ISO/TC 37 - Language and terminology

This document specifies a framework for representing data recorded in terminological data collections (TDCs). This framework includes a metamodel and methods for describing specific terminological markup languages (TMLs), exemplified in this document in eXtensible Markup Language (XML). The mechanisms for implementing constraints in a TML are defined, but not the specific constraints for individual TMLs. This document is designed to support the development and use of computer applications for terminological data and the exchange of such data between different applications. This document also defines the conditions that allow the data expressed in one TML to be mapped onto another TML.

This document establishes a framework for the representation of annotations of word-sized units in texts. Such annotations describe tokens, their relationship with lexical units (word-forms), and the relevant morphosyntactic properties. This document proposes a metamodel for morphosyntactic annotation that can be augmented with references to data categories contained in a data category repository conforming to ISO 12620-2. It also defines an XML serialization for morphosyntactic annotations, according to the principles laid out in the TEI Guidelines (see Reference [ REF Reference_ref_33 \r \h 31 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00330033000000 ]). This document does not apply to structural ambiguities or the structure and composition of morphosyntactic tagsets. This document does not address the linguistic choices that identify tokens or determine the language- or context-particular relationships between tokens and word-forms.

This document deals with legal communication, and it builds on the foundation for plain language in ISO 24495-1. It establishes guidelines and techniques to help authors make sure that readers can readily understand legal communication and exercise their legal rights and obligations. This document explains how to apply principles from ISO 24495-1 in legal contexts that require authors to achieve these goals: — reach multiple audiences with different needs; — adhere to legally required structural and design requirements; — explain complex and nuanced legal concepts; — explain processes that readers must navigate to exercise legal rights and obligations. This document applies to legal documents in all sectors, including the legal, governmental, non-governmental and health sectors. Similarly to ISO 24495-1, it aims to work for most languages, but it provides examples only in English. It reflects research on plain legal language and the experience of experts in the field (see Reference [3]). To the extent possible, this document allows for differences in legal systems. Although this document applies mainly to written communication, it can apply to oral communication in some contexts, such as discussions with clients and explanations in court proceedings.

This document establishes a core model of project management for corpus annotation, to specify the work packages of project teams, required processes and deliverables. This document presents the necessary components for issues such as coordination, human training, reusability, software, quality control, licensing and copyright. However, it does not specify a methodology to solve such issues. This document gives guidance on what work packages and deliverables are required under the project in which workflows and processes deal with the following: — Integration and communication among work packages: This includes ensuring that all work packages are well-coordinated, particularly in terms of the adoption of broader annotation standards and integration with ontologies to enhance interoperability. Effective communication across work packages is crucial for the seamless sharing of annotated documents with other projects. — Human resource management and interrater reliability: This covers the management of human resources, focusing on training and qualification, as well as the implementation of interrater reliability practices. These practices include training, testing and the use of appropriate tools to ensure consistency across annotations. — Annotation guideline management and software utilization: This involves managing the guidelines for annotation tasks and utilizing annotation software and tools, particularly in environments leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques. — Quality control, data validation and structured documentation: This encompasses the processes for quality control and validation of annotation results, alongside the need for structured documentation and ongoing curation. This ensures that annotated documents remain accurate, relevant and usable over the long term. — Licensing, copyrights and metadata management: This focuses on documenting licences and copyrights, providing metadata to manage the sharing of resources. It is particularly important in areas with copyright restrictions or licensing concerns, ensuring that data subsets can be appropriately managed and shared.

This document specifies requirements for the equipment needed for simultaneous interpreting and for the quality of sound and image transmitted to interpreters and from interpreters to the audience, irrespective of the place in relation to speakers, signers, the audience and other interpreters.

This document establishes a measurable quantitative information extraction (MQIE) scheme, which is based on the semantic annotation scheme specified in ISO 24617-11. It is applicable to the domains of technology that carry more applicational relevance than some theoretical issues found in the ordinary use of language. NOTE ISO 24617-12 deals with more general and theoretical issues of quantification and quantitative information. This document also treats temporal durations that are discussed in ISO 24617-1, and spatial measures such as distances that are treated in ISO 24617-7, while making them interoperable with other measure types. It also accommodates the treatment of measures or amounts that are introduced in ISO 24617-6:2016, 8.3.

