19.020 - Test conditions and procedures in general
ICS 19.020 Details
Test conditions and procedures in general
Prufbedingungen und Prufverfahren im allgemeinen
Procedures et conditions d'essai en general
Preskuševalni pogoji in postopki na splošno
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 19.020 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Test conditions and procedures in general". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 371 standards classified under ICS 19.020 (Test conditions and procedures in general). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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IEC 62841-2-14:2015 applies to hand-held planners the rated voltage is not more than 250 V for single-phase a.c. or d.c. tools, and 480 V for three-phase a.c. tools. The rated input is not more than 3 700 W. The limits for the applicability of this standard for battery tools is given in Annex K. This standard deals with the hazards presented by tools which are encountered by all persons in the normal use and reasonably foreseeable misuse of the tools. Hand-held electric tools, which can be mounted on a support or working stand for use as fixed tools without any alteration of the tool itself, are within the scope of this standard and such combination of a hand-held tool and a support is considered to be a transportable tool and thus covered by the relevant Part 3. The attention of National Committees is drawn to the fact that equipment manufacturers and testing organizations may need a transitional period following publication of a new, amended or revised IEC publication in which to make products in accordance with the new requirements and to equip themselves for conducting new or revised tests. It is the recommendation of the committee that the content of this publication be adopted for implementation nationally not earlier than 36 months from the date of publication. Key words: Planner, Hand held, Cutting head
This publication is to be read in conjunction with IEC 62841-1:2014.
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This clause of Part 1 is applicable, except as follows.
1.1.1 Equipment included in scope
Replacement:
This part of IEC 61010 specifies safety requirements and related verification tests for control equipment and/or their associated peripherals.
Some equipment examples are:
- programmable logic controller (PLC);
- programmable automation controller (PAC);
- distributed control systems (DCS);
- industrial PC (computers) and panel PC;
- programming and debugging tools (PADTs);
- displays and human-machine interfaces (HMI);
- any product performing the function of control equipment and/or their associated peripherals;
- positioners; and
- control equipment which have as their intended use the command and control of machines, automated manufacturing and industrial processes, e.g. discrete and continuous control.
Components of the above named equipment and in the scope of this standard are e.g.:
- (auxiliary) stand-alone power supplies;
- peripherals such as digital and analogue I/O,
- remote-I/O;
- industrial network equipment, embedded or standalone (e.g. switches, routers, wireless base station).
Control equipment and their associated peripherals are intended to be used in an industrial environment and may be provided as OPEN or ENCLOSED EQUIPMENT.
NOTE 1 Control equipment intended also for use in other environments or for other purposes (example: for use in building installations to control light or other electrical installations, or for use on cars, trains or ships) can have additional conformity requirements defined by the safety standard(s) for these applications. These requirements can involve as example: insulation, spacings and power restrictions.
NOTE 2 Computing devices and similar equipment within the scope of IEC 60950 (planned to be replaced by IEC 62368) and conforming to its requirements are considered to be suitable for use with control equipment within the scope of this standard. However, some of the requirements of IEC 60950 for resistance to moisture and liquids are less stringent than those in IEC 61010-1:2010, 5.4.4 second paragraph.
Control equipment covered in this standard is typically intended 237 for use in OVERVOLTAGE CATEGORY II (IEC 60664-1) in low-voltage installations, where the RATED equipment supply voltage does not exceed AC. 1 000 V r.m.s. (50/60 Hz), or DC 1 000 V.
Where control equipment is intended for installation to supply systems with overvoltage category III or IV, additional requirements are identified in Annex K.
The requirements of ISO/IEC Guide 51 and IEC Guide 104, as they relate to this part of IEC 61010, are incorporated herein.
1.1.2 Equipment excluded from scope
Replacement:
This standard does not deal with aspects of the overall automated system, e.g. a complete assembly line. Control equipment (e.g. DCS and PLC), their application program and their associated peripherals are considered as components (components in this context are items which perform no useful function by themselves) of an overall automated system.
Since control equipment (e.g. DCS and PLC) are component devices, safety considerations for the overall automated system including installation and application are beyond the scope of this standard. Refer to IEC 60364 series of standards or applicable national/local regulations for electrical installation and guidelines.
1.2.1 Aspects included in scope
Replace first sentence:
The purpose of the requirements of this standard is to ensure that all HAZARDs to the OPERATOR, SERVICE PERSONNEL and the surrounding area are reduced to a tolerable level.
NOTE By using the terms "OPERATOR" and "SERVICE PERSONNEL" this standard considers the perception of HAZARDS depending on training and skills. Annex AA gives a general approach in this regard.
1.2.2 Aspects excluded from scope
Replacement:
This standard does not cover:
a)[...]
b)[...]
c)[...]
d)[...]
e)[...]
