27.040 - Gas and steam turbines. Steam engines
ICS 27.040 Details
Gas and steam turbines. Steam engines
Gasturbinen. Dampfturbinen. Dampferzeuger
Turbines a gaz et a vapeur. Machines a vapeur
Plinske in parne turbine. Parni stroji
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 27.040 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Gas and steam turbines. Steam engines". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 192 standards classified under ICS 27.040 (Gas and steam turbines. Steam engines). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document gives guidance for the involvement of an inspection body independent of the manufacturer of shell boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
- Technical report20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document gives guidance for the involvement of an inspection body independent of the manufacturer of shell boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
- Technical report20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard1 pageEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides a basis for exchange of information about reliability, availability and maintainability between gas turbine manufacturers, users, consultants, regulatory bodies, insurance companies and others. It defines terms and definitions and also describes component life expectancy, repairs and criteria for determining overhaul intervals. This document is applicable to all elements of the gas turbine and auxiliaries.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to assist the user, in particular the power-plant operations and maintenance departments, to maintain effective lubrication of all parts of the turbine and guard against the onset of problems associated with oil degradation and contamination. The values of the various test parameters mentioned in this practice are purely indicative. In fact, for proper interpretation of the results, many factors, such as type of equipment, operation workload, design of the lubricating oil circuit, and top-up level, should be taken into account.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral turbine oils in service in steam and gas turbines, as individual or combined cycle turbines, used for power generation. This practice includes sampling and testing schedules to validate the condition of the lubricant through its life cycle and by ensuring required improvements to bring the present condition of the lubricant within the acceptable targets. This practice is not intended for condition monitoring of lubricants for auxiliary equipment; it is recommended that the appropriate practice be consulted (see Practice D6224).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements for the design and calculation of water-tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
The purpose of this document is to ensure that the hazards associated with water-tube boilers are reduced to a minimum by the proper application of the design according to this part of EN 12952.
- Standard165 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the standard reference conditions and ISO standard ratings for gas turbines.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document covers the safety requirements for aero derivative and industrial gas turbine prime mover applications using liquid or gaseous fuels and the safety related control and detection systems and essential auxiliaries for all types of open cycles (simple, combined, regenerative, reheat, etc.) used in onshore and offshore applications including floating production platforms.
This document applies to mechanical, electrical, and pressure equipment components and systems necessary for the functionality of the prime mover. For example, but not limited to, a core gas turbine auxiliary gearbox, an output transmission gear box, combustion system, air filtration, gas turbine controls, oil systems, and fuel system. This document also covers integration of safety risks within the overall installation, e.g. exhaust purging or drainage.
This document details the anticipated significant hazards associated with aero derivative and industrial gas turbine prime movers and specifies the appropriate preventative measures and processes for reduction or elimination of these hazards. This document addresses the risks of injury or death to humans and risks to the environment. Equipment damage without risk to humans or the environment is not covered.
The overall objective of this document is to ensure that equipment is designed, constructed, operated and maintained throughout its life in accordance with ISO 12100:2010.
This document approaches gas turbine safety from an international perspective based on the content of existing, recognized ISO and IEC standards to the greatest extent possible. Where no ISO or IEC standard exists, other codes or standards (such as EN, NFPA, etc.) have been included.
Minimum functional safety levels cannot be addressed in this document, as minimum functional safety levels are both application and site specific.
This document excludes the following items;
— exhaust-system structural design;
— driven equipment;
— micro turbines as covered by ISO 19372:2015;
— gas turbines used primarily for direct and indirect propulsion;
— gas turbines used for mobile applications;
— special heat source applications;
— gas turbines in research and development programs;
— compressed-air energy storage plants.
Where appropriate, this document can be used to give general guidance in such applications.
This document is not applicable to machinery or safety components manufactured before the date of its publication.
- Standard103 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the design and calculation of water-tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
The purpose of this document is to ensure that the hazards associated with water-tube boilers are reduced to a minimum by the proper application of the design according to this part of EN 12952.
- Standard165 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The weight per unit area measurement is an indication of the relative cleanliness or dirtiness of the boiler. It is used to determine the effectiveness of the boiler chemical treatment program and to determine the need for chemically cleaning the boiler systems. Allowing the internal deposition to accumulate unchecked will likely lead to boiler tube failures by mechanisms of under deposit corrosion and tube metal overheating.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the weight per unit area of waterside deposits on heat-transfer surfaces of steam generator tubes. The following test methods are included:
Sections
Test Method A—Mechanical removal by scraper or vibrating tool-removed deposit weight method
7 to 16
Test Method B—Chemical removal by solvent-tube weight loss method
17 to 27
Test Method C—Mechanical removal by glass-bead blasting-tube weight loss method
28 to 37
1.2 Test Method A is a procedure generally applicable to deposits ranging from 1 to 100 g/ft2. The precision was determined in the collaborative study over the range of 16 to 76 g/ft2. This procedure allows the discretionary selection of the area on the tube to be sampled. The removed deposit allows for further chemical analysis.
1.3 Test Method B is a procedure generally applicable to deposits ranging from 1 to 100 g/ft2. The precision was determined in a collaborative study over the range of 28 to 73 g/ft2. The procedure averages out the heavier and lighter deposited areas. The solvent solution produced allows for further chemical analysis.
1.4 Test Method C is a procedure generally applicable to deposits ranging from 1 to 100 g/ft2. The precision was determined in a collaborative study over the range of 17 to 88 g/ft2. The procedure averages out the heavier and lighter deposited areas. The removed deposit does not allow for further chemical analysis.
1.5 These test methods have been generally evaluated on the types of waterside deposits generally found on heat-transfer surfaces of steam generator tubes. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of these test methods for other types of deposits or high temperature scale.
1.6 These methods are sometimes used for accumulated deposition in rifled steam generator tubes. Experience has shown that there is a significant difference in the deposition in the grooves and on the lands on some rifled steam generator tubes. The grooves have been shown to hold more deposit. Test Method B and Test Method C will average out this difference. In Method A the choice exists, either to choose to remove the deposition from the groove if it is visually determined to be more heavily deposited, or to remove equally over the grooves and lands. It is important that it be understood what choices were made and that the report reflect the choices made when using Test Method A on rifled steam generator tubes.
