ISO/TC 173/SC 1 - Wheelchairs

This document specifies a method for determining the dissipation characteristics of simulated sensible perspiration exposure on seat cushions of a wheelchair under test conditions that simulate body loading on support surfaces with flat and contoured profiles. The test method is applicable to a wide variety of seat cushion materials and constructions that are used across the world. The test method is intended to determine how the cushion handles a liquid load. It is not intended to determine how the cushion responds to a continuous release of liquid or vapour. This document also specifies apparatus to measure dissipation characteristics (of perspiration) of seat cushions and the approach to be employed in measuring these characteristics. This document is applicable to seat cushions for wheelchairs that include a cushion cover. NOTE The significance of the dissipation characteristics of the seat cushion can be greatly affected by the clothing worn, for example a moisture wicking cover might not help the skin condition of the patient sitting in a wet adult diaper.

This document specifies strength requirements and test methods for wheelchair castor assemblies. The test methods include corrosion, abrasion and fatigue conditions. This document also specifies requirements for disclosure of test results. It is applicable to castor assemblies of or developed for use in occupant and to assistant-propelled manual wheelchairs and electrically powered wheelchairs. The test requirements are also applicable to wheelchair castor assemblies not necessarily associated or supplied with a wheelchair. Castor assemblies including those with anti-tip castor wheels that do not touch the ground during wheelchair travel are outside the scope of this document.

This document specifies test methods, requirements and recommendations for wheelchairs intended for use as seats in motor vehicles related to design, performance, labelling, presale literature, user instructions and user warnings. This document is applicable to all manual and powered wheelchairs, including scooters, which, in addition to their primary function as wheeled mobility devices, are also likely to be used as forward-facing seats in motor vehicles by children and adults with a body mass equal to or greater than 12 kg. This document is applicable to complete wheelchairs, including a frame or powerbase and seating system. It is also applicable to wheelchairs equipped with additional components designed to facilitate conformity with one or more of the requirements of this document.

This document specifies requirements and associated test methods for the power, and control systems of electrically powered wheelchairs and scooters. It sets safety and performance requirements that apply during normal use and some conditions of abuse and failure. It also specifies methods of measurement of the forces necessary to operate controls and sets limits on the forces needed for some operations. This document is applicable to electrically powered wheelchairs and scooters with a maximum speed no greater than 15 km/h intended to provide indoor and/or outdoor mobility for one disabled person whose mass lies in the range specified in ISO 7176-11.

This document specifies apparatus, test methods, and disclosure requirements for characterization of wheelchair seat cushion immersion and envelopment properties using indenters instrumented with pressure sensors. This document expands the characterization of products intended to manage tissue integrity (ISO 16840‑2) and provides a standardized indenter for other wheelchair seating tests. It does not provide information specific to cushion performance for a particular individual user, nor is it intended to characterize envelopment or immersion under higher loading conditions, nor to assess the weight capacity of a cushion. This document includes a method that is specific to 220 mm and 255 mm indenters. Dimensions are provided for a 380 mm indenter to allow for extension of the method to larger patient simulation.

This document specifies apparatus, test methods, and disclosure requirements for determination of lateral stability properties of wheelchair seat cushions by measuring the response from the cushion to a shift in the centre of mass of the load on the cushion. It provides a method of determining changes in a particular physical and mechanical property of the cushion. It does not provide information specific to cushion performance for a particular individual user. It does not provide information related to anterior-posterior stability, nor to stability contributions from cushion edges. NOTE 1 Test conditions simulate a symmetric anatomy. NOTE 2 Loads are intended to represent those seen under the pelvis of a 40th to 60th percentile wheelchair user. This document is applicable to cushions used in situations other than a wheelchair.