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IEC 61010-2-201:2024 supplements or modifies the corresponding clauses in IEC 61010-1 so as to convert that publication into the IEC standard: Particular requirements for control equipment. This document is to be used in conjunction with IEC 61010-1:2010, and IEC 61010 1:2010/AMD1:2016. Where a particular subclause of IEC 61010-1 is not mentioned in this document, that subclause applies as far as is reasonable. Where this document states "addition", "modification", "replacement", or "deletion", the relevant requirement, test specification or note in IEC 61010 1 should be adapted accordingly.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) 1.1.1: the related equipment included in the Scope has been clarified;
b) 4.3.2.101: the optical fibre module has been deleted;
c) 5.4.3: equipment installation has been clarified;
d) 6.7.1.1: revision of the figure representing insulation between separate circuits has been included;
e) 6.7.101: the subclause relating to insulation for FIELD WIRING TERMINALS of OVERVOLTAGE CATEGORY ll with a nominal voltage up to 1 000 V has been deleted;
f) 6.7.1.101: a new subclause relating to insulation for SELV/PELV CIRCUITS has been included;
g) 6.8.3: specification of voltage tester has been added;
h) 6.9.3: an additional exception relating to colour coding has been included;
i) 6.9.101: a new subclause relating to wiring for secondary circuits e.g. SELV/PELV has been included;
j) 8.2.2.101: additional requirements for glass displays have been included;
k) 8.3: the subclause relating to the drop test has been removed;
l) 9.3.2: additional requirements for material of connectors and insulating material have been included;
m) The particular requirements for non-metallic material have been clarified;
n) Clause 11: the particular requirements for protection against HAZARDS from fluid and solid foreign objects have been removed;
o) 12.4: an additional subclause relating to microwave radiation has been included;
p) 14.102: the description of switching devices has been clarified;
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IEC TR 60216-7-2:2024 is intended to validate the procedures of IEC TS 60216-7-1 in providing a similar temperature index to conventional methods used in other parts of the IEC 60216 series. The round robin test results do not provide statistical analysis for precision. The round robin test focuses on preliminary studies to understand the evaluation and calculation procedures, influence on apparatus, and data variance among laboratories before determination of precision. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2016. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) Annex A (informative) has been added to provide a round robin test with a different polymer type - polybuthylene terephthalate (PBY) - as an additional use case of the method in accordance with IEC TS 60216-7-1;
b) Tables 3 to 11 have been corrected by adding units, and texts have been refined for more technical clarifications of the procedures and observations.
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IEC 62506:2023 provides guidance on the application of various accelerated test techniques for measurement or improvement of item reliability. Identification of potential failure modes that can be experienced in the use of an item and their mitigation is instrumental to ensure dependability of an item. The object of the methods is to either identify potential design weakness or provide information on item reliability, or to achieve necessary reliability and availability improvement, all within a compressed or accelerated period of time. This document addresses accelerated testing of non-repairable and repairable systems. It can be used for probability ratio sequential tests, fixed duration tests and reliability improvement/growth tests, where the measure of reliability can differ from the standard probability of failure occurrence. This document also extends to present accelerated testing or production screening methods that would identify weakness introduced into the item by manufacturing error, which can compromise item reliability. Services and people are however not covered by this document.
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ABSTRACT
This guide identifies statistical procedures for use in developing new test methods or revising or evaluating existing test methods, or both. It also cites statistical procedures especially useful in the application of test methods. This standard recommends what approaches may be taken and indicates which standards may be used to perform such assessments.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The creation of a standardized test method generally follows a series of steps from inception to approval and ongoing use. In all such stages there are questions of how well the test method performs.
4.1.1 Assessments of a new or existing test method generally involve statistical planning and analysis. This standard recommends what approaches may be taken and indicates which standards may be used to perform such assessments.
4.2 This standard introduces a series of phases which are recommended to be considered during the life cycle of a test method as depicted in Fig. 1. These begin with a design phase where the standard is initially prepared. A development phase involves a variety of experiments that allow further refinement and understanding of how the test method performs within a laboratory. In an evaluation phase the test method is then examined by way of interlaboratory studies resulting in precision and bias statistics which are published in the standard. Finally, the test method is subject to a monitoring phase.
FIG. 1 Sequence of Steps
4.3 All ASTM test methods are required to include statements on precision and bias.3
4.4 Since ASTM began to require all test methods to have precision and bias statements that are based on interlaboratory studies, there has been increased concern regarding what statistical experiments and procedures to use during the development of the test methods. Although there exists a wide range of statistical procedures, there is a small group of generally accepted techniques that are beneficial to follow. This guide is designed to provide a brief overview of these procedures and to suggest an appropriate sequence of conducting these procedures.
4.5 Statistical procedures often result in interpretations that are not absolutes. Sometimes the information obtained may be inadequate or incomplete, which may lead to additional questions and the need for further experimentation. Information outside the data is also impo...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide identifies statistical procedures for use in developing new test methods or revising or evaluating existing test methods, or both.