1.7 There are some steam generator tubes where it is apparent that half of the tube is exposed to the flame from the external appearance, this side is typically called the fireside or hot side. The other half of the tube is not exposed to the flame from the external appearance is typically called the casing side or cold side. These test methods also require that the tube be split in half, so the tube is generally split along these lines. On these tubes it is generally found that more internal deposition exists on the fireside or hot side. Some users of these methods will determine the deposition only on side where it appears visually that more deposition exists. Some users will determine the deposition on both sides and report the results separately and some will average the two results. It is important that the user of the data be aware of the choices made and that the report of the results be specific.
1.8 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in pa...
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document covers the safety requirements for aero derivative and industrial gas turbine prime mover applications using liquid or gaseous fuels and the safety related control and detection systems and essential auxiliaries for all types of open cycles (simple, combined, regenerative, reheat, etc.) used in onshore and offshore applications including floating production platforms.
This document applies to mechanical, electrical, and pressure equipment components and systems necessary for the functionality of the prime mover. For example, but not limited to, a core gas turbine auxiliary gearbox, an output transmission gear box, combustion system, air filtration, gas turbine controls, oil systems, and fuel system. This document also covers integration of safety risks within the overall installation, e.g. exhaust purging or drainage.
This document details the anticipated significant hazards associated with aero derivative and industrial gas turbine prime movers and specifies the appropriate preventative measures and processes for reduction or elimination of these hazards. This document addresses the risks of injury or death to humans and risks to the environment. Equipment damage without risk to humans or the environment is not covered.
The overall objective of this document is to ensure that equipment is designed, constructed, operated and maintained throughout its life in accordance with ISO 12100:2010.
This document approaches gas turbine safety from an international perspective based on the content of existing, recognized ISO and IEC standards to the greatest extent possible. Where no ISO or IEC standard exists, other codes or standards (such as EN, NFPA, etc.) have been included.
Minimum functional safety levels cannot be addressed in this document, as minimum functional safety levels are both application and site specific.
This document excludes the following items;
— exhaust-system structural design;
— driven equipment;
— micro turbines as covered by ISO 19372:2015;
— gas turbines used primarily for direct and indirect propulsion;
— gas turbines used for mobile applications;
— special heat source applications;
— gas turbines in research and development programs;
— compressed-air energy storage plants.
Where appropriate, this document can be used to give general guidance in such applications.
This document is not applicable to machinery or safety components manufactured before the date of its publication.
- Standard103 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
1.1 Firing systems
This document applies to pulverized fuel firing systems of steam boilers and hot water generators and commences at the filling equipment for the boiler bunkers or for the pulverized fuel storage system and ends at the ash extraction plant. For multifuel firing systems using separate or combined burners, these requirements apply to the pulverized fuel firing part involved. For other fuels or firing systems used in combination, other requirements apply, e.g. EN 12952-8:2022.
1.2 Fuels
These requirements cover the use of pulverized fuels (e.g. coke, anthracite, bituminous coal or hard coal, lignite or brown coal, petrol coke, oil shale and pulverized bio mass) ranging from low to high volatile matter content.
1.3 Operation
Requirements for operational equipment apply for steam boilers and hot water generators with permanent supervision by properly trained persons.
As firing systems using pulverized fuel can be designed either as direct-firing or as indirect-firing systems, operational requirements have to be differentiated. Annex A summarizes the operational requirements for firing systems including the pulverizing system.
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1.1 Firing systems
This document applies to atmospheric fluidized-bed and grate firing systems of steam boilers and hot water generators. These systems commence at the fuel bunkers and end at the ash extraction plant. For combination of various firing systems, the individual requirements of each system apply, especially those included in EN 12952-8:2022 and EN 12952-9:2022.
If several fuels are burnt simultaneously or if a fuel quality varies considerably (e.g. moisture content), additional safety measures can be necessary, especially with respect to limitation of the fuel flow into the firing system and ensuring proper air supply to the individual fuels.
Pressurized firing systems can require enhanced safety measures, which are not given in this European Standard.
1.2 Fuels
This document covers the use of solid fuels. Pulverized fuel fired in an entrained air flow (burner) system is covered by EN 12952-9:2022.
Solid fuels covered are:
• all coal qualities, e.g. lignite or brown coal, sub-bituminous or hard brown coal, bituminous coal or hard coal, pitch coal, anthracite, coke, coal culm, coal sludge;
• other fossil solid fuels (e.g. peat, oil shale);
• biomass solid fuels (e.g. wood, wood wastes [bark], pellets, energy plants [miscanthus], harvest wastes [straw] and briquettes);
• municipal waste solid fuels (e.g. garbage, sewage sludge, refuse derived fuels [RDF]);
• industrial waste solid fuels (e.g. petrol coke, soot, tyres, paper wastes, coated wood chips, spent wood, animal product wastes).
Fuel blends from two or more groups, or fuels of unconventional or unknown quality can require special safety measures which can be proved either by practical experience gained from comparable fuels, or by suitable tests, e.g. in accordance with EN 14034-2:2006+A1:2011. Such measures specified and documented by the manufacturer.
Fuels on which the design is documented in the operating instructions (see 11.2). This includes the fuel data for 100 % input of the basic fuel and the data for any supplementary fuels together with their maximum thermal input percentage.
1.3 Operation
The requirements for operational equipment in Clause 4, Clause 5, Clause 6, Clause 7, Clause 8, Clause 9, Clause 10 and Clause 11 apply to steam boilers and hot water generators with permanent supervision by properly trained personnel familiar with the special conditions of the firing systems and the type of fuel.
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1.1 Firing systems
This document specifies requirements for liquid and gaseous fuel firing systems of steam boilers and hot water generators as defined in EN 12952-1:2015.
These requirements also apply to firing systems of chemical recovery boilers (black liquor boilers) with the additions and amendments specified in Annex A.
These requirements also apply to gas turbines in combination with fired/unfired heat recovery steam generators with the additions and amendments specified in Annex B.
