17.160 - Vibrations, shock and vibration measurements
ICS 17.160 Details
Vibrations, shock and vibration measurements
Vibrationen (Schwingungen). Sto?- und Schwingungsmessungen
Vibrations, chocs et mesurage des vibrations
Vibracije, meritve udarcev in vibracij
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This document a) establishes common concepts for condition monitoring and diagnostics of machine systems, simplifying communication between the users and manufacturers of condition monitoring and diagnostics systems; b) establishes technical characteristics and describes principles for condition monitoring and diagnostics of machine systems; c) gives guidance on developing condition monitoring and diagnostics systems; and d) gives guidance on selecting an appropriate diagnostic approach in the particular application. This document is applicable to any machine system whose state can be described by measuring or observing its operational parameters (or inputs) and responses (or outputs).
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This document provides guidance and requirements for the development and application of prognosis processes. It is intended to a) allow developers, providers, users and manufacturers to share common concepts of prognostics, b) enable users to determine the data, characteristics, processes and behaviours necessary for accurate prognosis, c) outline appropriate approaches and processes to prognostics development, and d) introduce prognostics concepts in order to facilitate future systems and training.
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This document provides information regarding the measurement and evaluation of the mechanical vibration of wind turbines and their components. The working principles of wind turbines covered by this document are described in Annex B. The installation site and type of mechanical drive train of the wind turbine influence the vibration magnitude, so for the purposes of this document wind turbines have been divided into two groups: a) Group 1: Horizontal axis wind turbine installations with generators coupled to the rotor via a gearbox; and b) Group 2: Horizontal axis wind turbine installations with generators coupled to the rotor without a gearbox (direct drive wind turbines). The requirements of this document apply to both Group 1 and Group 2 wind turbines with a rated generator output exceeding 200 kW. This document recommends zones for evaluating the vibration at continuous load operation. However, in most cases these evaluation zone boundaries are not suitable for the early detection of faults. Annex A presents evaluation zone boundaries based on vibration data collected from thousands of wind turbines with rated generator outputs of 5 MW or less, which can be helpful in facilitating discussion between users and manufacturers when considering early fault detection. The evaluation criteria described in this document serve to ensure safe, reliable, long-term operation of the wind turbine and its components. It is intended to standardize the vibration measurements taken, to assist in their evaluation and to facilitate a comparative evaluation of the vibration measured in wind turbines and their components. In addition, recommendations are given for the determination of operational vibration limit values. The type and implementation of broad-band vibration monitoring methods to be used for wind turbines are addressed in this document, along with evaluation criteria for assessing vibration severity. This document does not address diagnosis or fault detection, although the measurement equipment described can be used for vibration monitoring. NOTE 1 For information regarding vibration condition monitoring see the ISO 13373 series. For Information regarding condition monitoring and diagnostics of wind turbines see the ISO 16079 series. NOTE 2 IEC 61400-13 describes load measurements that can be taken using strain gauges mounted on the wind turbine support structure and blades. For procedures to assist the detection of rolling bearing and gearbox defects see ISO 13373-2. For the measurement and evaluation of structure-borne noise in wind turbines fitted with rolling bearings see VDI 3832. NOTE 3 Evaluation of the unbalance of the slowly turning wind turbine rotor requires the use of measurement techniques and analysis which consider both mass and aerodynamic unbalance. To assess the influence of the rotor unbalance on vibrations see VDI 3834-1:2015-08, Annex B. The requirements described in this document do not apply to the acceptance measurements for wind turbine gearboxes and generators taken in the manufacturer’s test facility. NOTE 4 Acceptance measurements for wind turbine gearboxes and generators, taken in the manufacturers test facility, are assessed as described in ISO 20816-9 and/or IEC 60034-14. This document does not provide evaluation zones for vibration measurements taken on rotating parts (shaft relative displacement) due to the small number of turbines on which such measurements are/have been taken.
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This document specifies the requirements for bodies operating training programmes for personnel who perform machinery condition monitoring, identify machine faults, and recommend corrective action. This document specifies procedures for training of condition monitoring and diagnostics personnel.