1.2 This guide also cites statistical procedures especially useful in the application of test methods.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This guide defines terms and introduces basic methods for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and bulk materials. It provides an overview of common probability sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards. This guide also describes the principal types of sampling designs and provides formulas for estimating population means and standard errors of the estimates.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes the principal types of sampling designs and provides formulas for estimating population means and standard errors of the estimates. Practice E105 provides principles for designing probability sampling plans in relation to the objectives of study, costs, and practical constraints. Practice E122 aids in specifying the required sample size. Practice E141 describes conditions to ensure validity of the results of sampling. Further description of the designs and formulas in this guide, and beyond it, can be found in textbooks (1-10).3
4.2 Sampling, both discrete and bulk, is a clerical and physical operation. It generally involves training enumerators and technicians to use maps, directories and stop watches so as to locate designated sampling units. Once a sampling unit is located at its address, discrete sampling and area sampling enumeration proceeds to a measurement. For bulk sampling, material is extracted into a composite.
4.3 A sampling plan consists of instructions telling how to list addresses and how to select the addresses to be measured or extracted. A frame is a listing of addresses each of which is indexed by a single integer or by an n-tuple (several integer) number. The sampled population consists of all addresses in the frame that can actually be selected and measured. It is sometimes different from a targeted population that the user would have preferred to be covered.
4.4 A selection scheme designates which indexes constitute the sample. If certified random numbers completely control the selection scheme the sample is called a probability sample. Certified random numbers are those generated either from a table (for example, Ref (11)) that has been tested for equal digit frequencies and for serial independence, from a computer program that was checked to have a long cycle length, or from a random physical method such as tossing of a coin or a casino-quality spinner.
4.5 The objective of sampling is often to estimate t...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines terms and introduces basic methods for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and bulk materials. It provides an overview of common probability sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards.
1.2 Sampling may be done for the purpose of estimation, of comparison between parts of a sampled population, or for acceptance of lots. Sampling is also used for the purpose of auditing information obtained from complete enumeration of the population.
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this guide is to provide guidelines for identifying the elements that comprise the test result of a test method and to illustrate how these elements combine into the test result. It covers the types of measurement scales used for expressing observations and test results. This guide provides information on the construction of test results from more elemental measurements.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 All test methods have an output in the form of a test result. This guide provides information on the construction of test results from more elemental measurements.
4.2 A well-defined test result is necessary before any precision statements can be made about the test method.
4.2.1 Form and Style for ASTM Standards,2 Section A21, requires that every test method shall contain a statement regarding its precision, preferably as a result of an interlaboratory test program. Reporting of such studies is described in Practice E177, which illustrates the development of test results from observations and test determinations.
4.2.2 Precision statements for ASTM test methods are applicable to test results. They are not applicable to test determinations or observations, unless specifically and clearly indicated otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidelines for identifying the elements that comprise the test result of a test method and to illustrate how these elements combine into the test result.
1.2 Types of measurement scales used for expressing observations and test results are discussed.
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This practice is intended for use by any technical investigator when investigating an incident that can be reasonably expected to be the subject of litigation. The intent is to obtain sufficient information and physical items to identify evidence associated with the incident and to preserve it for analysis.
2.2 The quality of evidence may change with time, therefore, special effort should be taken to capture and preserve evidence in an expeditious manner. This practice sets forth guidelines for the collection and preservation of evidence for further analysis.
2.3 Evidence that has been collected and preserved is identified with, and traceable to, the incident. This practice sets forth guidelines for such procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the collection and preservation of information and physical items by any technical investigator pertaining to an incident that can be reasonably expected to be the subject of litigation.
1.2 This practice describes generally accepted professional principles and operations, although the facts and issues of each situation require consideration, and frequently involve matters not expressly dealt with herein. Deviations from this practice should be based on specific articulable circumstances.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is suitable for the determination of extractable substances that may be found in materials used in systems or components requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen systems. Soft goods, such as seals and valve seats, may be tested as received. Gloves and wipes, or samples thereof, to be used in cleaning operations may be evaluated prior to use to ensure that the proposed extracting agent does not extract or deposit chemicals, or both, on the surface to be cleaned.
5.2 Wipes or other cleaning equipment may be tested after use to determine the amount of contaminant removed from a surface.
Note 1: The amount of material extracted may be dependent upon the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit.
5.3 The extraction efficiency has been shown to vary with the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit. The unit, therefore, must be carefully evaluated to optimize the extraction conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice may be used to extract nonvolatile and semivolatile residues from materials such as new and used gloves, new and used wipes, component soft goods, and so forth. When used with proposed cleaning materials (wipes, gloves, and so forth), this practice may be used to determine the potential of the proposed solvent or other fluids to extract contaminants (plasticizers, residual detergents, brighteners, and so forth) and deposit them on the surface being cleaned.
1.2 This practice is not suitable for the evaluation of particulate contamination.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Background—In a single laboratory, the limit of quantitation, LOQ, equal to ten times the standard deviation obtained under repeatability conditions extrapolated to zero concentration (s0) based on samples with close to zero concentrations has been recommended.3 A test result at this LOQ has an uncertainty of ±30 % at the 99 % confidence level.
5.1.1 This practice uses a regression technique to determine a similar limit for a test method (PLOQ) using statistically pooled repeatability standard deviations over multiple operators/laboratories/samples from ILS data. This PLOQ can be used by industry to assess the reliability of a test method, or, compare reliability of different test methods, for quantitative measurement at concentrations near zero. Similarly, quantitative test results obtained using the test method for levels at or below the PLOQ can be expected by industry to have an uncertainty of ±30 % or greater at the 95 % confidence level.
