Terminology work in support of multilingual communication — Part 1: Fundamentals of translation-oriented terminography

This document specifies requirements and recommendations related to fundamentals of translation-oriented terminography for producing sound bilingual or multilingual terminology collections. It deals with the main tasks, skills, processes and technologies for translation-oriented terminography practiced by terminology workers who do terminology work in low-complexity settings as part of non-terminological activities. It does not cover terminology management involving sophisticated workflows, a multitude of roles, or advanced terminological skills and competences.

Travail terminologique appuyant la communication multilingue — Partie 1: Principes fondamentaux de la terminographie axée sur la traduction

Le présent document spécifie les exigences et les recommandations relatives aux principes fondamentaux de la terminographie axée sur la traduction afin de produire de solides recueils terminologiques bilingues ou multilingues. Il traite des principales tâches et compétences, ainsi que des processus et technologies, pour la terminographie axée sur la traduction pratiquée par les travailleurs en terminologie qui effectuent un travail terminologique dans des configurations de faible complexité dans le cadre d’activités non terminologiques. Il ne couvre pas la gestion de la terminologie impliquant des flux de travail sophistiqués, une multitude de rôles ou des savoir-faire et compétences avancés.

Terminološko delo v podporo večjezičnemu komuniciranju - 1. del: Osnove prevodno usmerjene terminografije

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Published
Publication Date
01-Sep-2021
Current Stage
6060 - International Standard published
Start Date
02-Sep-2021
Due Date
22-Sep-2021
Completion Date
02-Sep-2021

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2021
Terminološko delo v podporo večjezičnemu komuniciranju - 1. del: Osnove
prevodno usmerjene terminografije
Terminology work in support of multilingual communication - Part 1: Fundamentals of
translation-oriented terminography
Travail terminologique appuyant la communication multilingue - Partie 1: Principes
fondamentaux de la terminographie axée sur la traduction
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 12616-1:2021
ICS:
01.020 Terminologija (načela in Terminology (principles and
koordinacija) coordination)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12616-1
First edition
2021-09
Terminology work in support of
multilingual communication —
Part 1:
Fundamentals of translation-oriented
terminography
Travail terminologique appuyant la communication multilingue —
Partie 1: Principes fondamentaux de la terminographie axée sur la
traduction
Reference number
©
ISO 2021
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Fundamentals of terminology management . 6
4.1 Goals . 6
4.2 Work environments . 6
4.3 Translation vs. terminology work . 8
4.4 Working methods . 8
4.4.1 Conceptual analysis . 8
4.4.2 Systematic vs. ad hoc terminology work . 9
4.4.3 Prescriptive vs. descriptive terminology work . 9
4.4.4 Text corpora .10
5 Process steps and activities .11
5.1 Setting goals .11
5.2 Basic workflow.11
5.3 Setting up a terminology database .11
5.4 Collecting terminological data and initial assessment .12
5.5 Researching .12
5.6 Processing and documenting terminological data .13
5.7 Using and exchanging terminological data .13
5.8 Maintenance .13
6 Terminography .14
6.1 Best practices for open data categories .14
6.2 Term .14
6.3 Definition .14
6.4 Concept description .15
6.5 Context .15
6.6 Note .15
6.7 References and source identification .15
6.8 Abbreviations for names of languages and countries .16
7 Text elements for the Term field .17
7.1 General .17
7.2 Designations .18
7.2.1 Terms .18
7.2.2 Proper names .18
7.2.3 Symbols .19
7.2.4 Name-like designations.19
7.3 Other text elements .20
7.3.1 Phrases .20
7.3.2 Standard texts.20
8 Data management .20
8.1 Data categories for terminological data collections .20
8.2 Principles of modelling concept entries .21
8.2.1 Guidance on designing terminological data collections .21
8.2.2 Concept orientation . .21
8.2.3 Term autonomy .22
8.2.4 Data elementarity .22
8.2.5 Data granularity .22
8.2.6 Repeatability .22
8.3 Open and closed data categories .23
8.4 Mandatory and optional data categories .23
8.5 Exchange and interoperability of terminological data .24
9 Tools .24
10 Skills and competences .25
10.1 Terminology tasks and the required skills .25
10.2 Basic terminology skills .25
10.3 Information technology skills and competences .26
10.4 Skills and competences related to term extraction .26
10.5 Language skills .27
10.6 Subject-matter expertise .27
10.7 Research competence.27
10.8 Social and cultural competences .27
Annex A (informative) Data categories for translation-oriented terminological data collections.29
Annex B (informative) Spreadsheet examples .32
Bibliography .34
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology,
Subcommittee SC 2, Terminology workflow and language coding.
This document cancels and replaces the ISO 12616:2002, which has been technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— updates to focus on the broader environment in which terminology workers operate;
— deepening of the aspect of terminological data management and addition of processes, tools and
skills necessary for terminology tasks;
— updates to align with the technical state-of-art and the evolution of the profession.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
Introduction
Terminology work is conducted by people with different backgrounds and for different purposes. This
document focuses on the fundamentals necessary to perform basic terminology work in translation
contexts. While some details are occasionally given, the document provides the minimum information
necessary to set up and work in the simplest form of a terminological data collection (TDC). The more
complex tasks and processes performed by terminologists with more sophisticated technologies and in
larger production environments will be covered in a future ISO 12616-2.
For clear communication, the title “terminology worker” has been chosen to represent anyone doing
terminology work as an ancillary function of their professional activities. A terminology worker might be
a translator, project manager or technical communicator, and might work as a single-person enterprise,
for a language service provider, or in-house at a company or other organization. Terminologists and
terminology workers share the same basic skill set covered in this document; however, terminologists
have broader knowledge and competences, which will be discussed further in a future ISO 12616-2.
One of the most common scenarios for a terminology worker in translation contexts is the following: a
client produces documentation in a particular subject field in a source language and asks a translator
to translate a variety of interrelated documents. Since no terminology was provided, the translator
recognizes that it would be beneficial to document the terminology found during translation
work to maintain consistency across documents in the target language. This document provides
terminographical best practices and data modelling principles to this end.
In this document’s examples, designations and other text elements are indicated by double quotation
marks, whereas objects, concepts, properties, characteristics, and types of characteristics are indicated
by single quotation marks. When referring to fields in a terminology database, the first letter of the
field name is capitalized and the field name is followed by the word “field” (e.g. Term field, Transfer
comment field). Data categories are indicated by slashes preceding and following the name of the
data category (e.g. /term/, /transfer comment/). This markup is intended to facilitate the distinction
between references to the three terminological levels and other text throughout this document.
vi © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12616-1:2021(E)
Terminology work in support of multilingual
communication —
Part 1:
Fundamentals of translation-oriented terminography
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and recommendations related to fundamentals of translation-
oriented terminography for producing sound bilingual or multilingual terminology collections. It
deals with the main tasks, skills, processes and technologies for translation-oriented terminography
practiced by terminology workers who do terminology work in low-complexity settings as part of non-
terminological activities. It does not cover terminology management involving sophisticated workflows,
a multitude of roles, or advanced terminological skills and competences.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 704, Terminology work — Principles and methods
ISO 16642, Computer applications in terminology — Terminological markup framework
ISO 26162-1, Management of terminology resources — Terminology databases — Part 1: Design
ISO 30042, Management of terminology resources — TermBase eXchange (TBX)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
terminology
set of designations (3.7) and concepts (3.4) belonging to one subject field (3.2) or subject
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.11, modified — “domain” replaced with “subject field”, which is the
preferred term in this document.]
3.2
subject field
domain
field of special knowledge
Note 1 to entry: The borderlines and the granularity of a subject field are determined from a purpose-related
point of view. If a subject field is subdivided, the result is again a subject field.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.4, modified — The preferred term in this document is “subject field”,
instead of “domain”.]
3.3
object
anything perceivable or conceivable
Note 1 to entry: Objects can be material (e.g. ‘engine’, ‘sheet of paper’, ‘diamond’), immaterial (e.g. ‘conversion
ratio’, ‘project plan’) or imagined (e.g. ‘unicorn’, ‘scientific hypothesis’).
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.1]
3.4
concept
unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics
Note 1 to entry: Concepts are not necessarily bound to particular natural languages. They are, however,
influenced by the social or cultural background which often leads to different categorizations.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.2.1 modified — Removed Note 2 to entry.]
3.5
individual concept
concept (3.4) that corresponds to a unique object (3.3)
EXAMPLE ‘Saturn’, ‘Eiffel Tower’, ‘Moon’, ‘serial number FRHR603928’, ‘2016 Nobel Prize in Physics’.
Note 1 to entry: Individual concepts are represented by proper names (3.10).
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.2.8]
3.6
general concept
concept (3.4) that corresponds to a potentially unlimited number of objects (3.3) which form a group by
reason of shared properties
EXAMPLE ‘planet’, ‘tower’, ‘moon’, ‘Nobel Prize in Physics’.
Note 1 to entry: For a general concept, it is essential that a number of corresponding objects greater than 1 can
be perceived or conceived of. For example, ‘spaceship’ has been a general concept before such a material object
existed, at the time when there existed only 1 such object, and later, when there existed several such objects.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.2.9]
3.7
designation
representation of a concept (3.4) by a sign which denotes it in a subject field (3.2) or subject
Note 1 to entry: A designation can be linguistic or non-linguistic. It can consist of various types of characters, but
also punctuation marks such as hyphens and parentheses, governed by domain-, subject-, or language-specific
conventions.
Note 2 to entry: A designation can be a term (3.8) including appellations (3.9), a proper name (3.10), or a symbol
(3.11).
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.1; modified — Removed “designator” as a synonym. In the definition,
“domain” replaced with “subject field”.]
3.8
term
designation (3.7) that represents a general concept (3.6) by linguistic means
EXAMPLE “laser printer”, “planet”, “pacemaker”, “chemical compound”, “¾ time”, “Influenza A virus”, “oil
painting”.
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Note 1 to entry: Terms may be partly or wholly verbal.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.2]
3.9
appellation
term (3.8) that is applied to a group of objects (3.3) whose relevant properties are identical
EXAMPLE “Nokia 7 Plus®” (mobile phone), “Adobe® Acrobat® X Pro” (software), “Road King®”
1)
(motorcycle) .
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.3]
3.10
proper name
designation (3.7) that represents an individual concept (3.5)
2)
EXAMPLE “International Organization for Standardization”, “IBM®” , “British Isles”, “United Nations”.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.4]
3.11
symbol
designation (3.7) that represents a concept (3.4) by non-linguistic means
Note 1 to entry: There are several types of symbols such as graphical symbols [ISO 3864 (all parts)] and letter
symbols [ISO 80000 (all parts)].
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.5]
3.12
terminology work
terminology management
work concerned with the collection, description, processing and presentation of concepts (3.4) and their
designations (3.7)
Note 1 to entry: Terminology work often aims at creating and maintaining terminological data collections (3.21).
Note 2 to entry: Terminology work often aims at terminology planning and can involve all of concept
harmonization, term harmonization, and term formation.
Note 3 to entry: Terminology work can be carried out in a systematic or an ad hoc fashion.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.5.1, modified — In the definition, removed “systematic”. In Note 1 to entry,
“terminology resources” replaced with “terminological data collections”. Added Note 3 to entry.]
3.13
prescriptive terminology work
terminology work (3.12) that aims at deciding on preferred usage of designations (3.7)
3.14
descriptive terminology work
terminology work (3.12) that aims at documenting designations (3.7) as they are used in contexts
without favouring preferred usage
1) Nokia 7 Plus® is a trademark of Nokia Corporation, Adobe® Acrobat® X Pro is a trademark of Adobe Systems,
Road King® is a trademark of Harley-Davidson. This information is given for the convenience of users of this
document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the products named.
2) IBM® is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the product named.
3.15
terminography
terminology work (3.12) aimed at creating and maintaining terminological data collections (3.21)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.5.2, modified — “terminology resources” replaced with “terminological
data collections”.]
3.16
term extraction
terminology work (3.12) that involves the identification and excerption of terminological data (3.19) by
searching through a text corpus (3.17)
Note 1 to entry: Terminological data (3.19) of primary interest are typically designations (3.7), definitions and
contexts.
Note 2 to entry: Term extraction is often supported by dedicated software tools.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.5.6]
3.17
text corpus
corpus
collection of natural language data
Note 1 to entry: Text corpora can be used for various activities such as text analysis or terminology work (3.12).
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.4]
3.18
candidate term
string of characters that has been collected by means of term extraction (3.16) but has not yet been
selected as a text element to be documented in the terminological data collection (3.21)
3.19
terminological data
data related to concepts (3.4) and their designations (3.7)
Note 1 to entry: Common terminological data include designations (3.7), definitions, contexts, notes to entry,
grammatical labels, subject labels, language identifiers, country identifiers, and source identifiers.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.1]
3.20
terminological entry
concept entry
CE
collection of terminological data (3.19) related to only one concept (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.2, modified — Added “concept entry” and “CE” as preferred and admitted
terms, respectively.]
3.21
terminological data collection
TDC
terminology resource
resource consisting of concept entries (3.20) with associated metadata and documentary information
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.4, modified — Added “terminology resource” from ISO 1087:2019,
3.7.1.]
4 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