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This document specifies methods for measuring and analysing irregularities of running surfaces for use in the prediction and assessment of ground-borne noise and vibration arising from railway systems. This document a) defines the data that can be described as rail or wheel roughness and that can be used to quantify a source term for the generation of the dynamic forces that can lead to ground-borne vibration from railway vehicles, b) gives guidance regarding the types of equipment that can be used to measure roughness as a variation of height along the running direction of the rail surface or wheel parameter, c) gives guidance regarding the methods that can be used to obtain an estimate of the roughness wavelength spectrum from measurement records taken over a length of rail head or wheel perimeter, and d) gives guidance regarding the presentation of a roughness spectrum representing the condition of a length of rail or of a wheel related to its ability to generate vibration. This document does not e) give guidance regarding the characterization of localized geometrical features (e.g. switches, crossings, rail squats, occasional rail joints and localized geometrical defects of the running surface). These features are likely to produce dynamic forces that are not linear with their amplitude because of the change of geometry at the wheel-rail contact. Hence these features are not characterized by methods of analysis defined within this document. Annex A provides further information regarding the characterization of localized geometrical features, f) give guidance regarding the specification or testing of roughness measurement equipment that can be used. Annex B provides an overview of measuring equipment, g) give guidance regarding the measurement or analysis of track quality for any other purpose than the assessment of ground-borne vibration, h) present any example of roughness spectra intended to represent typical roughness. Roughness levels vary greatly between track sites and any examples used in this document have not been selected on any other basis than their usefulness for the purpose of demonstrating the principles of analysis, i) promote any particular make, model or manufacturer of measurement equipment, and j) recommend or promote software for the implementation of the analysis procedure.
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This document gives guidelines and requirements for the procedures to be followed when carrying out vibration diagnostics of 2‑ and 4‑pole electrical generators of cylindrical pole design with fluid-film bearings. This document does not apply to salient pole generators. This document establishes a practical step-by-step vibration-based approach to fault diagnosis. The requirements of this document should be considered together with those in ISO 13373-4.
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This document provides guidance for developing, implementing and maintaining seismometer systems as a part of the infrastructure for disaster risk reduction in smart communities. The seismometer systems in this document can be used for the observation of seismic activity, such as earthquakes, micro-seismic motion and volcanic tremors, especially in seismically active areas. This document gives examples of how different types of seismometers can fulfil the needs and expectations of users and help planners, developers and community operators to effectively use seismometers and related data for disaster risk reduction. This document is not applicable to the following: — drop-ball type and pendulum type seismometers; — how to design and develop seismometer systems (e.g. seismometers installed in railway systems). The features of the seismometer systems in this document are not intended for the measurement of vibrations caused by landslides.
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This document specifies the test conditions and methods to be used for the vibration testing of unmanned aircraft system (UAS, including unmanned aircraft and ground station) which applies to level II through V according to ISO 21895.
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This document gives guidance for the selection of vibration generating equipment used for vibration environmental testing, depending on the test requirements. This guidance covers such aspects of selection as — the equipment type, — the model, and — some main components, excluding the control system. NOTE 1 Some examples are given in Annex A. NOTE 2 This document is primarily focused on determining functional specifications for equipment based on the requirements of a specific environmental test. More practical aspects of the selection (including target test definition and fixturing considerations) are covered in IEST-RP-DTE009.1.
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This part of IEC 61300 evaluates the effects of vibration on fibre optic devices at the predominant frequency ranges and magnitudes that are encountered during field service on attenuation.
NOTE Most vibrations encountered in service are not of a simple harmonic nature. However, it has been shown that tests based on vibrations of this type are satisfactory to simulating actual service.
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This document specifies the general requirements for evaluating the vibration of various coupled industrial machine types with a power above 15 kW and operating speeds between 120 r/min and 30 000 r/min when measurements are made in-situ. Guidelines for applying evaluation criteria are provided for measurements taken on non-rotating and rotating parts under normal operating conditions. The guidelines are presented in terms of both steady running vibration values and in terms of changes to vibration magnitude, which can occur in these steady values. The numerical values presented are intended to serve as guidelines based on worldwide machine experience, but shall be applied with due regard to specific machine features which can cause these values to be inappropriate. In general, the condition of a machine is assessed by consideration of both the shaft vibration and the associated structural vibration, as well as specific frequency components, which do not always relate to the broadband severity values presented. The machine types covered by this document include: a) steam turbines and generators with outputs less than or equal to 40 MW (see Note 1 and Note 2); b) steam turbines and generators with outputs greater than 40 MW which normally operate at speeds other than 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min (although generators seldom fall into this category) (see Note 1); c) rotary compressors; d) industrial gas turbines with outputs less than or equal to 3 MW (see Note 2); e) turbofans; f) electric motors of any type, if the