5.1.2 The regression technique described in this practice can also be used to determine a limit of quantitation specific for a single laboratory (LLOQ). The limit thus quantified for one laboratory is defined by this standard as the laboratory limit of quantitation (LLOQ).
5.1.3 It should be noted that since differences in repeatability testing capabilities between different laboratories can exist, therefore, LLOQ determined at a single laboratory can be different than the PLOQ determined for the test method.
5.2 Values below the PLOQ are deemed by this practice to be too uncertain for meaningful use in commerce, or in regulatory activities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of standard regression techniques and data from an interlaboratory study to determine a lower quantitative limit for a test method. This determined lower limit represents the numerical limit at or above which the test results are considered to be quantitatively meaningful for commerce or regulatory activities by this practice. It is defined by this standard as the pooled limit of quantitation (PLOQ) for the test method.
1.2 This practice is applicable to test methods that are capable of producing numerical test results close to zero. Examples are those test methods that determine quantitatively the concentration of analyte(s) near zero.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This International Standard gives a number of optimized test plans, the corresponding border lines and characteristics. In addition the algorithms for designing test plans using a spreadsheet program are also given, together with guidance on how to choose test plans.
This standard specifies procedures to test whether an observed value of
- failure rate,
- failure intensity,
- mean operating time to failure (MTTF),
- mean operating time between failures (MTBF),
conforms to a given requirement.
It is assumed, except where otherwise stated, that during the accumulated test time, the times to failure or the operating times between failures are independent and identically exponentially distributed. This assumption implies that the failure rate or failure intensity is assumed to be constant.
Four types of test plans are described as follows:
- truncated sequential probability ratio test (SPRT);
- fixed time/failure terminated test (FTFT);
- fixed calendar time terminated test without replacement;
- combined test.
This standard does not cover guidance on how to plan, perform, analyse and report a test. This information can be found in IEC 60300-3-5.
This standard does not describe test conditions. This information can be found in IEC 60605-2 and in IEC 60300-3-5.
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This International Standard gives a number of optimized test plans, the corresponding border lines and characteristics. In addition the algorithms for designing test plans using a spreadsheet program are also given, together with guidance on how to choose test plans. This standard specifies procedures to test whether an observed value of - failure rate, - failure intensity, - mean operating time to failure (MTTF), - mean operating time between failures (MTBF), conforms to a given requirement. It is assumed, except where otherwise stated, that during the accumulated test time, the times to failure or the operating times between failures are independent and identically exponentially distributed. This assumption implies that the failure rate or failure intensity is assumed to be constant. Four types of test plans are described as follows: - truncated sequential probability ratio test (SPRT); - fixed time/failure terminated test (FTFT); - fixed calendar time terminated test without replacement; - combined test. This standard does not cover guidance on how to plan, perform, analyse and report a test. This information can be found in IEC 60300-3-5. This standard does not describe test conditions. This information can be found in IEC 60605-2 and in IEC 60300-3-5.
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ABSTRACT
This practice describes the techniques for planning, conducting, analyzing, and treating the results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) of a test method. The statistical techniques described in this practice provide adequate information for formulating the precision statement of a test method. This practice is also concerned exclusively with test methods which yield a single numerical figure as the test result, although the single figure may be the outcome of a calculation from a set of measurements. ASTM regulations require precision statements in all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility and knowledge of the test method precision is useful in commerce and in technical work when comparing test results against standard values or between data sources.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 ASTM regulations require precision statements in all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. This practice may be used in obtaining the needed information as simply as possible. This information may then be used to prepare a precision statement in accordance with Practice E177. Knowledge of the test method precision is useful in commerce and in technical work when comparing test results against standard values (such as specification limits) or between data sources (different laboratories, instruments, etc.).
4.1.1 When a test method is applied to a large number of portions of a material that are as nearly alike as possible, the test results obtained will not all have the same value. A measure of the degree of agreement among these test results describes the precision of the test method for that material. Numerical measures of the variability between such test results provide inverse measures of the precision of the test method. Greater variability implies smaller (that is, poorer) precision and larger imprecision.
4.1.2 Precision is reported as a standard deviation, coefficient of variation (relative standard deviation), variance, or a precision limit (a data range indicating no statistically significant difference between test results).
4.1.3 This practice is designed only to estimate the precision of a test method. However, when accepted reference values are available for the property levels, the test result data obtained according to this practice may be used in estimating the bias of the test method. For a discussion of bias estimation and the relationships between precision, bias, and accuracy, see Practice E177.
4.2 The procedures presented in this practice consist of three basic steps: planning the interlaboratory study, guiding the testing phase of the study, and analyzing the test result data.
4.2.1 The planning phase includes forming the ILS task group, the study design, selection, and number of participating laborato...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the techniques for planning, conducting, analyzing, and treating the results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) of a test method. The statistical techniques described in this practice provide adequate information for formulating the precision statement of a test method.