NOTE 1 This document is not applicable to coil type boilers (flash boilers/small boilers) that use burners in accordance with EN 12953-7 for single burner installations.
NOTE 2 This document is not applicable to the storage of liquid fuels and to transfer stations of long-distance gas pipelines.
1.2 Fuels
This document specifies requirements which cover the use of liquid and gaseous fuels as defined in this document. Fuels deviating from standardized commercially available types can require additional or alternative safety measures. For black liquor these safety measures are given in Annex A.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of IEC 60953 establishes a Supplementary Standard (SS) for thermal verification tests of retrofitted steam turbines.
The rules given in this SS follow the guidance given in IEC 60953-0, hereinafter called the Reference Standard (RS) but contain amendments and supplements regarding guarantees and verification of the guarantees by thermal acceptance tests on retrofitted steam turbines.
General principles for the preparation, performance, evaluation, comparison with guaranteed values and the determination of the measurement uncertainties of verification tests are given in this SS.
This SS is applicable only when the retrofit involves some hardware change in the steam turbine equipment. Conversely, any modification on the cycle or any retrofit of other equipment of the power plant (e.g. boiler, feedwater heaters, etc.) is not covered by this SS.
- Standard101 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of IEC 60953 establishes a Supplementary Standard (SS) for thermal verification tests of retrofitted steam turbines. The rules given in this SS follow the guidance given in IEC 60953-0, hereinafter called the Reference Standard (RS) but contain amendments and supplements regarding guarantees and verification of the guarantees by thermal acceptance tests on retrofitted steam turbines. General principles for the preparation, performance, evaluation, comparison with guaranteed values and the determination of the measurement uncertainties of verification tests are given in this SS. This SS is applicable only when the retrofit involves some hardware change in the steam turbine equipment. Conversely, any modification on the cycle or any retrofit of other equipment of the power plant (e.g. boiler, feedwater heaters, etc.) is not covered by this SS.
- Standard101 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
The rules given in this document are applicable to thermal acceptance tests covering a wide range of accuracy on steam turbines of every type, rating and application. Only the relevant portion of these rules will apply to any individual case.
The rules provide for the testing of turbines, whether operating with either superheated or saturated steam. They include measurements and procedures required to determine specific enthalpy within the moisture region and describe precautions necessary to permit testing while respecting radiological safety rules in nuclear plants.
Uniform rules for the preparation, carrying out, evaluation, comparison with guarantee and calculation of measuring uncertainty of acceptance tests are defined in this standard. Details of the conditions under which the acceptance test can take place are included.
Should any complex or special case arise which is not covered by these rules, appropriate agreement is to be reached by manufacturer and purchaser before the contract is signed.
- Standard105 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 60953-3:2022 This part establishes a Supplementary Standard for thermal verification tests of retrofitted steam turbines.
The rules given in this document follow the guidance given in IEC 60953-0, but contain amendments and supplements regarding guarantees and verification of the guarantees by thermal acceptance tests on retrofitted steam turbines.
General principles for the preparation, performance, evaluation, comparison with guaranteed values and the determination of the measurement uncertainties of verification tests are given in this document.
This document is applicable only when the retrofit involves some hardware change in the steam turbine equipment. Conversely, any modification on the cycle or any retrofit of other equipment of the power plant (e.g. boiler, feedwater heaters, etc.) is not covered by this document.
- Standard230 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
The rules given in this document are applicable to thermal acceptance tests covering a wide range of accuracy on steam turbines of every type, rating and application. Only the relevant portion of these rules will apply to any individual case. The rules provide for the testing of turbines, whether operating with either superheated or saturated steam. They include measurements and procedures required to determine specific enthalpy within the moisture region and describe precautions necessary to permit testing while respecting radiological safety rules in nuclear plants. Uniform rules for the preparation, carrying out, evaluation, comparison with guarantee and calculation of measuring uncertainty of acceptance tests are defined in this standard. Details of the conditions under which the acceptance test can take place are included. Should any complex or special case arise which is not covered by these rules, appropriate agreement is to be reached by manufacturer and purchaser before the contract is signed.
- Standard105 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document covers the safety requirements for aero derivative and industrial gas turbine prime mover applications using liquid or gaseous fuels and the safety related control and detection systems and essential auxiliaries for all types of open cycles (simple, combined, regenerative, reheat, etc.) used in onshore and offshore applications including floating production platforms. This document applies to mechanical, electrical, and pressure equipment components and systems necessary for the functionality of the prime mover. For example, but not limited to, a core gas turbine auxiliary gearbox, an output transmission gear box, combustion system, air filtration, gas turbine controls, oil systems, and fuel system. This document also covers integration of safety risks within the overall installation, e.g. exhaust purging or drainage. This document details the anticipated significant hazards associated with aero derivative and industrial gas turbine prime movers and specifies the appropriate preventative measures and processes for reduction or elimination of these hazards. This document addresses the risks of injury or death to humans and risks to the environment. Equipment damage without risk to humans or the environment is not covered. The overall objective of this document is to ensure that equipment is designed, constructed, operated and maintained throughout its life in accordance with ISO 12100:2010. This document approaches gas turbine safety from an international perspective based on the content of existing, recognized ISO and IEC standards to the greatest extent possible. Where no ISO or IEC standard exists, other codes or standards (such as EN, NFPA, etc.) have been included. Minimum functional safety levels cannot be addressed in this document, as minimum functional safety levels are both application and site specific. This document excludes the following items; - exhaust-system structural design; - driven equipment; - micro turbines as covered by ISO 19372:2015; - gas turbines used primarily for direct and indirect propulsion; - gas turbines used for mobile applications; - special heat source applications; - gas turbines in research and development programs; - compressed-air energy storage plants. Where appropriate, this document can be used to give general guidance in such applications. This document is not applicable to machinery or safety components manufactured before the date of its publication.
