ASTM D1109-21
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for 1 % Sodium Hydroxide Solubility of Wood
Standard Test Method for 1 % Sodium Hydroxide Solubility of Wood
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Hot alkali extracts low molecular weight carbohydrates consisting mainly of hemicellulose and degraded cellulose in wood. This solubility of wood is an indication of the degree of fungal decay, or degradation by heat, light, oxidation, and so forth. The more decay or degradation, the higher the solubility.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the solubility of wood in a hot dilute alkali solution. A1 % solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used. One application is in determining the degree of fungus decay that has taken place in a given wood sample. As the wood decays, the percentage of alkali-soluble material increases in proportion to the decrease in pulp yield caused by the decay.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 31-Mar-2021
- Technical Committee
- D07 - Wood
- Drafting Committee
- D07.01 - Fundamental Test Methods and Properties
Overview
ASTM D1109-21: Standard Test Method for 1% Sodium Hydroxide Solubility of Wood provides a reliable procedure for determining the solubility of wood when exposed to a hot dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. This test evaluates the amount of low molecular weight carbohydrates, such as hemicellulose and degraded cellulose, that can be extracted from wood using a 1% NaOH solution. The test method is especially useful for assessing the degree of fungal decay as well as other types of wood degradation caused by heat, light, and oxidation.
Key Topics
- Solubility Assessment: The method measures the portion of wood soluble in a 1% sodium hydroxide solution, providing quantitative results on the degradation level.
- Decay Diagnosis: Increase in alkali-soluble material correlates with lower pulp yield and greater fungal decay or physical degradation.
- Sampling and Preparation: The wood sample must be air-dried and prepared as sawdust or milled wood of specified mesh sizes to ensure consistency.
- Testing Protocol: The procedure involves treating the wood sample in boiling dilute NaOH, followed by sequential washing, and measuring the residue’s mass loss.
- Result Calculation: Solubility is reported as a percentage of the moisture-free wood’s weight, based on at least two determinations for accuracy.
- Precision and Bias: The method’s precision is specified, ensuring repeatable and reproducible results across laboratories.
Applications
The ASTM D1109-21 standard serves a variety of sectors by providing a clear, standardized approach for determining wood solubility in hot dilute sodium hydroxide:
- Wood and Pulp Industry: Evaluates pulp yield potential and raw material quality by detecting decay-induced compositional changes.
- Decay Detection: Used in quality control labs to assess the extent of fungal decomposition and overall integrity of wood samples.
- Material Research: Assists in research on wood chemistry, helping to relate changes in wood structure to solubility under alkaline conditions.
- Product Certification and Compliance: Ensures that wood products meet durability and stability requirements for various applications.
- Environmental and Degradation Studies: Used in studies analyzing the effects of environmental stressors on wood composition and longevity.
Related Standards
Several standards and test methods complement or are referenced in conjunction with ASTM D1109-21:
- Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Method T 212: One percent sodium hydroxide solubility of wood and pulp, upon which ASTM D1109 is based.
- ASTM D2017: Standard Test Method of Accelerated Laboratory Test of Natural Decay Resistance of Woods, for assessing decay resistance.
- ASTM D143: Standard Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber, covering a broader array of wood property tests.
- ISO and EN Standards on Wood Testing: International standards for wood and pulp evaluation often reference similar chemical solubility approaches.
- Other ASTM D07 Standards: Standards under the ASTM Committee D07 on Wood address complementary wood properties and test protocols.
Keywords: sodium hydroxide solubility of wood, wood decay detection, fungal decay, wood degradation, ASTM D1109, pulp yield assessment, wood chemistry, wood testing standards, hemicellulose extraction, wood quality control.
By using ASTM D1109-21, organizations ensure robust, standardized evaluation of wood’s chemical integrity, supporting sustainable practices and optimal material performance across industries.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D1109-21 is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for 1 % Sodium Hydroxide Solubility of Wood". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 2.1 Hot alkali extracts low molecular weight carbohydrates consisting mainly of hemicellulose and degraded cellulose in wood. This solubility of wood is an indication of the degree of fungal decay, or degradation by heat, light, oxidation, and so forth. The more decay or degradation, the higher the solubility. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the solubility of wood in a hot dilute alkali solution. A1 % solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used. One application is in determining the degree of fungus decay that has taken place in a given wood sample. As the wood decays, the percentage of alkali-soluble material increases in proportion to the decrease in pulp yield caused by the decay. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 2.1 Hot alkali extracts low molecular weight carbohydrates consisting mainly of hemicellulose and degraded cellulose in wood. This solubility of wood is an indication of the degree of fungal decay, or degradation by heat, light, oxidation, and so forth. The more decay or degradation, the higher the solubility. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the solubility of wood in a hot dilute alkali solution. A1 % solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used. One application is in determining the degree of fungus decay that has taken place in a given wood sample. As the wood decays, the percentage of alkali-soluble material increases in proportion to the decrease in pulp yield caused by the decay. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D1109-21 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D1109-21 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1109 − 21
Standard Test Method for
1,2
1 % Sodium Hydroxide Solubility of Wood
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1109; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
beaker is recommended to be nearly level with the cover of the bath. By
1. Scope
using this type of bath the sides of the beakers are entirely surrounded by
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the solu-
boiling water or steam. The water level in the bath is recommended to be
bility of wood in a hot dilute alkali solution. A1 % solution of maintained above the level of the liquid in the beakers.
