27 - ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERING
ICS 27 Details
ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERING
ENERGIE- UND WARMEUBERTRAGUNGSTECHNIK
INGENIERIE DE L'ENERGIE ET DE LA TRANSMISSION DE LA CHALEUR
PRENOS ENERGIJE IN TOPLOTE
General Information
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IEC 63296-3:2025 specifies the method for measuring the battery duration at a defined sound pressure level for continuous music playback of battery-operated wearable powered loudspeaker equipment. A primary battery or secondary battery can be used as a power source for such a shoulder-carried or body-worn loudspeaker and its composite device. In addition, only equipment that can be placed on or hung from a head and torso simulator (HATS) is covered. Bone conduction speakers are excluded. Portable loudspeaker equipment also supporting video playback as the main function is not covered by this document.
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- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 62548-1:2023 sets out design requirements for photovoltaic (PV) arrays including DC array wiring, electrical protection devices, switching and earthing provisions. The scope includes all parts of the PV array and final power conversion equipment (PCE), but not including energy storage devices, loads or AC or DC distribution network supplying loads. The object of this document is to address the design safety requirements arising from the particular characteristics of photovoltaic systems. This document also includes extra protection requirements of PV arrays when they are directly connected with batteries at the DC level.
This first edition cancels and replaces IEC 62548 published in 2016. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) Revised provisions for systems including DC to DC conditioning units.
b) Revision of mounting structure requirements.
c) Revised cable requirements.
d) Revision of Clause 6 on safety issues which includes provisions for protection against electric shock including array insulation monitoring and earth fault detection.
e) Revision of 7.2.7 and 7.3 with respect to isolation means.
f) Provisions for use of bifacial modules and modules mounted in non-optimal orientations.
g) New Annex F containing: KI factor calculations for bifacial and non-optimally oriented systems; anti-PID equipment and arc flash.
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IEC TR 63400:2025 augments that description to enable users of individual IEC SC 45A standards to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the overall structure of the series and its relationship with other standards bodies and standards. The publication of this document and its subsequent editions should also enable minor changes in the structure to be described without the need for amending the common description that is included in the Introduction, item d), of all IEC SC 45A documents.
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This document provides guidance to relevant product standards, for compatibility assessment and qualification of materials for equipment used in commercial, industrial installations including gas burners, gas burning appliances and fuel gas infrastructures that are:
— fed by admixture of natural gas and hydrogen (blending) or pure hydrogen;
— operated at pressure greater than 10 bar (1 MPa) and up to 100 bar (10 MPa);
—operated within a temperature range of −20° C to +60 °C;
NOTE 1 Temperature range outside of −20° to +60°C can be considered after risk assessment by the manufacturer, in compliance with relevant product standard and the requirements specified in this document.
Except for critical equipment, where hydrogen requirements and material compatibility are defined by relevant specific, national and international product standard, according to CEN/TR 17924 and CEN/TR 17797, no specific requirements are necessary, as detailed in this document (see also Figure 1), under the following conditions:
— for a homogeneous mixture of natural gas and hydrogen with a hydrogen content not exceeding 10 % by volume, at operating pressures up to 100 bar (10 MPa); or
— for operating pressures up to 10 bar (1 MPa) with a hydrogen content up to 100 % by volume.
— Equipment is classified as critical when it’s subjected to fatigue or specific mechanical stress due to specific operating conditions and applications (i.e. compression and pumping station, specific industrial installations, fuel tanks for vehicles, …).
This document represents minimum requirements and does not restrict the use of better procedures or materials.
The following items are detailed in this document:
— metallic materials;
— non-metallic materials;
— validation tests.
- Technical specification23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the functional requirements relevant for design, materials, construction, testing, operation and maintenance of gas pressure control stations to ensure their reliability in terms of safety of the station itself and the downstream system and continuity of service.
This document is applicable for gas pressure control stations which are part of gas transmission or distribution systems for hydrogen, and hydrogen rich, and methane rich gases. Additional requirements in the case of gases heavier than air and/or toxic or corrosive gases are not covered by this document.
This document does not apply to gas pressure control stations in operation prior to the publication of this document. However, Annex D of this document can be used as guidance for the evaluation of stations in operation prior to the publication of this document, regarding the change of the type of gas, e.g. repurposing for the use with hydrogen.
The stations covered by this document have a maximum upstream operating pressure, which does not exceed 100 bar. For higher maximum upstream operating pressures, this document can be used as a guideline.
If the inlet pipework of the station is a service line and the maximum upstream operating pressure does not exceed 16 bar and the design flow rate is equal to 2000 kW based on the gross calorific value or less, EN 12279 applies.
This document contains the basic system requirements for gas pressure control stations. Requirements for individual components (valves, regulators, safety devices, pipes, etc.) or installation of the components are contained in the appropriate European Standards.
NOTE For combined control and measuring stations, the additional requirements of EN 1776 can apply.
The requirements in this document do not apply to the design and construction of auxiliary facilities such as sampling, calorimetering, odorization systems and density measuring. These facilities are covered by the appropriate European Standards, where existing, or applicable national standards.
The requirements of this document are based on good gas engineering practice under conditions normally encountered in the gas industry. Requirements for unusual conditions cannot be specifically provided for, nor are all engineering and construction details prescribed.
