ISO/TC 108 - Mechanical vibration, shock and condition monitoring

This document specifies the general requirements for the measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted shock vibrations. For the purposes of this document, hand-transmitted shock vibration is any impactive or impulsive vibration that the machine or tool produces as a sequence of single events (isolated shock vibrations) linked by periods of no, or lower vibration. This document specifies parameters for the evaluation of machinery emissions of hand-transmitted shocks in the frequency range covered by ISO 5349-1 (nominally the frequency range covered by the octave bands from 8 Hz to 1 000 Hz). NOTE It is recognised that shock vibration often includes substantial high-frequency vibration energy. Therefore, reporting of information on hand-transmitted shock at higher frequencies that those specified in this document can be valuable.

This document a) establishes common concepts for condition monitoring and diagnostics of machine systems, simplifying communication between the users and manufacturers of condition monitoring and diagnostics systems; b) establishes technical characteristics and describes principles for condition monitoring and diagnostics of machine systems; c) gives guidance on developing condition monitoring and diagnostics systems; and d) gives guidance on selecting an appropriate diagnostic approach in the particular application. This document is applicable to any machine system whose state can be described by measuring or observing its operational parameters (or inputs) and responses (or outputs).

This document provides guidance and requirements for the development and application of prognosis processes. It is intended to a) allow developers, providers, users and manufacturers to share common concepts of prognostics, b) enable users to determine the data, characteristics, processes and behaviours necessary for accurate prognosis, c) outline appropriate approaches and processes to prognostics development, and d) introduce prognostics concepts in order to facilitate future systems and training.

This document provides information regarding the measurement and evaluation of the mechanical vibration of wind turbines and their components. The working principles of wind turbines covered by this document are described in Annex B. The installation site and type of mechanical drive train of the wind turbine influence the vibration magnitude, so for the purposes of this document wind turbines have been divided into two groups: a) Group 1: Horizontal axis wind turbine installations with generators coupled to the rotor via a gearbox; and b) Group 2: Horizontal axis wind turbine installations with generators coupled to the rotor without a gearbox (direct drive wind turbines). The requirements of this document apply to both Group 1 and Group 2 wind turbines with a rated generator output exceeding 200 kW. This document recommends zones for evaluating the vibration at continuous load operation. However, in most cases these evaluation zone boundaries are not suitable for the early detection of faults. Annex A presents evaluation zone boundaries based on vibration data collected from thousands of wind turbines with rated generator outputs of 5 MW or less, which can be helpful in facilitating discussion between users and manufacturers when considering early fault detection. The evaluation criteria described in this document serve to ensure safe, reliable, long-term operation of the wind turbine and its components. It is intended to standardize the vibration measurements taken, to assist in their evaluation and to facilitate a comparative evaluation of the vibration measured in wind turbines and their components. In addition, recommendations are given for the determination of operational vibration limit values. The type and implementation of broad-band vibration monitoring methods to be used for wind turbines are addressed in this document, along with evaluation criteria for assessing vibration severity. This document does not address diagnosis or fault detection, although the measurement equipment described can be used for vibration monitoring. NOTE 1 For information regarding vibration condition monitoring see the ISO 13373 series. For Information regarding condition monitoring and diagnostics of wind turbines see the ISO 16079 series. NOTE 2 IEC 61400-13 describes load measurements that can be taken using strain gauges mounted on the wind turbine support structure and blades. For procedures to assist the detection of rolling bearing and gearbox defects see ISO 13373-2. For the measurement and evaluation of structure-borne noise in wind turbines fitted with rolling bearings see VDI 3832. NOTE 3 Evaluation of the unbalance of the slowly turning wind turbine rotor requires the use of measurement techniques and analysis which consider both mass and aerodynamic unbalance. To assess the influence of the rotor unbalance on vibrations see VDI 3834-1:2015-08, Annex B. The requirements described in this document do not apply to the acceptance measurements for wind turbine gearboxes and generators taken in the manufacturer’s test facility. NOTE 4 Acceptance measurements for wind turbine gearboxes and generators, taken in the manufacturers test facility, are assessed as described in ISO 20816-9 and/or IEC 60034-14. This document does not provide evaluation zones for vibration measurements taken on rotating parts (shaft relative displacement) due to the small number of turbines on which such measurements are/have been taken.

This document specifies the requirements for bodies operating training programmes for personnel who perform machinery condition monitoring, identify machine faults, and recommend corrective action. This document specifies procedures for training of condition monitoring and diagnostics personnel.

