27.060.30 - Boilers and heat exchangers
ICS 27.060.30 Details
Boilers and heat exchangers
Kessel. Warmetauscher
Chaudieres et échangeurs de chaleur
Grelniki vode in prenosniki toplote
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 27.060.30 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Boilers and heat exchangers". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 267 standards classified under ICS 27.060.30 (Boilers and heat exchangers). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This European Standard specifies the following materials for the pressure bearing parts of shell boilers and equipment of shell boilers (e.g. valves), subjected to internal and external pressure including integral attachments (non pressure bearing parts):
— flat products (plate) and parts formed from flat products (e.g. shell, furnace, dished ends);
— tubes and parts formed from tubes (e.g. bending, elbows, reducers, fittings);
— forgings and cast products ;
— bolting materials;
— welding consumables.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document applies to shell boilers with volumes in excess of 2 l for the generation of steam and/or hot water at a maximum allowable pressure greater than 0,5 bar and with a temperature in excess of 110 °C.
For the purpose of this document the following pressurized parts are included:
— the shell boiler as one entity of pressure equipment including all the pressure parts from the feedwater/hot water inlet (including the inlet valve) up to and including the steam/hot water outlet (including the outlet valve or, if there is no valve, the first circumferential weld or flange downstream of the shell boiler or if applicable the outlet header);
— all superheaters, economizers and interconnecting piping;
— additionally, the piping that is connected to the boiler involved in services such as draining, venting, desuperheating, etc., up to the first isolating valve or, if there is no valve, the first circumferential weld or flange downstream of the shell boiler or if applicable the outlet header/piping.
This document does not apply to the following types of boilers and equipments:
a) water-tube boilers;
b) non stationary boilers, e.g. locomotive boilers;
c) thermal oil boilers;
d) boilers where the main pressure housing is made of cast material;
e) pumps, gaskets, etc;
f) brickwork setting and insulation, etc.
NOTE 1 Further information on shell boilers is given in Annex A.
NOTE 2 Stainless steel boilers are covered by EN 14222:2021.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the following materials for the pressure bearing parts of shell boilers and equipment of shell boilers (e.g. valves), subjected to internal and external pressure including integral attachments (non pressure bearing parts):
— flat products (plate) and parts formed from flat products (e.g. shell, furnace, dished ends);
— tubes and parts formed from tubes (e.g. bending, elbows, reducers, fittings);
— forgings and cast products ;
— bolting materials;
— welding consumables.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document applies to shell boilers with volumes in excess of 2 l for the generation of steam and/or hot water at a maximum allowable pressure greater than 0,5 bar and with a temperature in excess of 110 °C.
For the purpose of this document the following pressurized parts are included:
— the shell boiler as one entity of pressure equipment including all the pressure parts from the feedwater/hot water inlet (including the inlet valve) up to and including the steam/hot water outlet (including the outlet valve or, if there is no valve, the first circumferential weld or flange downstream of the shell boiler or if applicable the outlet header);
— all superheaters, economizers and interconnecting piping;
— additionally, the piping that is connected to the boiler involved in services such as draining, venting, desuperheating, etc., up to the first isolating valve or, if there is no valve, the first circumferential weld or flange downstream of the shell boiler or if applicable the outlet header/piping.
This document does not apply to the following types of boilers and equipments:
a) water-tube boilers;
b) non stationary boilers, e.g. locomotive boilers;
c) thermal oil boilers;
d) boilers where the main pressure housing is made of cast material;
e) pumps, gaskets, etc;
f) brickwork setting and insulation, etc.
NOTE 1 Further information on shell boilers is given in Annex A.
NOTE 2 Stainless steel boilers are covered by EN 14222:2021.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for electrically heated steam boilers manufactured from stainless steel specifically dedicated for generating steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.
This document covers only steam boilers that are heated by immersion heaters and which have a maximum allowable pressure (PS) of not greater than 6 bar, a maximum volume (V) of 1 000 litres and a product of PS ∙ V not greater than 3 000 bar ∙ l.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for electrically heated steam boilers manufactured from stainless steel specifically dedicated for generating steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.
This document covers only steam boilers that are heated by immersion heaters and which have a maximum allowable pressure (PS) of not greater than 6 bar, a maximum volume (V) of 1 000 litres and a product of PS ∙ V not greater than 3 000 bar ∙ l.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the essential terms, constructional requirements, tests, energy assessment and marking of indirectly heated water storage tanks for primary water (buffer tanks), with a capacity not exceeding 2,000 l, an operating temperature not exceeding 95 °C, and an operating pressure not exceeding 1,0 MPa (10 bar).
This document covers metallic and plastic made buffer tanks.
Although this document does not consider any buffer tanks mainly intended for direct firing, it allows for the provision of electric heating elements for auxiliary purposes.
NOTE The energy assessment is performed by EN 15332 or EN 12897.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Corrigendum2 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies, the requirements and test methods concerning the classification and marking of gas-fired central heating boilers that are fitted with atmospheric burners, fan assisted atmospheric burners and are hereafter referred to as “boilers”.
Where the word boiler is used, this is intended to be read as the boiler including its connecting ducts, ducts and terminals, if any.
This document covers gas-fired central heating boilers type B11, B11BS, B12, B12BS, B13, B13BS:
NOTE 1 For further background information on appliance types see EN 1749:2020.
a) that have a nominal heat input (on the basis of net calorific value) not exceeding 70 kW;
b) that use one or more combustible gases of the three gas families at the pressures stated in EN 437:2021;
c) where the temperature of the heat transfer fluid does not exceed 105 °C during normal operation;
d) where the maximum operating pressure in the water circuit does not exceed 6 bar;
e) which are declared in the technical instructions to be either a “low temperature boiler” or a “standard boiler”. If no declaration is given the boiler is to be considered a “standard boiler”;
f) which are intended to be installed inside a building or in a partially protected place;
g) which are intended to produce also hot water either by the instantaneous or storage principle, as a single unit;
h) which are designed for either sealed water systems or for open water systems.
NOTE 2 This document provides requirements for boilers with known constructions. For boilers with any alternative constructions, which might not fully be covered by this document, the risk associated with this alternative construction needs to be assessed.
An example of an assessment methodology, based upon risk assessment, is given in Clause 11.
This document does not cover all the requirements for:
aa) appliances that are intended to be connected to gas grids where the quality of the distributed gas is likely to vary to a large extent over the lifetime of the appliance (see Annex AB);
ab) appliances using flue dampers;
ac) appliances that have a nominal heat input (on the basis of net calorific value) exceeding 70 kW;
ad) appliances of the types A, B14, B¬2, B3, B4, B5 and C;
ae) appliances intended to be connected to a (common) flue having mechanical extraction;
af) appliances with gas/air ratio control;
ag) modular boilers;
ah) boilers which can give rise to condensation under certain circumstances;
ai) boilers intended to be installed in a room with a foreseeable negative pressure relative to the pressure in the flue system;
aj) surface temperatures of external parts particular to children and elderly people;
ak) appliances that are intended to burn natural gases of the second family where hydrogen is added to the natural gas;
al) boilers intended to be installed in areas accessible to elderly people and children;
am) boilers equipped with an adaptive combustion control function (ACCF).