The objective of this document is to ensure the safe operation of such stations. This does not, however, relieve all concerned of the responsibility for taking the necessary care and applying effective quality and safety management during the design, construction, operation and maintenance.
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IEC TS 62257-350:2025 specifies the criteria for selecting and sizing inverters suitable for different off-grid applications integrating solar as an energy source. As well as off-grid systems, this document can also apply to inverters where a utility grid connection is available as a backup for charging batteries, but it is not intended to cover applications in which inverters synchronize and inject energy back into a utility grid, even though this capability can incidentally be a part of the functionality of the inverters. Single and multi-phase applications are included.
- Technical specification21 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document applies to shell boilers with volumes in excess of 2 l for the generation of steam and/or hot water at a maximum allowable pressure greater than 0,5 bar and with a temperature in excess of 110 °C.
For the purpose of this document the following pressurized parts are included:
— the shell boiler as one entity of pressure equipment including all the pressure parts from the feedwater/hot water inlet (including the inlet valve) up to and including the steam/hot water outlet (including the outlet valve or, if there is no valve, the first circumferential weld or flange downstream of the shell boiler or if applicable the outlet header);
— all superheaters, economizers and interconnecting piping;
— additionally, the piping that is connected to the boiler involved in services such as draining, venting, desuperheating, etc., up to the first isolating valve or, if there is no valve, the first circumferential weld or flange downstream of the shell boiler or if applicable the outlet header/piping.
This document does not apply to the following types of boilers and equipments:
a) water-tube boilers;
b) non stationary boilers, e.g. locomotive boilers;
c) thermal oil boilers;
d) boilers where the main pressure housing is made of cast material;
e) pumps, gaskets, etc;
f) brickwork setting and insulation, etc.
NOTE 1 Further information on shell boilers is given in Annex A.
NOTE 2 Stainless steel boilers are covered by EN 14222:2021.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the following materials for the pressure bearing parts of shell boilers and equipment of shell boilers (e.g. valves), subjected to internal and external pressure including integral attachments (non pressure bearing parts):
— flat products (plate) and parts formed from flat products (e.g. shell, furnace, dished ends);
— tubes and parts formed from tubes (e.g. bending, elbows, reducers, fittings);
— forgings and cast products ;
— bolting materials;
— welding consumables.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 63349-1:2025 establishes control functions and operational performance requirements for photovoltaic direct-driven appliance (PVDDA) controllers.
PVDDA controllers are devices used for controlling power among power sources (such as a PV array, grid, energy storage, etc.) and appliances (such as an air-conditioner, refrigerator, water pump, etc.).
The requirements for PVDDA controllers are applicable to systems with voltages not higher than 1 500V DC or 1 000V AC. Safety and EMC requirements for the PVDDA controllers are under consideration and not covered by this document. Safety requirements for power converters connected to a PVDDA controller are listed as follows:
- for converter connected to PV array, IEC 62109‑1 and IEC 62109‑2 are applicable;
- for bi-directional converter connected to grid, IEC 62909‑1 and IEC 62909‑2 are applicable;
- for converter connected to energy storage, IEC 62477‑1 and IEC 62509 are applicable;
- for variable frequency drive, IEC 61800-5-1 is applicable.
Performance requirements for each individual power converter connected to a PVDDA controller refer to IEC 62093.
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- Standard63 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 61116:2025 used as a guidance that applies to hydroelectric installations containing impulse or reaction turbines with unit power up to about 15 MW and reference diameter of about 3 m. These figures do not represent absolute limits.
This document deals only with the direct relations between the purchaser or the consulting engineer and the supplier. It does not deal with civil works, administrative conditions or commercial conditions. This document is intended to be used by all concerned in the installation of electromechanical equipment for small hydroelectric plants.
This document, based essentially on practical information, aims specifically at supplying the purchaser of the equipment with information which will assist him with the following:
preparation of the call for tenders;
- evaluation of the tenders;
- contact with the supplier during the design and manufacture of the equipment;
- quality control during the manufacture and shop-testing;
- follow-up of site erection;
- commissioning;
- acceptance tests;
- operation and maintenance.
The document comprises the following:
a) general requirements for the electromechanical equipment of small hydroelectric installations;
b) technical specifications for the electromechanical equipment, excluding its dimensioning and standardization;
c) requirements for acceptance, operation and maintenance
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1992. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) harmonization of scope with IEC 62006;
b) introduction of new technical aspects;
c) overall editorial revision.
- Standard57 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of IEC 62282 covers operational and environmental aspects of the stationary fuel cell power systems performance. The test methods apply as follows:
– power output under specified operating and transient conditions;
– electrical and heat recovery efficiency under specified operating conditions;
– environmental characteristics, for example, exhaust gas emissions, noise, under specified operating and transient conditions.
This document applies to all kinds of stationary fuel cell technologies, such as:
– alkaline fuel cells (AFC);
– phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC);
– polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC);
– molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC);
– solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC).
This document does not provide coverage for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
This document does not apply to small stationary fuel cell power systems with rated electric power output of less than 10 kW which are dealt with in IEC 62282-3-201.
Fuel cell power systems can have different subsystems depending upon types of fuel cell and applications, and they have different streams of material and energy into and out of them.
However, a common system diagram and boundary has been defined for evaluation of the fuel cell power system (see Figure 1).
