79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
ICS 79.040 Details
Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
Holz. Sageblocke. Schnittholz
Bois, grumes a sciages et bois sciés
Les, hlodovina in žagan les
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 79.040 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 667 standards classified under ICS 79.040 (Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies a test method for comparing the compression shear strength of adhesive bonds in wood and solid wood after exposure to a target temperature for a specified duration of time.
This document is applicable to adhesives used in load bearing timber structures.
This document is not applicable to Epoxy- and two component Polyurethane-adhesives.
This method is intended to obtain data for the performance of wood adhesives at very high temperatures. The result of this comparison can be used to classify the adhesive with regard to the behaviour of load-bearing timber structures in fire.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a laboratory method for obtaining water samples from preservative treated wood exposed out of ground contact (wood held in the storage yard after treatment and which has been in conditions designed to simulate outdoor, out of ground contact situations), at increasing time intervals after exposure.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for comparing the compression shear strength of adhesive bonds in wood and solid wood after exposure to a target temperature for a specified duration of time.
This document is applicable to adhesives used in load bearing timber structures.
This document is not applicable to Epoxy- and two component Polyurethane-adhesives.
This method is intended to obtain data for the performance of wood adhesives at very high temperatures. The result of this comparison can be used to classify the adhesive with regard to the behaviour of load-bearing timber structures in fire.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides examples and background literature for identifying and calculating greenhouse gas displacement potential for wood-based products as defined in ISO 13391-3:2025, including the calculation of displacement factors. This document also provides a review of considerations for further analyses that address the impact of these potentials over time in a broader economy setting.
- Technical report26 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides background information, methods and examples of calculating contributions to carbon stored in wood-based products (harvested wood products, HWP), including storage resulting from HWPs in landfill and bio-CCS, as defined in ISO 13391-1:2025. It includes background to the tier 1 HWP coefficients for various wood-based product categories defined in ISO 13391-1:2025.
- Technical report31 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of linear swelling in the radial and tangential directions of wood.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard4 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies methods for the determination of volumetric swelling of wood.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard5 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document lists visual strength grades, species and sources of timber, and specifies the strength classes to which they are assigned. The assignments listed are for strength classes documented in EN 338.
Structural timber that has previously been graded cannot be re-graded to the same or different grades unless the method of determining characteristic values has made allowances for changes to the timber population caused by the previous grading.
NOTE 1 Consequently, the assignments stated in this document apply to timber that has not been previously strength graded in a way that introduces a bias on the population of timber to be graded, as compared to ungraded material.
Species/grades or species combination/grades are assigned to strength classes in accordance with EN 14081-1 and supporting standards, such as EN 384.
This document contains a list of assignments but is not intended to be exhaustive.
NOTE 2 Timber graded by machine to EN 14081-1 is graded directly to the strength classes and marked accordingly. Machine grading is therefore not referenced in this document.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document lists visual strength grades, species and sources of timber, and specifies the strength classes to which they are assigned. The assignments listed are for strength classes documented in EN 338.
Structural timber that has previously been graded cannot be re-graded to the same or different grades unless the method of determining characteristic values has made allowances for changes to the timber population caused by the previous grading.
NOTE 1 Consequently, the assignments stated in this document apply to timber that has not been previously strength graded in a way that introduces a bias on the population of timber to be graded, as compared to ungraded material.
Species/grades or species combination/grades are assigned to strength classes in accordance with EN 14081-1 and supporting standards, such as EN 384.
This document contains a list of assignments but is not intended to be exhaustive.
NOTE 2 Timber graded by machine to EN 14081-1 is graded directly to the strength classes and marked accordingly. Machine grading is therefore not referenced in this document.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of linear shrinkage in the radial and tangential directions of wood.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies methods for the determination of volumetric shrinkage of wood.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This practice presents the two standard methods for determining the strength values of clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of working stresses for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Method A provides for the use of the results of surveys of wood density involving extensive sampling of forest trees, in combination with the data obtained from standard strength tests. The average strength properties are obtained from wood density survey data through linear regression equations establishing the relation of specific gravity to the several strength properties. Method B, on the other hand, provides for the establishment of tables of strength values based on standard tests of small clear specimens in the unseasoned condition for use when data from density surveys are not available. Separate tables are employed to present the data on woods grown in the United States and on woods grown in Canada. Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values, information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into working stresses, presently available data with appropriate provisions for their application and use, and methods for estimating some useful mechanical properties by relating them to other properties are presented herein as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of strength values for clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of design values for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Presented are:
1.1.1 Procedures by which test values obtained on small clear specimens may be combined with density data from extensive forest surveys to make them more representative,
1.1.2 Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values for combinations of species or regional divisions within a species to meet special marketing needs, and
1.1.3 Information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into design values for different solid wood products for different end uses.