This document specifies methods for measuring and analysing irregularities of running surfaces for use in the prediction and assessment of ground-borne noise and vibration arising from railway systems. This document a) defines the data that can be described as rail or wheel roughness and that can be used to quantify a source term for the generation of the dynamic forces that can lead to ground-borne vibration from railway vehicles, b) gives guidance regarding the types of equipment that can be used to measure roughness as a variation of height along the running direction of the rail surface or wheel parameter, c) gives guidance regarding the methods that can be used to obtain an estimate of the roughness wavelength spectrum from measurement records taken over a length of rail head or wheel perimeter, and d) gives guidance regarding the presentation of a roughness spectrum representing the condition of a length of rail or of a wheel related to its ability to generate vibration. This document does not e) give guidance regarding the characterization of localized geometrical features (e.g. switches, crossings, rail squats, occasional rail joints and localized geometrical defects of the running surface). These features are likely to produce dynamic forces that are not linear with their amplitude because of the change of geometry at the wheel-rail contact. Hence these features are not characterized by methods of analysis defined within this document. Annex A provides further information regarding the characterization of localized geometrical features, f) give guidance regarding the specification or testing of roughness measurement equipment that can be used. Annex B provides an overview of measuring equipment, g) give guidance regarding the measurement or analysis of track quality for any other purpose than the assessment of ground-borne vibration, h) present any example of roughness spectra intended to represent typical roughness. Roughness levels vary greatly between track sites and any examples used in this document have not been selected on any other basis than their usefulness for the purpose of demonstrating the principles of analysis, i) promote any particular make, model or manufacturer of measurement equipment, and j) recommend or promote software for the implementation of the analysis procedure.

This document specifies dynamic dummies used as replacements for participants in vibration tests of vehicle seats in laboratory. This document is applicable to seats installed in earth-moving machinery, agricultural wheeled tractors, and industrial trucks. This document specifies technical requirements, acceptance criteria, and a validation test for dynamic dummies representing the human body in two mass groups: lightweight (52 kg to 55 kg) and heavyweight (98 kg to 115 kg). It only applies to passive and active dynamic dummies used for vibration tests of vehicle seats in the Z-axis (vertical) direction. This document defines, for the two mass groups, the biodynamic response characteristics that the dynamic dummies are required to reproduce to represent those of the participants to be replaced. This document gives guidance on conducting future research to explore the degree of convergence that can be reached when the dynamic performance of seats is measured with participants and with dynamic dummies conforming to this document. NOTE 1 For seat testing, results have shown that the benefit of using a dynamic dummy is highly dependent on the excitation and dynamic characteristics of the seats. Depending on the type of vibration excitation applied, studies have suggested that the use of dynamic dummies can show benefit over an inert mass of equivalent weight only when testing suspension seats with higher natural frequency (>2 Hz). NOTE 2 The use of dynamic dummies has been reported to tend to overestimate the vibration isolation performance of seats compared with that measured with participants. Several factors can be in cause and require further investigation, one of them being the influence of the legs possibly not being adequately considered when using dynamic dummies.

This document gives guidelines and requirements for the procedures to be followed when carrying out vibration diagnostics of 2‑ and 4‑pole electrical generators of cylindrical pole design with fluid-film bearings. This document does not apply to salient pole generators. This document establishes a practical step-by-step vibration-based approach to fault diagnosis. The requirements of this document should be considered together with those in ISO 13373-4.

This document gives guidance for the selection of vibration generating equipment used for vibration environmental testing, depending on the test requirements. This guidance covers such aspects of selection as — the equipment type, — the model, and — some main components, excluding the control system. NOTE 1 Some examples are given in Annex A. NOTE 2 This document is primarily focused on determining functional specifications for equipment based on the requirements of a specific environmental test. More practical aspects of the selection (including target test definition and fixturing considerations) are covered in IEST-RP-DTE009.1.

