ISEL - Mechanical elements

This document gives the rules of definition and interpretation of general specifications defined
according to ISO 8015 (general tolerancing) applicable on the whole workpiece.
The general specifications can be applied to integral surfaces only, i.e. integral lines are
excluded.
The general geometrical and dimensional specifications defined in this document applies to the
following:
- for dimensional specifications:
- for features of size:
- linear size (±) (according to ISO 14405-1);
- angular size (±)(according to ISO 14405-3);
- for geometrical specifications:
- for integral features:
- geometrical specifications with the characteristic surface profile (⌓).

This document specifies requirements for the accuracy of general-purpose hobs of 0,5 module to 40 module.
These hobs are intended for producing gears which conform to ISO 53 and ISO 54.
This document applies to hobs for spur and helical gears. It applies to solid (monobloc) and inserted blade hobs.
The elemental features of hobs are graded according to accuracy, as follows:
— Grade 4A;
— Grade 3A;
— Grade 2A;
— Grade A;
— Grade B;
— Grade C;
— Grade D.
Grade 4A is the highest order of precision.
In addition to the elemental tests for hobs, this document gives permitted tolerances for composite tests that are taken along the cutting edges on the line of action. The two groups of tests are not equivalent and one can choose between one or the other. If there was no previous agreement, the hob is regarded as belonging to the precision class specified if it satisfies one or the other of the two methods of inspection.
NOTE The tolerances in this document were determined for gear hobs whose dimensions conform to ISO 2490, but with certain precautions they can be applied to hobs not specified in this document.

This document specifies design characteristics for centre flange bearings for the size range 9 to 28, as well as design characteristics for shafts.
It is applicable to centre flange bearings used mainly in electrical and turbo engineering industries.

This document specifies the dimensions and tolerances applicable to sintered bearings for the following ranges of inside diameters:
— cylindrical bearings: 1 mm to 60 mm;
— flanged bearings: 1 mm to 60 mm;
— spherical bearings: 1 mm to 20 mm.

This document presents the basic principles of, an introduction to, and the general influence factors for the calculation of the load capacity of spur and helical gears. Together with the other documents in the ISO 6336 series, it provides a method by which different gear designs can be compared. It is not intended to assure the performance of assembled drive gear systems. It is not intended for use by the general engineering public. Instead, it is intended for use by the experienced gear designer who is capable of selecting reasonable values for the factors in these formulae based on the knowledge of similar designs and the awareness of the effects of the items discussed.
The formulae in the ISO 6336 series are intended to establish a uniformly acceptable method for calculating the load capacity of cylindrical gears with straight or helical involute teeth.
The ISO 6336 series includes procedures based on testing and theoretical studies as referenced by each method. The methods are validated for:
— normal working pressure angle from 15° to 25°;
— reference helix angle up to 30°;
— transverse contact ratio from 1,0 to 2,5.
If this scope is exceeded, the calculated results will need to be confirmed by experience.
The formulae in the ISO 6336 series are not applicable when any of the following conditions exist:
— gears with transverse contact ratios less than 1,0;
— interference between tooth tips and root fillets;
— teeth are pointed;
— backlash is zero.
The rating formulae in the ISO 6336 series are not applicable to other types of gear tooth deterioration such as plastic deformation, case crushing and wear, and are not applicable under vibratory conditions where there can be an unpredictable profile breakdown. The ISO 6336 series does not apply to teeth finished by forging or sintering. It is not applicable to gears which have a poor contact pattern.
The influence factors presented in these methods form a method to predict the risk of damage that aligns with industry and experimental experience. It is possible that they are not entirely scientifically exact. Therefore, the calculation methods from one part of the ISO 6336 series is not applicable in another part of the ISO 6336 series unless specifically referenced.
The procedures in the ISO 6336 series provide rating formulae for the calculation of load capacity with regard to different failure modes such as pitting, tooth root breakage, tooth flank fracture, scuffing and micropitting. At pitch line velocities below 1 m/s the gear load capacity is often limited by abrasive wear (see other literature such as References [23] and [22] for further information on such calculation).

The document specifies, following ISO 12301, the checking of the inside diameter of wrapped bushes (see ISO 3547‑2:2017, method C) and describes the necessary checking methods and measuring equipment.
NOTE 1 All dimensions in this document are given in millimetres except where otherwise noted/designated.
NOTE 2 The dimensions and tolerances of wrapped bushes are given in ISO 3547‑1.
NOTE 3 Checking of the wall thickness is the subject of ISO 3547‑7.
NOTE 4 Checking of the outside diameter of wrapped bushes is the subject of ISO 3547‑5.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the endurance limit in fatigue of plain strips of multilayer bearing materials. Additionally, it provides the opportunity of studying the influence on the strips of hydraulic pressure and variable temperature.