This document specifies requirements and test methods to assess the resistance to ignition by smouldering cigarette equivalent of integrated or non-integrated components of a wheelchair intended to protect tissue integrity and/or provide postural support. The electronic ignition source is also a simulation of other potential sources of environmental ignition hazards. The tests measure only the resistance to ignition of the items tested, and not the ignitability of the complete wheelchair. It gives an indication, but cannot guarantee, the ignition behaviour of the assembled devices of a complete wheelchair. This document does not apply to resistance to ignition of structural parts of a wheelchair. This document does not cover changes in resistance to ignition as a result of regular washing or use of the postural support devices. This document does not apply to the control of risks created by electrical and electronic components. This document allows for the separate testing of components of a wheelchair that are normally used in the horizontal plane (e.g. a seat cushion) from those normally used in the vertical plane (e.g. a back support). This document describes testing an assembly of the composite of materials as used in the component. The results of the tests in this document do not give any indication of the resistance to ignition of any of the separate individual materials of the test sample. NOTE The intent of this document is primarily to address components that interface with the human body, such as cushions for positioning, or whose described purpose is that of protecting skin tissue against pressure, shear, and maceration related damage, as well as textile, foam, and plastic-based postural support devices.

This document specifies the test methods and requirements for determining the safety and performance of a manual and/or power wheelchair that incorporates technology to alter the posture of the wheelchair occupant, which are either electrically or manually operated by the occupant or assistant during normal wheelchair use. This can include recline, tilt, elevate and stand-up mechanisms or a combination of these. In order for a wheelchair to be able to recline, tilt, elevate and/or stand-up, the wheelchair requires additional mechanisms and mechanical structures to allow these features to operate. This document specifies the different functional and strength tests required to test these wheelchairs in critical configurations of their adjustable range. This document does not cover wheelchairs where the only operator adjustable body support system (OABSS) is adjustable limb or head postural support devices alone (e.g. elevating leg supports). This document does not include wheelchair and postural support device customization during initial or subsequent setup of a wheelchair for an individual occupant. It also does not reflect other factors that can influence wheelchair stability such as occupant movement, cushion thickness, and the addition of ancillary equipment (e.g. respiratory support items).

This document specifies test methods for determining the maximum speed of electrically powered wheelchairs, including scooters, intended to carry one person with a maximum nominal speed not exceeding 15 km/h (4,167 m/s) on a level surface.

ISO 16840-2:2018 specifies apparatus, test methods and disclosure requirements for wheelchair seat cushions intended to maintain tissue integrity and prevent tissue trauma. Test conditions simulate a symmetric anatomy and posture and do not represent cushion performance for specific individual users. Loads are intended to represent those seen under the pelvis of a 50th percentile wheelchair user and are not intended to assess the weight capacity of the cushion or to characterize the cushion under bariatric loads. It is possible that not all test methods apply to existing and future cushion technologies. It does not include test methods or requirements for determining the fire resistance of cushions. ISO 16840-2:2018 can also be applicable to tissue integrity management devices used as other support systems, as well as to cushions used in situations other than a wheelchair.

ISO 7176-2:2017 specifies test methods for determining the dynamic stability of electrically powered wheelchairs. ISO 7176-2:2017 is applicable to electrically powered wheelchairs, including scooters, with a maximum nominal speed not exceeding 15 km/h, intended to carry one person. ISO 7176-2:2017 is not applicable to manual wheelchairs with add-on power kits used for, or to assist, propulsion.

ISO 16840-6:2015 specifies apparatus, test methods, and disclosure requirements for generating aging effects in a seat cushion that reproduce those seen in use. It also provides methods of determining changes in the physical and mechanical properties of seat cushions based on their age and use. ISO 16840-6:2015 provides a set of tests that simulate wear and tear, which can be useful to validate warranty claims and to provide information about product, life, and performance limitations associated with product use.

ISO 10865-2:2015 applies to wheelchair passenger spaces that are intended for use by passengers with a body mass greater than 22 kg who remain in their wheelchairs when travelling facing forward in accessible transport vehicles designed to transport both standing and sitting passengers on fixed-route service. It assumes that the maximum acceleration imparted to the vehicle during emergency driving manoeuvres will not exceed 1 g in any direction and rarely exceeds 3 g in frontal crashes. For the purposes of this part of ISO 10865, the term wheelchair includes manual and powered wheelchairs, and three and four wheeled scooters. ISO 10865-2:2015 specifies performance requirements and associated test methods, design requirements, requirements for manufacturer instructions and warnings to installers, wheelchair users, and vehicle operators, and requirements for product labelling and disclosure of test information. The provisions of this part of ISO 10865 apply primarily to a complete forward-facing wheelchair passenger space (FF-WPS), but subsets of the provisions can be applied to components and subassemblies sold separately, as appropriate to the specific functions of the components and/or subassemblies they are intended to replace.