1.2 This practice does not concern itself with the development of test methods but rather with gathering the information needed for a test method precision statement after the development stage has been successfully completed. The data obtained in the interlaboratory study may indicate, however, that further effort is needed to improve the test method.
1.3 Since the primary purpose of this practice is the development of the information needed for a precision statement, the experimental design in this practice may not be optimum for evaluating materials, apparatus, or individual laboratories.
1.4 Field of Application—This practice is concerned exclusively with test methods which yield a single numerical figure as the test result, although the single figure may be the outcome of a calculation from a set of measurements.
1.4.1 This practice ...
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IEC 61124:2023 gives a number of optimized test plans, the corresponding border lines and characteristics. In addition, the algorithms for designing test plans using a spreadsheet program are also given, together with guidance on how to choose test plans.
This document specifies procedures to test whether an observed value of
failure rate,
failure intensity,
mean operating time to failure (MTTF),
mean operating time between failures (MTBF), conforms to a given requirement.
It is assumed, except where otherwise stated, that during the accumulated test time, the times to failure or the operating times between failures are independent and identically exponentially distributed. This assumption implies that the failure rate or failure intensity is assumed to be constant.
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IEC 60216-5:2022 specifies the experimental and calculation procedures to be used for deriving the relative temperature index of a material from experimental data obtained in accordance with the instructions of IEC 60216-1 and IEC 60216-2. The calculation procedures are supplementary to those of IEC 60216-3. Guidance is also given for assessment of thermal ageing after a single fixed time and temperature, without extrapolation. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- Annex C “Computer program” has been completely reworked;
- in 3.1, the terms “ATE” and “RTE” were replaced by “ATI” and “RTI” to emphasize their reference to an electrical insulating material (EIM).
This standard is to be read in conjunction with IEC 60216-1:2013, IEC 60216-2:2005 and IEC 60216-3:2021.
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IEC 60216-5:2022 specifies the experimental and calculation procedures to be used for deriving the relative temperature index of a material from experimental data obtained in accordance with the instructions of IEC 60216-1 and IEC 60216-2. The calculation procedures are supplementary to those of IEC 60216-3. Guidance is also given for assessment of thermal ageing after a single fixed time and temperature, without extrapolation. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
Annex C “Computer program” has been completely reworked;
in 3.1, the terms “ATE” and “RTE” were replaced by “ATI” and “RTI” to emphasize their reference to an electrical insulating material (EIM). This standard is to be read in conjunction with IEC 60216-1:2013, IEC 60216-2:2005 and IEC 60216-3:2021.
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IEC 60216-5:2022 specifies the experimental and calculation procedures to be used for deriving the relative temperature index of a material from experimental data obtained in accordance with the instructions of IEC 60216-1 and IEC 60216-2. The calculation procedures are supplementary to those of IEC 60216-3. Guidance is also given for assessment of thermal ageing after a single fixed time and temperature, without extrapolation. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
Annex C “Computer program” has been completely reworked;
in 3.1, the terms “ATE” and “RTE” were replaced by “ATI” and “RTI” to emphasize their reference to an electrical insulating material (EIM).
This standard is to be read in conjunction with IEC 60216-1:2013, IEC 60216-2:2005 and IEC 60216-3:2021.
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This clause of Part 1 is applicable, except as follows. 1.1.1 Equipment included in scope Replacement: This part of IEC 61010 specifies safety requirements and related verification tests for control equipment and/or their associated peripherals. Some equipment examples are: - programmable logic controller (PLC); - programmable automation controller (PAC); - distributed control systems (DCS); - industrial PC (computers) and panel PC; - programming and debugging tools (PADTs); - displays and human-machine interfaces (HMI); - any product performing the function of control equipment and/or their associated peripherals; - positioners; and - control equipment which have as their intended use the command and control of machines, automated manufacturing and industrial processes, e.g. discrete and continuous control. Components of the above named equipment and in the scope of this standard are e.g.: - (auxiliary) stand-alone power supplies; - peripherals such as digital and analogue I/O, - remote-I/O; - industrial network equipment, embedded or standalone (e.g. switches, routers, wireless base station). Control equipment and their associated peripherals are intended to be used in an industrial environment and may be provided as OPEN or ENCLOSED EQUIPMENT. NOTE 1 Control equipment intended also for use in other environments or for other purposes (example: for use in building installations to control light or other electrical installations, or for use on cars, trains or ships) can have additional conformity requirements defined by the safety standard(s) for these applications. These requirements can involve as example: insulation, spacings and power restrictions. NOTE 2 Computing devices and similar equipment within the scope of IEC 60950 (planned to be replaced by IEC 62368) and conforming to its requirements are considered to be suitable for use with control equipment within the scope of this standard. However, some of the requirements of IEC 60950 for resistance to moisture and liquids are less stringent than those in IEC 61010-1:2010, 5.4.4 second paragraph. Control equipment covered in this standard is typically intended 237 for use in OVERVOLTAGE CATEGORY II (IEC 60664-1) in low-voltage installations, where the RATED equipment supply voltage does not exceed AC. 1 000 V r.m.s. (50/60 Hz), or DC 1 000 V. Where control equipment is intended for installation to supply systems with overvoltage category III or IV, additional requirements are identified in Annex K. The requirements of ISO/IEC Guide 51 and IEC Guide 104, as they relate to this part of IEC 61010, are incorporated herein. 1.1.2 Equipment excluded from scope Replacement: This standard does not deal with aspects of the overall automated system, e.g. a complete assembly line. Control equipment (e.g. DCS and PLC), their application program and their associated peripherals are considered as components (components in this context are items which perform no useful function by themselves) of an overall automated system. Since control equipment (e.g. DCS and PLC) are component devices, safety considerations for the overall automated system including installation and application are beyond the scope of this standard. Refer to IEC 60364 series of standards or applicable national/local regulations for electrical installation and guidelines. 1.2.1 Aspects included in scope Replace first sentence: The purpose of the requirements of this standard is to ensure that all HAZARDs to the OPERATOR, SERVICE PERSONNEL and the surrounding area are reduced to a tolerable level. NOTE By using the terms "OPERATOR" and "SERVICE PERSONNEL" this standard considers the perception of HAZARDS depending on training and skills. Annex AA gives a general approach in this regard. 1.2.2 Aspects excluded from scope Replacement: This standard does not cover: a)[...] b)[...] c)[...] d)[...] e)[...]