coupling is flexible. When a motor is rigidly coupled to a machine type covered by any other part of ISO20816, the motor may be assessed either against that other part or against ISO 20816-3; g) rolls and mills; h) conveyors; i) variable speed couplings; and j) blowers or fans (see Note 3). NOTE 1 Land based steam turbines, gas turbines and generators of greater than 40 MW capacity, which run at 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min are covered by the requirements of ISO 20816-2. Generators in hydro-electric plants are covered by ISO 20816-5. NOTE 2 Gas turbines of power greater than 3 MW are covered by ISO 20816-4. NOTE 3 The vibration criteria presented in this document are generally only applicable to fans with power ratings greater than 300 kW or fans which are not flexibly supported. As and when circumstances permit, recommendations for other types of fans, including those of lightweight sheet-metal construction, will be prepared. Until these recommendations are available, classifications can be agreed between the manufacturer and the customer; using results of previous operational experience (see also ISO 14694). Machinery including a geared stage can fall under the scope of this document. For performing acceptance tests of gearboxes please refer to ISO 20816-9. The following types of industrial machine are not covered by this document: k) land-based gas turbines, steam turbines and generators with power outputs greater than 40 MW and speeds of 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min (see ISO20816‑2); l) gas turbine sets with power outputs greater than 3 MW (see ISO20816‑4); m) machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants (see ISO20816‑5); n) reciprocating machines and machines solidly coupled to reciprocating machines (see ISO10816‑6); o) rotordynamic pumps and any integrated or solidly coupled electric motors where the impeller is mounted directly on the motor shaft or is rigidly attached to it (see ISO10816‑7); p) reciprocating compressor systems (see ISO 20816-8); q) rotary positive displacement compressors (e. g. screw compressors); r) submerged motor-pumps; and s) wind turbines (see ISO10816‑21). The requirements of this document apply to in-situ broad-band vibration measurements taken on the shafts, bearings, bearing pedestals, or housings of machines under steady-state operating conditions within their nominal
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This document gives guidelines for identifying: a) The typical architectures of touch-down bearing systems to show which components are likely to comprise such systems and which functions these components provide; NOTE Touch-down bearings are also known as “backup bearings”, “auxiliary bearings”, “catcher bearings” or “landing bearings”. Within this document, the term “touch-down bearings” is used exclusively as defined in ISO 14839‑1. b) The functional requirements for touch-down bearing systems so that clear performance targets can be set; c) Elements to be considered in the design of the dynamic system such that rotordynamic performance can be optimized, both for touch-down bearings and active magnetic bearings (AMBs); d) The environmental factors that have significant impact on touch-down bearing system performance allowing optimization of overall machine design; e) The AMB operational conditions that can give rise to contact within the touch-down bearing system so that such events can be considered as part of an overall machine design. It also considers failure modes within the AMB system that can give rise to a contact event. This ensures that the specification of the touch-down bearings covers all operational requirements; f) The most commonly encountered touch-down bearing failure modes and typical mechanisms for managing these events; g) Typical elements of a design process for touch-down bearing systems including the specification of load requirements, the sizing process, the analytical and simulation methods employed for design validation; h) The parameters to be taken into account when designing a touch-down bearing system acceptance test programme including the test conditions to be specified and the associated instrumentation to be used to ensure successful test execution; i) The condition monitoring and inspection methods that allow the status of in-service touch-down bearings to be evaluated and when necessary identifying the corrective actions to be taken; j) The factors to be considered when designing the maintenance regime for a touch-down bearing system including the actions to be taken after specified events have occurred together with any actions to be performed on a regular basis; k) The factors to be considered regarding other life cycle topics (e.g. obsolescence management, de-commissioning and disposal).
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ISO/TS 7849-1:2009 gives basic requirements for reproducible methods for the determination of an upper limit for the A-weighted sound power level of the noise emitted by machinery or equipment by using surface vibration measurements. The method is only applicable to noise which is emitted by vibrating surfaces of solid structures and not to noise generated aerodynamically.
This vibration measurement method is especially applicable in cases where accurate direct airborne noise measurements, e.g. as specified in ISO 3746, ISO 3747, and ISO 9614 (all parts), are not possible because of high background noise or other parasitic environmental interferences; or if a distinction is required between the total radiated sound power and its structure vibration generated component.
The methods described in ISO/TS 7849-1:2009 apply mainly to processes that are stationary with respect to time.
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- Technical specification28 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO/TS 7849-2:2009 gives basic requirements for a reproducible method for the determination of the sound power level of the noise emitted by machinery or equipment by using surface vibration measurements, together with the knowledge of the machinery specific sound radiation factor in the frequency bands. The method is only applicable to noise which is emitted by vibrating surfaces of solid structures and not to noise generated aerodynamically.
This vibration measurement method is especially applicable in cases where accurate direct airborne noise measurements, e.g. as specified in ISO 3746, ISO 3747, and ISO 9614 (all parts), are not possible because of high background noise or other parasitic environmental interferences; or, if a distinction is required between the total radiated sound power and its structure vibration generated component.
The methods described in ISO/TS 7849-2:2009 apply mainly to processes that are stationary with respect to time.
Recommendations on the selection of frequency bands are given in an annex.