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used. One application is in
3.2 Beakers—The beakers shall be tall-form, 200-mL,
determining the degree of fungus decay that has taken place in
alkali-resistant glass beakers.
a given wood sample. As the wood decays, the percentage of
3.3 Filtering Crucibles—Alundum or fritted-glass crucibles
alkali-soluble material increases in proportion to the decrease
of medium porosity are recommended for filtering the treated
in pulp yield caused by the decay.
sawdust.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Reagents
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (1.0%)—Allow a chemi-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
cally pure NaOH solution (50 %) to stand about 1 week in a
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
stoppered vessel to permit settling of Na CO and other
2 3
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
insoluble impurities. Dilute the supernatant clear solution with
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
distilled water free of CO (see Note 2) and adjust to between
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
0.9 and 1.1 % NaOH.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NOTE 2—It is difficult to make water totally free of CO and deareated
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
water is recommended since a high CO content will convert NaOH to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Na CO which will alter the titration value. A titration against a standard
2 3
HCl solution can check the NaOH content, Water with very low CO high
content can be made by boiling the water and keeping it in a stoppered
2. Significance and Use
vessel.
2.1 Hot alkali extracts low molecular weight carbohydrates
4.2 Acetic Acid (10%).
consisting mainly of hemicellulose and degraded cellulose in
wood. This solubility of wood is an indication of the degree of
5. Test Specimen
fungal decay, or degradation by heat, light, oxidation, and so
5.1 The test specimen shall consist of air-dried sawdust or
forth. The more decay or degradation, the higher the solubility.
milledwoodthathasbeengroundtopassa425-µm(approx.40
3. Apparatus mesh) sieve and be retained on a 250-µm (approx. 60 mesh)
sieve. The weight of the test specimen shall be such that it will
3.1 Water Bath—The water bath shall be designed so that
be equivalent to 2 6 0.1 g of moisture-free wood.
the temperature of the material during treatment is uniformly
maintained at 97 to 100 °C. When a new bath is used the
6. Procedure
temperature shall be checked to ensure the use of proper
6.1 Place two test specimens in 200-mL, tall-form beakers
conditions (see Note 1).
and add to each 100 mL of NaOH solution (1 %)
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1109 − 84 (Reapproved 2013) D1109 − 21 Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry
Standard Method T 212 os-76
Standard Test Method for
1,2
1 % Sodium Hydroxide Solubility of Wood
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1109; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the solubility of wood in a hot dilute alkali solution. A1 % solution of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) is used. One application is in determining the degree of fungus decay that has taken place in a given wood
sample. As the wood decays, the percentage of alkali-soluble material increases in proportion to the decrease in pulp yield caused
by the decay.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Significance and Use
2.1 Hot alkali extracts low molecular weight carbohydrates consisting mainly of hemicellulose and degraded cellulose in wood.
This solubility of wood is an indication of the degree of fungal decay, or degradation by heat, light, oxidation, and so forth. The
more decay or degradation, the higher the solubility.
3. Apparatus
3.1 Water Bath—The water bath shall be designed so that the temperature of the material during treatment is uniformly maintained
at 97 to 100°C. 100 °C. When a new bath is used the temperature shall be checked to ensure the use of proper conditions.
Theconditions (see Note 1type of bath recommended is one that is covered and that has holes in the top of such size that beakers
may be set down in the bath until they are supported by the flared rim of the beakers. The top of the beaker shall be nearly level
with the cover of the bath. By using this type of bath the sides of the beakers are entirely surrounded by boiling water or steam.
The water level in the bath shall be maintained above the level of the liquid in the beakers.).
NOTE 1—The type of bath recommended is one that is covered and that has holes in the top of such size that beakers may be set down in the bath until
they are supported by the flared rim of the beakers. The top of the beaker is recommended to be nearly level with the cover of the bath. By using this
type of bath the sides of the beakers are entirely surrounded by boiling water or steam. The water level in the bath is recommended to be maintained
above the level of the liquid in the beakers.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental Test Methods
and Properties.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013April 1, 2021. Published August 2013April 2021. Originally approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 20072013 as
D1109 – 84 (2007).(2013). DOI: 10.1520/D1109-84R13.10.1520/D1109-21.
Based upon Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Standard Method T 212 om-18. One percent sodium hydroxide solubility of wood and pulp.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1109 − 21
3.2 Beakers—The beakers shall be tall-form, 200-mL, alkali-resistant glass beakers.
3.3 Filtering Crucibles—Alundum or fritted-glass crucibles of medium
...
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