This document describes a coupling-force-dependent weighting of the r.m.s. value to the frequency-weighted acceleration, ahw. The procedure only applies to normal gripping situations (embracing a handle). If only part surfaces of the hand are exposed to vibration, the procedure is not applicable. The evaluation methods defined in this document are intended to enable research. This document provides guidance on an additional procedure to that defined in ISO 5349-1 for measuring and reporting hand-transmitted vibration exposures by taking into account the coupling force exerted on the vibrating surface. This document is intended to facilitate future research on hand-arm vibration risks and to complement data collected using the ISO 5349-1 methodology. This document does not apply as an alternative to ISO 5349-1. The data derived from this document does not apply to perform tasks in accordance with national regulations, guidelines or recommendations for workplace vibration or machinery vibration emissions. This document does not apply to the legal obligations related to the protection of workers from hand-arm vibration in the workplace and the declaration of vibration emissions from machinery. The methodology defined in this document is based only on biomechanical relationships between vibration transmission to the hand-arm system as a function of total forces. The influence of contact force and pressure on the surface of the hand remains unconsidered and requires further research.

This document sets out the requirements for evaluating hard and soft bearing balancing machines that support and rotate: a) rotors with rigid behaviour at balancing speed (as described in ISO21940-11); b) rotors with shaft elastic behaviour and balanced in accordance with low speed balancing procedures (as described in ISO21940-12).

This document specifies the general requirements for evaluating the vibration of various coupled industrial machine types with a power above 15 kW and operating speeds between 120 r/min and 30 000 r/min when measurements are made in-situ. Guidelines for applying evaluation criteria are provided for measurements taken on non-rotating and rotating parts under normal operating conditions. The guidelines are presented in terms of both steady running vibration values and in terms of changes to vibration magnitude, which can occur in these steady values. The numerical values presented are intended to serve as guidelines based on worldwide machine experience, but shall be applied with due regard to specific machine features which can cause these values to be inappropriate. In general, the condition of a machine is assessed by consideration of both the shaft vibration and the associated structural vibration, as well as specific frequency components, which do not always relate to the broadband severity values presented. The machine types covered by this document include: a) steam turbines and generators with outputs less than or equal to 40 MW (see Note 1 and Note 2); b) steam turbines and generators with outputs greater than 40 MW which normally operate at speeds other than 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min (although generators seldom fall into this category) (see Note 1); c) rotary compressors; d) industrial gas turbines with outputs less than or equal to 3 MW (see Note 2); e) turbofans; f) electric motors of any type, if the coupling is flexible. When a motor is rigidly coupled to a machine type covered by any other part of ISO20816, the motor may be assessed either against that other part or against ISO 20816-3; g) rolls and mills; h) conveyors; i) variable speed couplings; and j) blowers or fans (see Note 3). NOTE 1 Land based steam turbines, gas turbines and generators of greater than 40 MW capacity, which run at 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min are covered by the requirements of ISO 20816-2. Generators in hydro-electric plants are covered by ISO 20816-5. NOTE 2 Gas turbines of power greater than 3 MW are covered by ISO 20816-4. NOTE 3 The vibration criteria presented in this document are generally only applicable to fans with power ratings greater than 300 kW or fans which are not flexibly supported. As and when circumstances permit, recommendations for other types of fans, including those of lightweight sheet-metal construction, will be prepared. Until these recommendations are available, classifications can be agreed between the manufacturer and the customer; using results of previous operational experience (see also ISO 14694). Machinery including a geared stage can fall under the scope of this document. For performing acceptance tests of gearboxes please refer to ISO 20816-9. The following types of industrial machine are not covered by this document: k) land-based gas turbines, steam turbines and generators with power outputs greater than 40 MW and speeds of 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min (see ISO20816‑2); l) gas turbine sets with power outputs greater than 3 MW (see ISO20816‑4); m) machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants (see ISO20816‑5); n) reciprocating machines and machines solidly coupled to reciprocating machines (see ISO10816‑6); o) rotordynamic pumps and any integrated or solidly coupled electric motors where the impeller is mounted directly on the motor shaft or is rigidly attached to it (see ISO10816‑7); p) reciprocating compressor systems (see ISO 20816-8); q) rotary positive displacement compressors (e. g. screw compressors); r) submerged motor-pumps; and s) wind turbines (see ISO10816‑21). The requirements of this document apply to in-situ broad-band vibration measurements taken on the shafts, bearings, bearing pedestals, or housings of machines under steady-state operating conditions within their nominal