ISO/TR 16840-9:2015 has been produced to guide users in the performance of the tasks that are directly involved in the clinical use of interface pressure mapping (IPM) or are synergistic with its use in a comprehensive wheelchair seating evaluation. ISO/TR 16840-9:2015 does not cover other aspects of the clinical assessment process (e.g. taking a medical history), nor the prescription or treatment process which might arise from an assessment. These guidelines are not meant to be a substitute for clinical reasoning and judgement within the context of a complete assessment. ISO/TR 16840-9:2015 refers to the state of the art of IPM experiences in a seating scenario. Most of the principles covered can be extrapolated to whole body (in bed) or to foot assessments, for example.

ISO 7176-8:2014 specifies requirements for static, impact, and fatigue strength of wheelchairs including scooters. It specifies the test methods for determining whether the requirements have been met. It also specifies requirements for disclosure of the test results. The test methods can also be used to verify the manufacturers' claims that a product exceeds the minimum requirements of this part of ISO 7176. ISO 7176-8:2014 applies to occupant- and attendant-propelled manual wheelchairs and electrically powered wheelchairs intended to provide indoor and outdoor mobility for people with disabilities. NOTE 1 For the purposes of this part of ISO 7176, "wheelchair(s)" is used as an abbreviation for manual wheelchair(s) or electrically powered wheelchair(s), including scooter(s), to which the requirements and test methods are applied. NOTE 2 Clauses of this part of ISO 7176 will be used as a basis for developing requirements and test methods for wheelchairs not covered by this part of ISO 7176.

ISO 7176-1:2014 specifies test methods for determining the static stability of wheelchairs. It is applicable to manual and electrically powered wheelchairs, including scooters, with a maximum speed not greater than 15 km/h, intended to provide indoor and/or outdoor mobility for one disabled person whose mass is within the range represented by ISO 7176‑11. For active stability-controlled wheelchairs, ISO 7176-1:2014 applies to the device in a stable, parked state. ISO 7176-1:2014 provides a method for the measurement of the tipping angles (either wheelchair tipping angle or anti-tip device tipping angle), but this method is not applicable to wheelchairs with lateral anti-tip devices and does not consider sliding on the ground. ISO 7176-1:2014 also includes requirements for test reports and information disclosure.

ISO 7176-22:2014 specifies a set-up procedure to be used as a part of the preparation of adjustable wheelchairs for testing. This procedure takes the manufacturer's instructions into account. ISO 7176-22:2014 is applicable to manual wheelchairs and electric wheelchairs (including scooters) intended to provide indoor and/or outdoor mobility.

ISO/TR 13570-2:2014 lists the typical values and recommended limits of the dimensions obtained from measurements taken in accordance with ISO 7176‑5. ISO/TR 13570-2:2014 lists the typical values and recommended limits of the important wheelchair dimensions (ready for occupation and folded or dismantled), space for pivoting or reversing between limiting walls and some dimensions worthwhile to estimate usability of the wheelchair as well as determination of the mass of the wheelchair. It is intended for use of prescribers, clinicians, wheelchair occupants or manufacturers. ISO/TR 13570-2:2014 lists the typical values and recommended limits of the dimensions when the wheelchair is occupied and some operating areas when performing special tasks encountered in every day's life. ISO/TR 13570-2:2014 lists the typical values and recommended limits of the technical dimensions critical to the performance of the wheelchair. ISO/TR 13570-2:2014 applies to manual wheelchairs and electrically powered wheelchairs (including scooters).