1.1.4 For species where density survey data are not as yet available for the re-evaluation of average strength properties, the presently available data from tests made under the sampling methods and procedures of Test Methods D143 or Practice E105 are provided with appropriate provision for their application and use. Because of the comprehensive manner in which the density survey is undertaken, it follows that the re-evaluated strength data are intended to be representative of the forest stand, or rather large forest subdivisions.
1.1.5 Some useful mechanical properties (tensile strengths parallel and perpendicular to grain, modulus of rigidity for a longitudinal-transverse plane, and transverse modulus of elasticity) have not been extensively evaluated. Methods are described for estimating these properties by their relation to other properties.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods cover tests on small clear specimens of wood that are made to provide the following:
4.1.1 Data for comparing the mechanical properties of various species,
4.1.2 Data for the establishment of correct strength functions, which in conjunction with results of tests of timbers in structural sizes (see Test Methods D198 and Test Methods D4761), afford a basis for establishing allowable stresses, and
4.1.3 Data to determine the influence on the mechanical properties of such factors as density, locality of growth, position in cross section, height of timber in the tree, change of properties with seasoning or treatment with chemicals, and change from sapwood to heartwood.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of various strength and related properties of wood by testing small clear specimens.
1.1.1 These test methods represent procedures for evaluating the different mechanical and physical properties, controlling factors such as specimen size, moisture content, temperature, and rate of loading.
1.1.2 Sampling and collection of material is discussed in Practice D5536. Sample data, computation sheets, and cards have been incorporated, which were of assistance to the investigator in systematizing records.
1.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. When a weight is prescribed, the basic inch-pound unit of weight (lbf) and the basic SI unit of mass (Kg) are cited.
1.2 The procedures for the various tests appear in the following order:
Sections
Photographs of Specimens
5
Control of Moisture Content and Temperature
6
Record of Heartwood and Sapwood
7
Static Bending
8
Compression Parallel to Grain
9
Impact Bending
10
Toughness
11
Compression Perpendicular to Grain
12
Hardness
13
Shear Parallel to Grain
14
Cleavage
15
Tension Parallel to Grain
16
Tension Perpendicular to Grain
17
Nail Withdrawal
18
Specific Gravity and Shrinkage in Volume
19
Radial and Tangential Shrinkage
20
Moisture Determination
21
Permissible Variations
22
Calibration
23
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This part of the EN 351 series gives guidance for the general procedures to be used in obtaining samples of preservative-treated wood for the determination of penetration and retention of wood preservative. It also gives guidance on the measurement of penetration and retention of a wood preservative in the treated wood.
This part of the EN 351 series is applicable to the production of preservative-treated solid wood, including glued laminated timber, suitable for use in those service conditions defined within the use classes in EN 335.
NOTE Glued laminated timber is not suitable for use in fresh or sea water.
This part of the EN 351 series is not applicable to preservative-treated wood in service. However, the sampling guidance provided within this part of the EN 351 series can be applied for the subsequent examination of treated wood in service.
Annex A (informative) provides a selection of number of sample units.
Annex B (informative) provides examples of retention measurements.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of the EN 351 series establishes a classification of preservative-treated wood in terms of preservative penetration and gives guidance on a classification of retention. These can be used as a basis for specifying preservative treatments for particular products.
This part of the EN 351 series defines terminology to be used by the specifier when preparing a preservative treatment specification or product standard. It is not a treatment specification in itself.
This part of the EN 351 series is applicable to the production of preservative-treated solid wood, including glued laminated timber, suitable for use in those service conditions defined within the use classes in EN 335. It does not apply to any subsequent examination of treated wood in service.
NOTE 1 Glued laminated timber is not suitable for use in fresh or sea water.
This part of the EN 351 series is applicable to the protection of wood against attack by wood-destroying and wood-disfiguring fungi, insects and marine organisms.
NOTE 2 Protection against wood-disfiguring fungi is an optional property verified by testing in accordance with EN 599-1.
This part of the EN 351 series does not consider other properties of treated wood, for example odour, compatibility with other materials, such as corrosivity of fasteners. Nor does it consider any properties from the health, safety and environmental point of view.
This part of the EN 351 series does not apply to wood to be treated with formulations which are applied to timber in service to eliminate or control an existing fungal or insect infestation, or the prevention of attack by sapstain fungi, or insects in green timber.
Annex A (informative) provides a decision process for specifying preservative treatment requirements.
Annex B (informative) gives an example of the marking system.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document gives guidance on the selection of wood and wood-based products for use in situations where they can be subject to degradation by fungi, wood destroying insects or marine borers. This guidance includes information on factors that can influence the service life of a wood or wood-based product when considering biological degradation. In many end uses, design, workmanship and maintenance will also influence the service life of the wood or wood-based product.