This document gives guidelines for identifying: a) The typical architectures of touch-down bearing systems to show which components are likely to comprise such systems and which functions these components provide; NOTE Touch-down bearings are also known as “backup bearings”, “auxiliary bearings”, “catcher bearings” or “landing bearings”. Within this document, the term “touch-down bearings” is used exclusively as defined in ISO 14839‑1. b) The functional requirements for touch-down bearing systems so that clear performance targets can be set; c) Elements to be considered in the design of the dynamic system such that rotordynamic performance can be optimized, both for touch-down bearings and active magnetic bearings (AMBs); d) The environmental factors that have significant impact on touch-down bearing system performance allowing optimization of overall machine design; e) The AMB operational conditions that can give rise to contact within the touch-down bearing system so that such events can be considered as part of an overall machine design. It also considers failure modes within the AMB system that can give rise to a contact event. This ensures that the specification of the touch-down bearings covers all operational requirements; f) The most commonly encountered touch-down bearing failure modes and typical mechanisms for managing these events; g) Typical elements of a design process for touch-down bearing systems including the specification of load requirements, the sizing process, the analytical and simulation methods employed for design validation; h) The parameters to be taken into account when designing a touch-down bearing system acceptance test programme including the test conditions to be specified and the associated instrumentation to be used to ensure successful test execution; i) The condition monitoring and inspection methods that allow the status of in-service touch-down bearings to be evaluated and when necessary identifying the corrective actions to be taken; j) The factors to be considered when designing the maintenance regime for a touch-down bearing system including the actions to be taken after specified events have occurred together with any actions to be performed on a regular basis; k) The factors to be considered regarding other life cycle topics (e.g. obsolescence management, de-commissioning and disposal).

This document provides guidelines for the assessment of torsional natural frequencies and component strength, under normal operating conditions, for the coupled shaft train, including long elastic rotor blades, of steam and gas turbine generator sets. In particular, the guidelines apply to the torsional responses of the coupled shaft train at grid and twice grid frequencies due to electrical excitation of the electrical network to which the turbine generator set is connected. Excitation at other frequencies (e.g. subharmonic frequencies) are not covered in this document. No guidelines are given regarding the torsional vibration response caused by steam excitation or other excitation mechanisms not related to the electrical network. Where the shaft cross sections and couplings do not fulfil the required strength criteria and/or torsional natural frequencies do not conform with defined frequency margins, other actions shall be defined to resolve the problem. The requirements included in this document are applicable to a) steam turbine generator sets connected to the electrical network, and b) gas turbine generator sets connected to the electrical network. Methods currently available for carrying out both analytical assessment and test validation of the shaft train torsional natural frequencies are also described. NOTE Radial (lateral, transverse) and axial vibration of steam and/or gas turbine generator sets is dealt with in ISO 20816-2.

This document gives guidance for the selection of vibration generating equipment for multi-axial environmental testing, depending on the test requirements. Multi-axial environmental test equipment dealt with in this document refers to a vibration test system having controlled vibration of more than one degree of freedom, including linear vibration and angular vibration. In this document, one or more exciter per desired degree of freedom is supposed. The guidance covers such aspects of selection as — number, type and models of exciters, — number, type and models of connectors, — system configuration, and — some components.

This document specifies methods for determining the uncertainty of the measurement and evaluation of human exposure to vibration. It applies to measurements of vibration quantities (measurands), calculated following a relevant measurement model on the basis of directly measured values, to evaluate a) human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration at the workplace, b) vibration emission of hand-held and hand-guided machinery in a laboratory setting, c) human exposure to whole-body vibration at the workplace, and d) whole-body vibration emission of vehicles. Examples of the application of the individual methods in practical situations are provided in the annexes. In this document a measurement error is defined as the difference between a measured and a reference quantity value. In this document “uncertainty” does not include errors that result from bad measurement strategies, faulty use of measurement equipment or other mistakes.

This document defines specifications covering laboratory tests for seats designed for passengers and crew in railway tractive and trailer vehicles. It concerns tri-axial rectilinear vibration within the frequency range 0,5 Hz to 50 Hz. It specifies the input test vibration to be used at seat testing. This document makes it possible to characterize, in the form of frequency response functions, the manner in which vibration is transmitted to the seat occupant. It also provides an estimator showing the behaviour of the seat in terms of dynamic comfort perceived by the seated person. Different types of excitations can be used and are described depending on knowledge of the vibration environment encountered by the seat and the capability of the vibration simulator.