ISO 16840-3:2014 specifies test methods for the determination of static, impact, and repetitive load strengths as well as disclosure requirements for postural support devices (PSD) with associated attachment hardware intended for use with an undefined wheelchair.

ISO 7176-25:2013 specifies requirements and test methods for batteries and battery chargers intended for use with electrically powered wheelchairs. It is applicable to lead acid batteries and chargers intended for use with them. Requirements for chargers are applicable to those with a rated input voltage not greater than 250 V a.c. and a nominal output voltage not greater than 36 V.

ISO 7176-3:2012 specifies test methods for the measurement of the effectiveness of brakes of manual wheelchairs and electrically powered wheelchairs, including scooters, intended to carry one person, with a maximum speed not exceeding 15 km/h. It also specifies disclosure requirements for the manufacturer.

ISO 7176-11:2012 specifies requirements for test dummies of any mass greater than or equal to 25 kg, to be used in the evaluation of wheelchairs. ISO 7176-11:2012 provides formulae that specify the location of the overall centre of mass of test dummies, the masses of the segments that comprise the test dummies and the locations of pivots that connect the segments. It also specifies the characteristics of loading pads that support the segments. ISO 7176-11:2012 is intended to enable the construction of test dummies that will produce comparable results for stability, performance and durability testing of manual wheelchairs and electrically powered wheelchairs, including scooters. ISO 7176-11:2012 also includes informative tables of mass and locations of centre of mass, which are derived from the formulae, corresponding to example test dummy masses up to 300 kg in 25 kg increments.

This part of ISO 10542 specifies design and performance requirements and associated test methods for wheelchair tiedown and occupant-restraint systems (WTORS), as well as requirements for product marking and labelling and manufacturers' instructions and warnings to installers and consumers. It is applicable to all WTORS that use belt-type occupant restraints that are intended for occupied wheelchairs used as forward-facing seats by passengers and drivers of motor vehicles. This part of ISO 10542 is applicable to WTORS intended for use with all types of manual and powered wheelchairs, including three- and four-wheeled scooters, used by children and adults with a body mass equal to or greater than 22 kg. It is applicable also to WTORS designed for limited use with a particular make or model of wheelchair. This part of ISO 10542 is applicable primarily to complete WTORS, but portions can also be applied to components and subassemblies sold separately and for replacement parts.

ISO 7176-28:2012 is applicable to stair-climbing chairs and stair-climbing wheelchair carriers where the stair-climbing device climbs backwards up the stairs, with the occupant facing downstairs, and climbs forwards down the stairs with the occupant also facing downstairs. ISO 7176-28:2012 is applicable to stair-climbing devices which are intended for the transport of adults and those intended for the transport of children. It is not applicable to stair-climbing devices which are intended to be operated by children as operating occupants or assistants. ISO 7176-28:2012 specifies requirements and test methods for electrically powered stair-climbing devices. It is not applicable to manually powered stair-climbing devices. ISO 7176-28:2012 specifies tests to demonstrate the stair-climbing device's ability to perform safely on stairs with a pitch of 35°, or higher if declared by the manufacturer. It also includes ergonomic, labelling and disclosure requirements.

ISO 10865-1:2012 is applicable to wheelchair passenger spaces (RF‑WPSs) intended for use by rearward-facing wheelchair-seated occupants, with a body mass greater than 22 kg, when travelling in accessible transport vehicles. It is applicable to systems for use in vehicles used mainly on fixed route services when operated under normal and emergency driving conditions, where passengers are allowed to travel both sitting and standing. ISO 10865-1:2012 specifies design and performance requirements and associated test methods, requirements for manufacturer instructions and warnings to installers and users, requirements for product labelling and disclosure of test information. The primary purpose of ISO 10865-1:2012 is to limit those movements of a rearward-facing wheelchair, including scooters with three or more wheels, that might result in hazardous contact with the vehicle interior or injury to other passengers.

ISO 7176‑9:2009 specifies requirements and test methods to determine the effects of rain, dust, condensation and the effects of changes of temperature on the basic functioning of electrically powered wheelchairs, including scooters, intended to carry one person, with a maximum speed not exceeding 15 km/h. ISO 7176‑9:2009 does not include requirements for resistance to corrosion.