This document is a step toward the evaluation of the service life of a wood product.
This document does not consider:
1) the durability characteristics of the glue used in wood-based products;
2) the aesthetic function of wood products (discoloration, surface weathering, mould).
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of the EN 351 series establishes a classification of preservative-treated wood in terms of preservative penetration and gives guidance on a classification of retention. These can be used as a basis for specifying preservative treatments for particular products.
This part of the EN 351 series defines terminology to be used by the specifier when preparing a preservative treatment specification or product standard. It is not a treatment specification in itself.
This part of the EN 351 series is applicable to the production of preservative-treated solid wood, including glued laminated timber, suitable for use in those service conditions defined within the use classes in EN 335. It does not apply to any subsequent examination of treated wood in service.
NOTE 1 Glued laminated timber is not suitable for use in fresh or sea water.
This part of the EN 351 series is applicable to the protection of wood against attack by wood-destroying and wood-disfiguring fungi, insects and marine organisms.
NOTE 2 Protection against wood-disfiguring fungi is an optional property verified by testing in accordance with EN 599-1.
This part of the EN 351 series does not consider other properties of treated wood, for example odour, compatibility with other materials, such as corrosivity of fasteners. Nor does it consider any properties from the health, safety and environmental point of view.
This part of the EN 351 series does not apply to wood to be treated with formulations which are applied to timber in service to eliminate or control an existing fungal or insect infestation, or the prevention of attack by sapstain fungi, or insects in green timber.
Annex A (informative) provides a decision process for specifying preservative treatment requirements.
Annex B (informative) gives an example of the marking system.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of the EN 351 series gives guidance for the general procedures to be used in obtaining samples of preservative-treated wood for the determination of penetration and retention of wood preservative. It also gives guidance on the measurement of penetration and retention of a wood preservative in the treated wood.
This part of the EN 351 series is applicable to the production of preservative-treated solid wood, including glued laminated timber, suitable for use in those service conditions defined within the use classes in EN 335.
NOTE Glued laminated timber is not suitable for use in fresh or sea water.
This part of the EN 351 series is not applicable to preservative-treated wood in service. However, the sampling guidance provided within this part of the EN 351 series can be applied for the subsequent examination of treated wood in service.
Annex A (informative) provides a selection of number of sample units.
Annex B (informative) provides examples of retention measurements.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful as a screening procedure for selecting fungicides or formulations for more rigorous field evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This (laboratory) test method is used for determining the minimum concentration of fungicide, or formulation of fungicides, that is effective in preventing biodeterioration by sapstain fungi and molds in selected species of wood under optimum laboratory conditions.
Note 1: From the results of this test, commercial treating solution concentrations cannot be estimated without further field tests.
1.2 The requirements for test materials and procedures are discussed in the following order:
Section
Summary of Test Method
4
Apparatus
6
Reagents
7
Wood
8
Test Fungi
9
Culture Media
10
Preparation of Inoculum
11
Preparation of Test Chambers
12
Treatment of Samples
13
Inoculation and Incubation
14
Evaluation of the Test
15
Report
16
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document gives guidance on the selection of wood and wood-based products for use in situations where they can be subject to degradation by fungi, wood destroying insects or marine borers. This guidance includes information on factors that can influence the service life of a wood or wood-based product when considering biological degradation. In many end uses, design, workmanship and maintenance will also influence the service life of the wood or wood-based product.
This document is a step toward the evaluation of the service life of a wood product.
This document does not consider:
1) the durability characteristics of the glue used in wood-based products;
2) the aesthetic function of wood products (discoloration, surface weathering, mould).
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a laboratory method for the determination of the treatability of wood in order to determine the likely reaction of different wood species to impregnation with wood preservatives. It is also applicable to investigate variation between samples of the same species but of different origin.
- Corrigendum3 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice covers procedures of sampling for obtaining small, clear wood specimens which, when tested in accordance with Test Methods D143 and, in conjunction with full-size product tests, will provide mechanical properties for use in deriving design properties for lumber, panels, poles, house logs, and other products.
4.2 Data obtained by testing specimens sampled in accordance with these methods also provide information on the influence on mechanical properties of such factors as density, locality of growth, position in cross section, height in the tree, and moisture content.
4.3 Cruciform sampling is of principal value when information is desired on the influence on mechanical properties of height in the tree; of age or radial position in the tree; of rate of growth; the change from sapwood to heartwood; the relationships between mechanical properties and factors such as specific gravity; and making general comparisons between species for purposes of rating or selecting species for specific end-use products. Cruciform sampling does not provide unbiased estimates of mean values, percentile or other descriptive statistics, or a means of associating statistical confidence with estimates of descriptive statistics.