This document specifies tolerances on form and position as well as the surface roughness of shafts, flanges and thrust collars as used in plain bearing units. It is applicable to journal or thrust plain bearing units or to a combination of both, installed either horizontally or vertically.
This document is not applicable to crankshaft bearing units in combustion engines.

This document specifies an ultrasonic testing method for determining bond defects between the bearing metal and the backing. The test can be performed on metallic multilayer plain bearings consisting of steel- or copper-based material backings lined with bearing metal based on lead and tin, with layer thicknesses greater than or equal to 0,5 mm. For cast iron backings, this document is applicable with restrictions.
The ultrasonic signal reflected by the bond interface between the bearing metal and the backing is used to determine bonding defects.
Ultrasonic testing is not possible on edge zones of sliding surface, flange sides, joint areas, oil holes, grooves, etc. in a range of less than half the diameter of the ultrasonic probe because of undefined reflections. The same applies to bearings with dovetail keying grooves at the bond. Ultrasonic testing of bond does not apply along the edges of the dovetails.
Evaluation of the bond on the visible transition from the backing to the bearing metal (on end faces or joint faces) is only practicable by the penetrant testing method specified in ISO 4386-3.
This document only describes in detail the pulse-echo method. Within the meaning of this document, the ultrasonic method only permits a qualitative evaluation of the bonding and not a quantitative determination of the bond strength. The ultrasonic bond test differs only between bond and bond defect.

This document supplements ISO 1328‑1:2013. It provides a code of practice dealing with measurements on flanks of individual cylindrical involute gears, i.e. with the measurement of pitch, profile, helix and tangential composite characteristics. It describes measuring equipment, provides advice for gear measuring methods and for the analysis of measurement results, and discusses the interpretation of results.
Measurements using a double flank tester are not included (see ISO/TR 10064‑2). This document only applies to involute gears.

This document specifies the dimensional and geometrical characteristics, boundary dimensions and tolerances of insert bearings and eccentric locking collars and the radial internal clearances of insert bearings.

This document specifies the fundamental formulae for use in tooth bending stress calculations for involute external or internal spur and helical gears with a rim thickness sR > 0,5 ht for external gears and sR > 1,75 mn for internal gears. In service, internal gears can experience failure modes other than tooth bending fatigue, i.e. fractures starting at the root diameter and progressing radially outward. This document does not provide adequate safety against failure modes other than tooth bending fatigue. All load influences on the tooth root stress are included in so far as they are the result of loads transmitted by the gears and in so far as they can be evaluated quantitatively.
This document includes procedures based on testing and theoretical studies such as those of Hirt[11], Strasser[14] and Brossmann[10]. The results are in good agreement with other methods (References [5], [6], [7] and [12]). The given formulae are valid for spur and helical gears with tooth profiles in accordance with the basic rack standardized in ISO 53. They can also be used for teeth conjugate to other basic racks if the virtual contact ratio εαn is less than 2,5.
The load capacity determined on the basis of permissible bending stress is termed "tooth bending strength". The results are in good agreement with other methods for the range, as indicated in the scope of ISO 6336‑1.
If this scope does not apply, refer to ISO 6336-1:2019, Clause 4.

This document defines, describes and classifies the characteristics of damage occurring in service to hydrodynamically lubricated metallic plain bearings and journals. It assists in the understanding of the various characteristic forms of damage which can occur.
Consideration is restricted to damage characteristics which have a well-defined appearance and which can be attributed to particular damage causes with a high degree of certainty. Various appearances are illustrated with photographs and diagrams.

ISO 3547-2:2017 specifies the test data for outside and inside diameters of wrapped bushes made of mono and multi-layer bearing material for plain bearing applications. It also specifies test designations.
Since the wall thickness of the bush is measured in the free condition, no special test data are required for this on the drawing (see ISO 3547‑5 and ISO 3547‑6).
NOTE Depending on the manufacturing method, the back of the bushes can show isolated light depressions and, similarly, bushes with lubrication holes, grooves and bore indentations can show distortion. It is therefore suggested to measure the wall thickness away from these areas.

ISO 3547-4:2017 gives specifications for solid and multi-layer bearing materials, such as those used for wrapped bushes in accordance with the other parts of ISO 3547.