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method compares the performance of granular or pelletized activated carbons used in odor control applications, such as sewage treatment plants, pump stations, etc. The method determines the relative breakthrough performance of activated carbon for removing hydrogen sulfide from a humidified gas stream. Other organic contaminants present in field operations may affect the H2S breakthrough capacity of the carbon; these are not addressed by this test. This test does not simulate actual conditions encountered in an odor control application, and is therefore meant only to compare the hydrogen sulfide breakthrough capacities of different carbons under the conditions of the laboratory test.
5.2 This test does not duplicate conditions that an adsorber would encounter in practical service. The mass transfer zone in the 23 cm column used in this test is proportionally much larger than that in the typical bed used in industrial applications. This difference favors a carbon that functions more rapidly for removal of H2S over a carbon with slower kinetics. Also, the 1 % H2S challenge gas concentration used here engenders a significant temperature rise in the carbon bed. This effect may also differentiate between carbons in a way that is not reflected in the conditions of practical service.
5.3 This standard as written is applicable only to granular and pelletized activated carbons with mean particle diameters less than 2.5 mm. Application of this standard to activated carbons with mean particle diameters (MPD) greater than 2.5 mm will require a larger diameter adsorption column. The ratio of column inside diameter to MPD should be greater than 10 in order to avoid wall effects. In these cases it is suggested that bed superficial velocity and contact time be held invariant at the conditions specified in this standard (4.77 cm/s and 4.8 s). Although not covered by this standard, data obtained from these tests may be reported as in paragraph 12 along with additional ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the performance of virgin, newly impregnated or in-service, granular or pelletized activated carbon for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from an air stream, under the laboratory test conditions described herein. A humidified air stream containing 1 % (by volume) hydrogen sulfide is passed through a carbon bed until 50 ppm breakthrough of H2S is observed. The H2S adsorption capacity of the carbon per unit volume at 99.5 % removal efficiency (g H2S/cm3 carbon) is then calculated. This test is not necessarily applicable to non-carbon adsorptive materials.
1.2 This standard as written is applicable only to granular and pelletized activated carbons with mean particle diameters (MPD) less than 2.5 mm. See paragraph 5.3 if activated carbons with larger MPDs are to be tested.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for research or for quality control to characterize isocyanates used in polyurethane products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the percent by weight of monomeric isomers and total monomer in crude or modified isocyanates. The test method is applicable to methylene di(phenylisocyanate) (MDI) and polymeric (methylene phenylisocyanate) (PMDI). (See Note 1.)
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The ability to maintain design function (for example, reinforcement, separation, barrier, etc.) or design properties (for example, tensile strength, chemical resistance, etc.), or both, of a geosynthetic may be affected by damage to the physical structure of the geosynthetic due to the rigors of field installation. The effect of damage may be assessed by analyzing specimens cut from sample(s) retrieved after installation in a representative test section. Analysis may be performed with visual examination or laboratory testing of specimens from the control sample(s), and from the exhumed sample(s).
5.2 A uniform practice for installing and retrieving representative sample(s) from a test section is needed to assess installation damage using project-specific or generally accepted, representative materials and procedures. Damage of a specific grade and type of geosynthetic under specific installation procedures may be assessed with sample(s) exhumed from a full-scale test section.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers standardized procedures for obtaining samples of geosynthetics from a test section for use in assessment of the effects of damage immediately after installation caused only by the installation techniques. The assessment may include physical testing. This practice is applicable to any geosynthetic except those installed between layers of aggregate or soil modified by a binder.
Note 1: The binder would inhibit the retrieval of the geosynthetic without inflicting further damage to the geosynthetic. Other practices may be suitable for retrieving geosynthetics used in these applications but are out of the scope of this practice.