NOTE Negative pressure relative to the pressure in the flue system can for example be caused by mechanical or thermal ventilation in airtight buildings.
- Standard55 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Scope of CEN/TS 15502-3-1
EN 15502-2-1:2022, Clause 1 applies with the following modifications:
Add after k):
l) which are fully premixed appliances equipped with an Adaptive Combustion Control Function (ACCF) that are intended to be connected to gas grids where the quality of the distributed gas is likely to vary to a large extent over the lifetime of the appliance including gas grids for natural gases of the second family where up to 20% hydrogen volume is added to the natural gas (H2NG-Y20).
m) which are fully premixed appliances equipped with a Pneumatic Gas Air Ratio controller (PGAR) that are intended to be connected to gas grids for natural gases of the second family where up to 20% hydrogen volume is added to the natural gas (H2NG-Y20), where the quality of the distributed gas without adding the hydrogen is not likely to vary to a large extent over the lifetime of the appliance.
Replace ab) and ak) and al) by the following:
ab) appliances that are intended to be connected to gas grids where the quality of the distributed gas is likely to vary to a large extent over the lifetime of the appliance (see Annex AB of EN 15502-1:2021), except for fully premixed appliances with a ACCF, as ACCF appliances are designed to adapt to variations in gas quality.
ak) appliances that are intended to burn natural gases of the second family where hydrogen is added to the natural gas, except for fully premixed appliances with a ACCF or PGAR (which are covered by this document);
al) Partially premixed appliances equipped with an adaptive combustion control function (ACCF).
- Technical specification59 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the minimum requirements for safety related equipment for shell boilers (generator and/or assemblies) as specified in EN 12953-1:2012, to ensure the boiler operates within the allowable limits (pressure, temperature, etc.) and if the limits are exceeded the energy supply is automatically interrupted and locked out, irrespective of the degree of intervention.
NOTE 1 For this document, the term “boiler” is applicable for generator and/or assemblies.
NOTE 2 The maximum time of operation without manual (human) intervention can be specified for each boiler system.
NOTE 3 Annex C gives recommendations of operation and testing of the boiler system with a maximum time of operation without manual (human) intervention of 24 h and 72 h.
- Standard72 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for limiters which are incorporated into safety systems for shell boilers as specified in EN 12953 1:2012.
The design requirements and examination of the limiters are covered in this document.
NOTE See Annex E for determination of the characteristic data for use in protective circuits with a safety integrity level (SIL) rating. The requirements for limiters with regard to the safety integrity level (SIL), for example, in accordance with EN 61508 are not covered in this document.
- Standard50 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the minimum requirements for safety related equipment for shell boilers (generator and/or assemblies) as specified in EN 12953-1:2012, to ensure the boiler operates within the allowable limits (pressure, temperature, etc.) and if the limits are exceeded the energy supply is automatically interrupted and locked out, irrespective of the degree of intervention.
NOTE 1 For this document, the term “boiler” is applicable for generator and/or assemblies.
NOTE 2 The maximum time of operation without manual (human) intervention can be specified for each boiler system.
NOTE 3 Annex C gives recommendations of operation and testing of the boiler system with a maximum time of operation without manual (human) intervention of 24 h and 72 h.
- Standard72 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Corrigendum2 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for limiters which are incorporated into safety systems for shell boilers as specified in EN 12953 1:2012.
The design requirements and examination of the limiters are covered in this document.
NOTE See Annex E for determination of the characteristic data for use in protective circuits with a safety integrity level (SIL) rating. The requirements for limiters with regard to the safety integrity level (SIL), for example, in accordance with EN 61508 are not covered in this document.
- Standard50 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Part of this European Standard specifies requirements for the design and calculation of pressure parts of shell boilers as defined in EN 12953 1.
NOTE For other components such as economisers, superheaters, tube walls, headers, reference should be made to EN 12952 series.
- Corrigendum2 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements and test methods, as well as the classification and marking of gas-fired central heating boilers that are fitted with atmospheric burners, fan assisted atmospheric burners or fully premixed burners, and are hereafter referred to as "boilers".
This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 15502-1:2021.
This document covers gas-fired central heating boilers from the types C1 up to C(11) and the types B2, B3 and B5:
NOTE 1 For further background information on appliance types see EN 1749:2020.
a) that have a nominal heat input (on the basis of net calorific value) not exceeding 1 000 kW;
b) that use one or more combustible gases of the three gas families at the pressures stated in EN 437:2021;
c) where the temperature of the heat transfer fluid does not exceed 105 °C during normal operation;
d) where the maximum operating pressure in the water circuit does not exceed 6 bar;
e) which can give rise to condensation under certain circumstances;
f) which are declared in the instructions for installation to be either a "condensing" boiler or a "low temperature boiler" or a "standard boiler"; if no declaration is given the boiler is to be considered a "standard boiler";
g) which are intended to be installed inside a building or in a partially protected place;
h) which are intended to produce also hot water either by the instantaneous or storage principle as a single unit;
i) which are designed for either sealed water systems or for open water systems;
j) which are either modular boilers, or non-modular boilers.
k) which are from the types C(10) that are equipped with a gas-air ratio control and that have a ∆pmax, saf(min) of 25 Pa, and C(11) that have condensing boiler modules that are equipped with a gas-air ratio control and that have a ∆pmax, saf(min) of 25 Pa.
NOTE 2 This document provides requirements for boilers with known constructions. For boilers with any alternative constructions, which might not fully be covered by this standard, the risk associated with this alternative construction needs to be assessed.
An example of an assessment methodology, based upon risk assessment, is given in Clause 11.
This document does not cover all the requirements for:
aa) appliances above 1 000 kW;
ab) appliances that are intended to be connected to gas grids where the quality of the distributed gas is likely to vary to a large extent over the lifetime of the appliance (see Annex AB of EN 15502-1:2021);
ac) appliances using flue dampers;
ad) appliances of the types B21, B31, B51, C21, C41, C51, C61, C71, C81, C(12) and C(13);
ae) C7 appliances that have a nominal heat input (on the basis of net calorific value) exceeding 70 kW;
af) appliances incorporating flexible plastic flue liners;
ag) C(10) boilers:
1) without a gas-air ratio control, or
2) which are non-condensing appliances, or
3) which have a maximum safety pressure difference at minimum heat input not equal to 25 Pa (∆pmax, saf(min));
ah) C(11) boilers that have boiler modules:
1) without a gas-air ratio control, or
2) which are non-condensing appliances, or
3) which have a maximum safety pressure difference at minimum heat input not equal to 25 Pa (∆pmax, saf(min));
ai) appliances intended to be connected to a flue having mechanical extraction;
aj) surface temperatures of external parts particular to children and elderly people;
ak) appliances that are intended to burn natural gases of the second family where hydrogen is added to the natural gas;
al) appliances equipped with an adaptive combustion control function (ACCF);
am) boilers intended to be installed in areas accessible to elderly people and children.
- Standard105 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the common requirements and test methods, as well as the classification, marking and energy labelling of gas-fired central heating boilers that are fitted with atmospheric burners, fan assisted atmospheric burners or fully premixed burners, and are hereafter referred to as “boilers”.
