ISO 7176-5:2008
(Main)Wheelchairs - Part 5: Determination of dimensions, mass and manoeuvring space
Wheelchairs - Part 5: Determination of dimensions, mass and manoeuvring space
ISO 7176-5:2007 specifies methods for the determination of wheelchair dimensions and mass. This includes specific methods for the determination of outside dimensions when the wheelchair is occupied by a reference occupant and the required manoeuvring space needed for wheelchair manoeuvres commonly carried out in daily life. ISO 7176-5:2007 specifies requirements for the disclosure of the dimensions and masses and contains five informative annexes. Annex A specifies methods for the determination of technical dimensions that can be important to the performance of the wheelchair. Annex B provides detailed information about pivot width and reversing width. Annex C provides detailed information about the turning diameter. Annex D provides details on determining the wheelchair longitudinal axis and wheelchair centre-point. Annex E provides technical guidelines and interpretation for many of the measurements specified to facilitate improved understanding, design and construction of wheelchairs. ISO 7176-5:2007 is applicable to manual wheelchairs and electrically powered wheelchairs (including scooters).
Fauteuils roulants β Partie 5: DΓ©termination des dimensions, de la masse et de l'espace de manoeuvre
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 25-May-2008
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 173/SC 1 - Wheelchairs
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 173/SC 1/WG 1 - Test methods
- Current Stage
- 9093 - International Standard confirmed
- Start Date
- 12-Jul-2023
- Completion Date
- 13-Dec-2025
Relations
- Revises
ISO 7176-5:1986 - Wheelchairs - Part 5: Determination of overall dimensions, mass and turning space - Effective Date
- 15-Apr-2008
Overview
ISO 7176-5:2008 - "Wheelchairs - Part 5: Determination of dimensions, mass and manoeuvring space" specifies standardized methods to measure and report the important physical characteristics of wheelchairs. The standard defines how to determine outside dimensions and total mass when a wheelchair is occupied by a reference occupant, and how to measure the manoeuvring space required for typical daily wheelchair movements. ISO 7176-5 applies to manual wheelchairs and electrically powered wheelchairs (including scooters).
Key topics
- Scope and applicability: measurement methods for dimensions, mass and space requirements for manual and powered wheelchairs.
- Reference occupant and pre-selection: use of a reference occupant size to ensure repeatable, comparable results across wheelchair models.
- Test preparation and apparatus: procedures for selection, set-up, adjustment, loading and positioning of the test wheelchair prior to measurement.
- Required measurements: full overall length, occupied dimensions, overall width, handgrip height, stowage dimensions, total mass, mass of heaviest part, pivot width, reversing width, turning diameter, ground clearance, corridor/doorway widths.
- Manoeuvring space: methods to determine turning diameter, pivot and reversing widths to estimate real-world accessibility needs.
- Information disclosure and reporting: standardized requirements for publishing measured dimensions and masses on specification sheets and in test reports.
- Informative annexes (AβE): technical dimensions (Annex A), detailed pivot/reversing width guidance (B), turning diameter details (C), wheelchair longitudinal axis/centre-point (D), and practical design/measurement guidelines (E).
Applications and users
ISO 7176-5 provides practical value for:
- Manufacturers and designers - to quantify product physical characteristics, support design decisions and prepare compliant specification sheets.
- Test laboratories and certification bodies - to perform repeatable, standardized measurements and create test reports.
- Prescribers, clinicians and wheelchair providers - to compare models and select wheelchairs suitable for a userβs physical and environmental needs.
- Architects and public authorities - to evaluate building access, doorway and corridor dimensions against real manoeuvring space needs for wheelchair users.
- Occupants and caregivers - to understand size, portability and manoeuvrability when assessing suitability for everyday environments.
Related standards
ISO 7176-5 is part of the ISO 7176 series. Relevant related parts include:
- ISO 7176-7 (seating and wheel dimensions)
- ISO 7176-11 (test dummies)
- ISO 7176-13 (coefficient of friction of test surfaces)
- ISO 7176-15 (information disclosure and labelling)
- ISO 7176-22 (set-up procedures)
- ISO 7176-26 (vocabulary)
Using ISO 7176-5 helps ensure consistent, comparable data on wheelchair dimensions, mass and manoeuvring space, supporting accessibility planning, procurement and compliant product information.
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 7176-5:2008 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Wheelchairs - Part 5: Determination of dimensions, mass and manoeuvring space". This standard covers: ISO 7176-5:2007 specifies methods for the determination of wheelchair dimensions and mass. This includes specific methods for the determination of outside dimensions when the wheelchair is occupied by a reference occupant and the required manoeuvring space needed for wheelchair manoeuvres commonly carried out in daily life. ISO 7176-5:2007 specifies requirements for the disclosure of the dimensions and masses and contains five informative annexes. Annex A specifies methods for the determination of technical dimensions that can be important to the performance of the wheelchair. Annex B provides detailed information about pivot width and reversing width. Annex C provides detailed information about the turning diameter. Annex D provides details on determining the wheelchair longitudinal axis and wheelchair centre-point. Annex E provides technical guidelines and interpretation for many of the measurements specified to facilitate improved understanding, design and construction of wheelchairs. ISO 7176-5:2007 is applicable to manual wheelchairs and electrically powered wheelchairs (including scooters).
ISO 7176-5:2007 specifies methods for the determination of wheelchair dimensions and mass. This includes specific methods for the determination of outside dimensions when the wheelchair is occupied by a reference occupant and the required manoeuvring space needed for wheelchair manoeuvres commonly carried out in daily life. ISO 7176-5:2007 specifies requirements for the disclosure of the dimensions and masses and contains five informative annexes. Annex A specifies methods for the determination of technical dimensions that can be important to the performance of the wheelchair. Annex B provides detailed information about pivot width and reversing width. Annex C provides detailed information about the turning diameter. Annex D provides details on determining the wheelchair longitudinal axis and wheelchair centre-point. Annex E provides technical guidelines and interpretation for many of the measurements specified to facilitate improved understanding, design and construction of wheelchairs. ISO 7176-5:2007 is applicable to manual wheelchairs and electrically powered wheelchairs (including scooters).