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This document specifies the technical requirements for system makeup, ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) instruments, active sources, field design, exploration operation, data processing for active source exploration with OBS, and their relative terms. This document is applicable to active source exploration with OBS, but also a useful reference to the passive source exploration with OBS. It can be used in seabed resource exploration, geological disaster surveillance and submarine geoscience research.
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This document provides guidelines for the assessment of torsional natural frequencies and component strength, under normal operating conditions, for the coupled shaft train, including long elastic rotor blades, of steam and gas turbine generator sets. In particular, the guidelines apply to the torsional responses of the coupled shaft train at grid and twice grid frequencies due to electrical excitation of the electrical network to which the turbine generator set is connected. Excitation at other frequencies (e.g. subharmonic frequencies) are not covered in this document. No guidelines are given regarding the torsional vibration response caused by steam excitation or other excitation mechanisms not related to the electrical network. Where the shaft cross sections and couplings do not fulfil the required strength criteria and/or torsional natural frequencies do not conform with defined frequency margins, other actions shall be defined to resolve the problem. The requirements included in this document are applicable to a) steam turbine generator sets connected to the electrical network, and b) gas turbine generator sets connected to the electrical network. Methods currently available for carrying out both analytical assessment and test validation of the shaft train torsional natural frequencies are also described. NOTE Radial (lateral, transverse) and axial vibration of steam and/or gas turbine generator sets is dealt with in ISO 20816-2.
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This document gives guidance for the selection of vibration generating equipment for multi-axial environmental testing, depending on the test requirements. Multi-axial environmental test equipment dealt with in this document refers to a vibration test system having controlled vibration of more than one degree of freedom, including linear vibration and angular vibration. In this document, one or more exciter per desired degree of freedom is supposed. The guidance covers such aspects of selection as — number, type and models of exciters, — number, type and models of connectors, — system configuration, and — some components.
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This document sets out guidelines for the specific procedures to be considered when carrying out vibration diagnostics of various types of gas and steam turbines with fluid-film bearings. This document is intended to be used by condition monitoring practitioners, engineers and technicians and provides a practical step-by-step vibration-based approach to fault diagnosis. In addition, it gives examples for a range of machine and component types and their associated fault symptoms. The approach given in this document is based on established good practice, put together by experienced users, although it is acknowledged that other approaches can exist. Recommended actions for a particular diagnosis depend on individual circumstances, the degree of confidence in the fault diagnosis (e.g. has the same diagnosis been made correctly before for this machine), the experience of the practitioner, the fault type and severity as well as on safety and commercial considerations. It is neither possible nor the aim of this document to recommend actions for all circumstances.
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This document specifies the requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel who perform machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics using acoustic emission. A certificate or declaration of conformity to this document will provide recognition of the qualifications and competence of individuals to perform acoustic emission measurements and analysis for machinery condition monitoring using acoustic emission equipment. This procedure may not apply to specialized equipment or other specific situations. This document specifies a three-category classification programme that is based on the technical areas delineated herein.
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This document provides guidance and requirements for test providers and interested parties to implement vibration testing. This document specifies methods, including the force limiting approach, to mitigate unnecessary over-testing of spacecraft, subsystems and units for space application. The technical requirements in this document can be tailored to meet the actual test objectives.
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This document specifies sector specific requirements for organizations ("certification body") operating conformity assessment systems for personnel who perform machinery system condition monitoring, identify machine faults, and recommend corrective action. Procedures for the certification of condition monitoring and diagnostic personnel are specified. NOTE These requirements are in addition to those of ISO/IEC 17000 and ISO/IEC 17024.
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This document specifies the important technical properties of the different methods for mounting vibration transducers and describes recommended practices. It also shows examples of how accelerometer mounting can influence frequency response and gives examples of how other influences can affect the fidelity of the representation of actual motion in the structure being observed. This document applies to the contacting type of accelerometer which is currently in wide use. It is applicable to both uniaxial and multi-axial transducers. This document can also be applied to velocity transducers. This document enables the user to estimate the limitations of a mounting and consequent potential measurement deviations. Transducer mounting issues are not the only problem that can affect the validity of acceleration measurement. Other such problems include, amongst others: transverse movements, alignment of the transducer, base bending, cable movement, temperature changes, electric and magnetic fields, cable whip and mounting torque. Issues other than mounting and their possible effects are outside the scope of this document.
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This document specifies vibration measuring methods for double-row radial spherical roller bearings
and single-row and double-row radial tapered roller bearings, with cylindrical bore and outside surface
and a contact angle up to and including 45°, under established measuring conditions.
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ISO 15242-4:2017 specifies vibration measuring methods for single-row and double-row radial cylindrical roller bearings with cylindrical bore and outside surface, under established measurement conditions.