3.22
data category
class of data items that are closely related from a formal or semantic point of view
EXAMPLE /part of speech/, /subject field/, /definition/.
Note 1 to entry: A data category can be viewed as a generalization of the notion of a field in a database.
Note 2 to entry: In running text, such as in this document, data category names are enclosed in forward slashes
(e.g. /part of speech/).
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.11]
3.23
terminology management system
TMS
software tool specifically designed with a metadata structure for collecting, maintaining, and accessing
terminological data (3.19)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.13]
3.24
concept orientation
principle whereby a concept entry (3.20) describes a single concept (3.4)
Note 1 to entry: When two or more different concepts (3.4) are represented by the same designation (3.7) (in the
same language), this designation is considered a homograph. Such concepts (3.4) are documented in separate
concept entries (3.20).
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.13]
3.25
term autonomy
principle whereby all terms (3.8) in a concept entry (3.20) are considered independent sub-units and
can be described using the same set of data categories (3.22)
Note 1 to entry: By analogy, this principle applies to designations (3.7) as well as other text elements.
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.14]
3.26
data granularity
degree of precision of data
Note 1 to entry: For example, the set of individual data categories (3.22) /part of speech/, /grammatical gender/,
and /grammatical number/ provides for greater data granularity than does the single data category /grammar/.
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.15]
3.27
repeatability
principle whereby a data category (3.22) can be repeated within a database definition and whereby it
can also be combined with other data categories
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.12]
3.28
data elementarity
principle whereby a data field contains only one data element
EXAMPLE For example, including both a full form and an abbreviation of a term in the same data field would
be a violation of data elementarity.
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.16]
3.29
terminology worker
person whose role is to perform terminology work (3.12) as an ancillary function of other professional
activities
3.30
terminologist
expert who performs terminology work (3.12) as a main function of a professional activity
3.31
technical communicator
expert who defines, creates and delivers information products for the safe, efficient and effective use of
products
Note 1 to entry: Products may be technical systems, software, or services.
3.32
source language
language of the content to be translated
[SOURCE: ISO 18587:2017, 3.2.2]
3.33
target language
language into which source language content is translated
[SOURCE: ISO 17100:2015, 2.3.6]
3.34
transfer comment
note in a terminological data collection (3.21) providing information on the degree of equivalence,
directionality or other special features affecting equivalence between a designation (3.7) in one
language and another designation in a second language
4 Fundamentals of terminology management
4.1 Goals
Terminology management has various goals. A basic goal is that users of a terminological data
collection (TDC) are able to retrieve information that answers their question. The TDC shall thus cover
the pertinent subject fields and terminologies. Concept entries in the collection shall be correct and
complete and not exhibit any data integrity issues with other entries in the collection.
An extension of the basic goal above for translation support is that data is optimised for use in
computer-aided translation (CAT) systems. Such systems have a terminology component. During the
translation process, the content of the translation segment in the source language is matched against
the TDC. Matches are displayed in the terminology component or made available for easy integration
into the translation in the target-language segment.
4.2 Work environments
Work in pursuit of this basic goal is performed in many different work environments with one person
or several doing terminology work, supported by tools, following working methods along a particular
workflow, etc. These terminology workers document the result of their work, and their work is guided
by training and documentation. They have certain skills and deal with one, two or many languages.
Figure 1 shows a list of features that characterise work environments where terminology work is
performed. The colour intensity shows the varying degree of complexity of a feature. For example,
6 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