The following conditions are considered in order to determine the system boundary of the fuel cell power system:
– all energy recovery systems are included within the system boundary;
– all kinds of electric energy storage devices are considered outside the system boundary;
– calculation of the heating value of the input fuel (such as natural gas, propane gas and pure hydrogen gas) is based on the conditions of the fuel at the boundary of the fuel cell power system.
The document does not provide safety requirements for the testing of stationary fuel cell power systems. Details on safe operation of the tested system can be obtained from the manufacturers instructions.
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IEC 63409-3:2025 specifies test procedures for confirming the basic operational characteristics of power conversion equipment (PCE) for use in photovoltaic (PV) power systems with or without energy storage. The basic operational characteristics are the capability of the PCE before any limitations due to internal settings are applied to the PCE to meet specific grid support functions or specific behaviours against abnormal changes.
This document covers the testing of the following items:
a) Steady state characteristics
Test procedures to confirm operable range of PCE at steady state condition are described. The operable ranges in apparent power, active power, reactive power, power factor, grid voltage and grid frequency are confirmed according to the test procedures.
b) Transient-response characteristics
Test procedures to confirm PCE’s response against a change of operational condition are described.
This document only considers the changes within normal (continuous) operable ranges. Therefore, the behaviours against abnormal changes and grid support functions are out of the scope and are covered in other parts of this series.
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IEC 62282-3-201:2025 provides test methods for the electrical, thermal, and environmental performance of small stationary fuel cell power systems that meet the following criteria:
- output: rated electric power output of less than 10 kW;
- output mode: grid-connected/independent operation or stand-alone operation with single-phase AC output or 3-phase AC output not exceeding 1 000 V, or DC output not exceeding 1 500 V;
- operating pressure: maximum allowable working pressure of 0,1 MPa (gauge) for the fuel and oxidant passages;
- fuel: gaseous fuel (natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, propane, butane, hydrogen, etc.) or liquid fuel (kerosene, methanol, etc.);
- oxidant: air.
This document describes type tests and their test methods only. No routine tests are required or identified, and no performance targets are set in this document.
This document provides test methods to be carried out under laboratory conditions.
This document covers fuel cell power systems whose primary purpose is the production of electric power and whose secondary purpose can be the utilization of heat. Accordingly, fuel cell power systems for which the use of heat is primary, and the use of electric power is secondary are outside the scope of this document.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2017 and Amendment 1:2022. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- revision of Introduction;
- revision of terms and definitions;
- revision of Table 1;
- revision of Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4;
- revision of measurement instruments (10.2);
- revision of minimum required measurement systematic uncertainty (10.4);
- revision of test conditions (Clause 11);
- revision of operating process (Clause 12);
- revision of fuel consumption test (14.2);
- revision of heat recovery test (14.4);
- revision of Figure 13 and Figure 14;
- revision of calculation of results (14.14.4);
- revision of Annex A and Annex B.
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IEC 63341-1:2025 applies to fuel cell power systems installed onboard rolling stock for railway applications (e.g. light rail vehicles, tramways, streetcars, metros, commuter trains, regional trains, high speed trains, locomotives). Fuel cell power systems specified in this document are used for the traction power and the auxiliary supply of railway vehicles such as hybrid vehicles, and in case of use as an auxiliary onboard power source. This document applies to the fuel cell technology called proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), with the use of hydrogen as fuel source and the use of air as oxidant source. This document does not apply for hydrogen fuel system which is specified in IEC 63341-2, as HFS is not within the scope of this document. This document does not apply for power conversion equipment which is specified in IEC 61287-1 and is not within the scope this document. This document specifies: - the scope of supply and the description of the interfaces (fluidic, electrical, thermal and mechanical) of the fuel cell power system; - the description of the environmental conditions; - the specification and description of all the requirements to ensure the fuel cell power system conformance with a railway application; - the process to validate the fuel cell power system sizing required for a specific load profile; - the safety, reliability and protection requirements to design the fuel cell power system for a railway application; - the marking and labelling requirements; - the requirements related to storage, transportation, installation and maintenance; - the tests (type, routine and investigation) required to validate the fuel cell power system.
- Draft71 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 62933-4-3:2025 applies to the effects of the environmental conditions on Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). This document addresses these effects and identifies causes, chain of events and final effects on the BESS. Based on those effects, preventative or mitigating measures are described. Typical environmental effects on the BESS include, but are not limited to, the effects of lightning, seismic activities, water, air, flora, fauna, and humans. The described measures focus as a guideline on the entire BESS including all power and communication connections and its Point of Connections (POCs). The scope of this document is limited to BESS specific requirements and operating conditions. Specific design or safety requirements of individual BESS subsystems are excluded from this document.
- Draft18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC TS 62600-201:2025 establishes a system for analysing and reporting, through estimation or direct measurement, the theoretical tidal current energy resource in oceanic areas including estuaries (to the limit of tidal influence) that can be suitable for the installation of one or more TECs. It is intended to be applied at various stages of project life cycle to provide suitably accurate estimates of the tidal resource to enable the arrays’ projected annual energy production to be calculated at each TEC location in conjunction with IEC TS 62600-200.
The purpose of this document is to provide a uniform methodology that will ensure consistency and accuracy in the estimation, measurement, characterization and analysis of the theoretical tidal current resource at sites that could be suitable for the installation of individual or arrays of Tidal Energy Converters (TECs), together with defining a standardised methodology with which this resource can be described and reported. Application of the estimation, measurement and analysis techniques recommended in this document will ensure that resource assessment is undertaken in a consistent and accurate manner. This document presents techniques that are expected to provide fair and suitably accurate results that can be replicated by others.