- Standard88 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard97 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This part of this European Standard specifies the requirements for safety devices against excessive pressure in water tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies requirements for the inspection during construction, documentation and marking of water-tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard – translation34 pagesSlovenian languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies requirements for the workmanship and construction of water-tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
- Standard96 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the requirements for the product forms for use in pressure parts of water-tube boilers and for parts welded on to pressure parts:
plates;
wrought seamless tubes;
electrically welded tubes;
submerged, plasma and TIG arc-welded tubes;
forgings;
castings;
rolled bars;
welding consumables;
fasteners;
seamless composite tubes.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 60953-0:2022 constitutes a technical revision.This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) IEC 60953-2:1990 has been used as the basis to develop IEC 60953-0;
b) Outdated measuring techniques have been updated and the corresponding reduction of the expected test result measuring uncertainty indicated;
c) Guarantee of power output at specified steam flow has been included;
d) A proposal for assignment of unaccounted for leakages has been included;
e) Correction methods and guarantee comparisons are updated;
f) Various appendices deleted:
- Appendix B (flow nozzle)
- Appendix E (generalized correction curves)
- Appendix G (power measurement uncertainty)
g) Annex added:
- Annex E (Temperature variation method) taken over from IEC 60953-3:2002,Annex L
The rules given in this document are applicable to thermal acceptance tests covering a wide range of accuracy on steam turbines of every type, rating and application. Only the relevant portion of these rules will apply to any individual case.
The rules provide for the testing of turbines, whether operating with either superheated or saturated steam. They include measurements and procedures required to determine specific enthalpy within the moisture region and describe precautions necessary to permit testing while respecting radiological safety rules in nuclear plants.
Uniform rules for the preparation, carrying out, evaluation, comparison with guarantee and calculation of measuring uncertainty of acceptance tests are defined in this standard. Details of the conditions under which the acceptance test can take place are included.
Should any complex or special case arise which is not covered by these rules, appropriate agreement is to be reached by manufacturer and purchaser before the contract is signed.
This first edition cancels and replaces IEC 60953-2, published in 1990.
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IEC TR 63388:2021 introduces the widely used technical scheme of cogeneration (also known as combined heat and power (CHP)), and gives the corresponding cases. The technical schemes of cogeneration covered in this technical report can be divided into two categories. One is cogeneration based on steam turbine, which is generally applied in thermal power plants; The other is cogeneration based on other prime movers, such as fuel cell, micro gas turbine, internal combustion engine, Stirling engine, ORC, etc.
This document gives some cases of cogeneration, mainly including:
• CHP based on extraction turbine;
• CHP based on back pressure turbine;
• Low-vacuum heating mode;
• LP cylinder steam bypassed heating mode;
• CHP based on steam turbine with synchro-self-shift clutches;
• Gas-steam combined cycle CHP;
• Micro gas turbine CHP;
• Stirling engine CHP;
• Fuel cell CHP; and
• ORC CHP.
The characteristics, components and technical requirements of these technical schemes are introduced in this document.
By collecting existing standards of CHP, this document also identifies the gaps of CHP standardization and put forward a roadmap for future CHP standards.
This document is prepared based on limited expert resources. Thus, some cogeneration cases could not be covered in this document, such as:
• Solar cogeneration; and
• Internal combustion engine cogeneration.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 There are two primary types of vapor mitigation systems: Active and Passive (Table 1). Active vapor mitigation systems include: Sub-Slab Depressurization (SSD), Sub-Membrane Depressurization (SMD), Sub-Membrane Pressurization, Block-Wall Depressurization, Drain-tile Depressurization, Building Pressurization, Heat-Exchange Systems, and Indoor Air Treatment. Passive vapor mitigation systems include: Passive Venting, Floor Sealants, Vapor Barriers, and Increased Ventilation. Vapor mitigation systems may also consist of a combination of active and passive technologies.
5.2 Development and implementation of a LTM Plan is important for ensuring the long-term protectiveness of the mitigation systems.
5.3 The approach presented in this guide is a practical and streamlined process for establishing long-term monitoring requirements, monitoring time frames, and factors needed to determine when the use of a vapor mitigation system is no longer needed.
5.4 This guide is intended to be used by environmental professionals including: consultants, building managers, local or regional governing or regulatory agencies, that are installing vapor mitigation systems, conducting monitoring of the vapor barriers, or developing LTM Plans for vapor mitigation systems. Vapor mitigation system installation and LTM activities should only be carried out by environmental professionals who are trained in the proper application of vapor mitigation systems and experienced in the monitoring described in this guide, as applicable.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents factors to consider when developing Long-Term Monitoring (LTM) Plans for monitoring the performance of both active and passive vapor mitigation systems in buildings. This guide will also assist in developing appropriate performance standards to make sure that vapor mitigation systems remain protective of human health. Active and passive vapor mitigation systems have been used for a number of years on contaminated properties where residual volatile contaminants remain in the ground. This guide discusses a variety of vapor mitigations systems; however, its focus is on the development of long-term monitoring plans for vapor mitigation systems that are designed to remain in place for multiple years.
1.2 A LTM Plan provides clear performance goals for a vapor mitigation system which help to reduce potential confusion and ineffective project management. The LTM Plan also defines performance monitoring time frames to efficiently test the vapor mitigation systems’ effectiveness without unnecessary and costly over-testing. This will also promote consistent monitoring. Vapor mitigation systems are often installed without adequate consideration of the long-term monitoring requirements necessary to make sure that they remain protective of human health for as long as the system remains in place. This guidance addresses the requirements of the LTM Plan to monitor a vapor mitigation system’s continued effectiveness. Installation verification that the vapor mitigation system was installed correctly is typically addressed in the Remedial Design stage of a contaminated Property Management and is not covered in this document.
1.3 LTM Plan limitations, constraints and potential sources of error are discussed in this standard. This guide does not endorse a mitigation system vendor or testing of vapor mitigation systems. However, this guide does provide a reference for the common procedures for testing vapor miti...
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The purpose of this document is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures for commissioning and operation of hydraulic machines and associated equipment, and to indicate how such machines and equipment should be commissioned and operated.
Commissioning and operation of the associated equipment are not described in detail in this document but is considered in the commissioning and operation procedure as a separate step.
Machines of up to about 15 MW and reference diameters of about 3 m are generally covered by IEC 62006.
It is understood that a guideline of this type will be binding only if the contracting parties have agreed upon it.