ISO 23509:2016 specifies the geometry of bevel gears.
The term bevel gears is used to mean straight, spiral, zerol bevel and hypoid gear designs. If the text pertains to one or more, but not all, of these, the specific forms are identified.
The manufacturing process of forming the desired tooth form is not intended to imply any specific process, but rather to be general in nature and applicable to all methods of manufacture.
The geometry for the calculation of factors used in bevel gear rating, such as ISO 10300 (all parts), is also included.
ISO 23509:2016 is intended for use by an experienced gear designer capable of selecting reasonable values for the factors based on his/her knowledge and background. It is not intended for use by the engineering public at large.
Annex A provides a structure for the calculation of the methods provided in this document.

This document specifies a tensile test method for determination of the bond strength between the bearing metal and the backing. The test can be applied to multilayer plain bearings with bearing metals based on lead, tin, copper or aluminium. For tested layer thicknesses ≥ 2 mm, a raw lining thickness of a minimum additional 1 mm is necessary.
The backings are from steel, cast steel or copper alloys. The bond strength test does not apply to bearings with cast iron backing.
The test applies to all thrust bearings and to journal bearings with an inner diameter of backing ≥ 90 mm.
The test can be used for comparative investigations into the influence on the bond strength of various processes and types of material. In addition, the test is suitable for production control and for process qualification of bearing production.
For non-destructive ultrasonic testing of the bond between bearing metal and backing for bearing metal layer thicknesses ≥ 2 mm, see ISO 4386-1.

This document specifies vibration measuring methods for double-row radial spherical roller bearings
and single-row and double-row radial tapered roller bearings, with cylindrical bore and outside surface
and a contact angle up to and including 45°, under established measuring conditions.

ISO 15242-4:2017 specifies vibration measuring methods for single-row and double-row radial cylindrical roller bearings with cylindrical bore and outside surface, under established measurement conditions.

This document specifies bearing and subunit boundary dimensions for complete single-row and double-row tapered roller bearings. It also specifies the flange dimensions of flanged outer rings for a selection of these bearings. A series designation for each bearing is also specified.

This document specifies the dimensions and designations of cylindrical and flanged wrapped bushes made of mono and multi-layer bearing material for plain bearing applications.

ISO 6279:2017 specifies the composition and properties of preferred cast aluminium alloys for use in solid plain bearings. Other alloys can be specified with agreement between the manufacturer and user.

This document establishes a vocabulary of terms, with their definitions, applied in the field of rolling bearings and their technology under ISO Technical Committee TC 4 management.
It includes terms related to all types of rolling bearings wherein the principal degree of freedom is continuous rotation about an axis enabled by an ordered set of rolling elements between two circular raceways such that loads can be transmitted between them in a particular range of radial and/or axial directions. Also included are accessories to these products.
The following types of terms are not included:
— terms specified in ISO 76, ISO 281 and ISO 1132‑1;
— terms which are narrowly applied in only one specialised rolling bearing International Standard.

This document specifies the information and standardized conditions necessary for the calculation of the service life (or safety factors for a required life) of gears subject to variable loading for only pitting and tooth root bending strength.
If this scope does not apply, refer ISO 6336-1:2019, Clause 4.

ISO 3547-3:2017 specifies dimensions of lubrication holes, grooves and bore indentations on wrapped bushes made of mono and multi-layer bearing material for plain bearing applications.
NOTE Wrapped bushes with lubrication holes, grooves or bore indentations in accordance with this document can be ordered with dimensions in accordance with ISO 3547‑1 and made from materials in accordance with ISO 3547‑4.

ISO 14104:2017 specifies procedures and requirements for the detection and classification of localized overheating on ground surfaces by chemical etch methods.
The process described in this document is typically used on ground surfaces; however, it is also useful for the detection of surface anomalies that result from post-heat treatment machining such as hard turning, milling and edge breaking (deburring) processes. Surface metallurgical anomalies caused by carburization or decarburization are also readily detectable with this process.
Some methods which have been used in the past are no longer recommended. Specifications are intended to be changed to use the methods in this document. These etching methods are more sensitive to changes in surface hardness than most hardness testing methods.
ISO 14104:2017 applies to steel parts such as gears, shafts, splines and bearings. It is not applicable to nitrided parts and stainless steels.
NOTE This process, although at times called "nital etch", is not intended to be confused with other processes also known as "nital etch".
The surface temper etch procedure is performed after grinding and before additional finishing operations such as superfinishing, shot peening and honing.