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This document specifies a laboratory method for measuring hand-transmitted vibration emission at the handles of hand-held power-driven angle and vertical grinders. It is a type-test procedure for establishing the magnitude of vibration in the gripping areas of a machine fitted with a specified test wheel and run under no‑load conditions. The method has been established for surface grinding tasks only. Cutting and sanding generally create lower vibrations. It is intended that the results be used to compare different models of the same type of machine.
This document is applicable to hand-held machines (see Clause 5), driven pneumatically or by other means, intended for grinding, cutting-off and rough sanding, with bonded, coated and super-abrasive products and with wire brushes for use on all kinds of materials. It is not applicable to die grinders or straight grinders.
NOTE To avoid confusion with the terms "power tool" and "inserted tool", machine is used for the former throughout this document.
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This document specifies requirements for determining and classifying mechanical vibration of individually housed, enclosed, speed increasing or speed reducing gear units. It specifies methods for measuring housing and shaft vibrations, and the types of instrumentation, measurement methods and testing procedures for determining vibration magnitudes. Vibration grades for acceptance are included. Torsional vibration measurements are outside the scope of this document. It applies to a gear unit operating within its design speed, load, temperature and lubrication range for acceptance testing at the manufacturer's facility. By agreement between manufacturer and customer and/or operator, it can be used for guidelines for on-site acceptance testing and for routine operational measurements. This document applies to gear units of nominal power rating from 10 kW to 100 MW and nominal rotational speeds between 30 r/min and 12 000 r/min (0,5 Hz to 200 Hz). This document does not apply to special or auxiliary drive trains, such as integrated gear-driven compressors, pumps, turbines, etc., or gear type clutches used on combined-cycle turbo generators and power take-off gears. The evaluation criteria provided in this document can be applied to the vibration of the main input and output bearings of the gearbox and to the vibration of internal shaft bearings. They can have limited application to the evaluation of the condition of those gears. Specialist techniques for evaluating the condition of gears are outside the scope of this document. This document establishes provisions under normal steady-state operating conditions for evaluating the severity of the following in-situ broad-band vibration: a) structural vibration at all main bearing housings or pedestals measured radially (i.e. transverse) to the shaft axis; b) structural vibration at thrust bearing housings measured in the axial direction; c) vibration of rotating shafts radially (i.e. transverse) to the shaft axis at, or close to, the main bearings; d) structural vibration on the gear casing. NOTE Vibration occurring during non-steady-state conditions (when transient changes are taking place), including run up or run down, initial loading and load changes are outside the scope of this document.
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This document sets out the specific procedures to be considered when carrying out vibration diagnostics of various types of fans and blowers. This document is intended to be used by condition monitoring practitioners, engineers and technicians and provides a practical, step-by-step, vibration-based approach to fault diagnosis. In addition, it gives a number of examples for a range of machine and component types and their associated fault symptoms. The approach given in this document is based on established good practice, put together by experienced users, although it is acknowledged that other approaches can exist. Recommended actions for a particular diagnosis depend on individual circumstances, the degree of confidence in the fault diagnosis (e.g. has the same diagnosis been made correctly before for this machine), the experience of the practitioner, the fault type and severity as well as on safety and commercial considerations. It is neither possible nor the aim of this document to recommend actions for all circumstances.
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This document focuses on recommended condition monitoring techniques for detecting and diagnosing developing machine faults associated with the most common potential failure modes for hydro unit components. It is intended to improve the reliability of implementing an effective condition monitoring approach for hydroelectric generating units (hydro units). It is also intended to help create a mutual understanding of the criteria for successful hydro unit condition monitoring and to foster cooperation between the various hydropower stakeholders. This document is intended for end-users, contractors, consultants, service providers, machine manufacturers and instrument suppliers. This document is machine-specific and is focused on the generator, shaft/bearing assembly, runner (and impeller for pumped storage applications), penstock (including the main inlet valve), spiral case and the upper draft tube of hydro units. It is primarily intended for medium to large sized hydro units with more than 50 MVA installed capacity, but it is equally valid for smaller units in many cases. It is applicable to various types of turbines such as Francis, Kaplan, Pelton, Bulb and other types. Generic auxiliary systems such as for lubrication and cooling are outside the scope, with the exception of some monitoring techniques that are related to condition monitoring of major systems covered by this document, such as oil analysis. Transmission systems, civil works and the foundation are outside the scope. This document covers online (permanently installed) and portable instrument condition monitoring and diagnostic techniques for operational hydro units. Offline machine testing, i.e. that which is only done during shutdown, although very important, is not part of the scope of this document. Nor is one-time acceptance and performance testing within the scope. The condition monitoring techniques presented in this document cover a wide range of continuous and interval-based monitoring techniques under generalized conditions for a wide range of applications. Therefore, the actual monitoring approach required for a specific application can be different than that which is recommended in this generalized document.