The guidelines exclude matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably connected with the conduct of commissioning and operation.
The guidelines are not concerned with waterways, gates, drainage pumps, cooling-water equipment, generators, motor-generators, electrical equipment (e.g. circuit breakers, transformers) etc., except where they cannot be separated from the hydraulic machinery and its equipment.
Wherever the guidelines specify that documents, drawings or information are supplied by a supplier (or by suppliers), each individual supplier should furnish the appropriate information for its own supply only.
- Standard50 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ABSTRACT
This practice describes the calculation of the heat of vaporization of a liquid or the heat of sublimation of a solid from measured vapor pressure data. It is applicable to pure liquids, azeotropes, pure solids, and homogenous solid solutions over the temperature range for which the vapor pressure equation fitted to the measured data is applicable. Vapor pressure data shall be measured in accordance to the test methods and shall be correlated with the Antoine equation. The heat of vaporization or sublimation is computed at the desired temperature from the vapor-pressure temperature derivative from the fitted Antoine equation by use of the Clapeyron equation.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the calculation of the heat of vaporization of a liquid or the heat of sublimation of a solid from measured vapor pressure data. It is applicable to pure liquids, azeotropes, pure solids, and homogenous solid solutions over the temperature range for which the vapor pressure equation fitted to the measured data is applicable.
Note 1: This practice is generally not applicable to liquid mixtures. For a pure liquid or azeotrope, composition does not change upon vaporization so that the integral heat of vaporization is identical to the differential heat of vaporization. Non-azeotropic liquid mixtures change composition upon vaporizing. Heat of vaporization data computed from this practice for a liquid mixture are valid only as an approximation to the mixture differential heat of vaporization; it is not a valid approximation to the mixture integral heat of vaporization.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 60034-3:2020 applies to large three-phase synchronous generators, having rated outputs of 10 MVA and above driven by steam turbines or combustion gas turbines. Also included are synchronous Mvar compensators of the same output range connected to a grid for the purpose of exchanging reactive power. This document supplements basic requirements for rotating machines given in IEC 60034-1.
This seventh edition cancels and replaces the sixth edition published in 2007. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- title modified;
- scope extended to synchronous compensators;
- rotor overcurrent requirements added;
- impact of stator harmonics on rotor unbalanced load capability introduced;
- synchronisation requirements added;
- adjustments of temperatures or temperature rise revised for gas turbine applications;
- requirements for auxiliaries updated.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 60045-1:2020 is applicable primarily to land-based horizontal steam turbines driving generators for electrical power services. Some of its provisions are relevant to turbines for other applications. Generator, gear box and other auxiliaries which are considered as a part of the system are also mentioned in this document. Detailed specifications for this equipment are not included in this document.
The purpose of this document is to make an intending purchaser aware of options and alternatives which it may wish to consider, and to enable it to state its technical requirements clearly to potential suppliers. Consequently, final technical requirements will be in accordance with an agreement between the purchaser and the supplier in the contract.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1991. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) Scope clarification and boundaries of applicability;
b) general update to state-of-the-art technology;
c) integration of product safety: Clause 5;
d) integration of automation, incorporating the former annex on electronic governors: Clause 11;
e) Informative Annex A on welding added.
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 60045-1:2020 is applicable primarily to land-based horizontal steam turbines driving generators for electrical power services. Some of its provisions are relevant to turbines for other applications. Generator, gear box and other auxiliaries which are considered as a part of the system are also mentioned in this document. Detailed specifications for this equipment are not included in this document. The purpose of this document is to make an intending purchaser aware of options and alternatives which it may wish to consider, and to enable it to state its technical requirements clearly to potential suppliers. Consequently, final technical requirements will be in accordance with an agreement between the purchaser and the supplier in the contract. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1991. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) Scope clarification and boundaries of applicability; b) general update to state-of-the-art technology; c) integration of product safety: Clause 5; d) integration of automation, incorporating the former annex on electronic governors: Clause 11; e) Informative Annex A on welding added.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide outlines the requirements for monitoring the performance of in-service fire-resistant fluids based on triaryl phosphate esters to accomplish safe and reliable operation of turbine electro-hydraulic control systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides recommendations to achieve safe and reliable operation of EHC systems, recommended levels for required corrective action, and suggested management practices.
1.2 The recommended set of physical and chemical properties of triaryl phosphate esters and their limits have been selected based on past operating experience with various fluids (primarily xylylated and butylated triaryl phosphate esters) used in different EHC system designs under different operating and environmental conditions.
1.3 This guide is not intended to replace Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) specifications but rather support users experiencing operating problems by recommending limits based on existing knowledge of triaryl phosphate ester degradation mechanisms. This guide should be used outside the warranty period or in cases where no OEM standard exists or is available.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 60045-1:2020 is applicable primarily to land-based horizontal steam turbines driving generators for electrical power services. Some of its provisions are relevant to turbines for other applications. Generator, gear box and other auxiliaries which are considered as a part of the system are also mentioned in this document. Detailed specifications for this equipment are not included in this document.
The purpose of this document is to make an intending purchaser aware of options and alternatives which it may wish to consider, and to enable it to state its technical requirements clearly to potential suppliers. Consequently, final technical requirements will be in accordance with an agreement between the purchaser and the supplier in the contract.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1991. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) Scope clarification and boundaries of applicability;
b) general update to state-of-the-art technology;
c) integration of product safety: Clause 5;
d) integration of automation, incorporating the former annex on electronic governors: Clause 11;
e) Informative Annex A on welding added.
- Standard146 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, materials of construction, modelling, controlling, fabrication, inspection, testing, installation, start-up and operation of industrial gas turbine (GT) exhaust systems with or without waste heat recovery unit (WHRU). Gas turbines can be on-shore or off-shore for such sectors as oil and gas, chemical and process industries, utilities, or other intensive energy users. For this document, the exhaust system means all items in the turbine exhaust gas stream between the GT exhaust gas collector outlet flange and the termination/s to the atmosphere. The following items are not covered by this document: — heat recovery steam generator equipment (HRSG); — supplementary fired systems; — auxiliary fired systems; — exhaust gas collector (also known as exhaust plenum); — fire detection and extinguishing systems; — emissions controls equipment intended to modify the gaseous composition of the exhaust gas; — WHRUs that are of the firetube type, where the turbine exhaust gas (TEG) passes through the tubes.