This document describes only the aspects of the resource required to calculate AEP and assess its uncertainty; e.g. it does not describe aspects of the resource required to evaluate design loads or to satisfy environmental regulations. Furthermore, this document is not intended to cover every eventuality that can be relevant for any particular project. Therefore, this document assumes that the user has access to, and reviews, other relevant IEC documentation before undertaking work (e.g. surveys and modelling) which could also satisfy other requirements.
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IEC TS 61836:2025 covers solar photovoltaic (PV) terminology, definitions and symbols used in IEC TC 82 international standards.
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IEC 63341-3:2025 specifies the performance evaluation methodologies for fuel cell power systems that are designed for utilisation in electrically propelled rolling stock.
The scope of this document concerns itself exclusively with electrically powered rolling stock. Internal combustion engines utilising hydrogen are not encompassed within the scope of this document.
This document is applicable to hydrogen fuel cell power systems for electrically propelled rolling stock.
This document does not apply to reformer-equipped fuel cell power systems.
This document does not cover the hydrogen fuel systems that are permanently or separately attached to either the rolling stock or the fuel cell power system. These systems are addressed in IEC 63341-2. The fundamental system overview, incorporating the interrelationships between the primary functions and the connections to the external system, is delineated in IEC 63341-1:2025, Figure 4.
The relevant standards are comprehensively delineated in IEC 63341-1. The performance targets for fuel cell power systems are agreed upon between the user and the manufacturer
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IEC 61116:2025 used as a guidance that applies to hydroelectric installations containing impulse or reaction turbines with unit power up to about 15 MW and reference diameter of about 3 m. These figures do not represent absolute limits. This document deals only with the direct relations between the purchaser or the consulting engineer and the supplier. It does not deal with civil works, administrative conditions or commercial conditions. This document is intended to be used by all concerned in the installation of electromechanical equipment for small hydroelectric plants. This document, based essentially on practical information, aims specifically at supplying the purchaser of the equipment with information which will assist him with the following: preparation of the call for tenders; - evaluation of the tenders; - contact with the supplier during the design and manufacture of the equipment; - quality control during the manufacture and shop-testing; - follow-up of site erection; - commissioning; - acceptance tests; - operation and maintenance. The document comprises the following: a) general requirements for the electromechanical equipment of small hydroelectric installations; b) technical specifications for the electromechanical equipment, excluding its dimensioning and standardization; c) requirements for acceptance, operation and maintenance This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1992. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) harmonization of scope with IEC 62006; b) introduction of new technical aspects; c) overall editorial revision.
- Standard57 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC TS 63392:2025 specifies a test method for evaluating the basic fire behaviour of modules used in concentrating systems with a maximum DC system voltage of 1 500 V or less. Since the concentrator module may be exposed to flames due to flying embers or fire may be caused by the module itself due to hot spots or arching (internal fire), the tests outlined in this document are conducted in these two modes.
Applicable fire testing may be required by local codes but are not covered in this document.
CPV system or CPV modules mounted in or on buildings, shall fulfil national building and construction codes, regulations, and requirements and are not covered by this Technical Specification. If national or local codes define fire test requirements, they should be followed. If such requirements are not available, the following international and national standards give information for tests, which could be used: ISO 5657, ENV 1187-1 to -4, ANSI/UL 790, EN 13501-1.
- Technical specification15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 62282-3-200:2025 covers operational and environmental aspects of the stationary fuel cell power systems performance. The test methods apply as follows: - power output under specified operating and transient conditions; - electrical and heat recovery efficiency under specified operating conditions; - environmental characteristics, for example, exhaust gas emissions, noise, under specified operating and transient conditions. This document applies to all kinds of stationary fuel cell technologies, such as: - alkaline fuel cells (AFC); - phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC); - polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC); - molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC); - solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2015. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - revision of the Introduction, Scope and Clause 3; - revision of the symbols in Table 1; - revision of Figure 2 (symbol diagram); - revision of measurement methods (8.3); - revision of the efficiency test (10.2); - revision of the electric power and thermal power response characteristics test (10.3); - revision of the start-up and shutdown characteristics test (10.4); - revision of Annex C.
- Standard84 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 62282-3-201:2025 provides test methods for the electrical, thermal, and environmental performance of small stationary fuel cell power systems that meet the following criteria: - output: rated electric power output of less than 10 kW; - output mode: grid-connected/independent operation or stand-alone operation with single-phase AC output or 3-phase AC output not exceeding 1 000 V, or DC output not exceeding 1 500 V; - operating pressure: maximum allowable working pressure of 0,1 MPa (gauge) for the fuel and oxidant passages; - fuel: gaseous fuel (natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, propane, butane, hydrogen, etc.) or liquid fuel (kerosene, methanol, etc.); - oxidant: air. This document describes type tests and their test methods only. No routine tests are required or identified, and no performance targets are set in this document. This document provides test methods to be carried out under laboratory conditions. This document covers fuel cell power systems whose primary purpose is the production of electric power and whose secondary purpose can be the utilization of heat. Accordingly, fuel cell power systems for which the use of heat is primary, and the use of electric power is secondary are outside the scope of this document. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2017 and Amendment 1:2022. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - revision of Introduction; - revision of terms and definitions; - revision of Table 1; - revision of Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4; - revision of measurement instruments (10.2); - revision of minimum required measurement systematic uncertainty (10.4); - revision of test conditions (Clause 11); - revision of operating process (Clause 12); - revision of fuel consumption test (14.2); - revision of heat recovery test (14.4); - revision of Figure 13 and Figure 14; - revision of calculation of results (14.14.4); - revision of Annex A and Annex B.
