ISO/TC 71 - Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete

This document provides design examples of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) hybrid structures in accordance with ISO 16521. This document includes the design calculation of major structural types in ISO 16521, i.e., trussed CFST hybrid structures, concrete-encased CFST hybrid structures. The design examples cover the major loading cases for the structures and follow the design procedure presented in ISO 16521:2024, Clause 6.

This document specifies test methods applicable to fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets for the upgrading of concrete members.

This document specifies test methods applicable to fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars as reinforcement or pre-stressing tendons in concrete, including physical, mechanical, durability, and long-term properties. FRP bars in this document are made of fibre and resin matrix. Types of fibres are aramid fibre, basalt fibre, carbon fibre or glass fibre. The matrix includes thermosetting resins, such as vinylester, unsaturated polyester resins, as well as thermoplastic resins, including polypropylene, polyamides, and polymethyl methacrylate.

This document specifies test methods applicable to fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) grids as reinforcement or pre-stressing tendons in concrete, including physical, mechanical, durability, long term durability and bond properties. FRP grids in this document can be used for rehabilitating existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures and reinforcing new constructions. FRP grids in this document are made of fibre and resin matrix. The types of fibres are aramid fibre, basalt fibre, carbon fibre or glass fibre. The matrix includes thermosetting resins, such as vinylester, unsaturated polyester resins, as well as thermoplastic resins, including polypropylene, polyamides, and polymethyl methacrylate. FRP grids in this document are a rigid array of interconnected FRP bars, and do not include fibre textile and fabric with a mesh type. In this document, durability refers to alkali resistance.

This document provides principles and a framework for the specification, performance, production and execution of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). This document applies to concrete for structures cast in situ, pre-cast structures and non-structural concrete. The concrete can be mixed on site, ready-mixed concrete or produced in a plant for pre-cast concrete products.

This document provides principles and framework for use of recycled aggregates for concrete, which are produced from used resources primarily in the form of waste concrete. This document is intended to accelerate the use of recycled aggregates produced from construction and demolition wastes such as waste concrete and demolished masonry units. This document complements ISO 19595, natural aggregates for concrete, which does not include the minimum requirements for the recycled aggregates for concrete.

This document specifies the management principles and procedures implemented at the execution stage under the framework of life cycle management specified by ISO 22040.

This document specifies requirements for the treatment of water that is suitable for making concrete in accordance with ISO 22965 (all parts) and describes methods for assessing its suitability.

This document provides performance requirements for standards on concrete structures. It can be used for international alignment of design, assessment and construction requirements. This document includes: a) principles, which guide the selection of requirements that translate societal and owner’s expectations for the performance of the concrete structure; b) requirements, which define the required performance of the concrete structure; c) criteria, which give means for expressing the requirements; d) evaluation clauses, which give acceptable methods of verifying the specific criteria.

This document provides a general framework, principles and requirements related to the determination of system boundaries and the acquisition of inventory data necessary for conducting a life cycle assessment (LCA) of concrete, precast concrete and concrete structures. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with, and following the principles set out in ISO 14040, ISO 14044, ISO 21930, ISO 21931-1 and ISO 21931-2. Where deviation occurs, this document takes precedence.

This document specifies the test method for the load-displacement curves of fibre-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC) by three-point loading of notched prisms. The main purpose of this test is to evaluate the tension softening curve of FRCC. NOTE 1 Both crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) and load point displacement (LPD) are specified as the displacement in load-displacement curves, but measurement of both might not be necessary. Either can be selected depending on the purpose of measurement. NOTE 2 Three-point bending test using notched specimen generally provides higher results than those observed in four-point bending test, in which the fracture occurs at the weakest point of the specimen.

This document provides guidelines for the design, construction, and inspection of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) hybrid structures. These structures can be used as main structural components like columns, girders, piers, or arches in buildings, bridges, especially in high-rise structures, long-span spatial structures, and large-scale bridges. CFST hybrid structures can employ CFST members with a circular cross-section as their chords, and they can also use square or rectangular CFST chords.

This document specifies a laboratory test method for evaluating the thermal stress resistance of water-leakage crack repair materials through permeability testing. This document outlines general principles and procedures for the test method. This document does not specify specific variables that control the quantifiable parameters of the testing.