This document summarizes descriptive quantities for those responsible (e.g. scientists, safety engineers) for determination of postures for a seated person who is exposed to whole-body vibration. It is the intention that the results of different methods can be easily related to these quantities and that they allow for a common terminology between practitioners. The focus of this document is to offer a collection of ideas on how to measure postures in practice. The postures determined can also be used as a basis for further investigation or as a means of comparison for different methods. Although some of the approaches described here can be applied to standing or recumbent positions, additional considerations are likely to be required in these cases. NOTE 1 This work is closely related to International Standards which focus on static postures (ISO 11226[4]) or on radiologically accessible landmarks, i.e. points on the body (ISO 8727[3]). Additionally, this document deals with dynamic postures where body angles or associated movements are determined visually or by measuring points on the skin or clothing. NOTE 2 Nevertheless, ISO 8727[3] and ISO 11226[4] put forward principles for further extensions of posture determination which are followed in this document, in particular for measurements of body angles. This document does not specify sampling strategies or evaluation methods.

This document sets out guidelines for the specific procedures to be considered when carrying out vibration diagnostics of various types of gas and steam turbines with fluid-film bearings. This document is intended to be used by condition monitoring practitioners, engineers and technicians and provides a practical step-by-step vibration-based approach to fault diagnosis. In addition, it gives examples for a range of machine and component types and their associated fault symptoms. The approach given in this document is based on established good practice, put together by experienced users, although it is acknowledged that other approaches can exist. Recommended actions for a particular diagnosis depend on individual circumstances, the degree of confidence in the fault diagnosis (e.g. has the same diagnosis been made correctly before for this machine), the experience of the practitioner, the fault type and severity as well as on safety and commercial considerations. It is neither possible nor the aim of this document to recommend actions for all circumstances.

This document specifies the requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel who perform machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics using acoustic emission. A certificate or declaration of conformity to this document will provide recognition of the qualifications and competence of individuals to perform acoustic emission measurements and analysis for machinery condition monitoring using acoustic emission equipment. This procedure may not apply to specialized equipment or other specific situations. This document specifies a three-category classification programme that is based on the technical areas delineated herein.

This document describes the coupling parameters between the hands of a machine operator and a vibrating surface of the machine. The coupling between the hand and the vibrating surface can be described using different parameters and component parts of these parameters: — force parameters, such as push, pull and grip; — parameters such as pressure exerted on skin. In addition, Annexes A, B, C, D and E provide guidelines for measuring procedures, the measurement of the force and pressure parameters, and information on the requirements for measuring instrumentation, as well as a calibration method. This document does not deal with forces which act tangentially to the hand.

This document specifies methods and procedures for analysing and interpreting vibrotactile perception thresholds and threshold shifts. Procedures for describing statistically significant changes in vibrotactile perception thresholds are recommended. This document is applicable to vibrotactile perception thresholds determined at the fingertips according to the provisions of ISO 13091‑1.

This document specifies sector specific requirements for organizations ("certification body") operating conformity assessment systems for personnel who perform machinery system condition monitoring, identify machine faults, and recommend corrective action. Procedures for the certification of condition monitoring and diagnostic personnel are specified. NOTE These requirements are in addition to those of ISO/IEC 17000 and ISO/IEC 17024.

This document specifies minimum requirements for personal vibration exposure meters (PVEM). This document is applicable to instruments designed for measurements of whole-body vibration in the context of industrial hygiene applications (according to ISO 2631-1, ISO 2631-2 and ISO 2631-4) and/or hand-arm vibration (according to ISO 5349-1) together with the associated exposure times. This document provides specified design goals and permitted tolerances that define the minimum performance capabilities and functional requirements of instruments designed to measure personal daily vibration exposure. This document does not apply to instruments designed to measure or log exposure times without also performing vibration measurement. Instrumentation of this type is described in ISO/TR 19664.

This document specifies the important technical properties of the different methods for mounting vibration transducers and describes recommended practices. It also shows examples of how accelerometer mounting can influence frequency response and gives examples of how other influences can affect the fidelity of the representation of actual motion in the structure being observed. This document applies to the contacting type of accelerometer which is currently in wide use. It is applicable to both uniaxial and multi-axial transducers. This document can also be applied to velocity transducers. This document enables the user to estimate the limitations of a mounting and consequent potential measurement deviations. Transducer mounting issues are not the only problem that can affect the validity of acceleration measurement. Other such problems include, amongst others: transverse movements, alignment of the transducer, base bending, cable movement, temperature changes, electric and magnetic fields, cable whip and mounting torque. Issues other than mounting and their possible effects are outside the scope of this document.