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IEC 60079-45:2025 is intended to enhance the safety of personnel by providing minimum requirements for electrical ignition systems for spark-ignited reciprocating internal combustion engines, parts of which provide Equipment Protection Level (EPL) Gc.
This document provides minimum construction and test requirements, in addition to manufacturer installation and maintenance recommendations, for the safe operation of ignition systems and components for spark-ignited reciprocating internal combustion engines providing EPL Gc for equipment Group IIB+H2, IIB or IIA. These requirements apply to systems rated for normal operation with secondary voltages less than or equal to 60 kV.
This document applies only to the ignition systems or the individual ignition system components used on reciprocating internal combustion engines that are stationary when in operation and mobile machinery where the internal combustion engine can be potential source of ignition. Applications addressed by the scope of this document include but are not limited to gas compressors, electric power generators, forklift trucks, and pumps.
This document does not apply to:
a) Engine ignition systems that utilize a breaker point or magneto type ignition systems as these would not be suitable for use in a hazardous area.
b) Road vehicles.
c) Low voltage parts and electrical installation that are not included in the ignition system, such as various sensors and thermocouples, throttle actuator(s), fuel control valve(s), human machine interface (HMI), respective harness and wiring and all the other items that might belong to the integrated control system besides the ignition system.
This document supplements and modifies the general requirements of IEC 60079-0 and the requirements of ISO/IEC 80079-41. Where a requirement of this document conflicts with IEC 60079 0 or ISO/IEC 80079-41, the requirement of this document takes precedence.
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This document applies to shell boilers with volumes in excess of 2 l for the generation of steam and/or hot water at a maximum allowable pressure greater than 0,5 bar and with a temperature in excess of 110 °C.
For the purpose of this document the following pressurized parts are included:
— the shell boiler as one entity of pressure equipment including all the pressure parts from the feedwater/hot water inlet (including the inlet valve) up to and including the steam/hot water outlet (including the outlet valve or, if there is no valve, the first circumferential weld or flange downstream of the shell boiler or if applicable the outlet header);
— all superheaters, economizers and interconnecting piping;
— additionally, the piping that is connected to the boiler involved in services such as draining, venting, desuperheating, etc., up to the first isolating valve or, if there is no valve, the first circumferential weld or flange downstream of the shell boiler or if applicable the outlet header/piping.
This document does not apply to the following types of boilers and equipments:
a) water-tube boilers;
b) non stationary boilers, e.g. locomotive boilers;
c) thermal oil boilers;
d) boilers where the main pressure housing is made of cast material;
e) pumps, gaskets, etc;
f) brickwork setting and insulation, etc.
NOTE 1 Further information on shell boilers is given in Annex A.
NOTE 2 Stainless steel boilers are covered by EN 14222:2021.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the following materials for the pressure bearing parts of shell boilers and equipment of shell boilers (e.g. valves), subjected to internal and external pressure including integral attachments (non pressure bearing parts):
— flat products (plate) and parts formed from flat products (e.g. shell, furnace, dished ends);
— tubes and parts formed from tubes (e.g. bending, elbows, reducers, fittings);
— forgings and cast products ;
— bolting materials;
— welding consumables.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 63341-2:2025 applies to on-board hydrogen fuel systems (HFSs) used to supply the fuel cells for the traction power and the auxiliaries supply of railway vehicles (such as hybrid vehicles as defined in IEC 62864-1).
This document applies to hydrogen storage in gaseous form. Other means of storage (such as liquid, liquid cryo-compressed, metal hydrides) are not covered in this document.
This document applies to any rolling stock type (e.g. light rail vehicles, tramways, streetcars, metros, commuter trains, regional trains, high speed trains, locomotives).
This document addresses the on-board mechanical, fluidic and electrical interfaces between the on-board hydrogen fuel system and fuelling station. The fuelling station, fuelling protocol and communication for the fuelling protocol are not in the scope of this document.
This document defines:
– the scope of supply of hydrogen fuel system and the description of the interfaces with sub systems internal and external to the rolling stock such as fuel cell power system, fuelling station systems;
– the environmental constraints;
– the design requirements to support HFS compliance with railway applications;
– the safety and reliability requirements to design and install the HFS for railway applications;
– the marking and labelling requirements;
– the requirements related to storage, transportation, installation and maintenance;
– the validation (type, routine and investigation tests) requirements.
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This document specifies the design, safety and operation characteristics of gaseous hydrogen land vehicle (GHLV) refuelling connectors.
GHLV refuelling connectors consist of the following components, as applicable:
— receptacle and protective cap (mounted on vehicle);
— nozzle;
— communication hardware.
This document is applicable to refuelling connectors which have nominal working pressures or hydrogen service levels up to 70 MPa and maximum flow rates up to 120 g/s.
This document is not applicable to refuelling connectors dispensing blends of hydrogen with natural gas.