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This document details specifications for the instrumentation and methods to be used for testing fixed temperature sensitivity of vibration transducers. It applies to rectilinear velocity and acceleration transducers. The methods specified use both a comparison to a reference transducer and an absolute measurement by laser interferometer. This document is applicable for a frequency range from 10 Hz to 3 kHz (method-dependent), a dynamic range from 1 m/s2 to 100 m/s2 (frequency-dependent) and a temperature range from ?190 °C to 800 °C (method-dependent). Although it is possible to achieve these ranges among all the described systems, generally each has limitations within them. Method 1 (using a laser interferometer) is applicable to magnitude of sensitivity and phase calibration in the frequency range 10 Hz to 3 kHz at fixed temperatures (see Clause 7). Method 2 (using a reference transducer inside a chamber whose temperature limit is ?70 °C to 500 °C) can be used for magnitude of sensitivity and phase calibration in the frequency range 10 Hz to 1 kHz at fixed temperatures (see Clause 8). Method 3 (using a reference transducer outside the chamber) can only be used for the determination of the temperature response of complex sensitivity over a certain temperature range (see Clause 9). NOTE Method 1 and Method 2 can provide the deviation of complex sensitivity over a certain temperature range if the calibration is also done at the reference temperature (room temperature 23 °C ± 5 °C). To ensure the consistency of the use and test condition, the transducer, its cable and the conditioning amplifier are intended to be considered as a single unit and tested together.
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This document specifies requirements and guidelines for the analysis of lubricating oils, hydraulic fluids, synthetic fluids and greases. Tests for electrical insulating oils and heat transfer oil are outside the scope of this document.
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This document specifies procedures for measuring mechanical mobility and other frequency-response functions of structures excited by means of an impulsive force generated by an exciter which is not attached to the structure under test. It is applicable to the measurement of mobility, accelerance or dynamic compliance, either as a driving point measurement or as a transfer measurement, using impact excitation. Other excitation methods, such as step relaxation and transient random, lead to signal-processing requirements similar to those of impact data. However, such methods are outside the scope of this document because they involve the use of an exciter which is attached to the structure. The signal analysis methods covered are all based on the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), which is performed mostly by a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. This restriction in scope is based solely on the wide availability of equipment which implements these methods and on the large base of experience in using these methods. It is not intended to exclude the use of other methods currently under development. Impact excitation is also widely used to obtain uncalibrated frequency-response information. For example, a quick impact test which obtains approximate natural frequencies and mode shapes can be quite helpful in planning a random or sinusoidal test for accurate mobility measurements. These uses of impact excitation to obtain qualitative results can be a first stage for mobility measurements. This document is limited to the use of impact excitation techniques for making accurate mobility measurements.
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This document establishes requirements to ensure appropriate exchange of information between manufacturers and users of auxiliary tables with a view to working out related specifications and possibly to comparing, in an objective way, the characteristics supplied by the manufacturers of auxiliary tables and associated guidance systems. This document is applicable to auxiliary tables which include slip tables and head expanders. It does not cover auxiliary tables with several degrees of freedom. This document provides three levels of description of the test equipment, as follows: a) minimum level; b) medium level; c) high level. This document gives a list of characteristics to be specified for each level of description.
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IEC 60068-2-85:2019 demonstrates the adequacy of specimens to resist dynamic loads without unacceptable degradation of its functional and/or structural integrity when subjected to the specified vibration test requirements as defined by a time history (long time history replication). These can either be recorded in measurement exercises or generated artificially. In both cases, this method allows for generating a test tailored to very specific applications.
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This document provides guidance to select a vibration generator that will be used to evaluate frequency responses of a test structure or to study how vibration grows/decreases along the structure. These structural dynamics tests can be carried out under field or laboratory conditions (see the ISO 7626 or ISO 10846[4][5][6][7] series). This document describes the selection procedure in terms of the force developed by a single vibration generator. Meanwhile, to move massive structures such as dams or bridges, an assembly of vibration generators is usually applied. Properly phased generators produce in total the same force as calculated for a single vibration generator (see 6.2.6). Guidance also can be applied for the selection of equipment to be used for modal testing to determine natural frequencies, modal shapes and damping in a structure; however, for such a test, more factors than covered by this document usually need to be considered. This document deals only with translational excitation. For equipment applied to generate angular vibration, see Reference [8].
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2018-12-13 JF:Through Decision BT 177/2018, the BT approved the revised Annex ZA. CCMC will proceed with publication.