This document specifies methods for extracting candidate terms from text corpora and gives guidance on selecting relevant designations, definitions, concept relations and other terminology-related information.

This document specifies a markup language called QuantML for annotating and representing semantic phenomena relating to quantification in natural language. QuantML comprises an extensible markup language (XML)-based representation format, an abstract syntax and a semantics.

This document specifies requirements and recommendations for representing subject fields and concept relations in TBX-compliant terminological document instances. Examples in this document utilize the data category as attribute (DCA) style of TBX markup.

This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the core competences taught in training programmes in community interpreting. This document also identifies the core competences of educators who deliver training programmes in community interpreting. This document is applicable to signed languages and spoken languages, and addresses consecutive interpreting and simultaneous interpreting, including whispered interpreting, as well as sight translation.

This document specifies an annotation language for visual information, based on VoxML (visual object concept structure modelling language), a modelling language for the visualizations of concepts and actions denoted by natural language (NL) expressions in three dimensions (3D). The specification of the VoxML-based annotation scheme conforms to the requirements given in ISO 24617-1, ISO 24617-7 and ISO 24617-14. The adoption of VoxML, specified in ISO 24617-14 as a semantic basis, is necessary for the 3D simulation and visualization of actions and motions taken by both human and artificial agents in real-life situations.

This document defines version 2.0 of the XML Localisation Interchange File Format (XLIFF). The purpose of this vocabulary is to store localizable data and carry it from one step of the localization process to the other, while allowing interoperability between and among tools.

This document establishes basic principles and a methodology to recognize personal data written in free text, in different languages (whether agglutinating, inflectional or isolating) and countries. This document is applicable to protecting human data circulating in national and international industries, and private and public organizations. This document is applicable to processing by human beings and/or automated processing, and to various domains (e.g. law, finance, health). It does not apply to automated image processing. This document uses formal methods only, as statistical methods are very different in nature.

The ISO 21636 series provides a framework for the identification and description of varieties of all individual human languages (see ISO 639). It is applicable to sign languages. It does not apply to: — artificial means of communication with or between machines (such as programming languages); — those means of human communication which are neither fully nor largely equivalent to human language (such as sets of individual symbols or gestures that each carry isolated meanings but cannot be freely combined into complex expressions). This document gives guidance on how to apply the framework to identify basic dimensions and sub-dimensions of linguistic variation and the resulting varieties, including major modalities of human communication. It does not include any code or individual identifiers. This document is structured strictly analogously to ISO/TR 21636-2. For a general description of the dimension and varieties dealt with in each clause, the user can refer to the corresponding clause in that document. This document focuses only on the identification and description of language varieties, not on the general, formal or technical aspects of the description of human language resources (LRs), which are covered by general metadata frameworks. NOTE 1 For the general description of a language resource, a user can minimally apply at least the metadata of the Open Language Archives Community (OLAC) metadata standard, which provides an application of the Dublin Core metadata element set as defined by the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI). These descriptors have been recognized in ISO 15836-1:2017. NOTE 2 The Component Metadata Infrastructure (CMDI) provides a best practice guide for the sake of technical and content interoperability between LRs as well as of their sustainability.

The ISO 21636 series provides a framework for the identification and description of varieties of all individual human languages (see ISO 639). It is applicable to sign languages. It does not apply to: — artificial means of communication with or between machines (such as programming languages); — those means of human communication which are neither fully nor largely equivalent to human language (such as sets of individual symbols or gestures that each carry isolated meanings but cannot be freely combined into complex expressions). This document defines the terms necessary to identify basic dimensions and sub-dimensions of linguistic variation and the resulting varieties, including major modalities of human communication.