ISO 7176-5:2008 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 11.180.10 - Aids and adaptation for moving. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 7176-5:2008 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 7176-5:1986. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ISO 7176-5:2008 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 7176-5
Second edition
2008-06-01
Wheelchairs β
Part 5:
Determination of dimensions, mass
and manoeuvring space
Fauteuils roulants β
Partie 5: DΓ©termination des dimensions, de la masse et de l'espace
de manoeuvre
Reference number
Β©
ISO 2008
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Β© ISO 2008
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Published in Switzerland
ii Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. v
Introduction . vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Wheelchair classes and occupant mass groups. 22
4.1 General. 22
4.2 Classes of electrically powered wheelchairs. 22
4.3 Occupant mass groups. 22
5 Test apparatus . 22
6 Selection of the test wheelchair . 26
7 Preparation of the test wheelchair . 27
7.1 General. 27
7.2 Wheelchair equipment. 27
7.3 Wheelchair adjustment. 27
7.4 Final check . 32
7.5 Positioning . 32
7.6 Loading of the wheelchair . 32
7.7 Records. 34
7.8 Use of hand space gauge and foot space gauges . 34
7.9 Wheel rotation . 34
7.10 Asymmetrical design of test wheelchair .35
8 Required measurements. 35
8.1 General. 35
8.2 Full overall length . 36
8.3 Overall width . 36
8.4 Handgrip height . 36
8.5 Stowage length . 36
8.6 Stowage width. 37
8.7 Stowage height . 37
8.8 Rising . 37
8.9 Total mass . 37
8.10 Mass of heaviest part . 37
8.11 Pivot width. 38
8.12 Reversing width . 38
8.13 Turning diameter. 38
8.14 Ground clearance . 39
8.15 Required width of angled corridor. 39
8.16 Required doorway entry depth. 39
8.17 Required corridor width for side opening.39
9 Disclosure of information . 41
9.1 General. 41
9.2 Wheelchairs with handrims . 41
9.3 Wheelchairs without handrims. 41
10 Test report . 42
10.1 Requirements . 42
10.2 Recommendations. 43
Annex A (informative) Technical dimensions. 45
Annex B (informative) Pivot width and reversing width . 59
Annex C (informative) Turning diameter . 69
Annex D (informative) Wheelchair longitudinal axis and wheelchair centre-point. 74
Annex E (informative) Guidelines and recommendations for wheelchair design and performance . 75
Bibliography . 79
iv Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 7176-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 173, Assistive products for persons with disability,
Subcommittee SC 1, Wheelchairs.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7176-5:1986) which has been technically
revised.
ISO 7176 consists of the following parts, under the general title Wheelchairs:
β― Part 1: Determination of static stability
β― Part 2: Determination of dynamic stability of electric wheelchairs
β― Part 3: Determination of effectiveness of brakes
β― Part 4: Energy consumption of electric wheelchairs and scooters for determination of theoretical distance
range
β― Part 5: Determination of dimensions, mass and manoeuvring space
β― Part 6: Determination of maximum speed, acceleration and deceleration of electric wheelchairs
β― Part 7: Measurement of seating and wheel dimensions
β― Part 8: Requirements and test methods for static, impact and fatigue strengths
β― Part 9: Climatic tests for electric wheelchairs
β― Part 10: Determination of obstacle-climbing ability of electrically powered wheelchairs
β― Part 11: Test dummies
β― Part 13: Determination of coefficient of friction of test surfaces
β― Part 14: Power and control systems for electrically powered wheelchairs and scooters β Requirements
and test methods
β― Part 15: Requirements for information disclosure, documentation and labelling
β― Part 16: Resistance to ignition of upholstered parts β Requirements and test methods
β― Part 19: Wheeled mobility devices for use as seats in motor vehicles
β― Part 21: Requirements and test methods for electromagnetic compatibility of electrically powered
wheelchairs and motorized scooters, and battery chargers
β― Part 22: Set-up procedures
β― Part 23: Requirements and test methods for attendant-operated stair-climbing devices
β― Part 24: Requirements and test methods for user-operated stair-climbing devices
β― Part 26: Vocabulary
vi Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
Introduction
The purpose of this part of ISO 7176 is to provide technical definitions together with appropriate measurement
procedures for measuring important dimensions and masses of manual wheelchairs and electrically powered
wheelchairs including scooters, which can be used to estimate the appropriateness for a given environment.
A new approach is used for the pre-selection of the reference size from a wheelchair model with a range of
various dimensions by introducing reference dimensions of the intended occupant. This new approach
ensures repeatable and comparable test results.
The information in this part of ISO 7176 is intended for three main reader groups:
β― prescribers and occupants of wheelchairs;
β― architects and public authorities;
β― manufacturers, wheelchair providers, clinicians and test laboratories.
Features that are important to wheelchair occupants, architects and public authorities, such as overall
dimensions and the estimation of the space needed and general manoeuvrability, are contained in Clause 8.
Values for the different features are disclosed in the wheelchair's specification sheet. The values can be used
to determine, before purchase, the wheelchair's suitability in relation to specific requirements and needs.
The technical features of a wheelchair which are of importance to manufacturers, wheelchair providers,
clinicians and test laboratories, such as items to be considered when manufacturing, setting up, adjusting,
repairing or testing wheelchairs, are included in Annex A.
[1]
Technical Report ISO/TR 13570-1 is also available, giving a simplified explanation of the different parts of
ISO 7176.
[2]
Technical Report, ISO/TR 13570-2 , is under consideration.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7176-5:2008(E)
Wheelchairs β
Part 5:
Determination of dimensions, mass and manoeuvring space
1 Scope
This part of ISO 7176 specifies methods for the determination of wheelchair dimensions and mass.
This includes specific methods for the determination of outside dimensions when the wheelchair is occupied
by a reference occupant and the required manoeuvring space needed for wheelchair manoeuvres commonly
carried out in daily life.
This part of ISO 7176 specifies requirements for the disclosure of the dimensions and masses and contains
five informative annexes.