4.4 Double sampling is used when it is desired to improve or update existing estimates of mechanical property values that are the basis for establishing allowable design stresses for stress-graded lumber, plywood, poles and piling, and other wood products. The method involves predicting one property by carefully observing a well-correlated auxiliary property that is presumably easier or cheaper to measure. A sample estimate of the auxiliary property is obtained with a high degree of precision by representatively sampling the population. A smaller independent sample or a subsample of the large sample is used to establish a relationship between the auxiliary property and the property for which an estimate is desired. As applied to sampling a f...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice offers two alternative physical sampling procedures: cruciform sampling and random sampling. The choice of procedure will depend upon the intended use for the test results, the resources available for sampling and testing, and the availability of existing data on the mechanical properties and specific gravity of the species of interest.
1.2 A third procedure, double sampling, is included primarily by reference. This procedure applies the results of cruciform or random samples through correlation to improve or update property values.
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a laboratory method for the determination of the treatability of wood in order to determine the likely reaction of different wood species to impregnation with wood preservatives. It is also applicable to investigate variation between samples of the same species but of different origin.
- Corrigendum3 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard gives a method for determining characteristic values of mechanical properties and density, for defined populations of visual grades and/or strength classes of machine graded structural timber. Additionally it covers the stages of sampling, testing, analysis and presentation of the data.
The standard provides methods to derive strength, stiffness and density properties for structural timber from tests with defect-free specimen.
The values determined in accordance with this standard for mechanical properties and density are suitable for assigning grades and species to the strength classes of EN 338.
NOTE 1 For assigning grades and species to the strength classes in EN 338 only three properties, i.e. bending or tension strength, modulus of elasticity parallel to grain in bending or tension and density need to be determined from test data, other properties can be calculated according to Table 2.
NOTE 2 EN 1912 gives examples of established visual grades assigned to strength classes.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements, additional to those of EN 14081-1, for type testing of machine graded structural timber with rectangular cross-sections shaped by sawing, planning or other methods, and having deviations from the target sizes corresponding to EN 336. This includes requirements for strength grading machines.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a laboratory method for the determination of the treatability of wood in order to determine the likely reaction of different wood species to impregnation with wood preservatives. It is also applicable to investigate variation between samples of the same species but of different origin.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ABSTRACT
This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing exterior wood stains. This includes both water borne and solvent borne semitransparent and opaque stains. The different conditions that affect coatings are presented in details. The balance of properties must be considered when establishing the requirements and selecting the tests. The different test methods in determining the liquid coating properties are enumerated and discussed. The different methods in determining the coating application and film formation are presented and discussed in details. The different test methods of determining the appearance of dry films are presented. The different test method of determining the dry coating properties are presented in details. The different test methods and practices in performing the chemical analysis of exterior woods are presented in details. Although many of the recommended test methods attempt to simulate conditions under which coatings are applied and used, it is not possible to duplicate accurately all possible conditions. Testing materials, including appropriate controls, under field conditions is recommended for the final evaluation of suitability.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing exterior wood stains and clear water repellents. This includes both water borne and solvent borne semitransparent and opaque stains and clear water repellents. The properties that can be examined or, in some cases, the relevant test procedures are listed in 2.1 and 2.2.
Note 1: The term “opaque stain” is defined as a pigmented composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that obscures the grain and color of the wood, but not its surface texture; also called solid color or solid hide.
Note 2: The term “semitransparent” is defined as a pigmented composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that does not fully obscure the grain or the texture of the wood.
Note 3: The term “clear” is defined as a transparent composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that does not obscure the grain or texture of the wood.
1.1.1 Discussion—When applied to woods that differ in color, there is a color difference between stained substrates.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide a relative measurement of the combustibility of fire-retardant-treated wood specimens based on their percentage loss in weight under controlled fire exposure conditions (1).3 In addition, other possible data include rate of weight loss, time of flaming and afterglowing, increase in temperature, and maximum vertical flame progress.
4.2 This test method is not sufficiently large scale to evaluate the suitability of a given treated product for building construction, but it is a convenient method to use for purposes of development or as a quality-control test during manufacture.
4.3 This test method gives a procedure for sampling and preparation of test specimens from a lot of treated material in which complete penetration is a requirement. A procedure is also given for the sampling of charges at a treating plant for purposes of quality control of the treatment process.
4.4 This test method has proven useful for evaluating comparative fire performance effectiveness of fire-retardant chemicals and treatment formulations for wood and wood products (2-5).
4.5 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the anticipated end-use conditions are changed, it is possible that this test method will not predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers fire-tube test procedures for fire tests for combustible properties of wood treated to reduce flammability. This test method relates to properties of treated wood, as such, rather than to the performance of a fabrication used as an element of construction. Performance under this test method shall be as prescribed in requirements applicable to materials intended for specific uses.