2017-08-28: publication on hold due to missing assessment
2018-03-23 JF: Annex ZA not in line with CEN Guide 414. CCMC is examining with the TC and the NAC which actions are required
2018-07-02 JF: TC revised Annex ZA in line with the CEN Guide 414 and EC expectations. CCMC requested the Consutlant's assessment of the revised Annex ZA with the indicative deadline of 20180808.
2018-11-07 JF: positive Consultant's assessment on Annex ZA. CCMC is preparing a BT document for approval of a revised Annex ZA.
2018-08-08 JF: revised Annex ZA was positively assessed by the Consultant. CCMC is preparing a BT document for decision about the incorporation of the Annex ZA into the draft standard and its publication,
- Amendment9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides specific guidance on the interpretation of infrared thermograms as part of a programme for condition monitoring and diagnostics of machine systems. In addition, IR applications pertaining to machinery performance are addressed. This document is intended to: — provide guidance on establishing severity assessment criteria for anomalies identified by IRT; — outline methods and requirements for carrying out thermography of machine systems, including safety recommendations; — provide information on image interpretation, assessment criteria and reporting requirements.
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NEW!IEC 60034-14:2018 is available as IEC 60034-14:2018 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC 60034-14:2018 specifies the factory acceptance vibration test procedures and vibration limits for certain electrical machines under specified conditions, when uncoupled from any load or prime mover. It is applicable to DC and three-phase AC machines, with shaft heights 56 mm and higher and a rated output up to 50 MW, at operational speeds from 120 min–1 up to and including 15 000 min–1. This new edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- Improved explanation of the definition “free suspension”.
- Addition of an alternative method of rigid mount
- Definition of an improved option for shaft key.
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The assessment of human exposure to vibration, to both the hand-arm system and the whole body, at the workplace relies on the combined evaluation of both vibration magnitudes and exposure times. Determining these values can employ various instrumentation types and data sources. ISO/TR 19664:2017 provides guidance and explanation of concepts used for the following:
- measurement processes;
- instrumentation types;
- vibration magnitude source.
- Technical report18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The assessment of human exposure to vibration, to both the hand-arm system and the whole body, at the workplace relies on the combined evaluation of both vibration magnitudes and exposure times. Determining these values can employ various instrumentation types and data sources. ISO/TR 19664:2017 provides guidance and explanation of concepts used for the following:
- measurement processes;
- instrumentation types;
- vibration magnitude source.
- Technical report18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the instrumentation and procedure to be used for performing calibration of field vibration calibrators (FVCs). It is not applicable to FVCs used for the calibration of transducers. These are covered by ISO 16063‑21. Procedures and requirements of in situ calibration by FVC are beyond the scope of this document. Annex B provides more information on the application of FVC.
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This document defines terms relating to rotating machinery equipped with active magnetic bearings. NOTE General terms and definitions of mechanical vibration are given in ISO 2041; those relating to balancing are given in ISO 21940-2; those relating to geometric characteristics such as coaxiality, concentricity and runout are explained in ISO 1101.
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This document defines terms and expressions unique to the areas of mechanical vibration, shock and condition monitoring.
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This document establishes procedures and guidelines for the measurement and classification of mechanical vibration of reciprocating compressor systems. The vibration values are defined primarily to classify the vibration of the compressor system and to avoid fatigue problems with parts in the reciprocating compressor system, i.e. foundation, compressor, dampers, piping and auxiliary equipment mounted on the compressor system. Shaft vibration is not considered. This document applies to reciprocating compressors mounted on rigid foundations with typical rotational speed ratings in the range 120 r/min up to and including 1 800 r/min. The general evaluation criteria which are presented relate to operational measurements. The criteria are also used to ensure that machine vibration does not adversely affect the equipment directly mounted on the machine, e.g. pulsation dampers and the pipe system. NOTE The general guidelines presented in this document can also be applied to reciprocating compressors outside the specified speed range but different evaluation criteria might be appropriate in this case. The machinery driving the reciprocating compressor, however, is evaluated in accordance with the appropriate part of ISO 10816, ISO 20816 or other relevant standards and classification for the intended duty. Drivers are not included in this document. It is recognized that the evaluation criteria might only have limited application when considering the effects of internal machine components, e.g. problems associated with valves, pistons and piston rings might be unlikely to be detected in the measurements. Identification of such problems can require investigative diagnostic techniques which are outside the scope of this document. Examples of reciprocating compressor systems covered by this document are — horizontal, vertical, V-, W- and L-type compressor systems, — constant and variable speed compressors, — compressors driven by electric motors, gas and diesel engines, steam turbines, with or without a gearbox, flexible or rigid coupling, and — dry running and lubricated reciprocating compressors. This document does not apply to hyper compressors. The guidelines are not intended for condition monitoring purposes. Noise is also outside the scope of this document.