Annex A specifies methods for the determination of technical dimensions that can be important to the
performance of the wheelchair.
Annex B provides detailed information about pivot width and reversing width.
Annex C provides detailed information about the turning diameter.
Annex D provides details on determining the wheelchair longitudinal axis and wheelchair centre-point.
Annex E provides technical guidelines and recommendations for many of the measurements specified to
facilitate improved understanding, design and construction of wheelchairs.
This part of ISO 7176 is applicable to manual wheelchairs and electrically powered wheelchairs (including
scooters).
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7176-7, Wheelchairs β Part 7: Measurement of seating and wheel dimensions
ISO 7176-11, Wheelchairs β Part 11: Test dummies
ISO 7176-13, Wheelchairs β Part 13: Determination of coefficient of friction of test surfaces
ISO 7176-15, Wheelchairs β Part 15: Requirements for information disclosure, documentation and labelling
ISO 7176-22:2000, Wheelchairs β Part 22: Set-up procedures
ISO 7176-26, Wheelchairs β Part 26: Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7176-26 and the following apply.
3.1
castor wheel misalignment
lateral distance between the ground contact point of the castor wheel and that point where the castor stem
axis intersects with the ground
See Figure 1.
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.22.
NOTE 2 A non-zero value usually indicates a misalignment. The value is positive if the ground contact point of the
castor wheel is medial to the point of intersection of the castor stem axis with the ground, zero if in the desired neutral
position and negative if the ground contact point of the castor wheel is lateral to the point of intersection of the castor stem
axis with the ground.
NOTE 3 Sketches a), b) and c) in front view; d) in top view.
a) shifted wheel b) conical wheel c) tilted axle d) oblique axle
Key
1 castor wheel misalignment
Figure 1 β Castor wheel misalignment (exaggerated)
2 Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
3.2
fixed wheel
wheel that cannot change its axial orientation relative to the wheelchair during motion
EXAMPLE Drive wheel, manoeuvring wheel or guide wheel.
3.3
front wheel track
distance between the ground contact points of the front wheels
See Figure 2.
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.15.
NOTE 2 Sketch in front view.
Key
1 front wheel track
Figure 2 β Front wheel track (example)
3.4
full occupied length
distance between the most forward and most rearward point of the wheelchair including lower leg support
assemblies and a reference occupant
See Figure 3.
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.8.
NOTE 2 This measurement applies where the wheelchair has fixed leg supports and/or foot supports or where the leg
supports and/or foot supports are removable but not removed.
Key
1 full occupied length
2 reduced occupied length
3 occupied width
4 occupied height
Figure 3 β Dimensions of the wheelchair when occupied
4 Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
3.5
full overall length
distance between the most forward and most rearward point of the wheelchair when assembled and ready for
use with any leg supports, foot supports and any anti-tipping devices fitted
See Figure 4.
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with 8.2.
NOTE 2 This measurement applies where the wheelchair has fixed leg supports and/or foot supports or where the leg
supports and/or foot supports are removable but not removed.
Key
1 full overall length
2 reduced overall length
3 overall width
4 overall height
Figure 4 β Overall wheelchair dimensions
3.6
ground clearance
minimum clearance between the occupied wheelchair and the ground
See Figure 5.
NOTE Measurement is in accordance with 8.14.
Key
1 typical critical points
2 ground clearance
a
Wheels, adjustable leg/foot supports and anti-tip devices are not considered.
Figure 5 β Ground clearance (example)
3.7
ground contact point
midpoint of the area where the wheel contacts the ground
See Figure 6.
NOTE 1 One means of identifying the ground contact point is to place four feeler gauges of equal thickness, and with
at least one straight edge, on the test plane (an example of a feeler gauge is a piece of tin or other rigid material,
0,5 mm Β± 0,2 mm thick). Push two of them from the front and rear under the wheels with their straight edges horizontal
and perpendicular to the wheelchair longitudinal axis and push the other two of them, from both sides, under the wheels
with their straight edges parallel to the wheelchair longitudinal axis. Push all feeler gauges until they contact the wheel.
The ground contact point is located in the middle of the rectangle created by the straight edges of the four feeler gauges.
NOTE 2 Sketch a) in side view; b) in front view; c) in 3/4 view with wheelchair removed.
6 Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
a) b)
c)
Key
1 area of contact between wheel and ground
2 front feeler gauge
3 rear feeler gauge
4 right feeler gauge
5 left feeler gauge
6 ground contact point
Figure 6 β Identification of ground contact point
3.8
handgrip height
vertical distance from the ground to the handgrip reference points of the wheelchair
NOTE Measurement is in accordance with 8.4.
3.9
handgrip reference point
outermost lateral point at half length of the handgrip
See Figure 7.
Key
1 handgrip reference point
Figure 7 β Handgrip reference point
3.10
lateral handrim deviation
deviation of the handrim from a flat plane that is perpendicular to the axle
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.7.
NOTE 2 Lateral handrim deviation is expressed as the difference between the position of the innermost and outermost
points of the outermost continuous surface of the handrim, measured in the direction of the axis of the wheel. A non-zero
value usually indicates a misalignment.
3.11
lateral wheel deviation
deviation of the rim of the wheel from a flat plane that is perpendicular to the wheel axle
See Figure 8.
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.5.
NOTE 2 Lateral wheel deviation is expressed as the difference between the position of the innermost and outermost
points of the outermost continuous surface of the rim of the wheel, measured in the direction of the axis of the wheel. A
non-zero value usually indicates a misalignment.
3.12
mass of heaviest part
mass of the heaviest part (or assembly of parts) of the wheelchair when dismantled for transport or stowing
purposes
NOTE Measurement is in accordance with 8.10.
3.13
movable wheel
wheel that can change its axial orientation relative to the wheelchair during motion
EXAMPLE Pivot wheel, pivot drive wheel or castor wheel.
8 Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
a) wheel with skew axle b) wheel with lateral bump c) uneven wheel
Figure 8 β Some wheels with lateral wheel deviation
3.14
occupied height
vertical distance from the test plane to the uppermost point of the head of a reference occupant
See Figure 3.
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.11.
NOTE 2 The occupied height measurement takes the presence of a seat cushion into account.