1.2 This test method is a fire-test-response standard.
1.3 The SI values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements additional to those given in EN 14081 1 for factory production control of machine graded structural timber with rectangular cross-sections shaped by sawing, planing or other methods, and having deviations from the target sizes corresponding to EN 336.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 The flexural properties established by this test method provide:
6.1.1 Data for use in development of grading rules and specifications;
6.1.2 Data for use in development of design values for structural members;
6.1.3 Data on the influence of imperfections on mechanical properties of structural members;
6.1.4 Data on strength properties of different species or grades in various structural sizes;
6.1.5 Data for use in checking existing equations or hypotheses relating to the structural behavior;
6.1.6 Data on the effects of chemical or environmental conditions on mechanical properties;
6.1.7 Data on effects of fabrication variables such as depth, taper, notches, or type of end joint in laminations; and
6.1.8 Data on relationships between mechanical and physical properties.
6.2 Procedures are described here in sufficient detail to permit duplication in different laboratories so that comparisons of results from different sources will be valid. Where special circumstances require deviation from some details of these procedures, these deviations shall be carefully described in the report (see Section 11).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber and wood-based products in structural sizes by various testing procedures.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
Sections
Flexure
4 – 11
Compression (Short Specimen)
13 – 20
Compression (Long Specimen)
21 – 28
Tension
29 – 36
Torsion
37 – 44
Shear Modulus
45 – 52
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing procedures are given in Appendix X1.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures outlined will provide data that can be used to evaluate the structural performance, under concentrated loads, of roof and floor sheathing, separate from the effects of the framing, under simulated conditions representative of those in actual service.
5.2 The procedures are intended to be applied to roof or floor sheathing materials installed directly to framing. They are not intended for the evaluation of the framed assembly as a whole.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the resistance to deflection and damage of floor and roof sheathing used in site-built construction subjected to concentrated static loads as well as impact loads from nonrigid blunt objects. It is applicable to wood and wood-based panels and boards, but is not intended to cover profiled metal decks, nor precast or cast-in-place slabs. Surface indentation is not evaluated separately from deflection.
1.2 Three applications are covered: roof sheathing, subfloors, and single floors. Roof sheathing is tested in both a dry and a wet condition, while subfloors and single floors are both tested in a dry condition, as well as a condition of having dried out after being wet. These moisture conditions are those commonly experienced with site-built construction.
Note 1: Where it is anticipated that sheathing will be subjected only to dry conditions during construction and use, or else to greater moisture exposure than is indicated in 7.3.2, the corresponding exposure conditions may be modified by agreement between the interested parties. For example, shop-built construction may be tested dry only, although the possibility of exposure to high humidity or leaks and flooding during use should be considered.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a laboratory method for the determination of the treatability of wood in order to determine the likely reaction of different wood species to impregnation with wood preservatives. It is also applicable to investigate variation between samples of the same species but of different origin.
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This European Standard gives a method for determining characteristic values of mechanical properties and density, for defined populations of visual grades and/or strength classes of machine graded structural timber. Additionally it covers the stages of sampling, testing, analysis and presentation of the data.
The standard provides methods to derive strength, stiffness and density properties for structural timber from tests with defect-free specimen.
The values determined in accordance with this standard for mechanical properties and density are suitable for assigning grades and species to the strength classes of EN 338.
NOTE 1 For assigning grades and species to the strength classes in EN 338 only three properties, i.e. bending or tension strength, modulus of elasticity parallel to grain in bending or tension and density need to be determined from test data, other properties can be calculated according to Table 2.
NOTE 2 EN 1912 gives examples of established visual grades assigned to strength classes.
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This document specifies requirements, additional to those of EN 14081-1, for type testing of machine graded structural timber with rectangular cross-sections shaped by sawing, planning or other methods, and having deviations from the target sizes corresponding to EN 336. This includes requirements for strength grading machines.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Machining tests are made to determine the working qualities and characteristics of different species of wood and of different wood-based panel materials under a variety of machine operations such as are encountered in commercial manufacturing practice. The tests provide a systematic basis for comparing the behavior of different products with respect to woodworking machine operations and of evaluating their potential suitability for certain uses where these properties are of prime importance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for planing, routing/shaping, turning, mortising, boring, and sanding, all of which are common wood-working operations used in the manufacture of wood products. These tests apply, in different degrees, to two general classes of materials:
1.1.1 Wood in the form of lumber, and
1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials such as plywood and wood-base fiber and particle panels.
1.2 Because of the importance of planing, some of the variables that affect the results of this operation are explored with a view to determining optimum conditions. In most of the other tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one set of fairly typical commercial conditions in which all the different woods are treated alike.