This document specifies a laboratory test method for evaluating the substrate (crack) movement response of water-leakage crack repair materials through permeability testing. This document outlines general principles and procedures for the test method. Specific variables that control the quantifiable parameters of the testing are filled in using relevant national standards or testing parameters, or both.

This document specifies a laboratory test method for evaluating watertightness of water-leakage crack repair materials through permeability testing. This document outlines general principles and procedures for the test method. This document does not specify specific variables that control the quantifiable parameters of the testing.

This document presents the framework and general principles for maintenance and repair of all kinds of existing concrete structures — un-reinforced and reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete and steel-concrete composite structures, or their structural members. In this document, deterioration is clearly distinguished from damage occurring in a short period and not developing over subsequent time, such as cracking and scaling due to earthquakes or impact loading, etc. Deterioration is mainly dealt with as a target for the maintenance activities. This document also provides the basic concept of repair carried out to restore structural performance of existing structures. This document does not cover those aspects of maintenance and repair that are related to serviceability and aesthetics without direct impact on durability and service life, e.g. cleaning of drains, removal of vegetation, refreshment of paint, etc. This document also does not cover repair of defects during execution of new structures.

The proposed document provides the life cycle management of concrete structures particularly focusing on the structural planning and design stage on the basis of the framework and general principles specified by ISO 22040, Life cycle management. This document is applicable to not only newly constructed structures but also existing structures when their life cycle is restarted. This document specifies on how performance requirements should be considered at the planning and design stage and also how the basic LCM scenario should be drawn up. Management items at the design stage are clearly defined and information that may be fed back to the planning stage and be transferred to the execution stage is described.

This document defines basic considerations and decision-making for the specification of repair remedies, and management strategies for reinforced and unreinforced concrete structures. This document covers only atmospherically exposed structures, and buried or submerged structures, if they can be accessed. This document specifies repair design principles, and strategies for defects and on-going deterioration including, but not limited to: a) mechanical actions, e.g. impact, overloading, movement caused by settlement, blast, vibration and seismic actions; b) chemical and biological actions from environments, e.g. sulfate attack, alkali-aggregate reaction; c) physical actions, e.g. freeze–thaw, thermal cracking, moisture movement, salt crystallization, fire, and erosion; d) reinforcement corrosion; e) original construction defects that remained unaddressed from the time of construction. The execution of maintenance and repairs is covered in ISO 16311-4.

This document describes general requirements and procedures for the assessment of concrete structures. The assessment can be initiated under the following circumstances, but not limited to: a) an anticipated change in use or extension of design service life; b) structural deterioration due to time-dependent actions such as corrosion of reinforcement, fatigue, etc.; c) safety and/or serviceability check (e.g. for earthquake and increased traffic actions) as required by authorities, insurance companies, owners, etc.; d) structural damage by accidental actions (see ISO 2394). This document does not cover — qualification of personnel; — contractual matters; — health and safety requirements for the protection of workers during the investigation and testing.

This document provides requirements for substrate condition before and during application, including structural stability, storage of materials, the preparation, and application of products and systems for repair of concrete structures, including quality control and qualifications of personnel, maintenance, health and safety, and the environment.

This document provides a framework and basic rules on environmental management related to concrete and concrete structures. This includes the assessment of the environmental impacts and methods of implementing environmental improvement based on the assessment. This document is used for the environmental consideration in activities related to the production of concrete constituents, the production, recycling and disposal of concrete, and the design, execution, use and demolition of concrete structures. It is applied for their entire lifecycles, respective stages of the lifecycles, or certain ranges of the lifecycles. This document is applicable to newly produced concrete and newly constructed concrete structures, and also existing concrete and concrete structures. This document applies to single concretes, concrete families, single concrete structures, and concrete structure complexes. For materials other than concrete, the related ISO standards are applied where available. In the case where no ISO standard is available, such materials are appropriately dealt with referring to this document and the normative references. This document covers global, regional and local environments. This document does not directly deal with the environmental impacts resulting from the operation of equipment installed in concrete structures. However, the special properties of concrete and concrete structures affecting the operational efficiency of such equipment are considered in this document. This document covers secondary effects of the production of concrete and execution of concrete structures. NOTE The secondary effects of the production of concrete include the future possibility of leaching of heavy metals from concrete or the absorption of heavy metals from the environment, the effect of waste treatments on the environment, etc. This document covers the economic and social effects of environmental consideration in the production of concrete and execution of concrete structures.