3.15
occupied width
horizontal distance across the wheelchair including a reference occupant
See Figure 3.
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.10.
NOTE 2 Occupied width includes the hands of the occupant if the wheelchair has handrims.
3.16
pivot width
minimum distance between two vertical and parallel walls between which a wheelchair with full differential
steering can turn through 180Β° with one single and continuous turning manoeuvre
See Figure 9 and B.2.
NOTE Measurement is in accordance with 8.11.
Key
1 pivot width
Figure 9 β Pivot width
3.17
radial handrim deviation
deviation of the handrim from a true circle that is concentric to the axle
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.6.
NOTE 2 Radial handrim deviation is expressed as the difference between the longest and the shortest outer radius of
each handrim. A non-zero value usually indicates a misalignment.
10 Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
3.18
radial wheel deviation
deviation of the outer circumference of the wheel from a true circle that is concentric to the axle
See Figure 10.
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.4.
NOTE 2 Radial wheel deviation is expressed as the difference between the longest and the shortest radius of the
wheel. A non-zero value usually indicates a misalignment.
a) eccentric wheel b) wheel with flat part c) wheel with bump d) elliptical wheel
Figure 10 β Some wheels with radial wheel deviation
3.19
ramp transition angle
angle between ramp and horizontal on which the transition to level ground can be negotiated without
contacting the ramp or the ground with any part other than the wheels
See Figure 11.
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.12.
NOTE 2 Ramp transition angle concerns the smallest of the three angles achieved when driving over a transition
between level ground and a ramp:
a) with front parts at the lower transition;
b) with rear parts at the lower transition;
c) with parts that are located between the wheels at the upper transition.
The ramp transition angle is expressed in degrees.
NOTE 3 Since architects express the angles of ramps in percent, the ramp transition angle may also be expressed as
a percentage. The ramp transition angle can be converted from degrees to percent as follows:
PD=
where P is the angle in percent and D is the angle in degrees (for angles below 10Β° the error is less than 1 %, and below
20Β° the error is less than 4 %).
a) front parts at the lower b) rear parts at the lower c) parts located between the
transition transition wheels at the upper transition
Figure 11 β Ramp transition angle
3.20
rear wheel track
distance between the ground contact points of the rear wheel
See Figure 12.
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.14.
NOTE 2 Sketch is a rear view.
Key
1 rear wheel track
Figure 12 β Rear wheel track (example)
12 Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
3.21
reduced occupied length
distance between the most forward and most rearward point of the wheelchair without lower leg support
assemblies but including a reference occupant
See Figure 3.
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.9.
NOTE 2 This measurement applies where the wheelchair is delivered without leg supports and/or foot supports or
where the leg supports and/or foot supports are removable and removed.
3.22
reduced overall length
distance between the most forward and the most rearward point of the wheelchair when assembled and ready
for use without lower leg support assemblies
See Figure 4.
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.2.
NOTE 2 This measurement applies where the wheelchair is delivered without leg supports and/or foot supports or
where the leg supports and/or foot supports are removable and removed.
3.23
required corridor width for side opening
minimum width of a corridor necessary to permit the wheelchair to move forwards into or out of the corridor
through an open doorway of defined width in one wall
See Figure 13.
NOTE Measurement is in accordance with 8.17.
a) exiting
b) entering
Key
1 800 mm wide side opening
2 required corridor width for side opening when exiting
3 required corridor width for side opening when entering
Figure 13 β Required corridor width for side opening
14 Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
3.24
required doorway entry depth
minimum distance between the wall containing the door and the most remote point of the wheelchair when
opening an 800 mm wide door that is located 600 mm from the side wall
See Figure 14.
NOTE Measurement is in accordance with 8.16.
Key
1 800 mm wide door opening
2 600 mm side distance
3 required doorway entry depth
Figure 14 β Required doorway entry depth
3.25
required width of angled corridor
minimum width of a corridor with a right angled turn in which the wheelchair can be driven in both forward and
rearward directions
See Figure 15.
NOTE Measurement is in accordance with 8.15.
Key:
1 required width of angled corridor
Figure 15 β Required width of angled corridor
16 Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
3.26
reversing width
minimum distance between two vertical and parallel walls between which the wheelchair with direct steering or
limited differential steering can turn through 180Β° with one initial forward drive, one rearward drive and one
final forward drive (i.e. a three-point turn)
See Figure 16 and Clause B.3.
NOTE Measurement is in accordance with 8.12.
Key
1 reversing width
Figure 16 β Reversing width (example with scooter)
3.27
rising
distance between the ground and the lowermost point of the front wheels when the anti-tip devices are in
contact with the ground
See Figure 17.
NOTE Measurement is in accordance with 8.8.
Key
1 anti-tip device contacting the ground
2 rising
Figure 17 β Rising
18 Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
3.28
skew
relative position of a pair of fixed wheels, where one wheel is ahead of the other
See Figure 18.
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.18.
NOTE 2 A non-zero value usually indicates a misalignment. The value is positive if the left wheel is located in front of
the right wheel, zero is the desired neutral position, and is negative if the right wheel is located in front of the left wheel.
Key
1 Skew
Figure 18 β Skew (exaggerated)
3.29
wheel median line
imaginary circle, having the same diameter as a wheel, which passes through the ground contact point of the
wheel as the wheel is rotated
See Figure 19.
NOTE If the wheel is a torus, the wheel median line runs around the wheel at its greatest diameter. If the wheel is a
cylinder, the wheel median line is at the half width of the surface. In case of a twin wheel, the wheel median line is in the
middle of the two wheels (on the same hub).
a) wheel median line b) wheel median line c) wheel median line
of a torus wheel of a cylindrical wheel of a twin wheel
Figure 19 β Wheel median line
3.30
wheelbase
longitudinal distance between the ground contact points of the front and rear wheels with any castor wheels in
the forward trailing position
See Figure 20.
NOTE 1 Measurement is in accordance with A.13.
NOTE 2 Sketch is a side view.
Key
1 wheelbase
Figure 20 β Wheelbase
20 Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
3.31
wheelchair centre-point
midpoint of the line between the centres of the fixed wheels
See Figure 21 and Annex D.