1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of the machining properties of a given wood or wood-base panel. Quality of finished surface is recommended as the basis for evaluation of machining properties. Rate of dulling of cutting tools and power consumed in cutting are also important considerations but are beyond the scope of these test methods.
1.4 Although the methods presented include the results of progressive developments in the evaluation of machining properties, further improvements are anticipated. For example, by present procedures, quality of the finished surface is evaluated by visual inspection, but as new mechanical or physical techniques become available that will afford improved precision of evaluation, they should be employed.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density and specific gravity are cornerstone terms that help define many useful properties of wood and wood-based materials. These terms designate concepts that have distinct definitions though they relate to the same characteristic (mass in a unit volume). Generally, in the US and Canada, density of wood is measured in terms of specific gravity, or relative density. In the wood-based composites industry and internationally the term density is often preferred.
5.2 The basic density and basic specific gravity of wood are used in the forestry industry for calculating the oven-dry weight of wood fiber contained in a known wood volume of various wood species. Thus, it serves as an indicator of the amount of wood pulp that could be produced, the workability of the material or its shipping weight. This information is referenced in various resources, including Wood Handbook.5 Note that specific gravity varies within a tree, between trees, and between species. Since the specific gravity of wood cell wall substance is practically constant for all species (approximately 1.53), it is apparent that individual specific gravity value is indicative of the amount of wood cell wall substance present. It affords a rapid and valuable test method for selection of wood for specific uses. In US and Canadian building codes, the oven-dry specific gravity is correlated to various strength characteristics of wood products (for example, compression perpendicular to grain, shear strength and fastener holding capacity).
5.3 It is often desirable to know the density or specific gravity of a living tree, a structural member already in place, a log cross section, a segment of a research element, or the earlywood or latewood layer. Therefore, it is possible that specimens will be large or small, regular or irregular in shape, and at a variety of moisture contents. These test methods give procedures that include all of these variables and provides for calculation of density and specific gr...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the density and specific gravity (relative density) of wood and wood-based materials to generally desired degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different sizes, shapes, and moisture content conditions. The test method title is indicative of the procedures used or the specific area of use.
Section
Test Method A—Volume by Measurement
8
Test Method B—Volume by Water Immersion
9
Test Method C—Flotation Tube
10
Test Method D—Forstner Bit
11
Test Method E—Increment Core
12
Test Method F—Chips
13
Test Method G—Full-Size Members
14
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the physical characteristics of round timber construction poles to be used either treated or untreated.
1.2 This test method covers basic principles for establishing recommended design stress values for round timber construction poles that are applicable to the quality described.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Computer simulation is known to be a very powerful analytical tool for both practitioners and researchers in the area of wood products and their applications in structural engineering. Complex structural systems can be analyzed by computer with the computer generating the system components, given the probability distribution of each component. Frequently the components are single boards for which a compatible set of strength and stiffness properties are needed. However, the entire structural simulation process is dependent upon the adequacy of the standard uniform number generator required to generate random observations from prescribed probability distribution functions.
4.2 The technological capabilities and wide availability of microcomputers has encouraged their increased use for simulation studies. Tests of random number generators in commonly available microcomputers have disclosed serious deficiencies (1).3 Adequacy may be a function of intended end-use. This practice is concerned with generation of sets of random numbers, as may be required for simulations of large populations of material properties for simulation of complex structures. For more demanding applications, the use of packaged and pretested random number generators is encouraged.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice gives a minimum testing procedure of computer generation routines for the standard uniform distribution. Random observations from the standard uniform distribution, RU, range from zero to one with every value between zero and one having an equal chance of occurrence.
1.2 The tests described in this practice only support the basic use of random number generators, not their use in complex or extremely precise simulations.
1.3 Simulation details for the normal, lognormal, 2-parameter Weibull and 3-parameter Weibull probability distributions are presented.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.See specific warning statement in 5.5.3.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document gives guidelines and requirements to sort and classify rattan cane materials (poles and derivatives) based on physical properties, quality and market values.
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This document specifies a method for determining the ultimate strength in shearing parallel to grain of small clear wood specimens by measuring the breaking load applied statically along the radial or the tangential plane of a test piece.
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This document specifies requirements additional to those given in EN 14081 1 for factory production control of machine graded structural timber with rectangular cross-sections shaped by sawing, planing or other methods, and having deviations from the target sizes corresponding to EN 336.