1.2 This practice is limited to full-scale test sections and does not address laboratory modeling of field conditions. This practice does not address which test method(s) to use for quantifying installation damage.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 ASTM regulations require precision statements for all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. This practice may be used in obtaining the information needed to prepare a precision statement in accordance with Practice E177 and the “Blue Book.”
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the techniques for planning, conducting, and analyzing the results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) conducted for certain test methods within Committee E12.
1.2 This practice does not concern itself with the development of the test method but rather with the gathering of the information needed for the precision and bias statement after the completion of development of the test method. The data obtained in the ILS may indicate, however, that further effort is needed to improve the test method.
1.3 This practice is concerned exclusively with test methods that derive a multi-valued measurand, such as, but not limited to, spectral reflectance, transmittance function, tristimulus values, or RGB values. Variation in measurements of such multi-valued measurands are usually analyzed by reducing the data to a single-valued parameter, such as color difference, ΔE.
1.4 This practice covers methods of dealing with the non-normal distribution of the variation of sets of color-differences. This is done so that the user may derive valid statistics from such non-normal distributions.
1.5 This practice does not cover test methods, even in Committee E12, whose measurands are single-valued, or whose variations are known to be normally distributed. Task groups involved with such test methods are referred to Practice E691 which contains preferable methods of analyzing data with those properties.
1.6 This practice is not intended to establish a method for estimating possible color-difference tolerances.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Designers/specifiers of geosynthetics should evaluate geosynthetic durability as an integral part of the geosynthetic specification/selection process. This guide is intended to guide a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of degradation concerns based on the intended geosynthetic function or performance characteristic. This guide then provides a guide to select available test methods for experimentally evaluating geosynthetic durability and to identify areas where no suitable test exists.
5.2 This guide does not address the evaluation of degradation resulting from manufacturing, handling, transporting, or installing the geosynthetic.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of those factors of the appropriate application environment that may affect the post-construction service life of a geosynthetic. Subsequently, test methods are recommended to facilitate an experimental evaluation of the durability of geosynthetics in a specified environment so that the durability can be considered in the design process.
1.2 This guide is not intended to address durability issues associated with the manufacturing, handling, transportation, or installation environments.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the ability of an engine crankcase oil to control wear that can develop in the field under low to moderate engine speeds and heavy engine torques. Side-by-side comparisons of two or more oils in delivery van fleets were used to demonstrate the field performance of various oils. The specific operating conditions of this test method were developed to provide correlation with the field performance of these oils.
5.2 This test method, along with other test methods, defines the minimum performance level of the Category API CG-4 for heavy duty diesel engine lubricants. Passing limits for this category are included in Specification D4485.
5.3 The design of the engine used in this test method is not representative of all modern diesel engines. Consider this factor, along with the specific operating conditions used to accelerate wear, when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This engine lubricant test method is commonly referred to as the Roller Follower Wear Test. Its primary result, roller follower shaft wear in the hydraulic valve lifter assembly, has been correlated with vehicles used in stop-and-go delivery service prior to 1993. It is one of the test methods required to evaluate lubricants intended to satisfy the API CG-4 performance category. This test has also been referred to as the 6.2 L Test.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent, such as pipe fittings, thermocouple diameters, and NPT screw threads. Also, roller follower wear is measured in mils.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 Table of Contents:
Section
Scope
1
Referenced Documents
2
Terminology
3
Summary of Test Method
4
Significance and Use
5
Reagents
7
Guidelines on Substitution
7.1
Apparatus
6
Preparation of Apparatus
8
New Engine Preparation
8.1
Installation of Auxiliary Systems and
Miscellaneous Components
8.2
Test Procedure
9
Description of Test Segments and Organization
of Test Procedure Sections
9.1
Engine Parts Replacement
9.2
Engine Starting Procedure
9.3
Normal Engine Shutdown Procedure
9.4
Emergency Shutdown Procedure
9.5
Unscheduled Shutdown and Downtime
9.6
New Engine Break-In
9.7
Pretest Procedure
9.8
Fifty-Hour Steady State Test
9.9
Periodic Measurements
9.10
Oil Sampling and Oil Addition Procedures
9.11
End of Test (EOT) Procedure
9.12
Calculation and Interpretation of Test Results
10
Environment of Parts Measurement Area
10.1
Roller Follower Shaft Wear Measurements
10.2
Oil Analysis
10.3
Assessment of Test Validity
10.4
Final Test Report
11
Reporting Calibration Test Results
11.1
Report Forms
11.2
Interim Non-Valid Calibration Test Summary
11.3
Severity Adjustments
11.4
Precision and Bias
12
Precision
12.1
Precision Estimate
12.2
Bias
12.3
Keywords
13
ANNEXES
Guidelines for Test Part Substitution or Modification
Annex A1
Guidelines for Units and Specification Formats
Annex A2
Detailed Specifications of Apparatus
Annex A3
Calibration
Annex A4
Final Report Forms
Annex A5
Illustrations
Annex A6
Kinematic Viscosity at 100°C Procedure for the
Roller Follower Wear Test
Annex A7
Enhanced Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
Procedure for Soot Measurement
Annex A8
Sources of Mat...