This document specifies the implementation of a condition monitoring system for wind turbines, with particular focus on monitoring of the drivetrain. Guidance for a practical implementation of the FMSA is provided, as well as guidance for specifying best practices and minimum recommendations regarding the condition monitoring system used for failure mode detection, diagnostics and prognostics of the direct drive and geared wind turbine drivetrain, including: a) main bearing(s); b) gearbox, if applicable; and c) generator (mechanical aspects). This also includes subcomponents such as coupling and the lubrication system. This document provides an overview of the important aspects of condition monitoring of wind turbines and makes references to other standards where in-depth information on the subjects is available.

This document specifies requirements for determining and classifying mechanical vibration of individually housed, enclosed, speed increasing or speed reducing gear units. It specifies methods for measuring housing and shaft vibrations, and the types of instrumentation, measurement methods and testing procedures for determining vibration magnitudes. Vibration grades for acceptance are included. Torsional vibration measurements are outside the scope of this document. It applies to a gear unit operating within its design speed, load, temperature and lubrication range for acceptance testing at the manufacturer's facility. By agreement between manufacturer and customer and/or operator, it can be used for guidelines for on-site acceptance testing and for routine operational measurements. This document applies to gear units of nominal power rating from 10 kW to 100 MW and nominal rotational speeds between 30 r/min and 12 000 r/min (0,5 Hz to 200 Hz). This document does not apply to special or auxiliary drive trains, such as integrated gear-driven compressors, pumps, turbines, etc., or gear type clutches used on combined-cycle turbo generators and power take-off gears. The evaluation criteria provided in this document can be applied to the vibration of the main input and output bearings of the gearbox and to the vibration of internal shaft bearings. They can have limited application to the evaluation of the condition of those gears. Specialist techniques for evaluating the condition of gears are outside the scope of this document. This document establishes provisions under normal steady-state operating conditions for evaluating the severity of the following in-situ broad-band vibration: a) structural vibration at all main bearing housings or pedestals measured radially (i.e. transverse) to the shaft axis; b) structural vibration at thrust bearing housings measured in the axial direction; c) vibration of rotating shafts radially (i.e. transverse) to the shaft axis at, or close to, the main bearings; d) structural vibration on the gear casing. NOTE Vibration occurring during non-steady-state conditions (when transient changes are taking place), including run up or run down, initial loading and load changes are outside the scope of this document.

This document sets out the specific procedures to be considered when carrying out vibration diagnostics of various types of fans and blowers. This document is intended to be used by condition monitoring practitioners, engineers and technicians and provides a practical, step-by-step, vibration-based approach to fault diagnosis. In addition, it gives a number of examples for a range of machine and component types and their associated fault symptoms. The approach given in this document is based on established good practice, put together by experienced users, although it is acknowledged that other approaches can exist. Recommended actions for a particular diagnosis depend on individual circumstances, the degree of confidence in the fault diagnosis (e.g. has the same diagnosis been made correctly before for this machine), the experience of the practitioner, the fault type and severity as well as on safety and commercial considerations. It is neither possible nor the aim of this document to recommend actions for all circumstances.

This document focuses on recommended condition monitoring techniques for detecting and diagnosing developing machine faults associated with the most common potential failure modes for hydro unit components. It is intended to improve the reliability of implementing an effective condition monitoring approach for hydroelectric generating units (hydro units). It is also intended to help create a mutual understanding of the criteria for successful hydro unit condition monitoring and to foster cooperation between the various hydropower stakeholders. This document is intended for end-users, contractors, consultants, service providers, machine manufacturers and instrument suppliers. This document is machine-specific and is focused on the generator, shaft/bearing assembly, runner (and impeller for pumped storage applications), penstock (including the main inlet valve), spiral case and the upper draft tube of hydro units. It is primarily intended for medium to large sized hydro units with more than 50 MVA installed capacity, but it is equally valid for smaller units in many cases. It is applicable to various types of turbines such as Francis, Kaplan, Pelton, Bulb and other types. Generic auxiliary systems such as for lubrication and cooling are outside the scope, with the exception of some monitoring techniques that are related to condition monitoring of major systems covered by this document, such as oil analysis. Transmission systems, civil works and the foundation are outside the scope. This document covers online (permanently installed) and portable instrument condition monitoring and diagnostic techniques for operational hydro units. Offline machine testing, i.e. that which is only done during shutdown, although very important, is not part of the scope of this document. Nor is one-time acceptance and performance testing within the scope. The condition monitoring techniques presented in this document cover a wide range of continuous and interval-based monitoring techniques under generalized conditions for a wide range of applications. Therefore, the actual monitoring approach required for a specific application can be different than that which is recommended in this generalized document.