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ABSTRACT
This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation and evaluation of allowable properties of specified populations of stress-graded structural lumber. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. The population shall be clearly defined where it may be necessary to specify the following: (1) grade name and description, (2) geographical area over which sampling will take place, (3) species or species group, (4) time span for sampling (5) lumber size, and (6) moisture content. Two statistical techniques are described under this practice, namely: parametric and nonparametric analysis. The sampling methods include: (1) random sampling, (2) sampling with unequal probabilities, and (3) sequential sampling. Selection and method of determining sample size are detailed. The results of the tests performed shall be presented as (1) a set of summarizing statistics, and (2) an appendix of unadjusted individual test specimen results. The procedures and requirements for analysis of results are detailed and includes the following: (1) adjustment factors used to reduce the test statistics to the level of allowable properties, (2) formula for calculating apparent modulus of elasticity, sample mean, sample standard deviation, and confidence interval for the mean (3) sample nonparametric percent point estimate, (4) nonparametric lower tolerance limit, (5) parametric point estimate, (6) lower parametric tolerance limit, and (7) histogram and empirical cumulative distribution function. This practice does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation of specified populations of wood and wood-based structural products referred to in this standard as products. Appropriate product standards should be referenced for presentation requirements for data. Depending on the interest of the user, the population from which samples are taken may range from the products produced at a specific manufacturing site to all the products produced in a particular grade from a particular geographic area, during some specified interval of time. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. Where this assumption is inadequate, that is, the population is assumed finite, many of the provisions of this practice may be employed but the sampling and analysis procedure must be designed to reflect a finite population. The statistical techniques embodied in this practice provide procedures to summarize data so that logical judgments can be made. This practice does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed. The action to be taken depends on the particular requirements of the user of the product.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This practice does not purport to address the adjustment factors needed to adjust test data to standardized mechanical and environmental conditions (that is, temperature, moisture, test span, or load duration). Additionally, it provides a basis for statistical estimates that will typically require further adjustment to determine design values for use with an accepted design methodology (that is, allowable stress, limit states, or load and resistance factor design). It shall be the responsibility of the user to seek out the appropriate adjustments in specific product standards.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Need for Lumber Grading:
3.1.1 Individual pieces of lumber, as they come from the saw, represent a wide range in quality and appearance with respect to freedom from knots, cross grain, shakes, and other characteristics. Such random pieces likewise represent a wide range in strength, utility, serviceability, and value. One of the obvious requirements for the orderly marketing of lumber is the establishment of grades that permit the procurement of any required quality of lumber in any desired quantity. Maximum economy of material is obtained when the range of quality-determining characteristics in a grade is limited and all pieces are utilized to their full potential. Many of the grades are established on the basis of appearance and physical characteristics of the piece, but without regard for mechanical properties. Other grades, called structural or stress grades, are established on the basis of features that relate to mechanical properties. The latter designate near-minimum strength and near-average stiffness properties on which to base structural design.
3.1.2 The development of this practice is based on extensive research covering tests of small clear specimens and of full-sized structural members. Detailed studies have included the strength and variability of clear wood, and the effect on strength from various factors such as density, knots (See Terminology D9), and other defects, seasoning, duration of stress, and temperature.
3.2 How Visual Grading is Accomplished—Visual grading is accomplished from an examination of all four faces and the ends of the piece, in which the location as well as the size and nature of the knots and other features appearing on the surfaces are evaluated over the entire length. Basic principles of structural grading have been established that permit the evaluation of any piece of stress-graded lumber in terms of a strength ratio for each property being evaluated. The strength ratio of stress-graded lumber is the hypothet...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice (1, 2)2 covers the basic principles for establishing related unit stresses and stiffness values for design with visually-graded solid sawn structural lumber. This practice starts with property values from clear wood specimens and includes necessary procedures for the formulation of structural grades of any desired strength ratio.
1.2 The grading provisions used as illustrations herein are not intended to establish grades for purchase, but rather to show how stress-grading principles are applied. Detailed grading rules for commercial stress grades which serve as purchase specifications are established and published by agencies which formulate and maintain such rules and operate inspection facilities covering the various species.
1.3 The material covered in this practice appears in the following order:
Section
Scope
1
Significance and Use
3
Basic Principles of Strength Ratios
4
Estimation and Limitation of Growth Characteristics
5
Allowable Properties for Timber Design
6
Modification of Allowable Properties for Design Use
7
Example of Stress-Grade Development
8
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trad...
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This document lists the terms and definitions relating to general concepts, macrostructure, sampling, and methods of physical and mechanical testing of wood. Other terminologies that are not mentioned in this standard are defined in ISO 24294.
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the test methodology and procedures to demonstrate that the fire performance of wood-based floor framing members is equivalent to unprotected 2 by 10 dimension lumber or equal-sized structural composite lumber (SCL) floor joists used in interior floor assemblies. This specification is applicable to floor framing members with or without applied treatments or materials used to increase fire resistance, including fire-resistive paints, coatings, or chemical treatments, and including mechanically attached or adhered fire protection materials. It is applicable to any wood-based residential floor framing member product including, but not limited to, prefabricated wood I-joists, open-web wood joists, and trusses with wood flanges and wood or metal web members. In addition, specific requirements for the evaluation of fire-resistive paints, coatings, or chemical treatments used with these floor framing members are included.