the top-most arrow indicates that terminology work can support one process in low-complexity
environments and several processes in more complex environments.
Figure 1 — Level of complexity in different environments
The type or complexity of the feature varies from one environment to the next or even from one project
within the environment to the next project, as the colour shading indicates.
EXAMPLE 1 A freelance translator who works on terminology for a patent translation project is the only active
contributor to the TDC and the only user of the data. Although he does not do terminology work full time, he can
have a very high level and broad set of terminology skills. And for certain concepts, he might need to do extensive
research.
EXAMPLE 2 In contrast, a terminologist works in a complex tool infrastructure. She is one of many
terminologists who serve dozens of languages. In one project, she might be doing only ad hoc terminology work
(see 4.4.2) to try to solve a particular terminological problem quickly.
Much of this document applies to any environment. The main focus, however, is on the low-complexity
types of environments, which can be characterised as follows.
— One process (e.g. support of the translation process) is the main focus.
— The need for documentation, e.g. in the form of a guide or training material, is low.
— The terminological data collection itself is simpler and generally contains fewer data categories.
— There is one active contributor or only a few. They can include the translator, a subject-matter
expert, and the client. And there might only be a few users. That means that the workflow is simple.
— The skill level is assumed to be low and fairly narrow. This document covers anything that is
necessary to set up a correct terminological entry with a minimum of terminological information.
— This document can be helpful in a monolingual environment. But terminology work for at least two
languages is assumed.
— Ideally, a terminology worker uses a terminology management system (TMS), but many aspects of
this document also apply to simpler repositories (e.g. spreadsheets).
4.3 Translation vs. terminology work
Terminology work is not to be confused or equated with the process of translation, which is concerned
with rendering source language content into target language content. The translation process
typically involves two languages. Terminology work can be monolingual, bilingual, or multilingual.
It is focused on concepts and their designations in a specific subject field. While terminology work
aims at understanding and describing concepts in a way that is independent of individual contexts of
communication, translation is always dependent on contextual and situational meaning.
Similarly, a terminology database is different from a translation memory. Both are databases, but the
former is focused on managed concepts and contains their designations plus supporting terminological
information, while the latter contains translation segments in two languages. A translation memory
can at times serve as a resource for terminology work, e.g. as a text corpus for bilingual term extraction.
In the context of translation-oriented terminology work, translators or terminology workers need to
determine target-language equivalents for designations used in the source text. These source-language
designations shall not be “translated”; on the contrary, target-language equivalents shall be established
based on conceptual equivalence. This shall be done independently in each of the target languages
involved in the translation project. Terminological entries resulting from this research should provide
equivalents not just for the current project, but for future translation projects from and into all of the
working languages covered in the terminological entries (see 8.2.2).
4.4 Working methods
4.4.1 Conceptual analysis
Multilingual and translation-oriented TDCs shall provide translators with designations in source
and target languages that are considered equivalents referring to one and the same concept (see
8.2.2). When recording equivalents in a TDC, a terminology worker shall not rely solely on linguistic
similarities between designations (e.g. similar morphology, similar type of motivation). Instead, the
terminology worker shall perform a conceptual analysis of relevant material offering information on
the concepts in question. Such an analysis shall apply the principles laid out in ISO 704.
To do that, the terminology worker needs to be aware of the basic theoretical model supporting any
terminology work: human beings perceive objects of their physical world or conceive objects in their
thinking. Perceiving or conceiving one or more objects, the relevant properties of these objects are
abstracted into characteristics and form a concept. Concepts are thus purely mental representations
and correspond to the objects in question. For human communication about objects or their concepts,
various types of designations (e.g. terms and proper names) are used. To be clear about the concepts,
definitions are used.
EXAMPLE Office environments involving computers include objects referred to as ‘computer mouse’ or
‘mouse’. Each of these objects has individual properties, such as ‘has two buttons’ or ‘has three buttons’, ‘performs
two-dimensional rolling on a flat surface’, ‘has a cable connection’ or ‘has a wireless connection’, ‘used for moving
a cursor on a display’, etc. The relevant properties are abstracted into characteristics and form a concept that can
be defined as follows: ‘computer input device having one or more buttons and capable of two-dimensional rolling
motion which can drive a cursor on the display and which performs a variety of selection options or commands’,
(ISO 9241-400:2007, 3.6.11). Depending on the given communication purpose and situation, the term “computer
mouse” or “mouse” can be used for communicating about this concept.
In terminology work, conceptual analysis involves all steps necessary to identify and clarify concepts.
A terminology worker needs to cognitively reconstruct the process of concept formation. This involves
identifying essential characteristics, comparing the concept with neighbouring or related concepts, and
delineating the concept from these concepts. In the Example above, this would mean understanding
how to differentiate between a ‘computer mouse’ and other pointing devices. In multilingual and
translation-oriented terminology work, a terminology worker shall verify whether in all involved
languages the set of essential characteristics (the intension) is the same.
It is important to note that concepts should be viewed and analyzed in their conceptual context. The
result of such analysis is a concept field or concept system, which in turn can be depicted by means of
8 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

non-formalised concept diagrams (see ISO 704:—, 5.5.4.2.1, Example 1) or formalised concept models
(see ISO 24156-1).
In the Example above, conceptual analysis would lead to the understanding that ‘computer mouse’
is a specific concept of ‘pointing device.’ In the definition, this relation is indicated by the reference
to ‘computer input device’. Further conceptual analysis might reveal whether specific concepts of
‘computer mouse’ exist or of which partitive concepts the concept ‘computer mouse’ is made of.
Comprehensive conceptual analysis is time-consuming, but mandatory in systematic terminology work
(see 4.4.2). In translation-oriented terminology work, conceptual analysis may therefore be limited
to what is necessary to ensure understanding of concepts and determining equivalence in a given
translation project.
4.4.2 Systematic vs. ad hoc terminology work
While terminologists engaged in classification of subject fields mainly use a systematic approach to
organize the concepts in the subject field, terminology workers in translation environments use an ad
hoc approach in most cases. Table 1 juxtaposes some of the critical differences.
Table 1 — Systematic vs. ad hoc terminology work
Systematic Ad hoc
Focus Classification of the concepts in a subject field Solving terminological problems that
occur in specific situations, e.g. a transla-
tion project
Linguistic level Designations only Designations and other text elements (see
Figures 3 and 4)
Main approach Onomasiological Semasiological
Starting point One subject field One text in a source language
Result Concept entries that are more or less connect- Individual entries
ed in a larger system
A terminology worker performing terminology work in preparation of a translation project will often
find textual segments that require further research. Such a segment can turn out to be
— a designation representing a clearly delineated concept (see 7.2), or
— some other elements (see 7.3).
In most cases, the text element can very easily be explained through an ad hoc approach, e.g. with a
search in an online bilingual dictionary or text corpus and the subsequent simple documentation in
the TDC. The terminology worker shall be aware that some translation problems can only be solved
through conceptual analysis (see 4.4.1) in the various languages and the systematic approach where
multiple concepts are compared and organized according to how they relate to each other.
4.4.3 Prescriptive vs. descriptive terminology work
Terminology workers shall be aware of the following three approaches to terminology work:
— descriptive;
— prescriptive;
— normative.
The goal of descriptive terminology work is to document designations as they are used without
favouring preferred usage. The goal of prescriptive work is to establish rules of term usage, e.g. by
setting the respective usage status for a term in the TDC. Only terminology workers in standardizing
bodies do a form of prescriptive terminology work called
...


INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12616-1
First edition
2021-09
Terminology work in support of
multilingual communication —
Part 1:
Fundamentals of translation-oriented
terminography
Travail terminologique appuyant la communication multilingue —
Partie 1: Principes fondamentaux de la terminographie axée sur la
traduction
Reference number
©
ISO 2021
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Fundamentals of terminology management . 6
4.1 Goals . 6
4.2 Work environments . 6
4.3 Translation vs. terminology work . 8
4.4 Working methods . 8
4.4.1 Conceptual analysis . 8
4.4.2 Systematic vs. ad hoc terminology work . 9
4.4.3 Prescriptive vs. descriptive terminology work . 9
4.4.4 Text corpora .10
5 Process steps and activities .11
5.1 Setting goals .11
5.2 Basic workflow.11
5.3 Setting up a terminology database .11
5.4 Collecting terminological data and initial assessment .12
5.5 Researching .12
5.6 Processing and documenting terminological data .13
5.7 Using and exchanging terminological data .13
5.8 Maintenance .13
6 Terminography .14
6.1 Best practices for open data categories .14
6.2 Term .14
6.3 Definition .14
6.4 Concept description .15
6.5 Context .15
6.6 Note .15
6.7 References and source identification .15
6.8 Abbreviations for names of languages and countries .16
7 Text elements for the Term field .17
7.1 General .17
7.2 Designations .18
7.2.1 Terms .18
7.2.2 Proper names .18
7.2.3 Symbols .19
7.2.4 Name-like designations.19
7.3 Other text elements .20
7.3.1 Phrases .20
7.3.2 Standard texts.20
8 Data management .20
8.1 Data categories for terminological data collections .20
8.2 Principles of modelling concept entries .21
8.2.1 Guidance on designing terminological data collections .21
8.2.2 Concept orientation . .21
8.2.3 Term autonomy .22
8.2.4 Data elementarity .22
8.2.5 Data granularity .22
8.2.6 Repeatability .22
8.3 Open and closed data categories .23
8.4 Mandatory and optional data categories .23
8.5 Exchange and interoperability of terminological data .24
9 Tools .24
10 Skills and competences .25
10.1 Terminology tasks and the required skills .25
10.2 Basic terminology skills .25
10.3 Information technology skills and competences .26
10.4 Skills and competences related to term extraction .26
10.5 Language skills .27
10.6 Subject-matter expertise .27
10.7 Research competence.27
10.8 Social and cultural competences .27
Annex A (informative) Data categories for translation-oriented terminological data collections.29
Annex B (informative) Spreadsheet examples .32
Bibliography .34
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology,
Subcommittee SC 2, Terminology workflow and language coding.
This document cancels and replaces the ISO 12616:2002, which has been technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— updates to focus on the broader environment in which terminology workers operate;
— deepening of the aspect of terminological data management and addition of processes, tools and
skills necessary for terminology tasks;
— updates to align with the technical state-of-art and the evolution of the profession.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
Introduction
Terminology work is conducted by people with different backgrounds and for different purposes. This
document focuses on the fundamentals necessary to perform basic terminology work in translation
contexts. While some details are occasionally given, the document provides the minimum information
necessary to set up and work in the simplest form of a terminological data collection (TDC). The more
complex tasks and processes performed by terminologists with more sophisticated technologies and in
larger production environments will be covered in a future ISO 12616-2.
For clear communication, the title “terminology worker” has been chosen to represent anyone doing
terminology work as an ancillary function of their professional activities. A terminology worker might be
a translator, project manager or technical communicator, and might work as a single-person enterprise,
for a language service provider, or in-house at a company or other organization. Terminologists and
terminology workers share the same basic skill set covered in this document; however, terminologists
have broader knowledge and competences, which will be discussed further in a future ISO 12616-2.
One of the most common scenarios for a terminology worker in translation contexts is the following: a
client produces documentation in a particular subject field in a source language and asks a translator
to translate a variety of interrelated documents. Since no terminology was provided, the translator
recognizes that it would be beneficial to document the terminology found during translation
work to maintain consistency across documents in the target language. This document provides
terminographical best practices and data modelling principles to this end.
In this document’s examples, designations and other text elements are indicated by double quotation
marks, whereas objects, concepts, properties, characteristics, and types of characteristics are indicated
by single quotation marks. When referring to fields in a terminology database, the first letter of the
field name is capitalized and the field name is followed by the word “field” (e.g. Term field, Transfer
comment field). Data categories are indicated by slashes preceding and following the name of the
data category (e.g. /term/, /transfer comment/). This markup is intended to facilitate the distinction
between references to the three terminological levels and other text throughout this document.
vi © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12616-1:2021(E)
Terminology work in support of multilingual
communication —
Part 1:
Fundamentals of translation-oriented terminography
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and recommendations related to fundamentals of translation-
oriented terminography for producing sound bilingual or multilingual terminology collections. It
deals with the main tasks, skills, processes and technologies for translation-oriented terminography
practiced by terminology workers who do terminology work in low-complexity settings as part of non-
terminological activities. It does not cover terminology management involving sophisticated workflows,
a multitude of roles, or advanced terminological skills and competences.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 704, Terminology work — Principles and methods
ISO 16642, Computer applications in terminology — Terminological markup framework
ISO 26162-1, Management of terminology resources — Terminology databases — Part 1: Design
ISO 30042, Management of terminology resources — TermBase eXchange (TBX)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
terminology
set of designations (3.7) and concepts (3.4) belonging to one subject field (3.2) or subject
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.11, modified — “domain” replaced with “subject field”, which is the
preferred term in this document.]
3.2
subject field
domain
field of special knowledge
Note 1 to entry: The borderlines and the granularity of a subject field are determined from a purpose-related
point of view. If a subject field is subdivided, the result is again a subject field.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.4, modified — The preferred term in this document is “subject field”,
instead of “domain”.]
3.3
object
anything perceivable or conceivable
Note 1 to entry: Objects can be material (e.g. ‘engine’, ‘sheet of paper’, ‘diamond’), immaterial (e.g. ‘conversion
ratio’, ‘project plan’) or imagined (e.g. ‘unicorn’, ‘scientific hypothesis’).
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.1]
3.4
concept
unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics
Note 1 to entry: Concepts are not necessarily bound to particular natural languages. They are, however,
influenced by the social or cultural background which often leads to different categorizations.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.2.1 modified — Removed Note 2 to entry.]
3.5
individual concept
concept (3.4) that corresponds to a unique object (3.3)
EXAMPLE ‘Saturn’, ‘Eiffel Tower’, ‘Moon’, ‘serial number FRHR603928’, ‘2016 Nobel Prize in Physics’.
Note 1 to entry: Individual concepts are represented by proper names (3.10).
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.2.8]
3.6
general concept
concept (3.4) that corresponds to a potentially unlimited number of objects (3.3) which form a group by
reason of shared properties
EXAMPLE ‘planet’, ‘tower’, ‘moon’, ‘Nobel Prize in Physics’.
Note 1 to entry: For a general concept, it is essential that a number of corresponding objects greater than 1 can
be perceived or conceived of. For example, ‘spaceship’ has been a general concept before such a material object
existed, at the time when there existed only 1 such object, and later, when there existed several such objects.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.2.9]
3.7
designation
representation of a concept (3.4) by a sign which denotes it in a subject field (3.2) or subject
Note 1 to entry: A designation can be linguistic or non-linguistic. It can consist of various types of characters, but
also punctuation marks such as hyphens and parentheses, governed by domain-, subject-, or language-specific
conventions.
Note 2 to entry: A designation can be a term (3.8) including appellations (3.9), a proper name (3.10), or a symbol
(3.11).
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.1; modified — Removed “designator” as a synonym. In the definition,
“domain” replaced with “subject field”.]
3.8
term
designation (3.7) that represents a general concept (3.6) by linguistic means
EXAMPLE “laser printer”, “planet”, “pacemaker”, “chemical compound”, “¾ time”, “Influenza A virus”, “oil
painting”.
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Note 1 to entry: Terms may be partly or wholly verbal.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.2]
3.9
appellation
term (3.8) that is applied to a group of objects (3.3) whose relevant properties are identical
EXAMPLE “Nokia 7 Plus®” (mobile phone), “Adobe® Acrobat® X Pro” (software), “Road King®”
1)
(motorcycle) .
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.3]
3.10
proper name
designation (3.7) that represents an individual concept (3.5)
2)
EXAMPLE “International Organization for Standardization”, “IBM®” , “British Isles”, “United Nations”.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.4]
3.11
symbol
designation (3.7) that represents a concept (3.4) by non-linguistic means
Note 1 to entry: There are several types of symbols such as graphical symbols [ISO 3864 (all parts)] and letter
symbols [ISO 80000 (all parts)].
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.5]
3.12
terminology work
terminology management
work concerned with the collection, description, processing and presentation of concepts (3.4) and their
designations (3.7)
Note 1 to entry: Terminology work often aims at creating and maintaining terminological data collections (3.21).
Note 2 to entry: Terminology work often aims at terminology planning and can involve all of concept
harmonization, term harmonization, and term formation.
Note 3 to entry: Terminology work can be carried out in a systematic or an ad hoc fashion.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.5.1, modified — In the definition, removed “systematic”. In Note 1 to entry,
“terminology resources” replaced with “terminological data collections”. Added Note 3 to entry.]
3.13
prescriptive terminology work
terminology work (3.12) that aims at deciding on preferred usage of designations (3.7)
3.14
descriptive terminology work
terminology work (3.12) that aims at documenting designations (3.7) as they are used in contexts
without favouring preferred usage
1) Nokia 7 Plus® is a trademark of Nokia Corporation, Adobe® Acrobat® X Pro is a trademark of Adobe Systems,
Road King® is a trademark of Harley-Davidson. This information is given for the convenience of users of this
document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the products named.
2) IBM® is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the product named.
3.15
terminography
terminology work (3.12) aimed at creating and maintaining terminological data collections (3.21)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.5.2, modified — “terminology resources” replaced with “terminological
data collections”.]
3.16
term extraction
terminology work (3.12) that involves the identification and excerption of terminological data (3.19) by
searching through a text corpus (3.17)
Note 1 to entry: Terminological data (3.19) of primary interest are typically designations (3.7), definitions and
contexts.
Note 2 to entry: Term extraction is often supported by dedicated software tools.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.5.6]
3.17
text corpus
corpus
collection of natural language data
Note 1 to entry: Text corpora can be used for various activities such as text analysis or terminology work (3.12).
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.4]
3.18
candidate term
string of characters that has been collected by means of term extraction (3.16) but has not yet been
selected as a text element to be documented in the terminological data collection (3.21)
3.19
terminological data
data related to concepts (3.4) and their designations (3.7)
Note 1 to entry: Common terminological data include designations (3.7), definitions, contexts, notes to entry,
grammatical labels, subject labels, language identifiers, country identifiers, and source identifiers.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.1]
3.20
terminological entry
concept entry
CE
collection of terminological data (3.19) related to only one concept (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.2, modified — Added “concept entry” and “CE” as preferred and admitted
terms, respectively.]
3.21
terminological data collection
TDC
terminology resource
resource consisting of concept entries (3.20) with associated metadata and documentary information
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.4, modified — Added “terminology resource” from ISO 1087:2019,
3.7.1.]
4 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

3.22
data category
class of data items that are closely related from a formal or semantic point of view
EXAMPLE /part of speech/, /subject field/, /definition/.
Note 1 to entry: A data category can be viewed as a generalization of the notion of a field in a database.
Note 2 to entry: In running text, such as in this document, data category names are enclosed in forward slashes
(e.g. /part of speech/).
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.11]
3.23
terminology management system
TMS
software tool specifically designed with a metadata structure for collecting, maintaining, and accessing
terminological data (3.19)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.13]
3.24
concept orientation
principle whereby a concept entry (3.20) describes a single concept (3.4)
Note 1 to entry: When two or more different concepts (3.4) are represented by the same designation (3.7) (in the
same language), this designation is considered a homograph. Such concepts (3.4) are documented in separate
concept entries (3.20).
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.13]
3.25
term autonomy
principle whereby all terms (3.8) in a concept entry (3.20) are considered independent sub-units and
can be described using the same set of data categories (3.22)
Note 1 to entry: By analogy, this principle applies to designations (3.7) as well as other text elements.
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.14]
3.26
data granularity
degree of precision of data
Note 1 to entry: For example, the set of individual data categories (3.22) /part of speech/, /grammatical gender/,
and /grammatical number/ provides for greater data granularity than does the single data category /grammar/.
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.15]
3.27
repeatability
principle whereby a data category (3.22) can be repeated within a database definition and whereby it
can also be combined with other data categories
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.12]
3.28
data elementarity
principle whereby a data field contains only one data element
EXAMPLE For example, including both a full form and an abbreviation of a term in the same data field would
be a violation of data elementarity.
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.16]
3.29
terminology worker
person whose role is to perform terminology work (3.12) as an ancillary function of other professional
activities
3.30
terminologist
expert who performs terminology work (3.12) as a main function of a professional activity
3.31
technical communicator
expert who defines, creates and delivers information products for the safe, efficient and effective use of
products
Note 1 to entry: Products may be technical systems, software, or services.
3.32
source language
language of the content to be translated
[SOURCE: ISO 18587:2017, 3.2.2]
3.33
target language
language into which source language content is translated
[SOURCE: ISO 17100:2015, 2.3.6]
3.34
transfer comment
note in a terminological data collection (3.21) providing information on the degree of equivalence,
directionality or other special features affecting equivalence between a designation (3.7) in one
language and another designation in a second language
4 Fundamentals of terminology management
4.1 Goals
Terminology management has various goals. A basic goal is that users of a terminological data
collection (TDC) are able to retrieve information that answers their question. The TDC shall thus cover
the pertinent subject fields and terminologies. Concept entries in the collection shall be correct and
complete and not exhibit any data integrity issues with other entries in the collection.
An extension of the basic goal above for translation support is that data is optimised for use in
computer-aided translation (CAT) systems. Such systems have a terminology component. During the
translation process, the content of the translation segment in the source language is matched against
the TDC. Matches are displayed in the terminology component or made available for easy integration
into the translation in the target-language segment.
4.2 Work environments
Work in pursuit of this basic goal is performed in many different work environments with one person
or several doing terminology work, supported by tools, following working methods along a particular
workflow, etc. These terminology workers document the result of their work, and their work is guided
by training and documentation. They have certain skills and deal with one, two or many languages.
Figure 1 shows a list of features that characterise work environments where terminology work is
performed. The colour intensity shows the varying degree of complexity of a feature. For example,
6 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