NOTE If there is only one fixed wheel, the wheelchair centre-point is at the midpoint of that wheel; if there is more
than one axis with fixed wheels, the wheelchair centre-point is on the axis with the larger wheel diameters; if all fixed
wheels have the same diameter, the wheelchair centre-point is on the axis that bears the higher proportion of load of the
occupied wheelchair.
Key
1 centre of fixed wheel
2 wheelchair centre-point
a
Wheelchair longitudinal axis.
Figure 21 β Wheelchair centre-point and wheelchair longitudinal axis
3.32
wheelchair longitudinal axis
imaginary horizontal line through the wheelchair centre-point, running in the direction of straight
forward/rearward travel
See Figure 21 and Annex D.
4 Wheelchair classes and occupant mass groups
4.1 General
The dimensions of a wheelchair are mainly influenced by its class (electrically powered wheelchairs only) and
by its intended occupant mass group.
4.2 Classes of electrically powered wheelchairs
Electrically powered wheelchairs are classified in one or more of the following three classes, dependant upon
their intended field of use.
β― Class A: compact, manoeuvrable wheelchair not necessarily capable of negotiating outdoor obstacles.
β― Class B: wheelchair sufficiently compact and manoeuvrable for some indoor environments and capable
of negotiating some outdoor obstacles.
β― Class C: wheelchair, usually larger in size, not necessarily intended for indoor use but capable of
travelling over longer distances and negotiating outdoor obstacles.
NOTE 1 Typically, class A wheelchairs are intended to be used primarily indoors, class B wheelchairs are intended to
be used both indoors and outdoors and class C wheelchairs are intended to be used primarily outdoors.
NOTE 2 Scooters are included in the classes above.
4.3 Occupant mass groups
Wheelchairs are intended for one of the following three wheelchair occupant mass groups:
β― Occupant mass group I: occupant with a mass below 50 kg.
β― Occupant mass group II: occupant with a mass between 50 kg and 125 kg.
β― Occupant mass group III: occupant with a mass above 125 kg.
5 Test apparatus
5.1 Test plane, rigid horizontal plane of sufficient size to accommodate the wheelchair and the adjustable
barriers (5.2) during testing, such that the whole surface is sufficiently flat that it is contained between two
imaginary horizontal parallel planes 5 mm apart per 1 000 mm and 25 mm apart per 6 000 mm, with a
coefficient of friction conforming to ISO 7176-13.
5.2 Adjustable barriers, vertical planes capable of touching or detecting the outer dimensions and the
operating area of the wheelchair on the test plane, such that the plane of each barrier is sufficiently flat that it
is contained between two imaginary vertical parallel planes 5 mm apart per 1 000 mm.
EXAMPLES Physical planes, light beams or any other appropriate means for providing a flat and vertical plane.
5.3 Test dummy, conforming to ISO 7176-11, modified as follows: replace the lower leg portions of the test
dummies with two foot space gauges, each having a shape as indicated in Figure 22 and a mass of
2 kg Β± 0,5 kg for occupant mass group I and of 3,5 kg Β± 0,5 kg for occupant mass groups II and III.
22 Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
Dimensions in millimetres
a) occupant mass group I b) occupant mass groups II and III
Key
a
Front.
b
Heel.
NOTE 1 Pieces of plywood, 15 mm Β± 5 mm thick, attached to steel blocks may be used.
NOTE 2 Sketches in top view with the front of the foot pointing to the top
Figure 22 β Foot space gauges
5.4 Knee space gauge, substituting the reference occupantβs knees and which:
β― has a shape as indicated in Figure 23;
β― adds to the respective test dummyβs lap section to achieve a total length of 520 mm Β± 3 mm for occupant
mass group I and 650 mm Β± 3 mm for occupant mass groups II and III when measured parallel to the seat
plane and between the most forward point of the knee space gauge and the intersection point of the seat
plane with the back support plane of the test dummy;
β― has a width of 270 mm Β± 3 mm for occupant mass group I, 340 mm Β± 3 mm for occupant mass group II
and 390 mm Β± 3 mm for occupant mass group III;
β― has a radius of 50 mm Β± 2 mm for occupant mass group I and 60 mm Β± 2 mm for occupant mass groups
II and III.
NOTE 1 A piece of plywood, 15 mm Β± 5 mm thick, may be used.
[3]
NOTE 2 Dimensions are in accordance with DIN 33402 and ISO 7176-11.
Key
1 test dummy
2 knee space gauge
3 intersection point of seat plane with back support plane of test dummy
4 total length of dummy including knee space gauge
5 width
6 radius
Figure 23 β Knee space gauge
5.5 Length measuring device, means for measuring linear dimensions in increments of 0,5 mm in the
range of 0 mm to 150 mm, in increments of 1 mm in the range of 150 mm to 2 000 mm and in increments of
2 mm in the range of 2 000 mm to 5 000 mm.
5.6 Hand space gauges, means of substituting the reference occupantβs hands on the handrims. They
shall add 75 mm Β± 1 mm to each handrim in a radial direction and 50 mm Β± 1 mm in a lateral direction when
measured at the top (see Figure 24). They shall extend at least 30Β° in the rearward direction and 60Β° in the
forward direction when measured from the top of the handrim.
EXAMPLE A piece of flexible material that bends around the handrim.
24 Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
Dimensions in millimetres
NOTE In the side view of the wheel, the forward direction is to the right.
Figure 24 β Hand space gauge
5.7 Right angle, means of establishing a straight edge normal to the test plane, to an accuracy of Β± 1 mm
per 1 000 mm.
EXAMPLE Engineers' square, sheet-metal square.
5.8 Deviation identification device, capable of identifying both radial and lateral deviation of a wheel or
handrim.
NOTE Radial deviation of a wheel or handrim is its deviation from a true circle that is concentric to its axis and lateral
deviation of a wheel or handrim is its deviation from a plane that is perpendicular to its axis.
EXAMPLE A rack placed on the test plane equipped with a piece of chalk, felt pen or micro switch with roller
actuator.