This document details specifications for the instrumentation and methods to be used for testing fixed temperature sensitivity of vibration transducers. It applies to rectilinear velocity and acceleration transducers. The methods specified use both a comparison to a reference transducer and an absolute measurement by laser interferometer. This document is applicable for a frequency range from 10 Hz to 3 kHz (method-dependent), a dynamic range from 1 m/s2 to 100 m/s2 (frequency-dependent) and a temperature range from ?190 °C to 800 °C (method-dependent). Although it is possible to achieve these ranges among all the described systems, generally each has limitations within them. Method 1 (using a laser interferometer) is applicable to magnitude of sensitivity and phase calibration in the frequency range 10 Hz to 3 kHz at fixed temperatures (see Clause 7). Method 2 (using a reference transducer inside a chamber whose temperature limit is ?70 °C to 500 °C) can be used for magnitude of sensitivity and phase calibration in the frequency range 10 Hz to 1 kHz at fixed temperatures (see Clause 8). Method 3 (using a reference transducer outside the chamber) can only be used for the determination of the temperature response of complex sensitivity over a certain temperature range (see Clause 9). NOTE Method 1 and Method 2 can provide the deviation of complex sensitivity over a certain temperature range if the calibration is also done at the reference temperature (room temperature 23 °C ± 5 °C). To ensure the consistency of the use and test condition, the transducer, its cable and the conditioning amplifier are intended to be considered as a single unit and tested together.

This document specifies procedures for measuring mechanical mobility and other frequency-response functions of structures excited by means of an impulsive force generated by an exciter which is not attached to the structure under test. It is applicable to the measurement of mobility, accelerance or dynamic compliance, either as a driving point measurement or as a transfer measurement, using impact excitation. Other excitation methods, such as step relaxation and transient random, lead to signal-processing requirements similar to those of impact data. However, such methods are outside the scope of this document because they involve the use of an exciter which is attached to the structure. The signal analysis methods covered are all based on the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), which is performed mostly by a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. This restriction in scope is based solely on the wide availability of equipment which implements these methods and on the large base of experience in using these methods. It is not intended to exclude the use of other methods currently under development. Impact excitation is also widely used to obtain uncalibrated frequency-response information. For example, a quick impact test which obtains approximate natural frequencies and mode shapes can be quite helpful in planning a random or sinusoidal test for accurate mobility measurements. These uses of impact excitation to obtain qualitative results can be a first stage for mobility measurements. This document is limited to the use of impact excitation techniques for making accurate mobility measurements.

This document specifies requirements and guidelines for the analysis of lubricating oils, hydraulic fluids, synthetic fluids and greases. Tests for electrical insulating oils and heat transfer oil are outside the scope of this document.

This document establishes requirements to ensure appropriate exchange of information between manufacturers and users of auxiliary tables with a view to working out related specifications and possibly to comparing, in an objective way, the characteristics supplied by the manufacturers of auxiliary tables and associated guidance systems. This document is applicable to auxiliary tables which include slip tables and head expanders. It does not cover auxiliary tables with several degrees of freedom. This document provides three levels of description of the test equipment, as follows: a) minimum level; b) medium level; c) high level. This document gives a list of characteristics to be specified for each level of description.

This document provides guidance to select a vibration generator that will be used to evaluate frequency responses of a test structure or to study how vibration grows/decreases along the structure. These structural dynamics tests can be carried out under field or laboratory conditions (see the ISO 7626 or ISO 10846[4][5][6][7] series). This document describes the selection procedure in terms of the force developed by a single vibration generator. Meanwhile, to move massive structures such as dams or bridges, an assembly of vibration generators is usually applied. Properly phased generators produce in total the same force as calculated for a single vibration generator (see 6.2.6). Guidance also can be applied for the selection of equipment to be used for modal testing to determine natural frequencies, modal shapes and damping in a structure; however, for such a test, more factors than covered by this document usually need to be considered. This document deals only with translational excitation. For equipment applied to generate angular vibration, see Reference [8].

This document provides specific guidance on the interpretation of infrared thermograms as part of a programme for condition monitoring and diagnostics of machine systems. In addition, IR applications pertaining to machinery performance are addressed. This document is intended to: — provide guidance on establishing severity assessment criteria for anomalies identified by IRT; — outline methods and requirements for carrying out thermography of machine systems, including safety recommendations; — provide information on image interpretation, assessment criteria and reporting requirements.