ISO 7176-21:2009 specifies requirements and test methods for electromagnetic emissions and for electromagnetic immunity of electrically powered wheelchairs and scooters with a maximum speed of not more than 15 km/h intended for indoor and/or outdoor use by people with disabilities. It is also applicable to manual wheelchairs with an add-on power kit. It is not applicable to vehicles designed to carry more than one person. ISO 7176-21:2009 also specifies requirements and test methods for the electromagnetic compatibility of battery chargers intended for use with electrically powered wheelchairs and scooters.

ISO 16840-4:2009 specifies test methods and requirements for design and performance, for instructions and warnings and for product marking and labelling of seating systems intended to be used as a forward-facing seat in a motor vehicle when fitted to a manual or powered wheelchair. It evaluates the frontal crashworthiness performance of complete seating systems for occupancy by adults or children of mass equal to or greater than 22 kg. ISO 16840-4:2009 only applies to complete wheelchair seating systems including attachment hardware, designed to be used with a wheelchair base tested as part of a wheelchair system that conforms to ISO 7176-19 performance requirements and that has securement points for use with four-point, strap-type tiedowns. ISO 16840-4:2009 applies to seating systems designed to be used with occupant restraints that anchor either to the vehicle, the tiedown system, the seating system or the wheelchair base.

ISO 7176-10:2008 specifies test methods for determining the ability to climb and descend obstacles of electrically powered wheelchairs, including scooters, intended to carry one person, with a maximum nominal speed not exceeding 15 km/h.

ISO 7176-4:2008 specifies methods for determining theoretical distance range of electrically powered wheelchairs, including scooters, using measurements of energy consumed while driving and the nominal energy capacity of the wheelchair's battery set. It is applicable to electrically powered wheelchairs with a maximum nominal speed no greater than 15 km/h, intended to provide indoor and/or outdoor mobility for one disabled person whose mass is within the range represented by ISO 7176-11. ISO 7176-4:2008 also includes requirements for test reports and information disclosure.

ISO 7176-5:2007 specifies methods for the determination of wheelchair dimensions and mass. This includes specific methods for the determination of outside dimensions when the wheelchair is occupied by a reference occupant and the required manoeuvring space needed for wheelchair manoeuvres commonly carried out in daily life. ISO 7176-5:2007 specifies requirements for the disclosure of the dimensions and masses and contains five informative annexes. Annex A specifies methods for the determination of technical dimensions that can be important to the performance of the wheelchair. Annex B provides detailed information about pivot width and reversing width. Annex C provides detailed information about the turning diameter. Annex D provides details on determining the wheelchair longitudinal axis and wheelchair centre-point. Annex E provides technical guidelines and interpretation for many of the measurements specified to facilitate improved understanding, design and construction of wheelchairs. ISO 7176-5:2007 is applicable to manual wheelchairs and electrically powered wheelchairs (including scooters).

ISO 7176-26:2007 specifies a vocabulary consisting of terms and definitions used in the field of manual and electrically powered wheelchairs (including scooters) and associated seating systems. ISO 7176-26:2007 includes, but is not limited to, the preferred terms used in two or more ISO standards of the ISO 7176, ISO 10542 and ISO 16840 series, but does not include terms considered to be adequately defined in everyday English.

ISO 16840-1:2006 applies to seating intended to provide postural support within a wheelchair. It specifies: a global coordinate system that permits the determination and recording of a person's posture while seated in a wheelchair; the standard terms and definitions for use in describing both the posture and the anthropometrics of a person seated in a wheelchair; the terms and definitions for describing the dimensions, location and orientation of seating support surfaces, which together comprise the body support system. ISO 16840-1:2006 does not specify any methods for use in measuring a person's seated posture, nor does it define terms for dynamic physiological movements (such as flexion or extension). ISO 16840-1:2006 might be applicable to seating other than that intended to be used within a wheelchair.