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IEC 63296-3:2025 specifies the method for measuring the battery duration at a defined sound pressure level for continuous music playback of battery-operated wearable powered loudspeaker equipment. A primary battery or secondary battery can be used as a power source for such a shoulder-carried or body-worn loudspeaker and its composite device. In addition, only equipment that can be placed on or hung from a head and torso simulator (HATS) is covered. Bone conduction speakers are excluded. Portable loudspeaker equipment also supporting video playback as the main function is not covered by this document.
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- Amendment18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
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This document gives guidance on how to apply ISO 50002-1 to carry out energy audits of a process. It is intended to be used in conjunction with, and is supplementary to, ISO 50002-1.
If buildings are included in the scope of the energy audit, the energy auditor can choose to apply ISO 50002-2.
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IEC 60364-7-712:2025 applies to electrical installations of PV systems. The equipment of a PV system, like any other item of equipment, is dealt with only so far as its selection and application in the installation is concerned. A PV installation comprises all equipment from PV modules(s) up to the connection point to other parts of the installation, for example a distribution board or the utility supply point (point of connection).
This part of IEC 60364 includes requirements on electrical installation resulting from the installation of PV power supply installations.
Requirements relating to the possible installation of energy storage systems (e.g. batteries) are included.
Requirements are also included for PV installations for island mode operation described in IEC 60364-8-82.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2017. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) The technical content has been extensively revised and expanded, taking into account experience gained in the construction and operation of PV installations, and developments made in technology, since the second edition was published.
b) Key changes include requirements for PV power generation plants, direct connection to battery circuits, introduction of DC bus circuit and DCUs.
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This document gives guidance on how to apply ISO 50002-1 to carry out energy audits of a building or group of buildings (new or existing). It is intended to be used in conjunction with, and is supplementary to, ISO 50002-1.
This document does not apply to other areas such as process audits (see ISO 50002-3), specific energy systems (e.g. compressed air) or transport.
This document is applicable to buildings and can be used independently or in conjunction with ISO 50002-3.
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This document specifies:
— the principles of carrying out energy audits;
— the process requirements for carrying out an energy audit in relation to energy performance;
— the roles and responsibilities of the organization and the energy auditor;
— deliverables for energy audits.
It gives guidance on determining and/or evaluating the competence of the energy auditor.
This document is applicable to any organization regardless of its size, complexity, geographical location, organizational culture or the products and services it provides, irrespective of the quantity, use or types of energy used.
This document does not apply to selecting and evaluating the competence of bodies providing energy audit services.
It also does not apply to auditing an organization’s energy management system (EnMS), as this is described in ISO 50003.
Additional documents provide information guidance on applying the energy audit process to buildings (see ISO 50002-2), processes (see ISO 50002-3) and other applications or uses.
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IEC 62933-4-3:2025 applies to the effects of the environmental conditions on Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). This document addresses these effects and identifies causes, chain of events and final effects on the BESS. Based on those effects, preventative or mitigating measures are described. Typical environmental effects on the BESS include, but are not limited to, the effects of lightning, seismic activities, water, air, flora, fauna, and humans. The described measures focus as a guideline on the entire BESS including all power and communication connections and its Point of Connections (POCs).
The scope of this document is limited to BESS specific requirements and operating conditions. Specific design or safety requirements of individual BESS subsystems are excluded from this document.
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- Standard18 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard34 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This document is concerned with the assessment of fish survival in pumping stations and hydropower plants, defined as the fraction of fish that passes an installation without significant injury. It does not concern indirect consequences of such installations, usually included in the notions ‘fish safety’ or ‘fish-friendliness’, like avoidance of fish affecting migration, behavioural changes, injury during attempted upstream passage, temporary stunning of fish resulting in potential predation, or depleted oxygen levels.
This document applies to pumps and turbines in pumping stations and hydropower plants that operate in or between bodies of surface water, in rivers, in streams or estuaries containing resident and/or migratory fish stocks. Installations include centrifugal pumps (radial type, mixed-flow type, axial type), Archimedes screws, and water turbines (Francis type, Kaplan type, Bulb type, Straflo type, etc.).
The following methods to assess fish survival are described:
— Survival tests involving the paired release of live fish, introduced in batches of test and control fish upstream and downstream of an installation, and the subsequent recapture in full-flow collection nets. The method is applicable to survival tests in the field and in a laboratory environment. (Clause 6);
— A validated model-based computational method consisting of a blade encounter model and correlations that quantify the biological response to blade strike (Clause 7).
The computational method can be used to scale results from laboratory fish survival tests to full-scale installations operating under different conditions (Clause 8).
The survival tests and computational method can also be applied to open-water turbines, with the caveats mentioned in Annex C.
The results of a survival test or a computed estimation can be compared with a presumed maximum sustainable mortality rate for a given fish population at the site of a pumping station or hydropower plant. However, this document does not define these maximum rates allowing to label a machine as “fish-friendly”, nor does it describe a method for determining such a maximum.
This document offers an integrated method to assess fish survival in pumping stations and hydropower plants by fish survival tests and model-based calculations. It allows (non-)government environmental agencies to evaluate the impact on resident and migratory fish stocks in a uniform manner. Thus the document will help to support the preservation of fish populations and reverse the trend of declining migratory fish stocks. Pump and turbine manufacturers will benefit from the document as it sets uniform and clear criteria for fish survival assessment. Further, the physical model that underlies the computational method in the document, may serve as a tool for new product development. To academia and research institutions, this document represents the baseline of shared understanding. It will serve as an incentive for further research in an effort to fill the omissions and to improve on existing assessment methods.