This European Standard is to be used in conjunction with the specific Parts 2 (Part 2-1 and following ones).
This European Standard applies to boilers of types B and C.
NOTE For further background information on appliance types see CEN/TR 1749:2014 [1].
a) that use one or more combustible gases of the three gas families at the pressures stated in EN 437;
b) where the temperature of the water is below or above 105 °C during normal operation;
c) where the maximum operating pressure in the water circuit does not exceed 6 bar;
d) which can give rise to condensation under certain circumstances;
e) which are declared in the instructions for installation to be either a "condensing" boiler or a "low temperature boiler" or a "standard boiler" or an "other boiler". If no declaration is given the boiler is to be considered both a "standard boiler" and an "other boiler";
NOTE The Ecodesign Directive defines "other boilers", "low temperature boilers" and "condensing boilers". The Boiler Efficiency Directive defines "standard boilers", "low temperature boilers" and "condensing boilers". Depending on the legislation applied, a boiler can be both "a standard boiler" and an "other boiler"."
f) which are intended to be installed inside a building or in a partially protected place;
g) which are intended to produce also hot water either by the instantaneous or storage principle as a single unit.
This European Standard applies to boilers designed for sealed water systems or for open water systems.
NOTE This general standard and the specific standards (see Part 2) provide requirements for boilers with known constructions. For boilers with any alternative constructions, which might not fully be covered by this standard or a specific standard, the risk associated with this alternative construction will need to be assessed.
An example of an assessment methodology, based upon risk assessment, is given in Clause 11.
This European Standard is not intended to cover appliances intended for connection to gas grids where the quality of the distributed gas is likely to vary to a large extent over the lifetime of the appliance (see Annex EE).
This European Standard is not intended to cover appliances designed and constructed to burn gas containing toxic components.
- Standard213 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies, the requirements and test methods concerning the classification and marking of gas-fired central heating boilers that are fitted with atmospheric burners, fan assisted atmospheric burners and are hereafter referred to as “boilers”.
Where the word boiler is used, this is intended to be read as the boiler including its connecting ducts, ducts and terminals, if any.
This document covers gas-fired central heating boilers type B11, B11BS, B12, B12BS, B13, B13BS:
NOTE 1 For further background information on appliance types see EN 1749:2020.
a) that have a nominal heat input (on the basis of net calorific value) not exceeding 70 kW;
b) that use one or more combustible gases of the three gas families at the pressures stated in EN 437:2021;
c) where the temperature of the heat transfer fluid does not exceed 105 °C during normal operation;
d) where the maximum operating pressure in the water circuit does not exceed 6 bar;
e) which are declared in the technical instructions to be either a “low temperature boiler” or a “standard boiler”. If no declaration is given the boiler is to be considered a “standard boiler”;
f) which are intended to be installed inside a building or in a partially protected place;
g) which are intended to produce also hot water either by the instantaneous or storage principle, as a single unit;
h) which are designed for either sealed water systems or for open water systems.
NOTE 2 This document provides requirements for boilers with known constructions. For boilers with any alternative constructions, which might not fully be covered by this document, the risk associated with this alternative construction needs to be assessed.
An example of an assessment methodology, based upon risk assessment, is given in Clause 11.
This document does not cover all the requirements for:
aa) appliances that are intended to be connected to gas grids where the quality of the distributed gas is likely to vary to a large extent over the lifetime of the appliance (see Annex AB);
ab) appliances using flue dampers;
ac) appliances that have a nominal heat input (on the basis of net calorific value) exceeding 70 kW;
ad) appliances of the types A, B14, B¬2, B3, B4, B5 and C;
ae) appliances intended to be connected to a (common) flue having mechanical extraction;
af) appliances with gas/air ratio control;
ag) modular boilers;
ah) boilers which can give rise to condensation under certain circumstances;
ai) boilers intended to be installed in a room with a foreseeable negative pressure relative to the pressure in the flue system;
aj) surface temperatures of external parts particular to children and elderly people;
ak) appliances that are intended to burn natural gases of the second family where hydrogen is added to the natural gas;
al) boilers intended to be installed in areas accessible to elderly people and children;
am) boilers equipped with an adaptive combustion control function (ACCF).
NOTE Negative pressure relative to the pressure in the flue system can for example be caused by mechanical or thermal ventilation in airtight buildings.
- Standard55 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Part of this European Standard specifies requirements for the design and calculation of pressure parts of shell boilers as defined in EN 12953 1.
NOTE For other components such as economisers, superheaters, tube walls, headers, reference should be made to EN 12952 series.
- Corrigendum2 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Scope of CEN/TS 15502-3-1
EN 15502-2-1:2022, Clause 1 applies with the following modifications:
Add after k):
l) which are fully premixed appliances equipped with an Adaptive Combustion Control Function (ACCF) that are intended to be connected to gas grids where the quality of the distributed gas is likely to vary to a large extent over the lifetime of the appliance including gas grids for natural gases of the second family where up to 20% hydrogen volume is added to the natural gas (H2NG-Y20).
m) which are fully premixed appliances equipped with a Pneumatic Gas Air Ratio controller (PGAR) that are intended to be connected to gas grids for natural gases of the second family where up to 20% hydrogen volume is added to the natural gas (H2NG-Y20), where the quality of the distributed gas without adding the hydrogen is not likely to vary to a large extent over the lifetime of the appliance.
Replace ab) and ak) and al) by the following:
ab) appliances that are intended to be connected to gas grids where the quality of the distributed gas is likely to vary to a large extent over the lifetime of the appliance (see Annex AB of EN 15502-1:2021), except for fully premixed appliances with a ACCF, as ACCF appliances are designed to adapt to variations in gas quality.
ak) appliances that are intended to burn natural gases of the second family where hydrogen is added to the natural gas, except for fully premixed appliances with a ACCF or PGAR (which are covered by this document);
al) Partially premixed appliances equipped with an adaptive combustion control function (ACCF).
- Technical specification59 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements and test methods, as well as the classification and marking of gas-fired central heating boilers that are fitted with atmospheric burners, fan assisted atmospheric burners or fully premixed burners, and are hereafter referred to as "boilers".
This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 15502-1:2021.
This document covers gas-fired central heating boilers from the types C1 up to C(11) and the types B2, B3 and B5:
NOTE 1 For further background information on appliance types see EN 1749:2020.
a) that have a nominal heat input (on the basis of net calorific value) not exceeding 1 000 kW;
b) that use one or more combustible gases of the three gas families at the pressures stated in EN 437:2021;
c) where the temperature of the heat transfer fluid does not exceed 105 °C during normal operation;
d) where the maximum operating pressure in the water circuit does not exceed 6 bar;
e) which can give rise to condensation under certain circumstances;
f) which are declared in the instructions for installation to be either a "condensing" boiler or a "low temperature boiler" or a "standard boiler"; if no declaration is given the boiler is to be considered a "standard boiler";
g) which are intended to be installed inside a building or in a partially protected place;
h) which are intended to produce also hot water either by the instantaneous or storage principle as a single unit;
i) which are designed for either sealed water systems or for open water systems;
j) which are either modular boilers, or non-modular boilers.
k) which are from the types C(10) that are equipped with a gas-air ratio control and that have a ∆pmax, saf(min) of 25 Pa, and C(11) that have condensing boiler modules that are equipped with a gas-air ratio control and that have a ∆pmax, saf(min) of 25 Pa.