This document specifies the syntax and semantics (SynSem) module of the lexical markup framework (LMF), a metamodel for representing data in monolingual and multilingual lexical databases used with computer applications. The SynSem module allows for the description of specific syntactic and semantic properties of lexemes, as well as the complex interactions between them. More specifically, the syntax part of the module describes the properties of a lexeme when combined with other lexemes in a sentence. When recorded in a lexicon, these properties make up the syntactic description of a lexical entry instance. The semantics part of the module, on the other hand, describes the sense of a lexeme and its relationship with other senses belonging to the same language. The SynSem interface describes the predicates and the mapping between syntactic and semantic arguments. This serialization covers the classes of ISO 24613-1 (Core model), ISO 24613-2 (Machine-readable dictionary (MRD) model) and ISO 24613-4 (TEI serialization).

This document gives general guidance on all stages of a translation project. Its main purpose is to ensure efficiency and quality by enhancing communication among the parties involved in the translation project. This document provides a framework for developing translation project specifications that are the basis for requesting, setting up, managing and evaluating translation projects. It also includes guidance on needs analysis, risk assessment and workflows, but it does not provide procedures for evaluating the quality of translation output. This document is primarily intended for those who request translation services. However, it can also be relevant for the translation service providers and the end users of the translation output. It is applicable to all sectors, including the commercial and government sectors, and non-profit organizations. It does not apply to interpreting services.

This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the provision of community interpreting services. It establishes the foundational principles and practices necessary to ensure quality community interpreting services for all language communities (spoken and/or signed), for end users, as well as for clients, and for community interpreters.

This document gives guidance on the evaluation of human translation output, post-edited machine translation output, and unedited machine translation output. It also provides guidance on the qualifications and competences of evaluators. The role of sampling is also discussed in this document. This document focuses on an analytic translation evaluation approach using error types and penalty points configured to produce an error score and a quality rating. A further focus is the human evaluation of translation output only. This document follows an approach designed to reflect minimum complexity. The rationale behind this approach is to keep this document applicable for as many users as possible in the translation sector. The guidance provided in this document can also support the evaluation of source texts intended for translation. This document is applicable to translation service providers (TSPs), including individual translators, translation companies or in-house translation services, their clients and other interested parties in the translation sector, such as translator education and training institutions. This document does not apply to related elements such as the processes of assuring the quality of translation output and corrective actions. This document does not apply to interpreting.

This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the design, use and siting of mobile booths for simultaneous interpreting. The main features of mobile booths that distinguish them from permanent booths are that they can be dismantled, moved and set up in a room. This document also ensures the usability and accessibility of booths for all interpreters. This document is to be used in conjunction with ISO 20109, which contains requirements and recommendations for the equipment necessary for simultaneous interpreting. For requirements and recommendations for mobile booths which do not have a direct view of a room, see ISO 17651-3.[1] [1] Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/CD 17651-3.2:2024.

This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the design of permanent booths for simultaneous interpreting in new or existing buildings. This document also ensures the usability and accessibility of booths for all interpreters. This document is to be used in conjunction with ISO 20109, which contains requirements and recommendations for the equipment necessary for simultaneous interpreting. For requirements and recommendations for permanent booths which do not have a direct view of the room in which a communicative event takes place, see ISO 17651-3.[1] [1] Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/CD 17651-3-2:2024.

This document defines terms for the theory and application of technical communication. It prepares the terminological background for all other standards in the field of technical communication by providing precise definitions and standardized terms for basic concepts in this domain. This document is applicable to persons creating information products in the field of technical communication or using these information products professionally.

This document establishes the core model of the lexical markup framework (LMF), a metamodel for representing data in monolingual and multilingual lexical resources used with computer applications. LMF provides mechanisms that allow the development and integration of a variety of electronic lexical resource types.

This document defines terms for International Standards on translation, interpreting and related technology.

This document specifies the ISO 639 language code and establishes the harmonized terminology and general principles of language coding. It provides rules for the selection, formation, presentation and use of language identifiers as well as language reference names. It also gives provisions (i.e. principles, rules and guidelines) for the selection, formation and presentation of language names in English and French. Furthermore, it introduces provisions for the adoption of standardized language code elements using language names other than English or French. NOTE English, French and Russian are the official ISO languages. In addition, this document gives guidance on the use of language identifiers and describes their possible combination with identifiers of other codes. Specifically excluded from the ISO 639 language code are reconstructed languages or formal languages, such as computer programming languages and markup languages. The ISO 639 language code is maintained by the ISO 639 Maintenance Agency (ISO 639/MA) (see Annex B).