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This document is applicable to land-based gas turbines with fluid-film bearings and power outputs greater than 3 MW and an operating speed under load between 3 000 r/min and 30 000 r/min. In some cases (see the list of exclusions below), this includes other rotating machinery coupled either directly or through a gearbox. The evaluation criteria provided in this document are applicable to the vibration of the main input and output bearings of the gearbox but are not applicable to the vibration of the internal gearbox bearings nor to the assessment of the condition of those gears. Specialist techniques required for evaluating the condition of gears are outside the scope of this document. This document is not applicable to the following: i) gas turbines with power outputs greater than 40 MW at rated speeds of 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min (see ISO 20816-2); ii) aero-derivative gas turbines (including gas turbines with dynamic properties similar to those of aero-derivatives); NOTE ISO 3977-3 defines aero-derivatives as aircraft propulsion gas generators adapted to drive mechanical, electrical or marine propulsion equipment. Large differences exist between heavy-duty and aero-derivative gas turbines, for example, in casing flexibility, bearing design, rotor-to-stator mass ratio and mounting structure. Different criteria, therefore, apply for these two turbine types. iii) gas turbines with outputs less than or equal to 3 MW (see ISO 7919-3 and ISO 10816-3); iv) turbine driven generators (see ISO 20816-2, ISO 7919-3 and ISO 10816-3); v) turbine driven pumps (see ISO 10816-7); vi) turbine driven rotary compressors (see ISO 7919-3 and ISO 10816-3); vii) the evaluation of gearbox vibration (see this clause) but does not preclude monitoring of gearbox vibration; viii) the evaluation of combustion vibration but does not preclude monitoring of combustion vibration; ix) rolling element bearing vibration. This document establishes provisions for evaluating the severity of the following in-situ broad-band vibrations: a) structural vibration at all main bearing housings or pedestals measured radial (i.e. transverse) to the shaft axis; b) structural vibration at thrust bearing housings measured in the axial direction; c) vibration of rotating shafts radial (i.e. transverse) to the shaft axis at, or close to, the main bearings. These are in terms of the following: - vibration under normal steady-state operating conditions; - vibration during other (non-steady-state) conditions when transient changes are taking place, including run up or run down, initial loading and load changes; - changes in vibration which can occur during normal steady-state operation.
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ISO 10494:2018 specifies methods for measuring the noise emission of a turbine or turbine set under steady-state operating conditions. It specifies methods for measuring the sound pressure levels on a measurement surface enveloping a source, and for calculating the sound power level produced by the source. It gives requirements for the test environment and instrumentation, as well as techniques for obtaining the surface sound pressure level from which the A-weighted sound power level of the source and octave or one-third-octave band sound power levels are calculated. These methods can be used to conduct performance tests even if the purpose of the test is simply to determine the sound pressure level around the machine. ISO 10494:2018 is applicable to turbines and turbine sets: - for power plant and industrial applications (e.g. stationary); - for installation on board ships, or offshore installations, road and railway vehicles. ISO 10494:2018 does not apply to gas turbines in aircraft applications. ISO 10494:2018 is applicable to only the part of the turbine set (turbine, driven equipment and attached components) located above the floor and inside a continuous enveloping measurement surface bounded by this floor. ISO 10494:2018 is applicable to steady-state operation and excludes transients such as start-up and shut-down, when the noise emission can be higher for short times. Under these conditions, this document does not apply.
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ISO 10494:2018 specifies methods for measuring the noise emission of a turbine or turbine set under steady-state operating conditions. It specifies methods for measuring the sound pressure levels on a measurement surface enveloping a source, and for calculating the sound power level produced by the source. It gives requirements for the test environment and instrumentation, as well as techniques for obtaining the surface sound pressure level from which the A-weighted sound power level of the source and octave or one-third-octave band sound power levels are calculated. These methods can be used to conduct performance tests even if the purpose of the test is simply to determine the sound pressure level around the machine.
ISO 10494:2018 is applicable to turbines and turbine sets:
- for power plant and industrial applications (e.g. stationary);
- for installation on board ships, or offshore installations, road and railway vehicles.
ISO 10494:2018 does not apply to gas turbines in aircraft applications.
ISO 10494:2018 is applicable to only the part of the turbine set (turbine, driven equipment and attached components) located above the floor and inside a continuous enveloping measurement surface bounded by this floor.
ISO 10494:2018 is applicable to steady-state operation and excludes transients such as start-up and shut-down, when the noise emission can be higher for short times. Under these conditions, this document does not apply.
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ISO 18888:2017 specifies standard rules for preparing, conducting, evaluating and reporting thermal performance tests on combined cycle and cogeneration power plants driven by gas turbines for base and part load operation with or without supplementary firing. ISO 18888:2017 is applicable to - thermal performance tests for general information, - thermal acceptance tests for determining the performance of the combined cycle plant in relation to a contractual guarantee, and - comparative tests designed to check the performance differentials of the combined cycle and cogeneration power plants, for testing before and after modifications, upgrades or overhauls. It can be used to determine the following thermal performance test goals and expected values, under specific operating and reference conditions within defined test boundaries: - electrical power output; - heat rate or thermal efficiency; - process steam and/or district heat w/o generation of electrical power output by means of a steam turbine. ISO 18888:2017 does not apply to individual equipment component testing, which is covered by corresponding standards. It is not intended to be applied to the following test goals: - environmental testing for example emissions, noise; - vibration testing; - operational testing; - absolute or comparative performance of specific components of the combined cycle covered by dedicated standards (e.g. gas turbines).