NOTE 2 This document provides requirements for boilers with known constructions. For boilers with any alternative constructions, which might not fully be covered by this standard, the risk associated with this alternative construction needs to be assessed.
An example of an assessment methodology, based upon risk assessment, is given in Clause 11.
This document does not cover all the requirements for:
aa) appliances above 1 000 kW;
ab) appliances that are intended to be connected to gas grids where the quality of the distributed gas is likely to vary to a large extent over the lifetime of the appliance (see Annex AB of EN 15502-1:2021);
ac) appliances using flue dampers;
ad) appliances of the types B21, B31, B51, C21, C41, C51, C61, C71, C81, C(12) and C(13);
ae) C7 appliances that have a nominal heat input (on the basis of net calorific value) exceeding 70 kW;
af) appliances incorporating flexible plastic flue liners;
ag) C(10) boilers:
1) without a gas-air ratio control, or
2) which are non-condensing appliances, or
3) which have a maximum safety pressure difference at minimum heat input not equal to 25 Pa (∆pmax, saf(min));
ah) C(11) boilers that have boiler modules:
1) without a gas-air ratio control, or
2) which are non-condensing appliances, or
3) which have a maximum safety pressure difference at minimum heat input not equal to 25 Pa (∆pmax, saf(min));
ai) appliances intended to be connected to a flue having mechanical extraction;
aj) surface temperatures of external parts particular to children and elderly people;
ak) appliances that are intended to burn natural gases of the second family where hydrogen is added to the natural gas;
al) appliances equipped with an adaptive combustion control function (ACCF);
am) boilers intended to be installed in areas accessible to elderly people and children.
- Standard105 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements and tests methods concerning the construction, safety, fitness for purpose, and rational use of energy, as well as the classification and marking of hybrid units.
A hybrid unit is composed of:
- a gas boiler as a heat generator which is able to supply the heat demand in all operating conditions;
- an electrical air-to-water heat pump, as a heat generator, which does not have to meet the heat demand in all operating conditions;
- a control unit (see definition 3.1.10).
A hybrid unit can include the facility to produce hot water, either by the instantaneous or storage principle, the whole being marketed as a single unit.
A gas boiler as part of a hybrid unit covered by this document is a gas-fired central heating boiler from the types C1 up to C9 and the types B2, B3 and B5, according to the classification in EN 1749:2020:
a) that have a nominal heat input (on the basis of gross calorific value) not exceeding 400 kW;
b) that use one or more combustible gases of the three gas families at the pressures stated in EN 437:2021;
c) where the temperature of the heat transfer fluid does not exceed 105 °C during normal operation;
d) where the maximum operating pressure in the water circuit does not exceed 6 bar;
e) which are classified as a gas-fired central heating boiler;
f) which are intended to be installed either indoors or outdoors in a partially protected place;
g) which are designed for either sealed water systems or for open water systems.
This document provides requirements for boilers with known constructions.
NOTE 1 For boilers with any alternative constructions, which might not fully be covered by this document, the risk associated with this alternative construction needs to be assessed.
NOTE 2 An example of an assessment methodology, based upon risk assessment and which covers the essential requirements of the Gas Appliance Regulation UE/426/2016, is given in Clause 11.
This document does not cover all the requirements for:
aa) appliances that are intended to be connected to gas grids where the quality of the distributed gas is likely to vary to a large extent over the lifetime of the appliance (see EN 15502-1:2021, Annex AB);
ab) appliances using flue dampers;
ac) appliances of the types B21, B31, B51, C21, C41, C51, C61, C71 and C81;
ad) appliances incorporating flexible plastic flue liners;
ae) appliances designed to become connected to a combined flue duct system.
af) appliances of the types C(10),C(11), C(12) and C(13);
ag) C7 appliances that have a nominal heat input (on the basis of net calorific value) exceeding 70 kW;
ah) appliances intended to be connected to a flue having mechanical extraction;
ai) surface temperatures of external parts particular to children and elderly people;
aj) appliances that are intended to burn natural gases of the second family where hydrogen is added to the natural gas;
ak) appliances equipped with an adaptive combustion control function (ACCF);
al) boilers intended to be installed in areas accessible to elderly people and children.
This document specifies minimum operating requirements which ensure that the products are fit for the use designated by the technical instructions when used for space heating and/or DHW production.
This document is intended to be used in conjunction with:
ba) the gas-fired boiler, the generic part EN 15502-1:2021 and specific parts FprEN 15502-2-1:2022 and FprEN 15502-2-2:2022;
bb) the electrical heat pump, EN 14511-4:2018, EN 378-1:2016+A1:2020, EN 378-2:2016 and EN 14825:2022;
bc) electrical safety, EN 60335-1:2012 , EN 60335-2-102:2016 and IEC 60335-2-40:2018;
bd) for domestic hot water production, EN 13203-5:2022.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the common requirements and test methods, as well as the classification, marking and energy labelling of gas-fired central heating boilers that are fitted with atmospheric burners, fan assisted atmospheric burners or fully premixed burners, and are hereafter referred to as “boilers”.
This European Standard is to be used in conjunction with the specific Parts 2 (Part 2-1 and following ones).
This European Standard applies to boilers of types B and C.
NOTE For further background information on appliance types see CEN/TR 1749:2014 [1].
a) that use one or more combustible gases of the three gas families at the pressures stated in EN 437;
b) where the temperature of the water is below or above 105 °C during normal operation;
c) where the maximum operating pressure in the water circuit does not exceed 6 bar;
d) which can give rise to condensation under certain circumstances;
e) which are declared in the instructions for installation to be either a "condensing" boiler or a "low temperature boiler" or a "standard boiler" or an "other boiler". If no declaration is given the boiler is to be considered both a "standard boiler" and an "other boiler";
NOTE The Ecodesign Directive defines "other boilers", "low temperature boilers" and "condensing boilers". The Boiler Efficiency Directive defines "standard boilers", "low temperature boilers" and "condensing boilers". Depending on the legislation applied, a boiler can be both "a standard boiler" and an "other boiler"."
f) which are intended to be installed inside a building or in a partially protected place;
g) which are intended to produce also hot water either by the instantaneous or storage principle as a single unit.
This European Standard applies to boilers designed for sealed water systems or for open water systems.
NOTE This general standard and the specific standards (see Part 2) provide requirements for boilers with known constructions. For boilers with any alternative constructions, which might not fully be covered by this standard or a specific standard, the risk associated with this alternative construction will need to be assessed.
An example of an assessment methodology, based upon risk assessment, is given in Clause 11.
This European Standard is not intended to cover appliances intended for connection to gas grids where the quality of the distributed gas is likely to vary to a large extent over the lifetime of the appliance (see Annex EE).
This European Standard is not intended to cover appliances designed and constructed to burn gas containing toxic components.
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This document specifies the requirements for the design and calculation of water-tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
The purpose of this document is to ensure that the hazards associated with water-tube boilers are reduced to a minimum by the proper application of the design according to this part of EN 12952.