This document extends ISO 24617-7:2020, which specifies ways of annotating spatial information in natural language such as English, by establishing a formal semantics for its abstract syntax. The task of the proposed semantics is of two kinds: a) translation of annotation structures to semantic forms; b) model-theoretic interpretation of semantic forms. Semantic forms are represented in a type-theoretic first-order logic. These semantic forms are then interpreted with respect to a model for part of the world to which an annotated language is referentially, or denotationally, anchored. NOTE The basic framework and content of this document is based on Reference [1].

This document establishes governing principles and guidelines for developing plain language documents. The guidelines detail how the principles are interpreted and applied. This document is for anybody who creates or helps create documents. The widest use of plain language is for documents that are intended for the general public. However, it is also applicable, for example, to technical writing, legislative drafting or using controlled languages. This document applies to most, if not all, written languages, but it provides examples only in English. While this document covers the essential elements of plain language, it has some intentional limits, as follows: — It does not cover all types of communication. It applies only to printed or digital information that is primarily in the form of text. NOTE 1 However, creators of other types of communications, such as podcasts and videos, can find this document useful. — It does not include existing technical guidance about accessibility and digital documents, although the guidance can apply to both. NOTE 2 For guidance on accessibility, authors of digital documents can consider the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines[4] and EN 301 549.[2]

This document, and the ISO 21636 series in general, provides the general principles for the identification and description of varieties of individual human languages. It, therefore, does not apply to: — artificial means of communication with or between machines such as programming languages; — those means of human communication which are not fully or largely equivalent to human language such as individual symbols or gestures that carry isolated meanings but cannot be freely combined into complex expressions. This document together with the other parts of the ISO 21636 series establishes the dimensions of linguistic variation as well as core values necessary to identify individual varieties in these dimensions or sub-dimensions. This document forms the basis for the other parts by outlining the general framework for language varieties.

This document establishes a set of basic writing rules, called “basic principles and methodology for stylistic guidelines (BSG)”, for writing in English that can be applied to other languages, facilitating communication in each language and from a language to other languages. It includes conceptual writing rules as well as specific grammar ones. This document is designed to facilitate written communication in English for native and non-native English speakers. It allows English native and non-English native speakers to smoothly communicate through social media or email using English, or to translate into their local language. Furthermore, this document is applicable to the languages of each community. In other words, it aims to promote bi-directional communication between two particular languages.

This document specifies content-related aspects of terminology database maintenance. It gives guidance on the content of terminological data collections, with emphasis on data quality evaluation. This document gives guidance for modellers of concept entries who need to ensure interoperability and high-quality content. It aims to ensure that terminological data collections themselves meet high standards for design conformity with standards such as ISO 12620-1 and ISO 16642, data accuracy and performance. It outlines principles for assuring data quality (see ISO 9001) and evaluating terminological data collections for purposes of continuous improvement. This approach contrasts that of ISO 23185:2009, which focuses on the usability of existing terminology resources. This document does not apply to the management of text corpora or to term extraction tools.

This document specifies requirements and recommendations for using simultaneous interpreting delivery platforms at communicative events where interpreters are not at the same venue as participants, speakers and signers. In conjunction with ISO 20108, this document also provides requirements and recommendations for ensuring the quality of sound and images and their transmission from speakers and signers to interpreters, and from interpreters to participants, and for the configuration of the interpreter’s working environment.

This document establishes criteria for the management of data categories for use in the creation and maintenance of language resources within a given community of practice (CoP). It defines the roles and responsibilities associated with the creation and maintenance of such repositories. It also specifies procedures to establish a governance structure for the management of a data category repository (DCR), including the addition of new data category specifications and continuous quality assurance.

This document provides requirements and recommendations governing data category specifications for language resources. It specifies mechanisms for creating, documenting, harmonizing and maintaining data category specifications in a data category repository (DCR). It also describes the structure and content of data category specifications.