the top-most arrow indicates that terminology work can support one process in low-complexity
environments and several processes in more complex environments.
Figure 1 — Level of complexity in different environments
The type or complexity of the feature varies from one environment to the next or even from one project
within the environment to the next project, as the colour shading indicates.
EXAMPLE 1 A freelance translator who works on terminology for a patent translation project is the only active
contributor to the TDC and the only user of the data. Although he does not do terminology work full time, he can
have a very high level and broad set of terminology skills. And for certain concepts, he might need to do extensive
research.
EXAMPLE 2 In contrast, a terminologist works in a complex tool infrastructure. She is one of many
terminologists who serve dozens of languages. In one project, she might be doing only ad hoc terminology work
(see 4.4.2) to try to solve a particular terminological problem quickly.
Much of this document applies to any environment. The main focus, however, is on the low-complexity
types of environments, which can be characterised as follows.
— One process (e.g. support of the translation process) is the main focus.
— The need for documentation, e.g. in the form of a guide or training material, is low.
— The terminological data collection itself is simpler and generally contains fewer data categories.
— There is one active contributor or only a few. They can include the translator, a subject-matter
expert, and the client. And there might only be a few users. That means that the workflow is simple.
— The skill level is assumed to be low and fairly narrow. This document covers anything that is
necessary to set up a correct terminological entry with a minimum of terminological information.
— This document can be helpful in a monolingual environment. But terminology work for at least two
languages is assumed.
— Ideally, a terminology worker uses a terminology management system (TMS), but many aspects of
this document also apply to simpler repositories (e.g. spreadsheets).
4.3 Translation vs. terminology work
Terminology work is not to be confused or equated with the process of translation, which is concerned
with rendering source language content into target language content. The translation process
typically involves two languages. Terminology work can be monolingual, bilingual, or multilingual.
It is focused on concepts and their designations in a specific subject field. While terminology work
aims at understanding and describing concepts in a way that is independent of individual contexts of
communication, translation is always dependent on contextual and situational meaning.
Similarly, a terminology database is different from a translation memory. Both are databases, but the
former is focused on managed concepts and contains their designations plus supporting terminological
information, while the latter contains translation segments in two languages. A translation memory
can at times serve as a resource for terminology work, e.g. as a text corpus for bilingual term extraction.
In the context of translation-oriented terminology work, translators or terminology workers need to
determine target-language equivalents for designations used in the source text. These source-language
designations shall not be “translated”; on the contrary, target-language equivalents shall be established
based on conceptual equivalence. This shall be done independently in each of the target languages
involved in the translation project. Terminological entries resulting from this research should provide
equivalents not just for the current project, but for future translation projects from and into all of the
working languages covered in the terminological entries (see 8.2.2).
4.4 Working methods
4.4.1 Conceptual analysis
Multilingual and translation-oriented TDCs shall provide translators with designations in source
and target languages that are considered equivalents referring to one and the same concept (see
8.2.2). When recording equivalents in a TDC, a terminology worker shall not rely solely on linguistic
similarities between designations (e.g. similar morphology, similar type of motivation). Instead, the
terminology worker shall perform a conceptual analysis of relevant material offering information on
the concepts in question. Such an analysis shall apply the principles laid out in ISO 704.
To do that, the terminology worker needs to be aware of the basic theoretical model supporting any
terminology work: human beings perceive objects of their physical world or conceive objects in their
thinking. Perceiving or conceiving one or more objects, the relevant properties of these objects are
abstracted into characteristics and form a concept. Concepts are thus purely mental representations
and correspond to the objects in question. For human communication about objects or their concepts,
various types of designations (e.g. terms and proper names) are used. To be clear about the concepts,
definitions are used.
EXAMPLE Office environments involving computers include objects referred to as ‘computer mouse’ or
‘mouse’. Each of these objects has individual properties, such as ‘has two buttons’ or ‘has three buttons’, ‘performs
two-dimensional rolling on a flat surface’, ‘has a cable connection’ or ‘has a wireless connection’, ‘used for moving
a cursor on a display’, etc. The relevant properties are abstracted into characteristics and form a concept that can
be defined as follows: ‘computer input device having one or more buttons and capable of two-dimensional rolling
motion which can drive a cursor on the display and which performs a variety of selection options or commands’,
(ISO 9241-400:2007, 3.6.11). Depending on the given communication purpose and situation, the term “computer
mouse” or “mouse” can be used for communicating about this concept.
In terminology work, conceptual analysis involves all steps necessary to identify and clarify concepts.
A terminology worker needs to cognitively reconstruct the process of concept formation. This involves
identifying essential characteristics, comparing the concept with neighbouring or related concepts, and
delineating the concept from these concepts. In the Example above, this would mean understanding
how to differentiate between a ‘computer mouse’ and other pointing devices. In multilingual and
translation-oriented terminology work, a terminology worker shall verify whether in all involved
languages the set of essential characteristics (the intension) is the same.
It is important to note that concepts should be viewed and analyzed in their conceptual context. The
result of such analysis is a concept field or concept system, which in turn can be depicted by means of
8 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

non-formalised concept diagrams (see ISO 704:—, 5.5.4.2.1, Example 1) or formalised concept models
(see ISO 24156-1).
In the Example above, conceptual analysis would lead to the understanding that ‘computer mouse’
is a specific concept of ‘pointing device.’ In the definition, this relation is indicated by the reference
to ‘computer input device’. Further conceptual analysis might reveal whether specific concepts of
‘computer mouse’ exist or of which partitive concepts the concept ‘computer mouse’ is made of.
Comprehensive conceptual analysis is time-consuming, but mandatory in systematic terminology work
(see 4.4.2). In translation-oriented terminology work, conceptual analysis may therefore be limited
to what is necessary to ensure understanding of concepts and determining equivalence in a given
translation project.
4.4.2 Systematic vs. ad hoc terminology work
While terminologists engaged in classification of subject fields mainly use a systematic approach to
organize the concepts in the subject field, terminology workers in translation environments use an ad
hoc approach in most cases. Table 1 juxtaposes some of the critical differences.
Table 1 — Systematic vs. ad hoc terminology work
Systematic Ad hoc
Focus Classification of the concepts in a subject field Solving terminological problems that
occur in specific situations, e.g. a transla-
tion project
Linguistic level Designations only Designations and other text elements (see
Figures 3 and 4)
Main approach Onomasiological Semasiological
Starting point One subject field One text in a source language
Result Concept entries that are more or less connect- Individual entries
ed in a larger system
A terminology worker performing terminology work in preparation of a translation project will often
find textual segments that require further research. Such a segment can turn out to be
— a designation representing a clearly delineated concept (see 7.2), or
— some other elements (see 7.3).
In most cases, the text element can very easily be explained through an ad hoc approach, e.g. with a
search in an online bilingual dictionary or text corpus and the subsequent simple documentation in
the TDC. The terminology worker shall be aware that some translation problems can only be solved
through conceptual analysis (see 4.4.1) in the various languages and the systematic approach where
multiple concepts are compared and organized according to how they relate to each other.
4.4.3 Prescriptive vs. descriptive terminology work
Terminology workers shall be aware of the following three approaches to terminology work:
— descriptive;
— prescriptive;
— normative.
The goal of descriptive terminology work is to document designations as they are used without
favouring preferred usage. The goal of prescriptive work is to establish rules of term usage, e.g. by
setting the respective usage status for a term in the TDC. Only terminology workers in standardizing
bodies do a form of prescriptive terminology work called normative. Terminologies established in such
settings become normative.
EXAMPLE 1 A small group of translators working on the same project need to use terminology consistently.
One person might collect designations found in existing text corpora (descriptive). The group might then decide
which designations are preferred or admitted and which should be avoided in the texts of the client or sponsoring
organization. Therefore, the work would be prescriptive even if the preferred forms are not labelled as such in
the TDC.
EXAMPLE 2 A client provides a list of preferred designations to a translator.
EXAMPLE 3 A committee of subject-matter experts working on standards in their subject field define the
terminology and use it in such standards. Standards are normative documents and can be useful reference
material for translators.
When consulting a TDC in their own research, terminology workers shall be aware of the approach
taken in the creation of the TDC in question.
4.4.4 Text corpora
Terminology workers benefit from the availability of text corpora for their work. A collection of texts in
machine-readable form can take as simple a form as documents in a folder on the terminology
...


NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 12616-1
Première édition
2021-09
Travail terminologique appuyant la
communication multilingue —
Partie 1:
Principes fondamentaux de la
terminographie axée sur la traduction
Terminology work in support of multilingual communication —
Part 1: Fundamentals of translation-oriented terminography
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2021
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2021
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Genève
Tél.: +41 22 749 01 11
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Web: www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2021 – Tous droits réservés

Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .v
Introduction .vi
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Principes fondamentaux de la gestion de la terminologie . 7
4.1 Objectifs . 7
4.2 Environnements de travail . 7
4.3 Traduction vs travail terminologique . 8
4.4 Méthodes de travail . 9
4.4.1 Analyse conceptuelle . 9
4.4.2 Travail terminologique systématique vs ad hoc .10
4.4.3 Travail terminologique prescriptif vs descriptif .10
4.4.4 Corpus de textes .11
5 Étapes du processus et activités .11
5.1 Définition des objectifs .11
5.2 Flux de travail de base .12
5.3 Configuration d’une base de données terminologiques .12
5.4 Collecte des données terminologiques et évaluation initiale .13
5.5 Recherche .13
5.6 Traitement et documentation des données terminologiques .14
5.7 Utilisation et échange de données terminologiques .14
5.8 Mise à jour .15
6 Terminographie .15
6.1 Bonnes pratiques relatives aux catégories de données ouvertes .15
6.2 Terme .15
6.3 Définition .16
6.4 Description de concept .16
6.5 Contexte .16
6.6 Note .17
6.7 Références et identification des sources .17
6.8 Abréviations pour les noms de langues et de pays .18
7 Éléments de texte pour le champ Terme .18
7.1 Généralités .18
7.2 Désignations .20
7.2.1 Termes .20
7.2.2 Noms propres .20
7.2.3 Symboles .20
7.2.4 Désignations de type nominatif .21
7.3 Autres éléments de texte .22
7.3.1 Syntagmes .22
7.3.2 Textes normalisés . . .22
8 Gestion des données .22
8.1 Catégories de données pour les recueils de données terminologiques .22
8.2 Principes de modélisation des articles conceptuels .23
8.2.1 Recommandations relatives à la conception des recueils de données
terminologiques .23
8.2.2 Orientation conceptuelle .24
8.2.3 Autonomie des termes .24
8.2.4 Élémentarité des données .24
8.2.5 Granularité des données .24
8.2.6 Répétabilité .25
8.3 Catégories de données ouvertes et fermées .25
8.4 Catégories de données obligatoires et facultatives.26
8.5 Échange et interopérabilité des données terminologiques .26
9 Outils .26
10 Savoir-faire et compétences.27
10.1 Tâches terminologiques et compétences requises .27
10.2 Compétences de base en terminologie .28
10.3 Savoir-faire et compétences en technologies de l’information .28
10.4 Savoir-faire et compétences liés à l’extraction de termes .29
10.5 Compétences linguistiques .29
10.6 Expertise dans le domaine .30
10.7 Capacité de recherche .30
10.8 Compétences sociales et culturelles .30
Annexe A (informative) Catégories de données pour les recueils de données
terminologiques axés sur la traduction .32
Annexe B (informative) Exemples de tableurs .35
Bibliographie .37
iv © ISO 2021 – Tous droits réservés

Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www
.iso .org/ directives).
L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l’élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l’ISO (voir www .iso .org/ brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion
de l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: www .iso .org/ iso/ fr/ avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le Comité technique ISO/TC 37, Langage et terminologie, sous-
comité SC 2, Flux des travaux terminologiques et codage des langues.
Le présent document annule et remplace l’ISO 12616:2002, qui a fait l’objet d’une révision technique.
Les principales modifications par rapport à l’édition précédente sont les suivantes:
— mises à jour en vue de mettre l’accent sur l’environnement élargi dans lequel les travailleurs en
terminologie exercent leur activité;
— approfondissement de l’aspect de la gestion des données terminologiques et ajout de processus,
d’outils et de compétences nécessaires aux tâches terminologiques;
— mises à jour en vue de s’aligner sur les avancées techniques et l’évolution de la profession.
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes
se trouve à l’adresse www .iso .org/ fr/ members .html.
Introduction
Le travail terminologique est effectué par des personnes ayant des parcours différents et pour des
objectifs différents. Le présent document porte sur les principes fondamentaux nécessaires pour
effectuer un travail terminologique de base dans des contextes de traduction. Bien que quelques détails
soient parfois donnés, le document fournit les informations minimales nécessaires pour configurer
et exploiter la forme la plus simple d’un recueil de données terminologiques (RDT). Les tâches et les
processus plus complexes effectués par les terminologues avec des technologies plus sophistiquées et
dans des environnements de production plus importants seront couverts dans une future ISO 12616-2.
Pour une communication claire, l’intitulé de «travailleur en terminologie» a été choisi pour représenter
toute personne effectuant un travail terminologique en tant que fonction complémentaire de ses
activités professionnelles. Un travailleur en terminologie peut être un traducteur, un chef de projet ou
un rédacteur technique et peut travailler en qualité d’entreprise individuelle, pour un prestataire de
services linguistiques, ou en interne dans une entreprise ou un autre organisme. Les terminologues
et les travailleurs en terminologie partagent le même socle de compétences couvert dans le présent
document; cependant, les terminologues ont des connaissances et des compétences plus élargies qui
seront discutées plus en détail dans une future ISO 12616-2.
L’un des scénarios les plus courants pour un travailleur en terminologie dans des contextes de
traduction est le suivant: un client produit de la documentation dans un domaine particulier dans une
langue source et demande à un traducteur de traduire divers documents connexes. Comme aucune
terminologie n’a été fournie, le traducteur reconnaît qu’il serait judicieux de documenter la terminologie
identifiée pendant le travail de traduction afin de maintenir la cohérence entre les documents dans la
langue cible. Le présent document fournit des bonnes pratiques terminographiques et des principes de
modélisation des données à cet effet.
Dans les exemples du présent document, les désignations et autres éléments de texte sont indiqués
par des guillemets doubles, tandis que les objets, concepts, propriétés, caractéristiques et types de
caractéristiques sont indiqués par des guillemets simples. Lorsqu’il est fait référence à des domaines
dans une base de données terminologiques, la première lettre du nom de domaine prend une majuscule
et le nom de domaine est suivi du mot «domaine» (par exemple, Terme domaine, Commentaire de
transposition domaine). Les catégories de données sont indiquées par des barres obliques qui précèdent
et suivent le nom de la catégorie de données (par exemple, /terme/, /commentaire de transposition/).
Ce balisage a pour but de faciliter la distinction entre les références aux trois niveaux terminologiques
et les autres textes dans le présent document.
vi © ISO 2021 – Tous droits réservés

NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 12616-1:2021(F)
Travail terminologique appuyant la communication
multilingue —
Partie 1:
Principes fondamentaux de la terminographie axée sur la
traduction
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document spécifie les exigences et les recommandations relatives aux principes
fondamentaux de la terminographie axée sur la traduction afin de produire de solides recueils
terminologiques bilingues ou multilingues. Il traite des principales tâches et compétences, ainsi que des
processus et technologies, pour la terminographie axée sur la traduction pratiquée par les travailleurs
en terminologie qui effectuent un travail terminologique dans des configurations de faible complexité
dans le cadre d’activités non terminologiques. Il ne couvre pas la gestion de la terminologie impliquant
des flux de travail sophistiqués, une multitude de rôles ou des savoir-faire et compétences avancés.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants sont cités dans le texte de sorte qu’ils constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur
contenu, des exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique.
Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y compris les
éventuels amendements).
ISO 704, Travail terminologique — Principes et méthodes
ISO 16642, Applications informatiques en terminologie — Plate-forme pour le balisage de terminologies
informatisées
ISO 26162-1, Gestion des ressources terminologiques — Bases de données terminologiques — Partie 1:
Conception
ISO 30042, Gestion des ressources terminologiques — TermBase eXchange (TBX)
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .iso .org/ obp;
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .electropedia .org/ .
3.1
terminologie
ensemble des désignations (3.7) et des concepts (3.4) appartenant à un domaine (3.2) ou à un sujet
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.11, modifiée — Dans la version anglaise de ce document, le terme «domain»
a été remplacé par «subject field», qui est le terme privilégié.]
3.2
domaine
branche spécialisée de la connaissance
Note 1 à l'article: Les limites et la granularité d’un domaine sont déterminées selon un point de vue particulier lié
à l’objectif visé. Si un domaine est subdivisé, le résultat est de nouveau un domaine.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.4, modifiée — Le terme privilégié dans la version anglaise de ce document
est «subject field», à la place de «domain».]
3.3
objet
tout ce qui peut être perçu ou conçu
Note 1 à l'article: Les objets peuvent être matériels (par exemple ‹moteur›, ‹feuille de papier›, ‹diamant›),
immatériels (par exemple ‹rapport de conversion›, ‹plan de projet›) ou imaginaires (par exemple ‹licorne›,
‹hypothèse scientifique›).
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.1]
3.4
concept
unité de connaissance créée par une combinaison unique de caractéristiques
Note 1 à l'article: Les concepts ne sont pas nécessairement liés à des langues particulières. Ils sont cependant
soumis à l’influence du contexte socioculturel qui conduit souvent à des catégorisations différentes.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.2.1 modifiée — Suppression de la Note 2 à l’article.]
3.5
concept individuel
concept (3.4) qui correspond à un objet (3.3) unique
EXEMPLE ‹Saturne›, ‹la tour Eiffel›, ‹la Lune›, ‹numéro de série FRHR603928›, ‹Prix Nobel de physique 2016›.
Note 1 à l'article: Les concepts individuels sont représentés par des noms propres (3.10).
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.2.8]
3.6
concept général
concept (3.4) qui correspond à un nombre potentiellement illimité d’objets (3.3) qui forment un groupe
en raison de propriétés partagées
EXEMPLE ‹planète›, ‹tour›, ‹lune›, ‹Prix Nobel de physique›.
Note 1 à l'article: Pour un concept général, il est essentiel qu’un nombre d’objets correspondants supérieur à
1 puisse être perçu ou imaginé. Par exemple, ‹vaisseau spatial› a été un concept général avant qu’un tel objet
matériel n’existe, au moment où un seul objet de ce type existait, et ultérieurement, lorsque plusieurs objets de ce
type ont existé.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.2.9]
3.7
désignation
représentation d’un concept (3.4) par un signe qui le dénote dans un domaine (3.2) ou sujet
Note 1 à l'article: Une désignation peut être linguistique ou non linguistique. Elle peut être constituée de
différents types de caractères, mais aussi de signes de ponctuation tels que des traits d’union et des parenthèses,
régis par des conventions spécifiques au domaine, au sujet ou au langage.
Note 2 à l'article: Une désignation peut être un terme (3.8), incluant les appellations (3.9), un nom propre (3.10) ou
un symbole (3.11).
2 © ISO 2021 – Tous droits réservés