The purpose of ISO 13570-1:2005 is to explain how you can use the International Standards on wheelchairs to select your next wheelchair. The actual standards are very technical and, at first glance, you may not understand how this information will help you select a wheelchair or scooter. ISO 13570-1:2005 is meant to help you understand the purpose for and content of International Standards on wheelchairs. ISO 13570-1:2005 is divided into six clauses. How to use ISO 13570-1:2005. Standardized testing and information disclosure: Provides background information on standardized testing of wheelchairs. Discusses how chairs are tested and how information is disclosed. General considerations: Discusses general considerations related to choosing a powered or manual wheelchair. Incorporating personal body characteristics: Relates your physical characteristics to the fit of a chair, either manual or powered. Manual wheelchairs: Discusses manual wheelchair test procedures. Powered wheelchairs: Discusses powered wheelchair test procedures; focuses on three- and four-wheeled scooters as well as full-sized powered wheelchairs. In the manual and powered wheelchair sections, the test procedures are grouped into three categories: performance, safety, and dimensions. For each test procedure, ISO 13570-1:2005 includes reasons why you might need this information, a brief description of the standardized test procedure, how the results of the test will be disclosed in the manufacturer's technical product literature, and how to interpret the results of the test for your own situation.

Specifies the information, documentation and labelling to be provided with a wheelchair at the supply by the manufacturer.

The test method consists in drawing a given block with definite speed over the test surface of in general rough structure. The bottom side of the block is covered with a layer of standard rubber to get comparable results.

ISO/TS 16840-12:2015 specifies apparatus, test methods, and disclosure requirements for characterization of wheelchair seat cushion immersion and envelopment properties using instrumented indenters to characterize the interface pressure of each indenter and the test cushion by measuring the cushioning effects of immersion and envelopment. This part of ISO 16840 can be considered to expand the characterization of products intended to manage tissue integrity (ISO 16840‑2) and provide a standardized indenter for other wheelchair seating tests. It does not provide information specific to cushion performance for a particular individual user. ISO/TS 16840-12:2015 includes a method that is specific to 220 mm and 255 mm indenters. Dimensions and loads are provided for the 380 mm indenter to allow for extension of the methods for bariatric applications.

ISO 16840-10:2014 specifies requirements and test methods to assess the resistance to ignition by smouldering cigarette equivalent of non-integrated components of a wheelchair intended to protect tissue integrity. The test measures only the resistance to ignition by smouldering cigarette equivalent of the items tested and not the ignitability of the complete wheelchair. It gives an indication, but cannot guarantee, the ignition behaviour of the assembled non-integrated devices of a complete wheelchair. This part of ISO 16840 does not apply to resistance to ignition of structural parts of a wheelchair, nor does it cover postural support devices. This part of ISO 16840 does not cover changes in resistance to ignition as a result of regular washing or use. This part of ISO 16840 allows for the separate testing of removable non-integrated components of a wheelchair which are normally used in the horizontal plane (e.g. a seat cushion) from those normally used in the vertical plane (e.g. a back support). This part of ISO 16840 describes testing an assembly of the composite of materials as used in the removable non-integrated component. The results of this part of ISO 16840 do not give any indication of the resistance to ignition of any of the separate individual materials of the test sample. NOTE 1 The intent of this part of ISO 16840 is primarily to cover removable cushions whose described purpose is that of protecting skin tissue against pressure, shear, and maceration related damage. NOTE 2 The requirements of this part of ISO 16840 have been set at a basic minimal level and are less severe than mandatory requirements in some countries. Where practical, it is advisable that manufacturers use materials with superior resistance to ignition. The manufacturer is required to make the case as to why ISO 7176?16 could not be employed rather than this part of ISO 16840. NOTE 3 Requirements for the control of risks from sources of fire created by electrical and electronic components are included in ISO 7176?14

ISO/TS 16840-11:2014 specifies a method for determining the dissipation characteristics of simulated perspiration exposure on wheelchair seat cushions. ISO/TS 16840-11:2014 is applicable to wheelchair seat cushions that include a cushion cover.