Note 1: This specification provides a method of comparing the fire performance of floor framing members to benchmarked performance of unprotected 2 by 10 dimension lumber or equal-sized SCL floor joists. It has been successfully used to evaluate the performance of prefabricated wood I-joists and wood trusses with various forms of fire protection. While the principles of this specification are generally applicable to all floor framing members, the development of the specification did not consider additional requirements or modifications which may be necessary for the evaluation of floor framing members of other materials, such as steel joists or trusses.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document defines terms related to round and sawn timber. It applies to identification of a tree and its components, stages of processing in round and sawn forms, and timber grading, dimensions, anatomical structure, features, moisture content and conditions relating to stain, fungal and insect attack. It does not apply to terms related to strength properties of wood, engineered timber products or timber structures.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fire-retardant-treatments are used to reduce the flame-spread characteristics of wood. Chemicals and redrying conditions employed in treatments are known to modify the strength properties of the wood product being treated. This practice establishes the procedures for determining adjustment factors that account for the isolated effects of fire-retardant treatment on design properties of lumber. These effects are established relative to performance of untreated lumber.
5.2 The effect of fire-retardant treatments on the strength of lumber used in roof framing applications is time related. In this practice, the cumulative effect on strength of annual thermal loads from all temperature bins is increased 50 times to establish treatment adjustment factors for fire-retardant treated lumber roof framing.
5.3 The procedures of Test Method D5664 employ an elevated temperature intended to produce strength losses in a short period of time. Although the exposure is much more severe than that which occurs in an actual roof system, the chemical reactions that occur in the laboratory test are considered to be the same as those occurring over long periods of time in the field.
5.4 Treatment adjustment factors developed under this practice apply to lumber installed in accordance with construction practices recommended by the fire-retardant chemical manufacturer which include avoidance of direct wetting, precipitation or frequent condensation. Application of this practice is limited to roof applications with design consistent with 1.3.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for calculating adjustment factors that account for the effects of fire-retardant treatment on design properties of lumber. The adjustment factors calculated in accordance with this practice are to be applied to design values for untreated lumber in order to determine design values for fire-retardant-treated lumber used at ambient temperatures [service temperatures up to 100 °F (38 °C)] and as framing in roof systems.
Note 1: This analysis focuses on the relative performance of treated and untreated materials tested after equilibrating to ambient conditions following a controlled exposure to specified conditions of high temperature and humidity. Elevated temperature, moisture, load duration, and other factors typically accounted for in the design of untreated lumber must also be considered in the design of fire-retardant-treated lumber, but are outside the scope of the treatment adjustments developed under this practice.
1.2 These adjustment factors for the design properties in bending, tension parallel to grain, compression parallel to grain, horizontal shear, and modulus of elasticity are based on the results of strength tests of matched treated and untreated small clear wood specimens after conditioning at nominal room temperatures [72 °F (22 °C)] and of other similar specimens after exposure at 150 °F (66 °C). The test data are developed in accordance with Test Method D5664. Guidelines are provided for establishing adjustment factors for the property of compression perpendicular to grain and for connection design values.
1.3 Treatment adjustment factors for roof framing applications are based on thermal load profiles for normal wood roof construction used in a variety of climates as defined by weather tapes of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE).2 The solar loads, moisture conditions, ventilation rates, and other parameters used in the computer model were selected to represent typical sloped roof designs. The thermal loads in this practice are applicable to roof slopes of 3 in 12 or steeper, to roofs designed with vent areas and vent locations conforming to national standards of practice and to designs in which the bottom side of the roof sheathing is exposed to ventilation air. For designs that do not have one or more of these base-line features, the applic...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Most of the methoxyl in wood is attributable to the lignin. This test method is used extensively in the study of lignin.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of methoxyl groups in wood and related materials (1-7).2 The test method is applicable to milled wood or sawdust, or by suitable adjustment in size of the test specimen, to fractions isolated from wood and lignin.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 The ash content is an approximate measure of the mineral content and other inorganic matter in wood.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ash, expressed as the percentage of residue remaining after dry oxidation (oxidation at 580 to 600°C), of wood or wood products.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Hot alkali extracts low molecular weight carbohydrates consisting mainly of hemicellulose and degraded cellulose in wood. This solubility of wood is an indication of the degree of fungal decay, or degradation by heat, light, oxidation, and so forth. The more decay or degradation, the higher the solubility.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the solubility of wood in a hot dilute alkali solution. A1 % solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used. One application is in determining the degree of fungus decay that has taken place in a given wood sample. As the wood decays, the percentage of alkali-soluble material increases in proportion to the decrease in pulp yield caused by the decay.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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