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This document specifies the requirements and tests methods concerning the construction, safety, fitness for purpose, and rational use of energy, as well as the classification and marking of hybrid units.
A hybrid unit is composed of:
- a gas boiler as a heat generator which is able to supply the heat demand in all operating conditions;
- an electrical air-to-water heat pump, as a heat generator, which does not have to meet the heat demand in all operating conditions;
- a control unit (see definition 3.1.10).
A hybrid unit can include the facility to produce hot water, either by the instantaneous or storage principle, the whole being marketed as a single unit.
A gas boiler as part of a hybrid unit covered by this document is a gas-fired central heating boiler from the types C1 up to C9 and the types B2, B3 and B5, according to the classification in EN 1749:2020:
a) that have a nominal heat input (on the basis of gross calorific value) not exceeding 400 kW;
b) that use one or more combustible gases of the three gas families at the pressures stated in EN 437:2021;
c) where the temperature of the heat transfer fluid does not exceed 105 °C during normal operation;
d) where the maximum operating pressure in the water circuit does not exceed 6 bar;
e) which are classified as a gas-fired central heating boiler;
f) which are intended to be installed either indoors or outdoors in a partially protected place;
g) which are designed for either sealed water systems or for open water systems.
This document provides requirements for boilers with known constructions.
NOTE 1 For boilers with any alternative constructions, which might not fully be covered by this document, the risk associated with this alternative construction needs to be assessed.
NOTE 2 An example of an assessment methodology, based upon risk assessment and which covers the essential requirements of the Gas Appliance Regulation UE/426/2016, is given in Clause 11.
This document does not cover all the requirements for:
aa) appliances that are intended to be connected to gas grids where the quality of the distributed gas is likely to vary to a large extent over the lifetime of the appliance (see EN 15502-1:2021, Annex AB);
ab) appliances using flue dampers;
ac) appliances of the types B21, B31, B51, C21, C41, C51, C61, C71 and C81;
ad) appliances incorporating flexible plastic flue liners;
ae) appliances designed to become connected to a combined flue duct system.
af) appliances of the types C(10),C(11), C(12) and C(13);
ag) C7 appliances that have a nominal heat input (on the basis of net calorific value) exceeding 70 kW;
ah) appliances intended to be connected to a flue having mechanical extraction;
ai) surface temperatures of external parts particular to children and elderly people;
aj) appliances that are intended to burn natural gases of the second family where hydrogen is added to the natural gas;
ak) appliances equipped with an adaptive combustion control function (ACCF);
al) boilers intended to be installed in areas accessible to elderly people and children.
This document specifies minimum operating requirements which ensure that the products are fit for the use designated by the technical instructions when used for space heating and/or DHW production.
This document is intended to be used in conjunction with:
ba) the gas-fired boiler, the generic part EN 15502-1:2021 and specific parts FprEN 15502-2-1:2022 and FprEN 15502-2-2:2022;
bb) the electrical heat pump, EN 14511-4:2018, EN 378-1:2016+A1:2020, EN 378-2:2016 and EN 14825:2022;
bc) electrical safety, EN 60335-1:2012 , EN 60335-2-102:2016 and IEC 60335-2-40:2018;
bd) for domestic hot water production, EN 13203-5:2022.
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This document is applicable to hydronic fan coil units (FCU) as factory-made single assemblies which provide the functions of cooling and/or heating but do not include the source of cooling or heating.
This document is applicable to both air free delivery and air ducted units with a maximum external static pressure due to duct resistance of 300 Pa max.
This document specifies methods for the determination of the acoustical performance of fan coil units, defining standard working condition and installation.
It is not the purpose of this document to specify the tests used for production or field testing.
NOTE For the purpose of remaining clauses, the term “unit” is used to mean “fan coil unit”.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 APR technology is used for detection, location and identification of internal diameter (ID) flaws-indications and blockages in tube bundles.
5.2 Reliable and accurate examination of tube bundles is of great importance in different industries. On-time detection of flaws reduces a risk of catastrophic failure and minimizes unplanned shutdowns of plant equipment. Fast examination capability is of great importance due to reduction of maintenance time.
5.3 APR examinations are performed for quality control of newly manufactured tube bundles as well as for in-service inspection.
5.4 Performing an APR examination requires access to an open end of each tube to be examined.
5.5 Flaws that can be readily detected and identified include but are not limited to through-wall holes, ID pitting, erosion, blockages, bulging due to creep and plastic deformation due to bending.
5.6 APR can be applied to tube bundles made of metal, graphite, plastic or other solid materials with straight and curved sections. The APR technology has been found effective on tubes with diameters between 12.7 mm [1/2 in.] to 101.6 mm [4 in.] and lengths up to 18 metres [60 feet].
5.7 Closed cracks on ID surface, without significant geometrical alternation on ID surface, may not be detected by APR.
5.8 APR technology can be used for flaw sizing when special signal and data analysis methods are developed and applied.
5.9 In addition to detection of flaws and blockages, APR technology can be applied for assessing tube ID surface cleanliness, providing valuable information for equipment maintenance and improving its performance.
5.10 Other nondestructive test methods may be used to verify and evaluate the significance of APR indications, their exact position, depth, dimension and orientation. These include remote visual inspection, eddy current and ultrasonic testing.
5.11 Procedures for using other NDT methods are beyond the scope of this practice.
5.12 Acceptable flaw size...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes use of Acoustic Pulse Reflectometry (APR) technology for examination of the internal surface of typical tube bundles found in heat exchangers, boilers, tubular air heaters and reactors, during shutdown periods.
1.2 The purpose of APR examination is to detect, locate and identify flaws such as through-wall holes, ID wall loss due to pitting and/or erosion as well as full or partial tube blockages. APR may not be effective in detecting cracks with tight boundaries.
1.3 APR technology utilizes generation of sound waves through the air in the examined tube, then detecting reflections created by discontinuities and/or blockages. Analysis of the initial phase (positive or negative) and the shape of the reflected acoustic wave are used to identify the type of flaw causing the reflection.
1.4 When proper methods of signal and data analysis are developed, APR technology can be applied for sizing of flaw/blockage indications.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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1.1 Firing systems
This document applies to pulverized fuel firing systems of steam boilers and hot water generators and commences at the filling equipment for the boiler bunkers or for the pulverized fuel storage system and ends at the ash extraction plant. For multifuel firing systems using separate or combined burners, these requirements apply to the pulverized fuel firing part involved. For other fuels or firing systems used in combination, other requirements apply, e.g. EN 12952-8:2022.
1.2 Fuels
These requirements cover the use of pulverized fuels (e.g. coke, anthracite, bituminous coal or hard coal, lignite or brown coal, petrol coke, oil shale and pulverized bio mass) ranging from low to high volatile matter content.
1.3 Operation
Requirements for operational equipment apply for steam boilers and hot water generators with permanent supervision by properly trained persons.
As firing systems using pulverized fuel can be designed either as direct-firing or as indirect-firing systems, operational requirements have to be differentiated. Annex A summarizes the operational requirements for firing systems including the pulverizing system.
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1.1 Firing systems
This document applies to atmospheric fluidized-bed and grate firing systems of steam boilers and hot water generators. These systems commence at the fuel bunkers and end at the ash extraction plant. For combination of various firing systems, the individual requirements of each system apply, especially those included in EN 12952-8:2022 and EN 12952-9:2022.