This document provides the principles and procedures for environmental management related to production of concrete constituents and concrete. This document covers the following: — concrete constituents: cement, admixtures, additions, aggregate and mixing water; — concrete and precast concrete.

This document specifies a procedure for testing the resistance of surface degradation of pervious concrete specimens in the laboratory. This document also specifies procedures for measuring the mass loss of specimens subjected to combined action of impact and abrasion in a rotating steel drum.

This document specifies the standards for design and construction using the top-surface overlaying method, which increases the thickness of existing concrete members by integrating cementitious materials onto the top surface of the members so as to improve the safety, serviceability, durability and other properties of a concrete structure. This document specifies structural intervention of existing concrete structures using cementitious materials design and execution principles, and strategies for defects and on-going deterioration including, but not limited to: a) mechanical actions, e.g. fatigue, impact, overloading, movement caused by settlement, blast, vibration, and seismic actions; b) chemical and biological actions from environments, e.g. sulfate attack, alkali-aggregate reaction; c) physical actions, e.g. freeze–thaw, thermal cracking, moisture movement, salt crystallization, fire, and erosion; d) reinforcement corrosion; e) original construction defects that remained unaddressed from the time of construction.

This document specifies the standards for design and construction using the bottom-surface (soffit) underlaying method. Bottom-surface (soffit) underlaying is a method whereby reinforcing materials are placed on the bottom surface of the slabs or beams whose performance is lower than required and the improvement of durability, serviceability, safety and other performance of the members is achieved by the integrity between the reinforcing materials and existing members. This document specifies structural intervention of existing concrete structures using cementitious materials design and execution principles, and strategies for defects and on-going deterioration including, but not limited to: a) mechanical actions, e.g. fatigue, impact, overloading, movement caused by settlement, blast, vibration, and seismic actions; b) chemical and biological actions from environments, e.g. sulfate attack, alkali-aggregate reaction; c) physical actions, e.g. freeze–thaw, thermal cracking, moisture movement, salt crystallization, fire, and erosion; d) reinforcement corrosion; e) original construction defects that remained unaddressed from the time of construction.

This document specifies the standard requirements regarding design, construction and maintenance to be applied for structural intervention using the jacketing method, which places reinforcing materials such as reinforcing steel or fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) grids around the periphery of existing concrete column or beam and jackets these members with cementitious materials. This document specifies structural intervention of existing concrete structures using cementitious materials design and execution principles, and strategies for defects and on-going deterioration including, but not limited to: a) mechanical actions, e.g. fatigue, impact, overloading, movement caused by settlement, blast, vibration, and seismic actions; b) chemical and biological actions from environments, e.g. sulfate attack, alkali-aggregate reaction; c) physical actions, e.g. freeze–thaw, thermal cracking, moisture movement, salt crystallization, fire, and erosion; d) reinforcement corrosion; e) original construction defects that remained unaddressed from the time of construction.

This document specifies the standards for design, construction and maintenance following completion of intervention to be applied for performing intervention work using cementitious materials to improve the performance of existing concrete structures. The intervention dealt with in this document is intended to restore, sustain or improve the mechanical performance of concrete structures. When the intervention is aimed at restoring or improving durability, reference should be made to relevant documents. This document covers the overlaying, underlaying and jacketing methods using cementitious materials. The intervention with cementitious materials is covered in ISO 16311-1, Clause 4.

This document specifies a laboratory test method on the quantitative determination of repair materials performance and resistance against erosion and wash out due to underground water flow.

This document specifies a laboratory test method for indirectly measuring the adhesion performance of repair material to wet concrete crack surfaces by qualitatively, as a pass/fail at predetermined time, against predetermined amount of weight exerted on the repair material adhesion. NOTE This document classifies and categorizes materials that are tested into families of similar properties for the purpose of making relative comparisons with the data results.

This document specifies a laboratory test method for the qualitative determination of the retention level of chemical resistance of repair materials in repaired cracks of concrete structures in conditions where the material is either underwater or in contact with water that can have various chemical components present.