This document establishes the basic principles and methods for preparing and compiling terminologies both inside and outside the framework of standardization. It describes the links between objects, concepts, definitions and designations. It also establishes general principles for the formation of terms and proper names and the writing of definitions. This document is applicable to terminology work in scientific, technological, industrial, legal, administrative and other fields of knowledge. This document does not stipulate rules for the presentation of terminological entries in International Standards, which are treated in ISO 10241-1 and ISO 10241-2.

This document specifies the sequence of characters to be used in the alphabetical ordering of multilingual terminological and lexicographical data (terms, term elements, or words) represented in the Latin alphabet. Character sets of languages represented in the Latin alphabet are taken into account insofar as terminological or lexicographical data have been recorded. Character sets used in internationally standardized transliteration into Latin script are also taken into account. The sequence of alphabetical characters given is intended for multilingual purposes only and is not intended to affect the alphabetical order of any specific language. The main part of this document specifies letter-by-letter ordering of character strings. Annex A treats word-by-word ordering, which is a widely used alternative to this system. Annex B gives two additional rules that can be useful for lexicographical and terminological ordering. Annex C gives ordering rules for chemical names. Annex D lists the character repertoire of the Latin alphabet. Annex E lists languages using the Latin alphabet. Annex F gives alphabetical sequences derived from the sequence specified in this document for a number of languages that use the Latin alphabet. Annex G gives a formal description of the rules laid down in the main part of this document conforming with ISO/IEC 14651.

This document describes the serialization of the lexical markup framework (LMF) model defined as an extensible markup language (XML) model derived from the language base exchange (LBX) schema and compliant with the W3C XML schema. This serialization covers the classes, data categories, and mechanisms of ISO 24613-1 (core model), ISO 24613-2 (machine-readable dictionary (MRD) model), and ISO 24613-3 (etymological extension).

This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the provision of conference interpreting services. It is primarily addressed to conference interpreters and conference interpreting service providers. It also serves as reference for users of conference interpreting services.

This document specifies the structure of an ontology for a fine-grained description of the expressive power of corpus query languages (CQLs) in terms of search needs. The ontology consists of three interrelated taxonomies of concepts: the CQLF metamodel (a formalization of ISO 24623-1); the expressive power taxonomy, which describes different facets of the expressive power of CQLs; and a taxonomy of CQLs. This document specifies: a) the taxonomy of the CQLF metamodel; b) the topmost layer of the expressive power taxonomy (whose concepts are called “functionalities”); c) the structure of the layers of the expressive power taxonomy and the relationships between them, in the form of subsumption assertions; d) the formalization of the linkage between the CQL taxonomy and the expressive power taxonomy, in the form of positive and negative conformance statements. This document does not define the entire contents of the ontology (see Clause 4).

This document provides requirements and recommendations for representing subject fields and concept relations in TBX-compliant terminological document instances. Examples in this document utilize the DCA style of TBX markup.

This document specifies requirements and recommendations related to fundamentals of translation-oriented terminography for producing sound bilingual or multilingual terminology collections. It deals with the main tasks, skills, processes and technologies for translation-oriented terminography practiced by terminology workers who do terminology work in low-complexity settings as part of non-terminological activities. It does not cover terminology management involving sophisticated workflows, a multitude of roles, or advanced terminological skills and competences.

This document covers the measurable or magnitudinal aspect of quantity so that it can focus on the technical or practical use of measurements in IR (information retrieval), QA (question answering), TS (text summarization), and other NLP (natural language processing) applications. It is applicable to the domains of technology that carry more applicational relevance than some theoretical issues found in the ordinary use of language. NOTE ISO 24617-12 deals with more general and theoretical issues of quantification and quantitative information. This document also treats temporal durations that are discussed in ISO 24617-1, and spatial measures such as distances that are treated ISO 24617-7, while making them interoperable with other measure types. It also accommodates the treatment of measures or amounts that are introduced in ISO 24617‑6:2016, 8.3.

This document describes an extension to ISO 24613-1 and ISO 24613-2 to support the development of detailed descriptions of common etymological phenomena and/or diachronic information with respect to lexical entries in born-digital and/or retro-digitized lexicons. It provides both a meta-model for such an extension as well as the relevant data categories.