If several fuels are burnt simultaneously or if a fuel quality varies considerably (e.g. moisture content), additional safety measures can be necessary, especially with respect to limitation of the fuel flow into the firing system and ensuring proper air supply to the individual fuels.
Pressurized firing systems can require enhanced safety measures, which are not given in this European Standard.
1.2 Fuels
This document covers the use of solid fuels. Pulverized fuel fired in an entrained air flow (burner) system is covered by EN 12952-9:2022.
Solid fuels covered are:
• all coal qualities, e.g. lignite or brown coal, sub-bituminous or hard brown coal, bituminous coal or hard coal, pitch coal, anthracite, coke, coal culm, coal sludge;
• other fossil solid fuels (e.g. peat, oil shale);
• biomass solid fuels (e.g. wood, wood wastes [bark], pellets, energy plants [miscanthus], harvest wastes [straw] and briquettes);
• municipal waste solid fuels (e.g. garbage, sewage sludge, refuse derived fuels [RDF]);
• industrial waste solid fuels (e.g. petrol coke, soot, tyres, paper wastes, coated wood chips, spent wood, animal product wastes).
Fuel blends from two or more groups, or fuels of unconventional or unknown quality can require special safety measures which can be proved either by practical experience gained from comparable fuels, or by suitable tests, e.g. in accordance with EN 14034-2:2006+A1:2011. Such measures specified and documented by the manufacturer.
Fuels on which the design is documented in the operating instructions (see 11.2). This includes the fuel data for 100 % input of the basic fuel and the data for any supplementary fuels together with their maximum thermal input percentage.
1.3 Operation
The requirements for operational equipment in Clause 4, Clause 5, Clause 6, Clause 7, Clause 8, Clause 9, Clause 10 and Clause 11 apply to steam boilers and hot water generators with permanent supervision by properly trained personnel familiar with the special conditions of the firing systems and the type of fuel.
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1.1 Firing systems
This document specifies requirements for liquid and gaseous fuel firing systems of steam boilers and hot water generators as defined in EN 12952-1:2015.
These requirements also apply to firing systems of chemical recovery boilers (black liquor boilers) with the additions and amendments specified in Annex A.
These requirements also apply to gas turbines in combination with fired/unfired heat recovery steam generators with the additions and amendments specified in Annex B.
NOTE 1 This document is not applicable to coil type boilers (flash boilers/small boilers) that use burners in accordance with EN 12953-7 for single burner installations.
NOTE 2 This document is not applicable to the storage of liquid fuels and to transfer stations of long-distance gas pipelines.
1.2 Fuels
This document specifies requirements which cover the use of liquid and gaseous fuels as defined in this document. Fuels deviating from standardized commercially available types can require additional or alternative safety measures. For black liquor these safety measures are given in Annex A.
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This document specifies methods to be used for testing of air-to-air heat recovery components (HRC). The main purpose of the HRC is to exchange heat between exhaust air and supply air in order to save energy, which results in
— preheat or heat, and/or
— precool or cool
supply air in ventilation systems or air conditioning systems. Optionally HRC can exchange air humidity between exhaust and supply air. The HRC contains the heat exchangers and all necessary features and auxiliary devices for the exchange of sensible heat and (if available) air humidity between exhaust air and supply air. The HRC will be installed in casings or ducts. If fans are part of the test unit, the effect of the fan power on the measured values will be corrected.
This document specifies procedures and input criteria required for tests to determine the performance of a HRC at one or several test conditions, each of them with continuous and stationary air flows, air temperatures and humidities at both inlet sides. Three different test types are covered:
— Test type A, Laboratory testing of HRC installed in test casings (A1) or a HRC sections (A2);
— Test type B, Laboratory testing of HRC installed in non-residential ventilation units in design configuration;
— Test type C, on-site (field) testing of HRC in non-residential ventilation units (C1) or a HRC sections (C2) in operation configuration.
This document is applicable to recuperators, regenerators, and HRC with intermediary heat transfer medium.
This document prescribes test methods for determining:
1) the temperature and humidity efficiency,
2) the pressure drop of exhaust air and supply air sides,
3) possible internal leakages; exhaust air transfer ratio (EATR) and outdoor air correction factor (OACF),
4) external leakages and
5) auxiliary energy used for the operation of the HRC.
HRC using heat pumps are not covered by this document.
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This document is applicable to hydronic fan coil units (FCU) as factory-made single assemblies which provide the functions of cooling and/or heating but do not include the source of cooling or heating.
This document is applicable to both air free delivery and air ducted units with a maximum external static pressure due to duct resistance of 300 Pa max.
This document specifies methods for the determination of the acoustical performance of fan coil units, defining standard working condition and installation.
It is not the purpose of this document to specify the tests used for production or field testing.
NOTE For the purpose of remaining clauses, the term “unit” is used to mean “fan coil unit”.
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This document specifies methods to be used for testing of air-to-air heat recovery components (HRC). The main purpose of the HRC is to exchange heat between exhaust air and supply air in order to save energy, which results in
— preheat or heat, and/or
— precool or cool
supply air in ventilation systems or air conditioning systems. Optionally HRC can exchange air humidity between exhaust and supply air. The HRC contains the heat exchangers and all necessary features and auxiliary devices for the exchange of sensible heat and (if available) air humidity between exhaust air and supply air. The HRC will be installed in casings or ducts. If fans are part of the test unit, the effect of the fan power on the measured values will be corrected.
This document specifies procedures and input criteria required for tests to determine the performance of a HRC at one or several test conditions, each of them with continuous and stationary air flows, air temperatures and humidities at both inlet sides. Three different test types are covered:
— Test type A, Laboratory testing of HRC installed in test casings (A1) or a HRC sections (A2);
— Test type B, Laboratory testing of HRC installed in non-residential ventilation units in design configuration;
— Test type C, on-site (field) testing of HRC in non-residential ventilation units (C1) or a HRC sections (C2) in operation configuration.
This document is applicable to recuperators, regenerators, and HRC with intermediary heat transfer medium.
This document prescribes test methods for determining:
1) the temperature and humidity efficiency,
2) the pressure drop of exhaust air and supply air sides,
3) possible internal leakages; exhaust air transfer ratio (EATR) and outdoor air correction factor (OACF),
4) external leakages and
5) auxiliary energy used for the operation of the HRC.
HRC using heat pumps are not covered by this document.
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This European Standard applies to hydronic fan coil units (FCU) as factory-made single assemblies which provide the functions of cooling and/or heating but do not include the source of cooling or heating.
The standard covers both air free delivery and air ducted units with a maximum external static pressure due to duct resistance of 120 Pa max.
The standard applies to all types of fan speed control of a fan coil unit (variable speed, multispeed).
This standard deals with the cooling and heating functions of the FCU considered as an emitter for cooling/heating of a room/space. It does not cover any ventilation function of the unit.
If the FCU can also provide fresh air, this function is not considered and the fresh air inlet closed during testing.
This European Standard provides a method for the determination of the thermal performance of fan coil units in standard conditions, for the use with hot or chilled water or water mixtures. The test procedures given in this standard may additionally be used for determining performance at other conditions.