[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.1, modifiée — Dans la version anglaise, suppression du synonyme
«designator» et, dans la définition, «domain» replacé par «subject field».]
3.8
terme
désignation (3.7) qui représente un concept général (3.6) par des moyens linguistiques
EXEMPLE «imprimante laser», «planète», «stimulateur cardiaque», «composé chimique», «¾ temps», «virus
de la grippe A», «peinture à l’huile».
Note 1 à l'article: Les termes peuvent être partiellement ou entièrement verbaux.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.2]
3.9
appellation
terme (3.8) appliqué à un groupe d’objets (3.3) dont les propriétés pertinentes sont identiques
EXEMPLE «Nokia 7 Plus®» (téléphone portable), «Adobe® Acrobat® X Pro» (logiciel), «Road King®»
1)
(motocyclette) .
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.3]
3.10
nom propre
désignation (3.7) qui représente un concept individuel (3.5)
2)
EXEMPLE «Organisation internationale de normalisation», «IBM® » , «Îles britanniques», «Organisation
des Nations Unies».
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.4]
3.11
symbole
désignation (3.7) qui représente un concept (3.4) par des moyens non linguistiques
Note 1 à l'article: Il existe plusieurs types de symboles tels que les symboles graphiques [ISO 3864 (toutes les
parties)] et les symboles littéraux [ISO 80000 (toutes les parties)].
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.4.5]
3.12
travail terminologique
gestion de la terminologie
activité portant sur la collecte, la description, le traitement et la présentation des concepts (3.4) et de
leurs désignations (3.7)
Note 1 à l'article: Le travail terminologique vise souvent à créer et à tenir à jour des recueils de données
terminologiques (3.21).
Note 2 à l'article: Le travail terminologique est souvent axé sur l’aménagement terminologique et peut comprendre
à la fois l’harmonisation des concepts, l’harmonisation des termes et la formation de termes.
Note 3 à l'article: Le travail terminologique peut être effectué de manière systématique ou ponctuelle.
1) Nokia 7 Plus® est une marque de Nokia Corporation, Adobe® Acrobat® X Pro est une marque d’Adobe Systems,
Road King® est une marque de Harley-Davidson. Ces informations sont données à l’intention des utilisateurs du
présent document et ne signifient nullement que l’ISO approuve l’emploi des produits ainsi désignés.
2) IBM® est une marque d’International Business Machines Corporation. Ces informations sont données à des fins
de commodité pour les utilisateurs du présent document et ne constituent en aucun cas une approbation par l’ISO
du produit cité.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.5.1, modifiée — Dans la définition, suppression de «la systématisation
de», dans la Note 1 à l'article, «ressources terminologiques» remplacé par «recueils de données
terminologiques». Ajout de la Note 3 à l’article.]
3.13
travail terminologique prescriptif
travail terminologique (3.12) visant à décider de l’usage privilégié des désignations (3.7)
3.14
travail terminologique descriptif
travail terminologique (3.12) visant à documenter les désignations (3.7) telles qu’elles sont utilisées en
contexte sans favoriser un usage privilégié
3.15
terminographie
travail terminologique (3.12) visant à créer et à tenir à jour des recueils de données terminologiques (3.21)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.5.2, modifiée — «ressources terminologiques» remplacé par «recueils de
données terminologiques».]
3.16
extraction de termes
travail terminologique (3.12) impliquant l’identification et le dépouillement de données terminologiques
(3.19) à partir de l’examen d’un corpus de textes (3.17)
Note 1 à l'article: Les données terminologiques (3.19) d’intérêt primordial sont en général les désignations (3.7), les
définitions et les contextes.
Note 2 à l'article: L’extraction de termes est souvent prise en charge par des outils logiciels prévus à cet effet.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.5.6]
3.17
corpus de textes
corpus
ensemble de données dans la langue
Note 1 à l'article: Les corpus de textes peuvent être utilisés pour diverses activités telles que l’analyse de textes
ou le travail terminologique (3.12).
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.4]
3.18
terme candidat
chaîne de caractères recueillie au moyen d’une extraction de termes (3.16) mais qui n’a pas encore été
sélectionnée comme un élément de texte à documenter dans le recueil de données terminologiques (3.21)
3.19
donnée terminologique
donnée relative à un concept (3.4) et à sa désignation (3.7)
Note 1 à l'article: Les données terminologiques courantes comprennent les désignations (3.7), les définitions, les
contextes, les notes à l’article, les marques grammaticales, les indicatifs de domaine, les indicatifs de langue, les
indicatifs de pays et les sources.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.1]
4 © ISO 2021 – Tous droits réservés

3.20
article terminologique
article conceptuel
AC
ensemble de données terminologiques (3.19) relatives à un seul concept (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.2, modifiée — Ajout d’« article conceptuel » et de «AC» comme termes
privilégié et admis, respectivement.]
3.21
recueil de données terminologiques
RDT
ressource terminologique
ressource constituée d’articles conceptuels (3.20) accompagnés de métadonnées et d’informations
documentaires y afférentes
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.4, modifiée — Ajout du terme «ressource terminologique» issu de
l’ISO 1087:2019, 3.7.1.]
3.22
catégorie de données
classe d’éléments de données qui sont étroitement liés d’un point de vue formel ou sémantique
EXEMPLE /catégorie grammaticale/, /domaine/, /définition/.
Note 1 à l'article: Une catégorie de données peut être considérée comme une généralisation de la notion de champ
dans une base de données.
Note 2 à l'article: Dans le texte suivi, comme dans le présent document, le nom des catégories de données est
entouré de barres obliques (par exemple /catégorie grammaticale/).
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.11]
3.23
système de gestion de la terminologie
SGT
outil logiciel doté d’une structure de métadonnées spécialement conçu pour la collecte, la tenue à jour
et l’accès aux données terminologiques (3.19)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.13]
3.24
orientation conceptuelle
principe selon lequel un article conceptuel (3.20) décrit un seul concept (3.4)
Note 1 à l'article: Lorsque deux concepts (3.4) différents ou plus sont représentés par la même désignation (3.7)
(dans la même langue), alors cette désignation est considérée comme un homographe. De tels concepts (3.4) sont
documentés dans des articles conceptuels (3.20) distincts.
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.13]
3.25
autonomie des termes
principe selon lequel tous les termes (3.8) d’un article conceptuel (3.20) sont considérés comme des
sous-unités indépendantes et peuvent être décrits en utilisant le même ensemble de catégories de
données (3.22)
Note 1 à l'article: Par analogie, ce principe s’applique aux désignations (3.7) ainsi qu’aux autres éléments de texte.
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.14]
3.26
granularité des données
degré de précision des données
Note 1 à l'article: Par exemple, l’ensemble des catégories de données (3.22) individuelles /catégorie grammaticale/,
/genre/ et /nombre/ permet une plus grande granularité des données que la seule catégorie de données /
grammaire/.
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.15]
3.27
répétabilité
principe selon lequel une catégorie de données (3.22) peut être répétée au sein d’une définition de base
de données et peut également être combinée avec d’autres catégories de données
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.12]
3.28
élémentarité des données
principe selon lequel un champ de données ne contient qu’un seul élément de données
EXEMPLE Par exemple, inclure la forme complète et l’abréviation d’un terme dans le même champ de
données ne respecterait pas l’élémentarité des données.
[SOURCE: ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.16]
3.29
travailleur en terminologie
personne dont le rôle est d’effectuer un travail terminologique (3.12) comme fonction complémentaire à
d’autres activités professionnelles
3.30
terminologue
expert qui effectue un travail terminologique (3.12) en tant que fonction principale d’une activité
professionnelle
3.31
rédacteur technique
expert qui définit, crée et fournit des produits d’information pour une utilisation de produits sûre,
efficace et efficiente
Note 1 à l'article: Les produits peuvent être des systèmes techniques, des logiciels ou des services.
3.32
langue source
langue du contenu à traduire
[SOURCE: ISO 18587:2017, 3.2.2]
3.33
langue cible
langue dans laquelle le contenu dans la langue source est traduit
[SOURCE: ISO 17100:2015, 2.3.6]
3.34
commentaire de transposition
note dans un recueil de données terminologiques (3.21) fournissant des informations sur le degré
d’équivalence, la directionnalité ou d’autres caractéristiques particulières concernant l’équivalence
entre une désignation (3.7) dans une langue et une autre désignation dans une seconde langue
6 © ISO 2021 – Tous droits réservés

