structural finger jointed timber.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document gives guidelines on the criteria to be used for the on-site assessment of load-bearing timber structures in heritage buildings. It is intended for all those concerned with the conservation of heritage buildings which contain wooden elements, from the building owners or authorities who are responsible for them to the professionals employed. It should also help decision-making regarding the need for immediate measures. Its aim is to guarantee that condition survey and assessment provide the necessary data for historical analysis, structural safety assessment and planning of intervention works.
This document is applicable to any kind of timber member and to any kind of historic timber structures. It is not applicable to timber members made of engineered wood based panels and glued laminated timber.
This document provides a comprehensive procedure for the on-site assessment. With a practical and technical evaluation of the damage found and based on the responsibility of the involved professionals, a sufficient assessment can also be made when not all the steps are followed.
In each different country, the document is expected to be applied in accordance with National legislation and regulations.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies test methods for determining the contribution of fire protection kits to the fire resistance of structural timber members.
Such fire protection kits include claddings, sprayed fire protection and reactive coatings.
The method is applicable to all fire protection kits used for the protection of timber members. These can be fixed directly, totally or in part, to the timber member and can include an air gap between the fire protectionkit and the timber member, as an integral part of its design.
Evaluation of timber constructions protected by horizontal or vertical protective membranes are the subject of EN 13381-1 or EN 13381-2 respectively.
The test method is applicable to the determination of the contribution of fire protection kits to the fire resistance of loadbearing timber structural members including floors, roofs, walls, beams and columns.
This document contains the fire test which specifies the test to be carried out to determine the ability of the fire protection kit at a specified thickness to delay the temperature rise throughout the timber member, to determine the ability of the fire protection kit at a specified thickness to remain coherent and fixed to the timber member and to provide data for determining the charring rate of the protected test member, when exposed to the standard temperature/time curve according to the procedures defined herein. This document is not appropriated to classify the tested assembly according to EN 13501-2.
The test to subject reactive protection material to a smouldering temperature time fire curve and the special circumstances for this are detailed in Annex G.
The fire test methodology makes provision for the collection and presentation of data which can be used as direct input to the calculation of fire resistance of timber members in accordance with the procedures given in EN 1995-1-2.
A description of the relationship of this test method and the assessment of the results obtained therefrom to EN 1995-1-2 and guidelines for the use of this test method in accordance with that standard are given in Annex B.
This document also contains the assessment which indicates how the analysis of the test data should be made and gives guidance to the procedures by which interpolation should be undertaken.
The limits of applicability of the results of the assessment arising from the fire test are defined, together with the direct application of the results to different timber constructions with the specified thickness and fixation of the applied fire protection kit tested.
- Standard90 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies test methods for the determination of natural frequencies, damping, unit point load deflection and acceleration of floors composed of sawn timber, engineered wood products, and mass timber beams or slabs (e.g. cross laminated timber CLT, glued laminated timber GL, nail laminated timber), with or without concrete screeds, as well as for timber-concrete composite floors.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document reviews the methodologies or analytical models that have been used to develop the strength and stiffness of structural glued laminated timber (glulam) from the characteristic properties of lumber laminations. The review is limited to the methodologies used in Europe, the USA, Australia/New Zealand, and Canada as they represent different fundamental philosophies in these areas. As a result, the methodologies are not intended to be combined unless there is clear understanding of the fundamental assumptions adopted by the respective methodologies. NOTE Detailed assumptions used by the respective methodologies are available from the standards listed in the Bibliography.
- Technical report33 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document establishes the basic principles for component performance and minimum production requirements for cross laminated timber (CLT). This document also contains scheme requirements for conformance, as provided in Annex D. The document is applicable to CLT products which are manufactured from solid-sawn timber or wood based panels built up of at least three layers in which the grain of adjoining layers are at right angles to each other. This document provides CLT dimension tolerances; component requirements; performance criteria; production, testing and trade marking guidance; and minimum requirements for factory production control. This document is based on known species, species combination and/or wood based panel structural performance and bondability. CLT qualified in accordance with the provisions of this document are intended to resist the effects of moisture on structural performance as can occur due to construction delays or other conditions of similar severity. NOTE This document does not include how CLT is to be used and installed, as it will be detailed in ISO 16696-2.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies test methods for the determination of natural frequencies, damping, unit point load deflection and acceleration of floors composed of sawn timber, engineered wood products, and mass timber beams or slabs (e.g. cross laminated timber CLT, glued laminated timber GL, nail laminated timber), with or without concrete screeds, as well as for timber-concrete composite floors.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day