5.9 Ramp gauge A, flat rectangular piece of rigid material about 500 mm Γ 500 mm and 2 mm Β± 0,5 mm
thick.
5.10 Ramp gauge B, two flat rectangular pieces of rigid material about 500 mm Γ 500 mm and
2 mm Β± 0,5 mm thick and hinged together at one edge (see Figure 25).
Key
1 hinge
Figure 25 β Ramp gauge B (example)
5.11 Angle measuring device, means for measuring angles to an accuracy of Β± 0,5Β°.
5.12 Castor axis indicator, means of establishing a line parallel to the castor axis.
NOTE See example in Figures A.5 and A.6.
5.13 Mass measuring device, means for measuring masses to an accuracy of Β± 0,2 kg.
5.14 Test environment, environment within which the tests are conducted at an ambient temperature of
20Β°C Β± 5Β°C.
6 Selection of the test wheelchair
The wheelchair selected for test purposes shall be drawn from normal production.
Pre-production units may be used provided they have the intended production dimensions.
For the purpose of allowing comparison between different wheelchair models, reference set-up values are
specified for each of the three occupant mass groups I, II and III. These reference set-up values shall be used
when selecting a wheelchair whose dimensions need to be specified when ordering/purchasing the wheelchair
but cannot be adjusted later.
NOTE Seat depth, seat width, back support height, etc. are examples for dimensions that usually need to be selected
when ordering/purchasing the wheelchair.
Select a wheelchair with nominal dimensions:
β― according to the reference set-up values specified in Table 1 (see 7.3.1) for wheelchairs with handrims;
β― according to the reference set-up values specified in Table 2 (see 7.3.2) for wheelchairs without handrims.
If the correct dimensions are not available, dimensions as close as possible to the reference set-up values
shall be used.
26 Β© ISO 2008 β All rights reserved
Record the actual dimensions of the test wheelchair. Record any deviation from the specifications in Clause 8
and reasons for deviation.
7 Preparation of the test wheelchair
7.1 General
When a particular test procedure has specific set-up requirements, use the set-up procedure specified in that
particular test procedure. All other set-up procedures shall be carried out in accordance with 7.2 to 7.9.
7.2 Wheelchair equipment
The wheelchair shall be ready for use if the body support system or any of its features is available in various
options: a sling seat, a sling back support, two removable full-length arm supports and two separated,
removable, angle adjustable foot support assemblies with anterior heel supports shall be fitted. If any of these
options is not available, choose those options recommended by the manufacturer and record this in the test
report.
If the wheelchair can be delivered with wheels of various diameters, select the wheel diameter recommended
by the manufacturer. If there is no recommendation, select the largest diameter.
If the wheelchair can be delivered with anti-tip devices and/or kerb-climbing devices, these devices shall be
used.
Unless they are an integral part of the body support system, postural support device components such as
head supports, any loose seat cushions, etc. shall be removed.
NOTE Removable seat cushions that are provided with the wheelchair, are necessary for normal use, and that are
fixed with hook and loop fasteners, should not be considered loose and should not be removed.
The wheelchair shall not be equipped with any accessories.
7.3 Wheelchair adjustment
7.3.1 Wheelchairs with handrims
NOTE Wheelchairs with handrims comprise wheelchairs with manual handrim propulsion and handrim activated
power assisted wheelchairs (HAPAW).
Set any adjustable dimensions of the wheelchair as close as possible to the reference set-up values specified
in Table 1 with an accuracy of Β± 3 mm or Β± 1Β°, except where otherwise stated.
If the reference set-up value is not available/possible, adjust the dimension to the nearest greater value, or, if
this value is also not available/possible, adjust as close as possible to the reference set-up value.
Adjust any anti-tip devices as recommended by the manufacturer. If there is no recommendation, adjust so
that it is as close as possible to the following position.
β― Set the rising (see 3.27) to 25 mm Β± 3 mm.
β― When the wheelchair is standing on level ground the anti-tippers protrude to the rear as far as possible.
β― If it is not possible to achieve both settings at one time, give priority to the setting of the rising.
β― If the manufacturer recommends more than one setting, use the recommended setting closest to these
default settings.
If any of the adjustments results in an unwanted setting, e.g. the castor wheels contact any other part of the
wheelchair, increase/decrease the adjustment just enough to ensure a proper function of the wheelchair and
record the actual dimension together with the reason.
7.3.2 Wheelchairs without handrims
NOTE Wheelchairs without handrims comprise electrically powered wheelchairs and manual wheelchairs with lever
propulsion and push wheelchairs.
Set any adjustable dimensions of the wheelchair as close as poss
...
ΠΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ«Π ISO
Π‘Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ Π’ 7176-5
ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
2008-06-01
ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ.
Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 5.
ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈ
ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Wheelchairs β
Part 5: Determination of dimensions, mass and manoeuvring space
ΠΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡ GOST R
(Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ) Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΉ 18.1 Π£ΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ISO
Π‘ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Β©
ISO 2008
ii
ΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠΠ’ ΠΠΠ©ΠΠ©ΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ
Β© ISO 2008
ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ, Π±Π΅Π·
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡ ISO, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ
Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ ISO Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 β’ CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
ΠΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ii Β© ISO 2008 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ . v
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ . vii
1 ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ . 1
2 ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ . 1
3 Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ . 2
4 ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ . 22
4.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ . 22
4.2 ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ . 22
4.3 ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ . 22
5 ΠΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ . 22
6 ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ . 26
7 ΠΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ . 27
7.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ . 27
7.2 ΠΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ . 27
7.3 Π Π΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ . 27
7.4 ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° . 32
7.5 Π Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ . 32
7.6 ΠΠ°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ . 32
7.7 Π£ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ . 34
7.8 ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½ΠΎΠ³ . 34
7.9 ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° . 34
7.10 ΠΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ . 36
8 ΠΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ . 36
8.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ . 36
8.2 ΠΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ Π³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° . 36
8.3 ΠΠ°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° . 36
8.4 ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ . 37
8.5 ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ . 37
8.6 Π¨ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ . 37
8.7 ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ . 37
8.8 Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° . 38
8.9 ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° . 38
8.10 ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ . 38
8.11 Π¨ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ . 38
8.12 Π¨ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° . 39
8.13 ΠΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° . 39
8.14 ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ . 39
8.15 ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ° . 40
8.16 ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠ° . 40
8.17 ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°. 40
9 ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ . 42
9.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ . 42
9.2 ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° . 42
9.3 ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° . 43
10 ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ» ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ . 44
10.1 Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ . 44
10.2 Π Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ . 45
iii
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ A (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅) Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ .47
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ B (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅) Π¨ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° .63
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ C (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅) ΠΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° .73
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ D (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅) ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ .78
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ E (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅) Π£ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ .79
ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ .83
iv Β© ISO 2008 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ISO) β ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ·
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ISO). Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π‘ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ISO. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ISO, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²
ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅. ISO ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (IEC) ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ
Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ
ISO/IEC, Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 2.
ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ,
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅, 75 % Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π². ISO Π½Π΅ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΡ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π².
ISO 7176-5 ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ISO/TC 173, ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ SC 1, ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (ISO 7176-5:1986), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ.
ISO 7176 ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ:
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 1. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 2. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 3. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 4. Π Π°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π³Π°
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 5. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 6. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 7. ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 8. Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 9. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 10. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ
v
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 11. ΠΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅Π½Ρ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 13. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 14. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ
ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ². Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 15. Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 16. ΠΠ³Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 19. ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 21. Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ
ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΡ Π°ΠΊΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΈ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 22. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 23. Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ², Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΉ
Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 24. Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ², Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΉ,
ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ
 Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 26. Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
vi Β© ISO 2008 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ISO 7176 ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ.
ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ISO 7176 ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ:
 ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ;
 ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Ρ;
 ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ.
Π’Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Ρ, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ
ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ 8. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ.
Π’Π΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ
ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ A.
[1]
Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ ISO/TR 13570-1 , ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ISO 7176.
[2]
Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ ISO/TR 13570-2 Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ.
vii
ΠΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ«Π Π‘Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ Π’ ISO 7176-5:2008(R)
ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°βΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ.
Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 5.
ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
1 ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ISO 7176 ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»βΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ.
ΠΠ½Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ISO 7176 ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ A ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π° - ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ B ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°.
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ C ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°.
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ D ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ E ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ.
ΠΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ISO 7176 ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°βΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ (Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ).
2 ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ»Ρ
Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊ,
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ).
ISO 7176-7, ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ. Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 7. ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ
ISO 7176-11, ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ. Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 11. ΠΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅Π½Ρ
ISO 7176-13, ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ. Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 13. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ
ISO 7176-15, ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ. Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 15. Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅
ISO 7176-22:2000, ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ. Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 22. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ
ISO 7176-26, ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ. Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 26. Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
3 Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ISO 7176-26 ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅.
3.1
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°
castor wheel misalignment
ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ,
Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 1.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ A.22.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΠ΅ Π½ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎ Π½ΡΠ»Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ,
Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 3 ΠΡΠΊΠΈΠ·Ρ a), b) ΠΈ c) Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ; d) Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Ρ.
a) ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ b) ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ c) Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΡ d) ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 1 β Π Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° (ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ)
3.2
ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ
fixed wheel
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ.
3.3
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ
front wheel track
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 2.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ A.15.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΡΠΊΠΈΠ· Π΄Π°Π½ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 2 β ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ (ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ)
3.4
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ
full occupied length
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 3.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ A.8.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ
2 ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ
3 ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ
4 Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π² Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 3 β Π Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ
3.5
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ Π³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°
full overall length
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ³, ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 4.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ 8.2.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ Π³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°
2 ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°
3 Π³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°
4 Π³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 4 β ΠΠ°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ
3.6
ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ
ground clearance
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 5.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ 8.14.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ
2 ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ
a
ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ³/ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ.
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 5 β ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ (ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ)
3.7
ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ
ground contact point
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 6.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌ, Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ
(ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ 0,5 ΠΌΠΌ Β± 0,2 ΠΌΠΌ).
ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ·Π°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π° Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΏΡ,
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ. Π’ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡΠΏΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΠΈΠ΄ a) ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΡ; b) ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ; c) 3/4 ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ.
a) b)
c)
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ
2 ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΏ
3 Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΏ
4 ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΏ
5 Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΏ
6 ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 6 β ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ
3.8
Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ
handgrip height
Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ 8.4.
3.9
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ
handgrip reference point
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 7.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 7 β ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ
3.10
Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°
lateral handrim deviation
ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈ
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ A.7.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π²
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π½ΡΠ»Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
3.11
Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°
lateral wheel deviation
ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 8.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ A.5.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ
Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π² Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π½ΡΠ»Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
3.12
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ
mass of heaviest part
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ) ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ 8.10.
3.13
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ
movable wheel
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ, Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ.
a) ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ b) ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ c) ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ
ΠΎΡΡΡ βΠ³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΠΉβ
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 8 β ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ
3.14
Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π² Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ
occupied height
Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 3.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ A.11.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΊΠΈ
ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ.
3.15
ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ
occupied width
Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 3.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ A.10.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 Π¨ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
3.16
ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
pivot width
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° 180Β° Π²
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠ°
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 9 ΠΈ B.2.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ 8.11.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 9 β Π¨ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
3.17
ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°
radial handrim deviation
ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈ
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ A.6.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π½ΡΠ»Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π°
Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
3.18
ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°
radial wheel deviation
ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 10.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ A.4.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ
ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π½ΡΠ»Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
a) ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ b) ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ c) ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ Ρ βΠ³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΠΉβ d) ΡΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 10 β ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
3.19
ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ» ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π°
ramp transition angle
ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ» ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ
ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 11.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ A.12.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ» ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ:
a) Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°;
b) Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°;
c) Ρ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ Π² Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π°.
Π£Π³ΠΎΠ» ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡΠ°Ρ
.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 3 Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
, ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ» ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ³Π»Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ· Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ:
P= D
Π³Π΄Π΅ P β ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ» Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
, Π° D β ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ» Π² Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡΠ°Ρ
(Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ 10Β° ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ 1 %, ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²
ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ 20Β° ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ 4 %).
a) ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ b) Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ c) ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ Π² Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π°
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 11 β Π£Π³ΠΎΠ» ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π°
3.20
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ
rear wheel track
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 12.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ A.14.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΡΠΊΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΠ·Π°Π΄ΠΈ.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 12 β ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ (ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ)
3.21
ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ
reduced occupied length
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ³, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 3.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ A.9.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ
ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ.
3.22
ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°
reduced overall length
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π· Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ³
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 4.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ A.2.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ
ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ.