ISO 10129:2017 establishes a test of the corrosion-resistance of bearing materials to lubricants. It also specifies the most important general principles for carrying out such corrosion testing.

ISO 4378-1:2017 specifies the most commonly used terms relating to design, bearing materials and their properties of plain bearings with their definitions and classification.
For some terms and word combinations, their short forms are given, which can be used where they are unambiguous. Self-explanatory terms are given without definitions.

This document specifies parameters for the hardness testing of compound materials for plain bearings made from steel and bearing metal with bearing metals based on copper and aluminium, manufactured by casting, sintering or bonding. It represents a supplement to the existing ISO publications on hardness testing and, therefore, includes only the extensions and restrictions to be observed compared to those publications.
The measuring method applied depends on the bearing metal layer thickness, its hardness and its structure.

ISO 15312:2018 defines the thermal speed rating for oil bath lubricated rolling bearings and defines calculation principles for the determination of this parameter. The parameter determined in accordance with this document applies to rolling bearings of the given series and sizes of standard design or of a design that, from a frictional point of view, can be related to a standard design bearing.
In most cases of standard assembly, the permissible temperature determines the maximum operating speed. Heating of the assembly is then generated by the bearing.
Thrust ball bearings are excluded from this document as kinematic effects do not allow the thermal speed rating defined in this document to be applied.
NOTE 1 In Annex A mean values for the coefficients f0r and f1r are given ? f0r for calculating viscous losses of oil bath lubricated bearings and f1r for calculating frictional losses of bearings.
NOTE 2 Explanatory notes on the limiting criterion are given in Annex B.
NOTE 3 In Annex C the reference conditions for grease lubrication are defined. The reference conditions are chosen such that the thermal speed rating for grease lubrication is identical to that for oil bath lubrication.

ISO 4378-3:2017 specifies the most commonly used terms relating to lubrication of plain bearings with their definitions and classification.
For some terms and word combinations, their short forms are given, which can be used where they are unambiguous. Self-explanatory terms are given without definitions.

This document specifies the fundamental formulae for use in the determination of the surface load capacity of cylindrical gears with involute external or internal teeth. It includes formulae for all influences on surface durability for which quantitative assessments can be made. It applies primarily to oil‑lubricated transmissions, but can also be used to obtain approximate values for (slow‑running) grease‑lubricated transmissions, as long as sufficient lubricant is present in the mesh at all times.
The given formulae are valid for cylindrical gears with tooth profiles in accordance with the basic rack standardized in ISO 53. They can also be used for teeth conjugate to other basic racks where the actual transverse contact ratio is less than εαn = 2,5. The results are in good agreement with other methods (see References [5], [7], [10], [12]).
These formulae cannot be directly applied for the assessment of types of gear tooth surface damage such as plastic yielding, scratching, scuffing and so on, other than that described in Clause 4.
The load capacity determined by way of the permissible contact stress is called the "surface load capacity" or "surface durability".
If this scope does not apply, refer to ISO 6336-1:2019, Clause 4.

ISO 15:2017 specifies preferred boundary dimensions for radial bearings of the diameter series 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4.