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ISO 20816-2:2017 is applicable to land-based gas turbines, steam turbines and generators (whether coupled with gas and/or steam turbines) with power outputs greater than 40 MW, fluid-film bearings and rated speeds of 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min. The criteria provided in this document can be applied to the vibration of the gas turbine, steam turbine and generator and other shaftline components (such as synchronizing clutches, exciters or flywheel masses). ISO 20816-2:2017 establishes provisions for evaluating the severity of the following in-situ, broad-band vibration: a) structural vibration at all main bearing housings or pedestals measured radial (i.e. transverse) to the shaft axis; b) structural vibration at thrust bearing housings measured in the axial direction; c) vibration of rotating shafts radial (i.e. transverse) to the shaft axis at, or close to, the main bearings. These are in terms of the following: - vibration under normal steady-state operating conditions; - vibration during other (non-steady-state) conditions when transient changes are taking place, including run up or run down, initial loading and load changes; - changes in vibration which can occur during normal steady-state operation. ISO 20816-2:2017 is not applicable to the following: i) electromagnetic excited vibration with twice line frequency at the generator stator windings, core and housing; ii) aero-derivative gas turbines (including gas turbines with dynamic properties similar to those of aero-derivatives); NOTE ISO 3977‑3 defines aero-derivatives as aircraft propulsion gas generators adapted to drive mechanical, electrical or marine propulsion equipment. Large differences exist between heavy-duty and aero-derivative gas turbines, for example, in casing flexibility, bearing design, rotor-to-stator mass ratio and mounting structure. Different criteria, therefore, apply for these two turbine types. iii) steam turbines and/or generators with outputs less than or equal to 40 MW or with rated speeds other than 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min (although generators seldom fall into this latter category) (see ISO 20816-3); iv) gas turbines with outputs less than or equal to 40 MW or with rated speeds other than 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min (see ISO 20816-3 or ISO 20816-4); v) the evaluation of combustion vibration but does not preclude monitoring of combustion vibration.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 All noise control features associated with the inlet or exhaust of large industrial fans and gas turbines are, or should be, based upon inlet or exhaust sound power levels in octave bands of frequency. Sound power levels are not directly measurable, however, so they must be calculated indirectly, using estimated or measured duct interior sound pressure levels.
5.2 Estimated in-duct sound pressure level may be obtained by measuring exterior airborne sound pressure levels and applying a transfer function representing the transmission loss of the duct wall. Significant uncertainties are associated with such a procedure, suggesting the need for this guide.
5.3 Estimated in-duct sound pressure level may be obtained by measuring exit plane sound pressure levels and applying a transfer function consisting of the insertion loss through the gas path, including the insertion loss of any silencers. Significant uncertainties are associated with such a procedure, suggesting the need for this guide.
5.4 This guide purports to measure the in-duct sound pressure level directly using type 1 instrumentation per ANSI S1.4 or S1.43. It is limited, however, to the determination of the sound pressure level at the location of the port only and will include the effects of duct acoustical modes, as well as an unknown degree of turbulence and other flow related effects. Methodologies may be devised by the user to minimize such effects. As a rule, the larger the number of test ports used, the better will be the averaged data. Although not prescribed by this guide, cross-channel coherence analysis is also available to the analyst, using ports at different locations along the duct axis, which may yield improvements in data quality.
5.5 This guide is intended for application to equipment in-situ, to be applied to large fans and gas turbines having inlet or exhaust ducts whose cross sectional areas are approximately four (4) square meters, or more, and are therefore not amenable t...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a simple and consistent procedure for the in-situ field measurement of in-duct sound pressure levels in large low pressure industrial air ducts, such as for gas turbines or fans, where considerations such as flow velocity, turbulence or temperature prevent the insertion of sound pressure sensors directly into the flow. This standard guide is intended for both ambient temperature intake air and hot exhaust gas flow in ducts having cross sections of four (4) square meters, or more.
1.2 The described procedure is intended to provide a repeatable and reproducible measure of the in-duct dynamic pressure level at the inlet or exhaust of the gas turbine, or fan. The guide is not intended to quantify the “true” sound pressure level or sound power level. Silencers, as well as Waste Heat Boilers, must be designed using the in-duct sound power level as the basis. Developing the true sound power level based on in-duct measurements of true sound pressure within a complete operating system is complex and procedures are developmental and often proprietary.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Extreme caution is mandatory when working near hot exhaust gas systems and appropriate safety precautions such as the installation of quick acting isolation valves are recommended.
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ISO 19859:2016 specifies the minimum technical and documentation requirements for the evaluation and procurement of gas turbine systems for electrical power generation. It applies to simple cycle and combined cycle gas turbines for both onshore and offshore applications, where applicable. It also applies to gas turbines used in cogeneration (see ISO 11086:1996, Annex B). Testing of the gas turbine in combination with a generator is included in the scope. It is not applicable to gas turbines used for all types of propulsion including aircraft, mobile barges, floating production vessels and marine propulsion applications and microturbines. ISO 19859:2016 defines the requirements for gas turbine power generation from an international perspective based on the content of existing, recognized ISO and IEC standards to the greatest extent practical. Nonetheless, it is recognized that within the industry other codes or standards are used, some of which are included in the text of this International Standard. The use of other such codes and standards is permissible provided an appropriate and acceptable level of requirements, functional design and safety is achieved and agreement has been reached for their use between the Purchaser and Contractor and such use is suitably documented. Consideration should be given to applying/using standards in the following hierarchical order: international; regional; national; local. ISO 19859:2016 identifies the requirements for both the Purchaser and Contractor attributable to the design and procurement of a gas turbine power generation package. The defined requirements apply to the scope of supply, except where excluded, encompassing the following equipment and the associated selected options, located within the power generation package, (see 3.14), listed below: - gas turbine package; - load shaft coupling and clutch, as applicable; - air inlet system; - exhaust system; - fuel equipment; - control equipment; - electrical equipment; - additional auxiliary systems, including starting, lubrication, barring, compressor wash, pipework, drains and vents; - fire and gas protection; - cooling water equipment. Where applicable to the integrity of the gas turbine package, the interface and applicable design requirements are included for equipment, utilities and supplies that interface with the power generation package. The following equipment is excluded from the scope of supply, but references are included where required for interface or performance measurement: - generator and auxiliary systems, except the module control option; - steam turbine and auxiliary systems; - equipment external to the power generation package. Data sheets in Annex A of this International Standard are provided for defining requirements and exchanging information between the Purchaser and the Contractor. The Purchaser fills in the data sheets for the tender and forwards them to the Contractor. The Contractor responds by completing the applicable data sheets for their tender. Annex A identifies the different types of data sheets and how they are to be used. Where the Contractor does not comply with a selected requirement of this International Standard, this is detailed as an exception, referencing the applicable clause and describing the deviation and any alternatives available in a document listing all the exceptions taken. Where the text in this International Standard requests procedures and operating, maintenance and commissioning manual information or equipment that would require the disclosure/supply of proprietary information/equipment which the Contractor is not prepared to release, such exceptions are listed. Where this situation exists, the Contractor will be prepared to release appropriate personnel and equipment to undertake all the tasks that otherwise would be undertaken by the Purchaser. A bullet ● at the beginning of a paragraph in the text of this International Standard indicates an optiona
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1.1 General
This European Standard applies to water-tube boilers with volumes in excess of two litres for the generation of steam and/or hot water at a maximum allowable pressure PS greater than 0,5 bar and with a temperature in excess of 110 °C as well as auxiliary installations (other plant equipment).