It also provides the method for the determination of the air flow rate supplied by the fan coil unit.
The standard does not cover the rating of heating or cooling from direct expansion coils or heating from electric resistance elements.
The standard does not cover acoustic performance of fan coil units which is dealt with in EN 16583.
It is not the purpose of this standard to specify the tests used for production or field testing.
NOTE For the purpose of remaining clauses, the term “unit” is used to mean “fan coil unit” as defined in 3.1.
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This document specifies the general requirements of herbal decoction apparatus with design pressures less than 0,1MPa. It includes both hermetic and non-hermetic decoction apparatus. This document is applicable to herbal decoction apparatus for individual herbal formula prescriptions and for commercial use as well as private use. It also applies to the decocting part of the integrated apparatus of decoction and package.
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This European Standard specifies requirements for the workmanship and construction of water-tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
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This European Standard specifies requirements for the inspection during construction, documentation and marking of water-tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
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This part of this European Standard specifies the requirements for safety devices against excessive pressure in water tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
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This European Standard specifies the requirements for the product forms for use in pressure parts of water-tube boilers and for parts welded on to pressure parts:
plates;
wrought seamless tubes;
electrically welded tubes;
submerged, plasma and TIG arc-welded tubes;
forgings;
castings;
rolled bars;
welding consumables;
fasteners;
seamless composite tubes.
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This European Standard applies to hydronic fan coil units (FCU) as factory-made single assemblies which provide the functions of cooling and/or heating but do not include the source of cooling or heating.
The standard covers both air free delivery and air ducted units with a maximum external static pressure due to duct resistance of 120 Pa max.
The standard applies to all types of fan speed control of a fan coil unit (variable speed, multispeed).
This standard deals with the cooling and heating functions of the FCU considered as an emitter for cooling/heating of a room/space. It does not cover any ventilation function of the unit.
If the FCU can also provide fresh air, this function is not considered and the fresh air inlet closed during testing.
This European Standard provides a method for the determination of the thermal performance of fan coil units in standard conditions, for the use with hot or chilled water or water mixtures. The test procedures given in this standard may additionally be used for determining performance at other conditions.
It also provides the method for the determination of the air flow rate supplied by the fan coil unit.
The standard does not cover the rating of heating or cooling from direct expansion coils or heating from electric resistance elements.
The standard does not cover acoustic performance of fan coil units which is dealt with in EN 16583.
It is not the purpose of this standard to specify the tests used for production or field testing.
NOTE For the purpose of remaining clauses, the term “unit” is used to mean “fan coil unit” as defined in 3.1.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Heat transfer fluids degrade when exposed to sufficiently high temperatures. The amount of degradation increases as the temperature increases or the length of exposure increases, or both. Due to reactions and rearrangement, degradation products can be formed. Degradation products include high and low boiling components, gaseous decomposition products, and products that cannot be evaporated. The type and content of degradation products produced will change the performance characteristics of a heat transfer fluid. In order to evaluate thermal stability, it is necessary to quantitatively determine the mass percentages of high and low boiling components, as well as gaseous decomposition products and those that cannot be vaporized, in the thermally stressed heat transfer fluid.
5.2 This test method differentiates the relative stability of organic heat transfer fluids at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen and water under the conditions of the test.
5.3 The user shall determine to his own satisfaction whether the results of this test method correlate to field performance. Heat transfer fluids in industrial plants are exposed to a variety of additional influencing variables. Interaction with the plant's materials, impurities, heat build-up during impaired flow conditions, the temperature distribution in the heat transfer fluid circuit, and other factors can also lead to changes in the heat transfer fluid. The test method provides an indication of the relative thermal stability of a heat transfer fluid, and can be considered as one factor in the decision-making process for selection of a fluid.
5.4 The accuracy of the results depends very strongly on how closely the test conditions are followed.
5.5 This test method does not possess the capability to quantify or otherwise assess the formation and nature of thermal decomposition products within the unstressed fluid boiling range. Decomposition products within the unstressed fluid boiling range may ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal stability of unused organic heat transfer fluids. The procedure is applicable to fluids used for the transfer of heat at temperatures both above and below their boiling point (refers to normal boiling point throughout the text unless otherwise stated). It is applicable to fluids with maximum bulk operating temperature between 260 °C (500 °F) and 454 °C (850 °F). The procedure shall not be used to test a fluid above its critical temperature. In this test method, the volatile decomposition products are in continuous contact with the fluid during the test. This test method will not measure the thermal stability threshold (the temperature at which volatile oil fragments begin to form), but instead will indicate bulk fragmentation occurring for a specified temperature and testing period. Because potential decomposition and generation of high pressure gas may occur at temperatures above 260 °C (500 °F), do not use this test method for aqueous fluids or other fluids which generate high-pressure gas at these temperatures.
1.2 DIN Norm 51528 and GB/T 23800 cover other test methods that are similar to this test method.
1.3 The applicability of this test method to siloxane-based heat transfer fluids has not been determined.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2, 8.8, 8.9, and 8.10.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Prin...
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This document specifies requirements for the inspection during and after construction, documentation and marking of shell boilers as defined in EN 12953-1.
NOTE For other components, such as water tube walls, reference will be made to the EN 12952 series.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard – translation35 pagesSlovenian languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for the inspection during and after construction, documentation and marking of shell boilers as defined in EN 12953-1.
NOTE For other components, such as water tube walls, reference will be made to the EN 12952 series.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard – translation35 pagesSlovenian languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Eddy current testing is a nondestructive method that can be used to locate discontinuities in tubing made of materials that conduct electricity. Signals can be produced by discontinuities located either on the inner or outer surfaces of the tube, or by discontinuities totally contained within the tube wall. When using an internal probe, the density of eddy currents in the tube wall decreases very rapidly as the distance from the internal surface increases; thus the amplitude of the response to outer surface discontinuities decreases correspondingly.
5.2 Some indications obtained by this method may not be relevant to product quality. For example, an irrelevant signal may be caused by metallurgical or mechanical variations that are generated during manufacture but that are not detrimental to the end use of the product. Irrelevant indications can mask unacceptable discontinuities occurring in the same area. Relevant indications are those that result from nonacceptable discontinuities. Any indication above the reject level, which is believed to be irrelevant, shall be regarded as unacceptable until it is proven to be irrelevant. For tubing installed in heat exchangers, predictable sources of irrelevant indications are lands (short unfinned sections in finned tubing), dents, scratches, tool chatter marks, or variations in cold work. Rolling tubes into the supports may also cause irrelevant indications, as may the tube supports themselves. Eddy current examination systems are generally not able to separate the indication generated by the end of the tube from indications of discontinuities adjacent to the ends of the tube (end effect). Therefore, this examination may not be valid at the boundaries of the tube sheets.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures to be followed during eddy current examination (using an internal, probe-type, coil assembly) of nonmagnetic tubing that has been installed in a heat exchanger. The procedure recognizes both the unique problems of implementing an eddy current examination of installed tubing, and the indigenous forms of tube-wall deterioration which may occur during this type of service. The document primarily addresses scheduled maintenance inspection of heat exchangers, but can also be used by manufacturers of heat exchangers, either to examine the condition of the tubes after installation, or to establish baseline data for evaluating subsequent performance of the product after exposure to various environmental conditions. The ultimate purpose is the detection and evaluation of particular types of tube integrity degradation which could result in in-service tube failures.