ISO 7176-16:2012 specifies requirements and test methods to assess the resistance to ignition by match flame equivalent of all postural support devices that are supplied to be part of a wheelchair or its seating system. ISO 7176-16:2012 only determines the resistance to ignition of the devices tested and not the ignitability of the complete wheelchair. ISO 7176-16:2012 allows for the separate testing of inferior/superior supports (e.g. arm supports), which are usually used in the horizontal plane, and anterior/posterior/lateral/medial supports (e.g. thoracic harnesses, calf panels), which are usually used in the vertical plane.

ISO 7176-19:2008 applies to all manual and powered wheelchairs, including scooters, which, in addition to their primary function as wheeled mobility devices, are also likely to be used as forward-facing seats in motor vehicles by children and adults with a body mass equal to or greater than 22 kg. ISO 7176-19:2008 specifies wheelchair design requirements, performance requirements and associated test methods, and requirements for wheelchair labelling, presale literature, user instructions and user warnings. It applies to complete wheelchairs, including a base frame and seating system, as well as to wheelchairs equipped with add-on adaptive components designed to facilitate compliance with one or more of the requirements.

ISO 7176-14:2008 specifies requirements and associated test methods for the power and control systems of electrically powered wheelchairs and scooters. It sets safety and performance requirements that apply during normal use and some conditions of abuse and failure. It also specifies methods of measurement of the forces necessary to operate controls and sets limits on the forces needed for some operations. ISO 7176-14:2008 is applicable to electrically powered wheelchairs and scooters with a maximum speed no greater than 15 km/h intended to provide indoor and/or outdoor mobility for one disabled person whose mass lies in the range specified in ISO 7176-11.

ISO 16840-2:2007 specifies apparatus, test methods and disclosure requirements for wheelchair seat cushions intended to maintain tissue integrity and prevent tissue trauma. It does not include test methods or requirements for determining the fire resistance of cushions and addresses neither the interface pressure distributing characteristics of seat cushions nor the heat and water vapour dissipation characteristics of seat cushions. ISO 16840-2:2007 can also be applicable to tissue integrity management devices used as other support systems, as well as to cushions used in situations other than a wheelchair.

ISO 16840-3:2006 specifies test methods for the determination of static, impact and repetitive load strengths as well as disclosure requirements for postural support devices (PSD) with associated attachment hardware intended for use with wheelchairs. ISO 16840-3:2006 does not test the transportability and the use of the PSD in a motor vehicle. NOTE At the present time there are no minimum or maximum strength requirements specified in the test procedures for testing for PSDs. In the future, minimum or maximum loads for testing might be specified for testing on a pass/fail basis. The maximum displacement, the maximum force achieved before failure and the type of failure that occurs is disclosed for comparison purposes.

ISO 10542-3:2005 specifies design and performance requirements and recommendations, instructions and warnings for both installers and users, and product marking and labelling, for wheelchair tiedown and occupant-restraint systems (WTORS) that use a docking-type wheelchair tiedown. It specifies the universal docking interface geometry (UDIG) and a method of testing wheelchair movement. It is applicable to docking-type wheelchair tiedown devices intended for securing all types of manual and powered forward-facing wheelchairs, including scooters with three or more wheels, used by adult passengers and drivers of motor vehicles. Although ISO 10542-3 has been conceived primarily for use with complete WTORS, certain of its aspects can also be applied to components and subassemblies sold separately and for replacement parts.

ISO 7176-24:2004 is applicable to user-operated stair-climbing chairs and user-operated stair-climbing wheelchair carriers where the stair-climbing device climbs backwards up the stairs, with the user facing downstairs, and climbs down the stairs in a forward position with the user facing downstairs. ISO 7176-24:2004 specifies requirements and test methods for electrically powered stair-climbing devices that are user-operated. It also includes ergonomic, labelling and disclosure requirements. ISO 7176-24:2004 specifies tests to demonstrate the stair-climbing device's ability to perform safely on stairs with a pitch of 35°, or higher if claimed by the manufacturer.