3.23
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°
required corridor width for side opening
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Ρ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅Π½
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 13.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ 8.17.
a) Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄
b) Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 800 ΠΌΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°
2 Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅
3 Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 13 β ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°
3.24
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠ°
required doorway entry depth
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ
ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ 800 ΠΌΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π² 600 ΠΌΠΌ ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 14.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ 8.16.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΡ 800 ΠΌΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
2 ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ 600 ΠΌΠΌ
3 Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠ°
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 14 β ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠ°
3.25
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ°
required width of angled corridor
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 15.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ 8.15.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ°
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 15 β ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ°
3.26
ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°
reversing width
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ
ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° 180Β° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄
ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ (Ρ.Π΅. ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π² ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°)
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 16 ΠΈ Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» B.3.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ 8.12.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 16 β Π¨ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° (ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°)
3.27
ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°
rising
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ, Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Ρ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 17.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ 8.8.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ
2 ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 17 β Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°
3.28
ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
skew
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 18.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 Π Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ A.18.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ,
Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΌ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎ Π½ΡΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ
ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠΌ.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 18 β Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ)
3.29
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°
wheel median line
Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 19.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ΅, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°,
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ (Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ΅).
a) ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ b) ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ c) ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 19 β Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°
3.30
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π±Π°Π·Π°
wheelbase
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 20.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ A.13.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΡΠΊΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΡ.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π±Π°Π·Π°
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 20 β ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π±Π°Π·Π°
3.31
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ
wheelchair centre-point
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 21 ΠΈ ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ D.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°; Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΈ
Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°; Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°
ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΈ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°
2 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ
a
ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ.
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 21 β Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ
3.32
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ
wheelchair longitudinal axis
Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄/Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄
Π‘ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 21 ΠΈ ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ D.
4 ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ
4.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ (ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ), ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ.
4.2 ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π²
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
 ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡ A: ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ°, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
 ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡ B: ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
 ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡ C: ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΊ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ A ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, ΠΊ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ B ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ Π‘ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ.
4.3 ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ
ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ:
 ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° I: ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ 50 ΠΊΠ³.
 ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° II: ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ 50 ΠΊΠ³ Π΄ΠΎ 125 ΠΊΠ³.
 ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° III: ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ 125 ΠΊΠ³.
5 ΠΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
5.1 ΠΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ (5.2) Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ
Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° Π½Π°
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ 5 ΠΌΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ΅ 1 000 ΠΌΠΌ Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 25 ΠΌΠΌ Π½Π° 6 000 ΠΌΠΌ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ISO 7176-13.
5.2 Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° 5 ΠΌΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ΅ 1 000 ΠΌΠΌ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ Π« ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΊΡ, ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π»ΡΡΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°.
5.3 ΠΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅Π½, Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ISO 7176-11, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ: Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠ΅
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ, ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ 22 ΠΈ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ 2 ΠΊΠ³ Β± 0,5 ΠΊΠ³ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ I ΠΈ 3,5 ΠΊΠ³ Β± 0,5 ΠΊΠ³ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ II ΠΈ III.
Π Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
a) Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° I b) Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ II ΠΈ III
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
a
ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ.
b
ΠΡΡΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ 15 ΠΌΠΌ Β± 5 ΠΌΠΌ, ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ
Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Ρ.
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 22 β ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠΏΡ
5.4 ΠΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Π°, Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ:
 ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ 23;
 Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π»Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ 520 ΠΌΠΌ Β± 3 ΠΌΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ I ΠΈ
650 ΠΌΠΌ Β± 3 ΠΌΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ II ΠΈ III, ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ
ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅Π½;
 ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ 270 ΠΌΠΌ Β± 3 ΠΌΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ I, 340 ΠΌΠΌ Β± 3 ΠΌΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ II and 390 ΠΌΠΌ Β± 3 ΠΌΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ III;
 ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 50 ΠΌΠΌ Β± 2 ΠΌΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ I ΠΈ 60 ΠΌΠΌ Β± 2 ΠΌΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ II ΠΈ III.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ 15 ΠΌΠΌ Β± 5 ΠΌΠΌ.
[3]
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 Π Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ DIN 33402 ΠΈ ISO 7176-11.
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅Π½
2 ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Π°
3 ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ
ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅Π½
4 ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅Π½Π°, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Π°
5 ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°
6 ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 23 β ΠΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Π°
5.5 Π£ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ
Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 0,5 ΠΌΠΌ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΡ 0 ΠΌΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ 150 ΠΌΠΌ, Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 1 ΠΌΠΌ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ 150 ΠΌΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ 2 000 ΠΌΠΌ
ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 2 ΠΌΠΌ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ 2 000 ΠΌΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ 5 000 ΠΌΠΌ.
5.6 ΠΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ 75 ΠΌΠΌ Β± 1 ΠΌΠΌ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ 50 ΠΌΠΌ Β± 1 ΠΌΠΌ Π² Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ (ΡΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 24).
ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π½Π° 30Β° Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄ ΠΈ Π½Π° 60Β° Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²
Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΎΠ±Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
Π Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ Π ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ.
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 24 β ΠΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΈ
5.7 ΠΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ», ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Β± 1 ΠΌΠΌ Π½Π° 1 000 ΠΌΠΌ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ Π‘Π»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΎΠ½ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠ°.
5.8 Π£ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ
ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Ρ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ.
5.9 ΠΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΡΠ° A, ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ
500 ΠΌΠΌ Γ 500 ΠΌΠΌ ΠΈ 2 ΠΌΠΌ Β± 0,5 ΠΌΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ.
5.10 ΠΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΡΠ° B, Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ
500 ΠΌΠΌ Γ 500 ΠΌΠΌ ΠΈ 2 ΠΌΠΌ Β± 0,5 ΠΌΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ (ΡΠΌ
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 25).
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1 ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 25 β ΠΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΡΠ° B (ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ)
5.11 Π£ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Β± 0,5Β°.
5.12 ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΌ. ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°Ρ
A.5 ΠΈ A.6.
5.13 Π£ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Β± 0,2 ΠΊΠ³.
5.14 Π£ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 20Β°C Β± 5Β°C.
6 ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°.
ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ I, II ΠΈ III ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°/ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ, Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄. β Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°/ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΡ Ρ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ:
 Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π’Π°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ 1 (ΡΠΌ 7.3.1) Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°;
 Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π’Π°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ 2 (ΡΠΌ 7.3.2) Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊ.
ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ,
ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ 8 ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ.
7 ΠΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ
7.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ°ΠΌ,
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ 7.2 - 7.9.
7.2 ΠΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
: Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅, Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ°, Π΄Π²Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΡΡ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ
ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈ, Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½,
Π²ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ» ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, Π²ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ,
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅Ρ, Π²ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°, ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅
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