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This document specifies methods for the measurement of the absorbed-dose rate in a tissue-equivalent slab phantom in the ISO 6980 reference beta-particle radiation fields. The energy range of the beta-particle-emitting isotopes covered by these reference radiations is 0,22 MeV to 3,6 MeV maximum beta energy corresponding to 0,07 MeV to 1,2 MeV mean beta energy. Radiation energies outside this range are beyond the scope of this document. While measurements in a reference geometry (depth of 0,07 mm or 3 mm at perpendicular incidence in a tissue‑equivalent slab phantom) with an extrapolation chamber used as primary standard are dealt with in detail, the use of other measurement systems and measurements in other geometries are also described, although in less detail. However, as noted in ICRU 56, the ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), used for area monitoring, and the personal dose equivalent, Hp(10), as used for individual monitoring, of strongly penetrating radiation, are not appropriate quantities for any beta radiation, even that which penetrates 10 mm of tissue (Emax > 2 MeV).
This document is intended for those organizations wishing to establish primary dosimetry capabilities for beta particles and serves as a guide to the performance of dosimetry with an extrapolation chamber used as primary standard for beta‑particle dosimetry in other fields. Guidance is also provided on the statement of measurement uncertainties.
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IEC 60079-45:2025 is intended to enhance the safety of personnel by providing minimum requirements for electrical ignition systems for spark-ignited reciprocating internal combustion engines, parts of which provide Equipment Protection Level (EPL) Gc. This document provides minimum construction and test requirements, in addition to manufacturer installation and maintenance recommendations, for the safe operation of ignition systems and components for spark-ignited reciprocating internal combustion engines providing EPL Gc for equipment Group IIB+H2, IIB or IIA. These requirements apply to systems rated for normal operation with secondary voltages less than or equal to 60 kV. This document applies only to the ignition systems or the individual ignition system components used on reciprocating internal combustion engines that are stationary when in operation and mobile machinery where the internal combustion engine can be potential source of ignition. Applications addressed by the scope of this document include but are not limited to gas compressors, electric power generators, forklift trucks, and pumps. This document does not apply to: a) Engine ignition systems that utilize a breaker point or magneto type ignition systems as these would not be suitable for use in a hazardous area. b) Road vehicles. c) Low voltage parts and electrical installation that are not included in the ignition system, such as various sensors and thermocouples, throttle actuator(s), fuel control valve(s), human machine interface (HMI), respective harness and wiring and all the other items that might belong to the integrated control system besides the ignition system. This document supplements and modifies the general requirements of IEC 60079-0 and the requirements of ISO/IEC 80079-41. Where a requirement of this document conflicts with IEC 60079 0 or ISO/IEC 80079-41, the requirement of this document takes precedence.
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This International standard describes requirements, design and installation of flexible pipe
elements (e.g.,
metallic flexible pipe, metallic flexible tube, vibration isolator, expansion joint) and non-metallic
tube used in the refrigerant circuits of refrigerating systems and heat pumps.
It also describes the requirements to qualify the tightness and permeability of non-metallic tubes
(e.g., plastic) used in evaporating and/or condensing sides of refrigerating systems and heat
pumps.
This International standard does not apply to flexible pipes that are only occasionally stressed
beyond the
elastic limit (e.g., during repair work), or to joints that are free to rotate or hinge.
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IEC TS 62282-7-1:2025 covers cell assemblies, test station setup, measuring instruments and measuring methods, performance test methods, and test reports for PEFC single cells.
This document is used for evaluating:
a) the performance and durability of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for PEFCs in a single cell configuration;
b) materials or structures of PEFCs in a single cell configuration; or,
c) the influence of impurities in fuel and/or in air on the fuel cell performance and durability.
This document is for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) basically having flow field configurations and using hydrogen or hydrogen containing gas as fuel. It excludes from the scope fuel cells based on anion exchange membranes, bipolar membranes, and phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole membranes.
- Technical specification92 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides information and guidelines on the decommissioning of a medical cyclotron facility, with a focus on activated or contaminated parts. Useful information and guidelines are given on decommissioning strategy and plan, safety assessment, and various decommissioning activities. This document also provides the guideline on the estimation of activation level using Monte Carlo simulation and the methodology for the measurement of activated radionuclides in the main structure, system components, and shielding walls, ceilings and floors during operation and decommissioning. Financial provisions and radioactive waste management aspects are also included. This document can be used by organizations responsible for operation and decommissioning of a medical cyclotron facility. In addition, it is expected that organizations that design a medical cyclotron or manage radioactive waste generated by cyclotron can utilize or refer to this document in whole or in part.