This document describes the reference washing and dry sieving method used for testing and in case of dispute, for determination of the particle size distribution of aggregates. Other methods can be used provided that an appropriate working relationship with the reference method has been established. It applies to all aggregates, including lightweight aggregates, up to 90 mm nominal size, but excluding filler. NOTE: Dry sieving without washing can be used for aggregates free from particles which cause agglomeration.

This document describes the procedure for the determination of soluble sulfate salts which can be present in aggregates. The test is suitable for aggregates where the sulfate content derives directly from contact with, or immersion in, saline water, e.g. typical sea-dredged aggregates.

This document specifies the test method, sampling, procedure and determination of cement paste containing a flash setting accelerating admixture for sprayed concrete. Related terms and definitions are also given. This document does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This document specifies requirements for unidirectional carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips as external-bonded reinforcements on the concrete substrate. This document is applicable for the CFRP strips that: — consist of carbon fibre and thermoset resin; — are manufactured by pultrusion method; — have a carbon fibre fraction over 60 % by volume; and — have a thickness within 3 mm. This document specifies the methodologies to express the mechanical properties as characteristic values, appearance and dimensions, and sampling test.

This document describes procedures for determining certain properties of aggregates for use in concrete for the determination of the loose or compacted bulk density, the determination of particle density and water absorption using the hydrostatic balance method and the determination of the particle mass-per-volume and water absorption using the Pycnometer method.

This document provides information to perform the design of the prestressed concrete box girder bridge for road that complies with the limitations established in 6.1. The rules of design as set forth in the document are simplifications of more elaborate requirements. Among several erection methods of box girder bridges, the provisions of this document are mainly applicable to full staging method (FSM). Designs and details for new road bridges address structural integrity by considering the following: — the use of continuity and redundancy to provide one or more alternate paths; — structural members and bearing seat widths that are resistant to damage or instability; and — external protection systems to minimize the effects of reasonably conceived severe loads.

This document provides information to perform the design of the prestressed concrete I-girder bridge for road that complies with the limitations established in 6.1. The rules of design set forth in this document are simplifications of more elaborate requirements. Designs and details for new road bridges address structural integrity by considering the following: — the use of continuity and redundancy to provide one or more alternate paths; — structural members and bearing seat widths that are resistant to damage or instability; and — external protection systems to minimize the effects of reasonably conceived severe loads.

This document specifies the principles and procedures to secure quality control of steel fibre-reinforced concretes (SFRC) during batching and mixing procedures to deliver to a purchaser with the ingredients uniformly mixed, and that can be sampled and tested at the point of delivery.

This document specifies the test methods for discrete polymer fibre for fibre-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC). This document defines the test methods for discrete polymer fibre, such as diameter, length, tensile strength, initial modulus of elasticity, density, melting point, moisture content and alkaline durability as basic items. These are test methods intended for certification of a fibre and not for quality control or field acceptance.

This document provides requirements for seismic assessment and retrofit of concrete structures. It can be used to reduce the risk of seismic damage by structural collapse or turnover during a seismic event. This document provides the framework and principles of methods of detailed seismic assessment and the judgment, seismic retrofit plan and design, seismic retrofit execution of existing reinforced concrete structures before the occurrence of a severe earthquake and of the structures struck by an earthquake. It is an umbrella-type document with general provisions intended to provide wide latitude of choice in terms of comprehensive principle on the evaluation of the seismic damage/expected damage of existing reinforced concrete structures and repair/retrofit. Therefore, it is intended to be used in conjunction with sound engineering judgment. This document is applicable to reinforced concrete structures and pre-stressed concrete structures that have been designed on the basis of the structural design criteria set in a specific country or region. It is not applicable to unreinforced concrete and masonry structures.

This document provides the principles for implementing life cycle management (LCM) of concrete structures throughout the stages of planning, design, execution, use and end-of-life, as well as the framework and procedures for LCM. This document is applicable not only to new structures but also existing structures. It is also applicable to the entire life cycle and each one or more stages composing the life cycle of a structure. NOTE Details in the procedures and specific methodologies for management in each stage of structure's life cycle based on this document is established separately.