This document specifies the mechanical and physical properties of bolts, screws and studs, with
coarse pitch thread and fine pitch thread, made of corrosion-resistant stainless steels, when tested at
the ambient temperature range of 10 °C to 35 °C. It specifies property classes in relation to austenitic,
martensitic, ferritic and duplex (austenitic-ferritic) steel grades for fasteners.
The term “fasteners” is used in this document when bolts, screws and studs are considered all together.
ISO 3506-6 provides general rules and additional technical information on suitable stainless steels and
their properties.
Fasteners conforming to the requirements of this document are evaluated at the ambient temperature
specified in paragraph 1. It is possible that they do not retain the specified mechanical and physical
properties at elevated and/or lower temperatures.
NOTE 1 Fasteners conforming to the requirements of this document are used without restriction in
applications ranging from –20 °C to +150 °C; however, fasteners conforming to this document are also used for
applications outside this range down to –196 °C and up to +300 °C. For more details, see Annex A and ISO 3506-6.
Outside the temperature range of –20 °C to +150 °C, it is the responsibility of the user to determine the
appropriate choice for a given application in consultation with an experienced fastener metallurgist
and by taking into account e.g. stainless steel composition, duration of exposure at elevated or low
temperature, the effect of the temperature on the fasteners mechanical properties and clamped parts,
and the corrosive service environment of the bolted joint.
NOTE 2 ISO 3506-5 is developed in order to assist in the selection of appropriate stainless steel grades and
property classes intended for use at temperatures up to +800 °C.
This document applies to bolts, screws and studs:
— with ISO metric thread in accordance with ISO 68-1,
— with diameter/pitch combinations in accordance with ISO 261 and ISO 262,
— with coarse pitch thread M1,6 to M39, and fine pitch thread M8×1 to M39×3,
— with thread tolerances in accordance with ISO 965-1 and ISO 965-2,
— with specified property classes, and
— of any shape.
Stainless steel grades and property classes can be used for sizes outside the diameter limits of this
document (i.e. for d < 1,6 mm or d > 39 mm), provided that all applicable chemical, mechanical and
physical requirements are met.
Certain bolts, screws and studs might not fulfil the tensile or torsional requirements of this document
because of the geometry of their head or unthreaded shank, thus resulting in reduced loadability (e.g.
when shear area in the head is less than the stress area in the thread; see 8.2.2).
This document does not apply to set screws and similar threaded fasteners not under tensile stress
(see ISO 3506-3).
It does not specify requirements for functional properties such as:
— torque/clamp force properties,
— shear strength,
— fatigue resistance, or
— weldability.

This document specifies dimensional and geometrical characteristics, nominal boundary dimensions and tolerance values for finished steel needle rollers used as rolling elements.

ISO 14728-1:2017 specifies methods of calculating the basic dynamic load rating and basic rating life for linear motion rolling bearings manufactured from contemporary, commonly used, high quality, hardened bearing steel in accordance with good manufacturing practice and basically of conventional design as regards the shape of the rolling contact surfaces. The life of linear motion rolling bearings is defined and the conditions are established for reliable life calculations.
ISO 14728-1:2017 is not applicable to designs where the rolling elements operate directly on the slide surface of the machine equipment, unless that surface is equivalent in all respects to the raceway of the linear motion rolling bearing component it replaces.

This document specifies dimensions and tolerances for cylindrical and flanged bushes with internal diameter, d1, in the range 6 mm to 200 mm.
It applies to solid mono‑metal copper alloy bushes to be used as plain bearings with and without oil holes and oil grooves.

ISO 14728-2:2017 specifies methods of calculating the basic static load rating, static equivalent load and static safety factor for linear motion rolling bearings manufactured from contemporary, commonly used, high quality, hardened bearing steel in accordance with good manufacturing practice and basically of conventional design with regard to the shape of the rolling contact surfaces.
ISO 14728-2:2017 is not applicable to designs where the rolling elements operate directly on the slide surface of the machine equipment, unless that surface is equivalent in all respects to the raceway of the linear motion rolling bearing component it replaces.

ISO 4378-2:2017 specifies the most commonly used terms relating to friction and wear of plain bearings with their definitions and classification.
For some terms and word combinations, their short forms are given, which can be used where they are unambiguous. Self-explanatory terms are given without definitions.

This document specifies a range of ring type thrust washers for general purpose use with wrapped bushes as specified in ISO 3547 (all parts).
It applies to thrust washers having inside diameters from 6 to 80 mm.
NOTE It is not expected that all the sizes listed will be available from stock but the standardization of sizes is aimed at making economies in tooling costs.

This document specifies a non‑destructive penetrant testing for determining bond defects and discontinuities in the sliding surface of the bearing.
The penetration method is used to detect
a) bond defects in the transitional area between the bearing backing/bearing material on the end faces and joint faces of multilayer plain bearings which cannot be detected by the ultrasonic testing method specified in ISO 4386‑1, and
b) discontinuities in the sliding surface of the bearing.
The penetration method is applicable, in principle, to finished multilayer plain bearings.
The bond test is usually carried out on cast multilayer plain bearings, with a backing consisting of steel, cast steel or cast bronze. It can also be used as a non-production method to aid detection of manufacturing process defects with other bearing material types. Bearing backings which cannot be tin-plated, or only with difficulty, such as perlitic cast iron, rust-resistant steel and cast aluminium, cannot be tested since no bond is possible between the bearing material and bearing backing.

This document specifies the most important design and metrological characteristics of calliper
depth gauges
— with analogue indication: vernier scale or circular scale (dial); and
— with digital indication: digital display.

ISO 7063 specifies dimensional characteristics, nominal boundary dimensions and tolerance values for needle roller bearing track rollers, yoke and stud types.