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This document provides guidelines for evaluating the vibration measurements made at the bearings, bearing pedestals or bearing housings and also for evaluating relative shaft vibration measurements made on machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pump-storage plants when the machine is operating within its normal operating range. The normal operating ranges for each type of turbine covered by this document are defined in Annex A. This document is applicable to machine sets in hydraulic power generating plants and in pump-storage plants with typical rotational speeds of 60 r/min to 1 000 r/min fitted with shell or pad (shoe) type oil-lubricated bearings. NOTE The current database includes machine speeds ranging from 60 r/min to 750 r/min (with a very small sample of 1 000 r/min machines). This document defines different limit values of bearing housing and shaft vibration depending on the type of turbine, the orientation of the shaft (i.e. horizontal or vertical) and for each of the bearing locations. This document is based on statistical analysis and provides criteria for the most common types of turbines, pump-turbines and pumps. For specific information on which types of units are covered in this document, see Annex A. Machine sets covered by this document can have the following configurations: a) generators driven by hydraulic turbines; b) motor-generators driven by pump-turbines; c) motor-generators driven by hydraulic turbines and separate pumps; d) pumps driven by electric motors. This document is not applicable to the following unit configurations, parameters and operating conditions: — hydraulic machines with water-lubricated bearings; — hydraulic machines or machine sets having rolling element bearings (for these machines, see IEC 62006 and/or ISO 10816‑3); — pumps in thermal power plants or industrial installations (for these machines, see ISO 10816‑7); — electrical machines operating as motors except for the use of these machines in pump-storage applications; — hydro generators operating as synchronous condensers (with the water in the turbine depressed by compressed air); — assessment of absolute bearing housing vibration displacement; — assessment of axial vibration; — assessment of transient conditions; — non-synchronous operation; — assessment of vibration of the generator stator core or the stator frame level. Measurements made of the bearing housing vibration and shaft vibration occurring in machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pump-storage plants can be used for the following purposes: 1) Purpose A: to prevent damage arising from excessive vibration magnitudes; 2) Purpose B: to monitor changes in vibrational behaviour in order to allow diagnosis and/or prognosis. The criteria are applicable for the vibration produced by the machine set itself. Special investigation is needed for vibration transmitted to the machine set from external sources, e.g. transmitted to the machine via the station foundations.
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ISO 20816-5:2018 This document provides guidelines for evaluating the vibration measurements made at the bearings, bearing pedestals or bearing housings and also for evaluating relative shaft vibration measurements made on machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pump-storage plants when the machine is operating within its normal operating range. The normal operating ranges for each type of turbine covered by this document are defined in Annex A.
This document is applicable to machine sets in hydraulic power generating plants and in pump-storage plants with typical rotational speeds of 60 r/min to 1 000 r/min fitted with shell or pad (shoe) type oil-lubricated bearings.
NOTE The current database includes machine speeds ranging from 60 r/min to 750 r/min (with a very small sample of 1 000 r/min machines).
This document defines different limit values of bearing housing and shaft vibration depending on the type of turbine, the orientation of the shaft (i.e. horizontal or vertical) and for each of the bearing locations.
This document is based on statistical analysis and provides criteria for the most common types of turbines, pump-turbines and pumps. For specific information on which types of units are covered in this document, see Annex A.
Machine sets covered by this document can have the following configurations:
a) generators driven by hydraulic turbines;
b) motor-generators driven by pump-turbines;
c) motor-generators driven by hydraulic turbines and separate pumps;
d) pumps driven by electric motors.
This document is not applicable to the following unit configurations, parameters and operating conditions:
— hydraulic machines with water-lubricated bearings;
— hydraulic machines or machine sets having rolling element bearings (for these machines, see IEC 62006 and/or ISO 10816‑3);
— pumps in thermal power plants or industrial installations (for these machines, see ISO 10816‑7);
— electrical machines operating as motors except for the use of these machines in pump-storage applications;
— hydro generators operating as synchronous condensers (with the water in the turbine depressed by compressed air);
— assessment of absolute bearing housing vibration displacement;
— assessment of axial vibration;
— assessment of transient conditions;
— non-synchronous operation;
— assessment of vibration of the generator stator core or the stator frame level.
Measurements made of the bearing housing vibration and shaft vibration occurring in machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pump-storage plants can be used for the following purposes:
1) Purpose A: to prevent damage arising from excessive vibration magnitudes;
2) Purpose B: to monitor changes in vibrational behaviour in order to allow diagnosis and/or prognosis.
The criteria are applicable for the vibration produced by the machine set itself. Special investigation is needed for vibration transmitted to the machine set from external sources, e.g. transmitted to the machine via the station foundations.
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