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This document specifies the requirements for reference beta radiation fields produced by radioactive sources to be used for the calibration of personal and area dosemeters and dose-rate meters to be used for the determination of the quantities Hp(0,07), H'(0,07;Ω), Hp(3) and H'(3;Ω), and for the determination of their response as a function of beta particle energy and angle of incidence. The basic quantity in beta dosimetry is the absorbed-dose rate in a tissue-equivalent slab phantom. This document gives the characteristics of radionuclides that have been used to produce reference beta radiation fields, gives examples of suitable source constructions and describes methods for the measurement of the residual maximum beta particle energy and the dose equivalent rate at a depth of 0,07 mm in the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) sphere. The energy range involved lies between 0,22 MeV and 3,6 MeV maximum beta energy corresponding to 0,07 MeV to 1,2 MeV mean beta energy and the dose equivalent rates are in the range from about 10 µSv·h-1 to at least 10 Sv·h-1.. In addition, for some sources, variations of the dose equivalent rate as a function of the angle of incidence are given. However, as noted in ICRU 56[5], the ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), used for area monitoring, and the personal dose equivalent, Hp(10), as used for individual monitoring, of strongly penetrating radiation, are not appropriate quantities for any beta radiation, even that which penetrates 10 mm of tissue (Emax > 2 MeV).
This document is applicable to two series of reference beta radiation fields, from which the radiation necessary for determining the characteristics (calibration and energy and angular dependence of response) of an instrument can be selected.
Series 1 reference radiation fields are produced by radioactive sources used with beam-flattening filters designed to give uniform dose equivalent rates over a large area at a specified distance. The proposed sources of 106Ru/106Rh, 90Sr/90Y, 85Kr, 204Tl and 147Pm produce maximum dose equivalent rates of approximately 200 mSv·h–1.
Series 2 reference radiation fields are produced without the use of beam-flattening filters, which allows large area planar sources and a range of source-to-calibration plane distances to be used. Close to the sources, only relatively small areas of uniform dose rate are produced, but this series has the advantage of extending the energy and dose rate ranges beyond those of series 1. The series also include radiation fields using polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) absorbers to reduce the maximum beta particle energy. The radionuclides used are those of series 1; these sources produce dose equivalent rates of up to 10 Sv·h–1.
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The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the minimum requirements for performing the dicentric assay with quality control measures using mitogen stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes for initial assessment of individuals involved in a mass casualty scenario. The dicentric assay is the use of chromosome damage to quickly estimate approximate radiation doses received by individuals in order to supplement the early clinical categorization of casualties.
This document focuses on the organizational and operational aspects of applying the dicentric assay in an initial assessment mode. The technical aspects of the dicentric assay can be found in ISO 19238.
This document is applicable either to an experienced biological dosimetry laboratory working alone or to a network of collaborating laboratories (as defined in Clause 7).
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This document provides requirements and guidance regarding the use of CAAS for operations of a nuclear facility. Requirements and guidance on CAAS design are provided in the IEC 60860.
This document is applicable to operations with fissile materials outside nuclear reactors but within the boundaries of nuclear establishments.
This document applies when a need for CAAS has been established. Information about the need for CAAS is given in Annex C.
This document does not include details of administrative steps, which are considered to be activities of a robust management system (ISO 14943 provides details of administrative steps).
Details of nuclear accident dosimetry and personnel exposure evaluations are not within the scope of this document.
This document is concerned with gamma and neutron radiation rate-sensing systems. Specific detection criteria can also be met with integrating systems; systems detecting either neutron or gamma radiation can also be used. Equivalent considerations then apply.
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This document describes procedures for calibrating and determining the response of dosemeters and dose-rate meters in terms of the operational quantities for radiation protection purposes defined by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). However, as noted in ICRU 56, the ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), used for area monitoring, and the personal dose equivalent, Hp(10), as used for individual monitoring, of strongly penetrating radiation, are not appropriate quantities for any beta radiation, even that which penetrates 10 mm of tissue (Emax > 2 MeV).
This document is a guide for those who calibrate protection-level dosemeters and dose-rate meters with beta-reference radiation and determine their response as a function of beta-particle energy and angle of incidence. Such measurements can represent part of a type test during the course of which the effect of other influence quantities on the response is examined. This document does not cover the in-situ calibration of fixed, installed area dosemeters. The term “dosemeter” is used as a generic term denoting any dose or dose-rate meter for individual or area monitoring. In addition to the description of calibration procedures, this document includes recommendations for appropriate phantoms and the way to determine appropriate conversion coefficients. Guidance is provided on the statement of measurement uncertainties and the preparation of calibration records and certificates.
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This document specifies the applicable requirements related to the design and the operation of confinement and ventilation systems for fusion facilities for tritium fuels and tritium fuel handling facilities specific for fusion applications for peaceful purposes using high tritium inventories, as well as for their specialized buildings such as hot cells, examination laboratories, emergency management centres, radioactive waste treatment and storage facilities.
In most countries, a tritium quantity is declared as high for tritium inventories higher than a range of 10 g to 100 g. In the tritium fusion facilities in the scope of this document, the tritium inventory is deemed to be higher than this range for the whole site.
This document applies especially to confinement and ventilation systems that ensure the safety function of nuclear facilities involved in nuclear fusion with the goal to protect the workers, the public and the environment from the dissemination of radioactive contamination originating from the operation of these installations, and in particular from airborne tritium contamination with adequate confinement systems.
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The document is applicable to thermally insulated means of transport used for temperature sensitive goods equipped with a cooling and/or heating device.
This document is applicable to the terminology, the requirements for thermal insulation, air tightness, dimensioning of equipment with cooling and/or heating device for long distance and distribution transport.
This document does not apply to further land transport requirements with regard to dimensions, weights, etc. Further this document does not apply to safety requirements or special requirements for thermal containers covered by ISO 1496-2.
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