This document provides basic principles and a methodology for establishing a specification for designing and constructing a formally defined, or controlled, system of oral communication that avoids or filters out phonetic interferences and confusions between words of the same language and between languages. The system is both abstracted from, and contextually situated in, the domains of industry, business or other technologies. This document deals only with oral communication between native speakers, or non-native speakers, or a native speaker and a non‑native speaker, who can be disturbed due to different phenomena, such as phoneme confusion, phonetic interferences and confusions between words (for example: homophony, quasi-homophony or co-articulation) of the same language and/or different languages and the resulting ambiguities due, for example, to multilingual communication or stressful situations. This document deals with speakers and listeners without speech or hearing impediments[16], and does not include sign languages which have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages[23]. Foreseen applications are essentially in safety critical applications using human oral communication. This document is also applicable to other domains involving, for example, training and evaluation procedures and robots.

This document specifies how to represent (not visualize) documents (instance data, not data schemas) as graphs. It does not specify how to visualize or operate on document data, but it aims at making documents easier for people to compose and comprehend by allowing for various graph-based flexible user interfaces, possibly incorporating document-visualization practices (see Introduction). In this connection, this document does not specify annotations to existing documents either, but rather it specifies a schema of documents with explicit logical structures.

This document describes the serialization of the lexical markup framework (LMF) model defined as an XML model compliant with the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Guidelines. This serialization covers the classes of ISO 24613-1 (the LMF core model) as well as classes provided by ISO 24613-2 (the machine readable dictionary, MRD, model) and ISO 24613-3 (the etymological extension).

This document specifies requirements and recommendations for healthcare interpreting services in spoken and signed communication. It is applicable to all situations requiring healthcare interpreting, where the parties involved need to communicate using spoken or signed language, to treat a health-related issue. It is intended for interpreting service providers and healthcare interpreters.

This document provides a set of empirically and theoretically well-motivated concepts for dialogue annotation, a formal language for expressing dialogue annotations (the Dialogue Act Markup Language, DiAML), and a method for segmenting a dialogue into semantic units. This allows the manual or automatic annotation of dialogue segments with information about the communicative actions which the participants perform by their contributions to the dialogue. The annotation scheme specified in this document supports multidimensional annotation of spoken, written, and multimodal dialogues involving two or more participants. Dialogue units are viewed as having multiple communicative functions in different dimensions. The markup language DiAML has an XML-based representation format and a formal semantics which makes it possible to perform inferences with DiAML representations. This document also specifies data categories for dimensions of dialogue analysis, for communicative functions, for dialogue act qualifiers, and for relations between dialogue acts. Additionally, it provides mechanisms for customizing these sets of concepts, extending them with application-specific or domain-specific concepts and descriptions of semantic content, or selecting relevant coherent subsets of them. These mechanisms make the dialogue act concepts specified in this document useful not only for annotation but also for the recognition and generation of dialogue acts in interactive systems.

This document describes the machine-readable dictionary (MRD) model, a metamodel for representing data stored in a variety of electronic dictionary subtypes, ranging from direct support for human translators to support for machine processing.

This document provides a framework for encoding a broad range of spatial information and spatiotemporal information relating to motion as expressed in natural language texts. This document includes references to locations, general spatial entities, spatial relations (involving topological, orientational, and metric values), dimensional information, motion events, paths, and event-paths triggered by motions.

This document specifies requirements for the competences and qualifications of legal translators, revisers and reviewers, best translation practices and the translation process directly affecting the quality and delivery of legal translation services. In particular, it specifies the core processes, resources, confidentiality, professional development requirements, training and other aspects of the legal translation service provided by individual translators. Fulfilment of all the requirements set out in this document enables the individual legal translator to demonstrate conformity of their legal translation services to this document and their capability to maintain a level of quality in legal translation services that will meet the client's and other applicable specifications. The use of output from machine translation, even with post-editing, is outside the scope of this document. Consulting of a machine translation resource by a legal translator, does not constitute use of raw machine translation plus post-editing. This document does not apply to interpreting services.