This document specifies the mechanical and physical properties of nuts, with coarse pitch thread and
fine pitch thread, made of corrosion-resistant stainless steels, when tested at the ambient temperature
range of 10 °C to 35 °C. It specifies property classes in relation to austenitic, martensitic, ferritic and
duplex (austenitic-ferritic) steel grades for nuts.
ISO 3506-6 provides general rules and additional technical information on suitable stainless steels and
their properties.
Nuts conforming to the requirements of this document are evaluated at the ambient temperature
specified in paragraph 1. It is possible that they do not retain the specified mechanical and physical
properties at elevated and/or lower temperatures.
NOTE 1 Fasteners conforming to the requirements of this document are used without restriction in
applications ranging from –20 °C to +150 °C; however, fasteners conforming to this document are also used for
applications outside this range down to –196 °C and up to +300 °C. For more details, see ISO 3506-6.
Outside the temperature range of –20 °C to +150 °C, it is the responsibility of the user to determine the
appropriate choice for a given application, in consultation with an experienced fastener metallurgist
and by taking into account e.g. stainless steel composition, duration of exposure at elevated or low
temperature, the effect of the temperature on the fastener mechanical properties and clamped parts,
and the corrosive service environment of the bolted joint.
NOTE 2 ISO 3506-53) is developed in order to assist in the selection of appropriate stainless steel grades and
property classes intended for use at temperatures up to +800 °C.
This document applies to nuts:
— with ISO metric thread in accordance with ISO 68-1,
— with diameter/pitch combinations in accordance with ISO 261 and ISO 262,
— with coarse pitch thread M5 to M39, and fine pitch thread M8×1 to M39×3,
— with thread tolerances in accordance with ISO 965-1 and ISO 965-2,
— with specified property classes, including proof load,
— with different nut styles: thin nuts, regular nuts and high nuts,
— with a minimum nut height m ≥ 0,45D,
— with a minimum outside diameter or width across flats s ≥ 1,45D (see Annex A),
— of any shape, and
— able to mate with bolts, screws and studs with property classes in accordance with ISO 3506-1.
Stainless steel grades and property classes can be used for sizes outside the diameter limits of this
document (i.e. for D < 5 mm or D > 39 mm), provided that all applicable chemical, mechanical and
physical requirements are met.
This document does not specify requirements for functional properties such as:
— torque/clamp force properties,
— prevailing torque properties, or
— weldability.

This document specifies biorthogonal wavelets for profiles and contains the relevant concepts. It gives
the basic terminology for biorthogonal wavelets of compact support, together with their usage.

This document specifies acceptance and periodic reverification tests of CMM performance with
contacting probing systems and is only applicable to CMMs using:
— any type of contacting probing system; and
— spherical or hemispherical stylus tip(s).
NOTE CMM probing performance tests are specified by the maximum permissible errors (MPEs), due to the
impracticality of isolating the performance of the probing system from that of the CMM, even on a small artefact
such as a test sphere.
This document applies to CMMs supplied with any of the following:
a) single-stylus probing systems;
b) multi-stylus probing systems with fixed multiple styli attached to a single probe (e.g. “star” stylus);
c) multiple probing systems such as those with a stylus for each of their probes;
d) systems with articulating probing systems;
e) stylus and probe changing systems;
f) manual (non-driven) and automated CMMs;
g) installations including a scanning probe, capable of being used in a scanning mode.
This document is not applicable to non-contacting probing systems, which require different testing
procedures.
The term ‘combined CMM and multi-stylus probing system size error’ has been shortened to ‘multistylus
size error’ for convenience. This applies in similar cases.
If it is desirable to isolate the probing system performance as far as is practical, the influence of the
CMM can be minimized but not eliminated. See Annex C for more information.

A transition is an areal feature connecting two adjacent features, for which the intersection is a line. The transition includes portions of the adjacent features. This document defines a number of specification operators for the specification of defined transitions. These specifications all apply to any line in a defined direction in the transition feature. It also defines the specification modifiers and the drawing indications for such transition specifications.
The proportions and dimensions of the graphical symbols to be used are also specified.
This document provides a set of tools to express several defined transition specifications. It does not present any information on the relationship between a function or a use and a defined transition specification.

ISO 1206 specifies the boundary dimensions and normal class tolerance values for needle roller bearings with machined rings. This document specifies dimensional and geometrical characteristics, and limit deviations from nominal sizes. These specifications apply to complete needle roller bearings and to bearings without inner ring.