1.2 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria; they must be specified by the using parties.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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1.1 General
This document is one of a series dedicated to air-cooled heat exchangers.
- forced convection air cooled refrigerant condensers as specified in EN 327;
- forced convection unit air coolers for refrigeration as specified in EN 328;
- air cooled liquid coolers "dry coolers" as specified in EN 1048.
This document provides information for assessing and presenting the acoustic emission characteristics of heat exchangers under stationary operating conditions.
This document is applicable to selfstanding forced convection air cooled refrigerant condensers and air cooled liquid coolers "dry coolers" and air coolers.
1.2 Size of source
The method specified in EN ISO 3744, EN ISO 3745, EN ISO 3746, EN ISO 9614 1, EN ISO 9614 2 and EN ISO 9614-3 is applicable to noise sources of any size. Limitations for the size of the source are given in 1.3 of EN ISO 3741:2010, EN ISO 3743 1:2010 and EN ISO 3743 2:2009.
1.3 Object
This document offers ways to determine the sound power level of units. Some of them are specifically adapted to provide results with low uncertainties, by using laboratory class or engineering class acoustic methods under highly controlled working conditions. Those results are suitable for certification, labeling and marking purposes.
This document is concerned with objective methods for determining sound power levels LW, expressed in decibels (dB) with reference to a sound power of one picowatt (1 pW), of airborne acoustical noise within the specified frequency range of interest and for prescribed operating conditions of the appliance to be measured:
- A-weighted sound power level, LWA;
- spectral sound power levels;
- emission sound pressure level at workplace, LpA.
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1.1 General
This document is one of a series dedicated to air-cooled heat exchangers.
- forced convection air cooled refrigerant condensers as specified in EN 327;
- forced convection unit air coolers for refrigeration as specified in EN 328;
- air cooled liquid coolers "dry coolers" as specified in EN 1048.
This document provides information for assessing and presenting the acoustic emission characteristics of heat exchangers under stationary operating conditions.
This document is applicable to selfstanding forced convection air cooled refrigerant condensers and air cooled liquid coolers "dry coolers" and air coolers.
1.2 Size of source
The method specified in EN ISO 3744, EN ISO 3745, EN ISO 3746, EN ISO 9614 1, EN ISO 9614 2 and EN ISO 9614-3 is applicable to noise sources of any size. Limitations for the size of the source are given in 1.3 of EN ISO 3741:2010, EN ISO 3743 1:2010 and EN ISO 3743 2:2009.
1.3 Object
This document offers ways to determine the sound power level of units. Some of them are specifically adapted to provide results with low uncertainties, by using laboratory class or engineering class acoustic methods under highly controlled working conditions. Those results are suitable for certification, labeling and marking purposes.
This document is concerned with objective methods for determining sound power levels LW, expressed in decibels (dB) with reference to a sound power of one picowatt (1 pW), of airborne acoustical noise within the specified frequency range of interest and for prescribed operating conditions of the appliance to be measured:
- A-weighted sound power level, LWA;
- spectral sound power levels;
- emission sound pressure level at workplace, LpA.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for forge-welded copper and copper alloy with integral fins for use in surface condenser, evaporator, and heat exchanger. The product shall be welded tube of one of the following Copper or Copper Alloy UNS Nos.: C12000, C12200, C19200, C23000, C44300, C44400, C44500, C68700, C70400, C70600, C70620, C71000, C71500, C71520, and C72200. The material heat identification or traceability shall be specified if required. The product shall be manufactured by cold forming to produce an integral enhanced surface for improved heat transfer and shall typically be furnished with unenhanced ends, but may be furnished with enhanced ends or stripped ends. Temper conditions (annealed, WO61 or light cold-worked, WC55) for the tubes and the enhanced and unenhanced sections of the tubes are given. The material shall conform to the chemical composition requirements prescribed for copper, tin, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, lead, iron, zinc, manganese, arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, chromium, and other elements such as carbon, sulfur, silicon, and titanium as determined by chemical analysis. Requirements for grain size, dimensions, mass, and mechanical properties including tensile strength and yield strength as determined by tension test are detailed. The performance requirements including expansion, flattening, and reverse bend tests; mercurous nitrate test or ammonia vapor test; and nondestructive tests such as eddy-current, hydrostatic, and pneumatic tests are detailed as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes the requirements for heat exchanger tubes manufactured from forge-welded copper and copper alloy tubing in straight lengths on which the external or internal surface, or both, has been modified by cold forming process to produce an integral enhanced surface for improved heat transfer.
1.2 The tubes are typically used in surface condensers, evaporators, and heat exchangers.
1.3 The product shall be produced of the following coppers or copper alloys, as specified in the ordering information.
Copper or Copper Alloy
UNS No.
Type of Metal
C12000A
DLP Phosphorized, low residual phosphorus
C12200A
DHP Phosphorized, high residual phosphorus
C19200
Phosphorized, 1 % iron
C19400
Copper-Iron Alloy
C23000
Red Brass
C44300
Admiralty, arsenical
C44400
Admiralty, antimonial
C44500
Admiralty, phosphorized
C68700
Aluminum Brass
C70400
95-5 Copper-Nickel
C70600
90-10 Copper-Nickel
C70620
90-10 Copper-Nickel (Modified for Welding)
C71000
80-20 Copper-Nickel
C71500
70-30 Copper-Nickel
C71520
70-30 Copper-Nickel (Modified for Welding)
C72200
Copper-Nickel
Note 1: Designations listed in Classification B224.
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determi...
- Technical specification10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the mechanical design, material selection, fabrication, inspection, testing and preparation for shipment of shell-and-tube heat exchangers for the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries.
This document supplements API Std 660, 9th edition (2015), the requirements of which are applicable with the exceptions specified in this document.
This document is applicable to the following types of shell-and-tube heat exchangers: heaters, condensers, coolers and reboilers.
This document is not applicable to vacuum-operated steam surface condensers and feed-water heaters.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is composed of two parts.
The first part supplements EN 303-1, EN 303-2, EN 303-4 and EN 304, hereafter called boiler standards. It specifies the supplementary requirements and tests for the construction, safety, rational use of energy, fitness for purpose, classification and marking related to the domestic hot water operation of oil-fired water heaters and combination boilers.
The domestic hot water is produced on either the instantaneous or storage principle. The domestic hot water production is integrated or coupled, the whole being marketed as a single unit.
The second part covers the energy performance of domestic hot water production of the appliances covered by the first part.
This second part sets out a method for assessing the energy performance of the appliances. It defines a number of daily tapping cycles for each domestic hot water use such as kitchen, shower, bath and a combination of these, together with corresponding test procedures, enabling the energy performances of combination boilers and water heaters to be compared and matched to the needs of the user.
The heat output of the appliances covered by this standard does not exceed 400 kW.
In the case of combination boilers, with or without storage tank, domestic hot water production is integrated or coupled, the whole being marketed as a single unit.
This standard only covers type testing.
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
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