The present document refers to the panel-to-structure and panel-to panel connections used for the cladding systems of reinforced concrete frame structures of single-storey buildings, typically precast. They can be used also for multi-storey buildings with proper modifications. The fastening devices considered in the present document consist mainly of steel elements or sliding connectors. Dissipative devices with friction or plastic behaviour are also considered. Other types of common supports and bond connections are treated where needed. The use of any other existing fastening types or the connections with different characteristics than those described in the following clauses is not allowed unless comparable experimental and analytical studies do provide the necessary data and verify the design methodology for the particular type.

This document specifies requirements for the properties for silica fume, siliceous fly ash and ground granulated blastfurnace slag for use as a type II addition for production of concrete conforming to ISO 22965. Additions according to this document can also be used in mortars and grouts. This document applies to the silica fume which is a by-product of the smelting process used to produce silicon metal and ferro-silicon alloys. Fly ash produced with other types or higher percentages of co-combustion materials than those provided for in this document is outside the scope of this document. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag containing any added materials other than grinding aids and/or gypsum (calcium sulfate) is not within the scope of this document. It is not within the scope of this document to specify provisions for the practical application of additions in the production of concrete, mortar or grout, i.e. requirements concerning composition, mixing, placing, curing, etc. NOTE Some rules are given in ISO 22965‑2, e.g. provisions on general suitability and use of additions. Guidance on batching, control of additions content and the use of the k-value concept are also given in ISO 22965‑2.

This document provides a guideline for the selection of a proper grout material to repair water leakage through cracks and other deformities in concrete structures. The factors relevant to the quality control of maintenance and repair of water-leakage cracks are as the following; a) conditions of water-leakage cracks; b) performance requirements for repair materials; c) different types of repair materials (grouts); d) procedures followed to select the appropriate repair materials; e) execution of different types of repair methods; f) performance assessments of applied materials and methods; g) data collection. This document does not include any details on the repair of dry cracks and the causes of cracks. The details on dry crack repair are covered in ISO 16311-4. A flow chart for maintenance of water-leakage cracks is shown in Figure 1.

This document provides general principles for the verification and assessment of the performance of concrete structures with the applications of different fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems varying from internal FRP reinforcements/tendons, external FRP tendons, externally bonded FRP sheets/plates, to near-surface mounted FRP reinforcement. It can be used for the international harmonization of the design of un-reinforced, conventionally reinforced, and pre-stressed concrete structures with the use of the above-mentioned FRP systems.

This document specifies procedures for testing the strength of hardened concrete.

This document gives the determination of aggregate crushing value (ACV) of aggregates. This gives a relative measure of the resistance of the aggregate crushing under the gradually applied compressive load. The method is applicable to aggregates passing a 14,0 mm test sieve and retained on a 10,0 mm test sieve. For other size fractions, a recommended method is described in Annex A. The aggregate size fraction taken for this test can also be as per the relevant national standards. NOTE Minor variations in grading divisions can be allowed in respective national standards. The method is not suitable for testing aggregates with an aggregate crushing value higher than 30. In such cases, the method described in ISO 20290-4 is applicable.

This document describes the Los Angeles test, for determining the resistance to fragmentation of coarse aggregates.

This document specifies the shape and dimensions of concrete test specimens for strength tests and the methods of making and curing these test specimens.

This document gives the test method for determination of ten percent fines value (TFV) of aggregates. This method gives a relative measure of the resistance of the aggregate crushing under the gradually applied compressive load. It covers two sets of procedures: — the first procedure is applicable for aggregates tested in dry condition; and — the second procedure is applicable for aggregates tested in a soaked condition. NOTE 1 Generally, the test can be done under dry conditions. However, the engineer in charge can choose to test them in soaked condition, if necessary. The method is applicable to aggregates of different strengths covering both weak and strong aggregates. It is applicable to standards aggregates, i.e. passing a 14,0 mm test sieve and retained on 10,0 mm test sieve. National standards can also exist for the aggregate size fraction to be taken for this test. In case this definite size fraction is not available, the test can be made on other sizes, given in Annex A. The comparison of results of non-standard sizes with standard size aggregates is not possible due to lack of available data. NOTE 2 Minor variations in grading divisions can be allowed in respective national standards.