4 Principes fondamentaux de la gestion de la terminologie
4.1 Objectifs
La gestion de la terminologie a plusieurs objectifs. Un objectif de base est que les utilisateurs d’un
recueil de données terminologiques (RDT) soient en mesure d’extraire l’information qui répond à leur
question. Le RDT doit donc couvrir les domaines et les terminologies pertinents. Les articles conceptuels
du recueil doivent être corrects et complets et ne pas présenter de problèmes d’intégrité des données
par rapport aux autres articles du recueil.
L’optimisation des données en vue de leur utilisation dans des systèmes de traduction assistée par
ordinateur (TAO) constitue un prolongement de l’objectif de base susmentionné pour l’aide à la
traduction. De tels systèmes comportent une composante terminologique. Au cours du processus
de traduction, le contenu du segment de traduction dans la langue source est comparé au RDT. Les
correspondances sont affichées dans la composante terminologique, ou mises à disposition, pour une
intégration facile dans la traduction, dans le segment de langue cible.
4.2 Environnements de travail
Le travail en vue de cet objectif de base est effectué dans de nombreux environnements de travail
différents, une ou plusieurs personnes effectuant le travail terminologique, assistées par des outils,
suivant des méthodes de travail le long d’un flux de travail particulier, etc. Ces travailleurs en
terminologie documentent le résultat de leur travail, et leur travail se fonde sur la formation et la
documentation. Ils possèdent certaines compétences et maîtrisent une ou deux langues ou davantage.
La Figure 1 présente une liste des caractéristiques des environnements de travail où s’effectue
le travail terminologique. L’intensité des couleurs indique le degré variable de complexité d’une
caractéristique. Par exemple, la flèche la plus haute indique que le travail terminologique peut prendre
en charge un processus dans des environnements de faible complexité et plusieurs processus dans des
environnements plus complexes.
Figure 1 — Niveau de complexité dans différents environnements
Le type ou la complexité de la caractéristique varie d’un environnement à l’autre, voire d’un projet à
l’autre au sein de l’environnement, comme l’indique l’ombrage des couleurs.
EXEMPLE 1 Un traducteur indépendant qui travaille sur la terminologie pour un projet de traduction
de brevet est le seul contributeur actif au RDT et le seul utilisateur des données. Bien qu’il n’effectue pas de
travail terminologique à plein temps, il peut avoir un niveau très élevé et un large éventail de compétences en
terminologie. Et pour certains concepts, il peut avoir besoin de mener des recherches approfondies.
EXEMPLE 2 En revanche, un terminologue travaille dans l’infrastructure d’un outil complexe. Il est l’un
des nombreux terminologues qui couvrent des dizaines de langues. Dans le cadre d’un projet, il se peut qu’il
n’effectue qu’un travail terminologique ponctuel (voir 4.4.2) pour tenter de résoudre rapidement un problème
terminologique particulier.
Le présent document s’applique pour l’essentiel à n’importe quel environnement. Toutefois, l’accent est
mis sur les types d’environnements de faible complexité, qui peuvent être caractérisés comme suit:
— un seul processus (par exemple le support du processus de traduction) est principalement visé;
— le besoin en documentation est faible, par exemple, sous la forme d’un guide ou d’un support de
formation;
— le recueil de données terminologiques lui-même est plus simple et contient généralement moins de
catégories de données;
— il n’y a qu’un seul contributeur actif ou juste quelques-uns. Ils peuvent inclure le traducteur, un
expert du domaine et le client. Et il peut n’y avoir que quelques utilisateurs. Cela signifie que le flux
de travail est simple;
— le niveau de compétence est présumé faible et relativement restreint. Le présent document couvre
tout ce qui est nécessaire à la mise au point d’un article terminologique correct avec un minimum
d’informations terminologiques;
— le présent document peut être utile dans un environnement unilingue. Mais il est présumé que le
travail terminologique est effectué pour deux langues au moins;
— idéalement, un travailleur en terminologie utilise un système de gestion de la terminologie (SGT),
mais de nombreux aspects du présent document s’appliquent également aux référentiels plus
simples (par exemple, des tableurs).
4.3 Traduction vs travail terminologique
Le travail terminologique ne doit pas être confondu avec ni assimilé au processus de traduction qui
consiste à transposer un contenu dans une langue source en un contenu dans une langue cible.
Un processus de traduction implique généralement deux langues. Un travail terminologique peut
être unilingue, bilingue ou multilingue. Il est axé sur les concepts et leurs désignations dans un
domaine spécifique. Alors que le travail terminologique vise à comprendre et à décrire les concepts
indépendamment des contextes de communication individuels, la traduction dépend toujours de la
signification contextuelle et situationnelle.
De même, une base de données terminologiques est différente d’une mémoire de traduction. Les
deux sont des bases de données, mais la première vise des concepts qui sont gérés et contient leurs
désignations ainsi que des informations terminologiques complémentaires, tandis que la seconde
contient des segments de traduction en deux langues. Une mémoire de traduction peut parfois servir de
ressource pour un travail terminologique, par exemple comme un corpus de textes pour une extraction
de termes bilingues.
Dans le contexte d’un travail terminologique axé sur la traduction, les traducteurs ou les travailleurs
en terminologie ont besoin de déterminer des équivalents dans la langue cible pour les désignations
utilisées dans le texte source. Ces désignations dans la langue source ne doivent pas être «traduites»;
au contraire, les équivalents dans la langue cible doivent être établis sur la base d’une équivalence
contextuelle. Cela doit être effectué indépendamment dans chacune des langues cibles concernées dans
8 © ISO 2021 – Tous droits réservés

le projet de traduction. Il convient que les articles terminologiques issus de cette recherche fournissent
des équivalents pas uniquement pour le projet en cours, mais pour les projets de traduction futurs à
partir et vers toutes les langues de travail couvertes par les articles terminologiques (voir 8.2.2).
4.4 Méthodes de travail
4.4.1 Analyse conceptuelle
Les RDT multilingues et axés sur la traduction doivent fournir aux traducteurs des désignations dans
les langues source et cible qui sont considérées comme des équivalents se référant à un seul et même
concept (voir 8.2.2). En consignant des équivalents dans un RDT, un travailleur en terminologie ne doit
pas se fier uniquement aux similarités linguistiques entre les désignations (par exemple, morphologie
similaire, type de motivation similaire). Le travailleur en terminologie doit plutôt effectuer une analyse
conceptuelle du matériel pertinent offrant des informations sur les concepts en question. Une telle
analyse doit appliquer les principes énoncés dans l’ISO 704.
Pour ce faire, le travailleur en terminologie a besoin de connaître le modèle théorique de base appuyant
tout travail terminologique: les êtres humains perçoivent les objets de leur monde physique ou
conçoivent les objets dans leur pensée. Avec la perception ou la conception d’un ou plusieurs objets, les
propriétés pertinentes de ces objets sont ramenées par abstraction à des caractéristiques et forment un
concept. Les concepts sont donc des représentations purement mentales et correspondent aux objets
en question. Pour la communication humaine concernant les objets ou leurs concepts, divers types de
désignations sont utilisés (par exemple, des termes et des noms propres). Pour déterminer clairement
les concepts, des définitions sont utilisées.
EXEMPLE Les environnements de bureau impliquant des ordinateurs comprennent des objets appelés
‹souris d’ordinateur› ou ‹souris›. Chacun de ces objets possède des propriétés individuelles, telles que ‹muni
de deux boutons› ou ‹muni de trois boutons›, ‹décrit un mouvement rotatoire bidimensionnel sur une surface
plane›, ‹muni d’une connexion filaire› ou ‹muni d’une connexion sans fil›, ‹utilisé pour déplacer un curseur sur
un écran›, etc. Les propriétés pertinentes sont ramenées par abstraction à des caractéristiques et forment un
concept qui peut être défini comme suit: ‹dispositif d’entrée sur ordinateur, doté d’un ou de plusieurs boutons,
auquel peut être imprimé un mouvement rotatoire plan pour déplacer un curseur à l’écran et exécuter diverses
options de sélection ou commandes›, (ISO 9241-400:2007, 3.6.11). En fonction de l’objectif et de la situation de
communication donnés, le terme «souris d’ordinateur» ou «souris» peut être utilisé pour communiquer sur ce
concept.
Dans le cadre du travail terminologique, l’analyse conceptuelle comporte toutes les étapes nécessaires
pour identifier et clarifier des concepts. Un travailleur en terminologie a besoin de reconstruire
cognitivement le processus de formation du concept. Cela implique l’identification des caractéristiques
essentielles, la comparaison du concept avec des concepts voisins ou liés, et la délimitation du concept
par rapport à ces autres concepts. Dans l’exemple ci-dessus, cela signifierait comprendre comment
différencier une ‹souris d’ordinateur› des autres dispositifs de pointage. Dans un travail terminologique
multilingue et axé sur la traduction, un travailleur en terminologie doit vérifier si, dans toutes les
langues concernées, l’ensemble des caractéristiques essentielles (l’intension) est le même.
Il est important de noter qu’il convient de considérer et d’analyser les concepts dans leur contexte
conceptuel. Le résultat de cette analyse est un champ conceptuel ou un système de concepts, qui à son
...

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