The purpose of this European Standard is to ensure that the necessary essential safety requirements according to Annex I of the Pressure Equipment Directive are fulfilled in order to guarantee the safety of water tube boilers.
This aim will be achieved by:
- the proper application of the design, manufacturing, testing and inspection methods and techniques,
- the provision of protective measures against hazards, which cannot be eliminated, and
- the provision of information on residual hazards and other measures to reduce risk,
which are incorporated in the various parts of this European Standard.
The requirements of this European Standard take account of pressure-related hazards, which apply to water tube boilers, including failure of pressure-retaining components due to overheating.
This standard recognizes that it is not possible to cover all the combinations of situations that might arise.
1.2 Boiler assembly
For the purpose of this European Standard, the boiler assembly includes:
- the water-tube boiler including all the pressure parts from the feedwater inlet (including the inlet valve) up to and including the steam and/or hot water outlet (including the outlet valve or, if there is no valve, the first circumferential weld or flange downsteam of the outlet header);
- all superheaters, reheaters, economizers, that are not capable of isolation from the main system by interposing shut-off valves, associated safety accessories and interconnecting piping;
- additionally, the piping that is connected to the boiler involved in services such as draining, venting, desuperheating, etc., up to and including the first isolating valve in the tubing line downstream of the boiler;
- reheaters which are independently fired, and are separately provided with their safety accessories including all control and safety systems.
The following equipment and components can be integrated in the assembly at the discretion of the manufacturer:
- isolatable superheaters, reheaters, economizers and related interconnecting piping;
- the heat supply or firing system;
- the means of preparing and feeding the fuel to the boiler including the control systems;
- the means of providing the boiler with feedwater including the control system;
- the pressure expansion vessels and tanks of hot water generating plant.
1.3 Other plant equipment
a) The boiler supporting structural steelwork, the thermal insulation and/or brickwork and the casing;
b) the means of providing the boiler with air including the forced draught fans and air pre-heaters which are heated by the gases of combustion;
c) the facilities for moving flue gases through the boiler up to the stack inlet, including the induced draught fans and the air pollution reducing equipment located in the flue gas removal path;
d) all other equipment necessary for the operation of the boiler plant.
1.4 Exclusions
This European Standard does not apply to the following types of boiler plant:
a) boilers other than stationary boilers;
b) shell type boilers;
c) electrical boilers;
d) nuclear primary circuits, the failure of which can cause an emission of radioactivity.
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ISO 19372:2015 covers the safety requirements for industrial, commercial, and residential automated stationary microturbine (micro gas turbine) engine generator assemblies with an individual system or subsystem output rating with nominal supply voltages not exceeding 1 000 V for alternating current (A.C.) and not exceeding 1 500 V for direct current (D.C.), 500 kW per individual unit/subsystem or less that are intended for installation and use in ordinary and hazardous location using liquid or gaseous fuels and the safety related control and detection systems and essential auxiliaries for all types of open cycles, closed-cycle, and semi-closed (simple, combined, regenerative, reheat, etc.) used in onshore and offshore applications including floating production platforms.
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This part of this European Standard specifies the essential requirements for equipment and protective devices for water-tube boiler plant as defined in EN 12952-1, to ensure the boiler operates safely within the allowable limits (pressure, temperature, etc.).
NOTE 1 Additional requirements specially needed for boilers without manual intervention are specified in Clause 7.
NOTE 2 Requirements for equipment for chemical recovery boilers are given in Annex A.
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This part of this European Standard specifies the organisation and content of operating instructions for water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations as defined in EN 12952-1 when placed on the market.
To what extent the following aspects are used for the establishment of an operating instruction depends on the stipulated scope of delivery and of the requirements by contract regarding plant operation and maintenance.
NOTE The manufacturer’s scope of supply may be either pressure equipment, or pressure equipment and “auxiliary” plant such as motors, pumps and fans.
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This part of this European Standard specifies the organisation and content of operating instructions for water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations as defined in EN 12952-1 when placed on the market.
To what extent the following aspects are used for the establishment of an operating instruction depends on the stipulated scope of delivery and of the requirements by contract regarding plant operation and maintenance.
NOTE The manufacturer’s scope of supply may be either pressure equipment, or pressure equipment and “auxiliary” plant such as motors, pumps and fans.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard is applicable to water-tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1:2001.
This European Standard specifies procedures for calculating the creep and/or the fatigue damage of boiler components during operation. These calculations are not required to be carried out by the manufacturer as part of his responsibilities within this European Standard.
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IEC 60669-2-6:2012 is applicable to fireman's switches used for the breaking of the low-voltage circuits for exterior and interior signs and luminaires e.g. neon signs for a.c. only with a rated voltage not exceeding 440 V and a rated current not exceeding 125 A.
This publication is to be read in conjunction with IEC 60669-1:1998.
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IEC/TS 61994-3:2011(E) specifies the terms and definitions for piezoelectric dielectric oscillators representing the state-of-the-art, which are intended for use in the standards and documents of IEC TC 49.
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