This document describes the range of idealized values of the apparent mass modulus and phase applicable to seated individuals with and without a back support subjected to x-, y- and z‑axis sinusoidal or broad-band random vibration and to standing individuals subjected to z‑axis sinusoidal or broad-band random vibration under specific experimental conditions. Additionally, this document describes the range of idealized values of seat-to-head transmissibility modulus and phase applicable to seated individuals without a back support subjected to z‑axis sinusoidal or broad-band random vibration. The ranges of idealized values defined in this document are considered to be valid for subjects on a rigid seat (or standing on a rigid platform for z-axis only), with feet supported and vibrated. The range of idealized seat-to-head transmissibility values is considered to be applicable also to the condition with the feet hanging freely. For seated individuals subjected to sinusoidal or broad-band random vibration, the apparent mass values are defined over the frequency range of 0,5 Hz to 10 Hz for the x‑axis and y‑axis, and over the frequency range of 0,5 Hz to 20 Hz for the z‑axis. The frequency and amplitude characteristics of the vibration fall within the range for which most vibration exposure is likely to predominate while driving vehicles such as agricultural tractors, earth-moving machinery and fork-lift trucks. Application to automobiles is not covered by this document in view of the lack of a meaningful database for conditions involving posture and vibration excitation levels most likely associated with car driving. The upper and lower values of modulus and phase defined at each frequency for each of the biodynamic response functions considered represent the range of most probable or idealized values. The middle values represent overall weighted means of the human data and define the target values for general applications. Such applications can involve the development of mechanical analogues for laboratory seat testing, or of functions to correct for the human interface when representing the body as a rigid mass, or the development of analytical human body models to be used for whole-body vibration exposure estimations or for seat and cushion design optimization.

This document provides a general background to balancing technology, as used in the ISO 21940 series, and directs the reader to the appropriate parts of the series that include vocabulary, balancing procedures and tolerances, balancing machines and machine design for balancing. Individual procedures are not included here as these can be found in the appropriate parts of ISO 21940.

This document specifies the instrumentation and procedure to be used for performing calibration of field vibration calibrators (FVCs). It is not applicable to FVCs used for the calibration of transducers. These are covered by ISO 16063‑21. Procedures and requirements of in situ calibration by FVC are beyond the scope of this document. Annex B provides more information on the application of FVC.

This document defines terms relating to rotating machinery equipped with active magnetic bearings. NOTE General terms and definitions of mechanical vibration are given in ISO 2041; those relating to balancing are given in ISO 21940-2; those relating to geometric characteristics such as coaxiality, concentricity and runout are explained in ISO 1101.

This document defines terms and expressions unique to the areas of mechanical vibration, shock and condition monitoring.

This document establishes procedures and guidelines for the measurement and classification of mechanical vibration of reciprocating compressor systems. The vibration values are defined primarily to classify the vibration of the compressor system and to avoid fatigue problems with parts in the reciprocating compressor system, i.e. foundation, compressor, dampers, piping and auxiliary equipment mounted on the compressor system. Shaft vibration is not considered. This document applies to reciprocating compressors mounted on rigid foundations with typical rotational speed ratings in the range 120 r/min up to and including 1 800 r/min. The general evaluation criteria which are presented relate to operational measurements. The criteria are also used to ensure that machine vibration does not adversely affect the equipment directly mounted on the machine, e.g. pulsation dampers and the pipe system. NOTE The general guidelines presented in this document can also be applied to reciprocating compressors outside the specified speed range but different evaluation criteria might be appropriate in this case. The machinery driving the reciprocating compressor, however, is evaluated in accordance with the appropriate part of ISO 10816, ISO 20816 or other relevant standards and classification for the intended duty. Drivers are not included in this document. It is recognized that the evaluation criteria might only have limited application when considering the effects of internal machine components, e.g. problems associated with valves, pistons and piston rings might be unlikely to be detected in the measurements. Identification of such problems can require investigative diagnostic techniques which are outside the scope of this document. Examples of reciprocating compressor systems covered by this document are — horizontal, vertical, V-, W- and L-type compressor systems, — constant and variable speed compressors, — compressors driven by electric motors, gas and diesel engines, steam turbines, with or without a gearbox, flexible or rigid coupling, and — dry running and lubricated reciprocating compressors. This document does not apply to hyper compressors. The guidelines are not intended for condition monitoring purposes. Noise is also outside the scope of this document.