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ABSTRACT
This practice is intended to assist the various technical committees in the use of uniform methods of indicating the number of digits which are to be considered significant in specification limits, for example, specified maximum values and specified minimum values. This practice is also intended to be used in determining conformance with specifications when the applicable ASTM specifications or standards make a direct reference.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist the various technical committees in the use of uniform methods of indicating the number of digits which are to be considered significant in specification limits, for example, specified maximum values and specified minimum values. Its aim is to outline methods which should aid in clarifying the intended meaning of specification limits with which observed values or calculated test results are compared in determining conformance with specifications.
1.2 This practice is intended to be used in determining conformance with specifications when the applicable ASTM specifications or standards make direct reference to this practice.
1.3 Reference to this practice is valid only when a choice of method has been indicated, that is, either absolute method or rounding method.
1.4 The system of units for this practice is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the practice are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This specification determines levels of impact resistance under Classes PB and PI EIFS.
5.2 This test method does not purport to simulate impact encountered in service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for rapidly deforming by impact an EIFS for evaluating the effect of such deformation.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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IEC 60534-4:2021 is available as IEC 60534-4:2021 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 60534-4:2021 specifies the requirements for the inspection and routine testing of control valves manufactured in conformity with the other parts of IEC 60534. This document is applicable to valves with pressure ratings not exceeding Class 2500. The requirements for actuators apply only to pneumatic actuators. This document does not apply to the types of control valves where radioactive service, fire safety testing, or other hazardous service conditions are encountered. If a standard for hazardous service conflicts with the requirements of this document, the standard for hazardous service should take precedence.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice D3764 (Case 1) and Practice D6122 (Case 2). Methodology in this guide can be used to determine if a linear correlation can improve the performance of the total analyzer system in terms of its ability to predict the results that the PTM would have been if applied to the same material. This methodology, which is based on the same statistical data treatment as Practice D6708, is used to derive the parameters of the linear relationship and to assess the degree of improvement.
4.2 This guide provides developers or manufacturers of process stream analyzer systems with useful procedures for developing the capability of newly designed systems for industrial applications that require reliable prediction of measurements of a specific property by a primary test method of a flowing component or product.
4.3 This guide provides purchasers of process stream analyzer systems with some reliable options for specifying performance requirements for process stream analyzer systems that are used in applications requiring reliable prediction of measurements of a specific property by a primary test method of a flowing component or product.
4.4 This guide provides the user of a process stream analyzer system with useful information on the work process for establishing the PTM prediction relationship and prediction performance.
4.5 Prediction (correlation) relationship obtained in the application of this guide is applicable only to the material type and property range of the materials used to perform the study. Selection of the property levels and the compositional characteristics of the samples must be suitable for the application of the analyzer system. Users are cautioned against extrapolation of the prediction relationship beyond the material type and property range used to obtain the relationship.
4.6 The degree-of-agreement assessment promoted in this guide is based on the statistical principles articula...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a general methodology to develop and assess the linear relationship between results produced by a total analyzer system versus the results produced by the corresponding primary test method (PTM) that the analyzer system is intended to emulate, using the principles and approaches outlined in relevant ASTM standard practices and guides.
1.2 This guide describes how the statistical methodology of Practice D6708 can be employed to assess agreement between the PTM and analyzer results, and, if necessary, develop linear correlation to further improve the agreement over the complete operating range of the analyzer. For instances where there is insufficient variation in property level to apply the Practice D6708 multi-level methodology, users are referred to Practice D3764 to perform a level specific bias evaluation. The correlation relationship information obtained in the application of this guide is applicable only to the material type and property range of the materials representative of those used to perform the assessment. Users are cautioned against extrapolation of the relationship beyond the material type and property range being studied.
1.3 This guide applies if the process stream analyzer system and the primary test method are based on the same measurement principle(s), or, if the process stream analyzer system uses a direct and well-understood measurement principle that is similar to the measurement principle of the primary test method. If the process stream analyzer system uses a different measurement technology from the primary test method, provided that the calibration protocol for the direct output of the analyzer does not require use of the PTM, this practice also applies.
1.4 This guide does not apply if the process stream analyzer system utilizes an indirect or mathematically modeled measurement principle such as chemometric or multivariate analysis techniques where results from ...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Each test method has a limited precision. Even if a test is performed as carefully and as correctly as possible on a material which is as homogeneous as can be obtained, the test will still vary from one to another. A widely used measure of the variation of the test results from a test method is the standard deviation (σ). In an ASTM standard test method, the standard deviation of the test method can be found in the Precision and Bias statement for the test. The “Blue Book,” Form and Style for ASTM Standards, requires that all test methods include Precision and Bias statements. Practices C670 and C802 provide guidance for determination of these values.
4.2 If the precision of a test method is low and the precision of the test has not been properly considered in a material specification, a uniform material with the right quality may still be rejected most of the time because of the wide variation of the test results. In order to have rational specification limits, the precision of the test used should be properly included in a specification.
4.3 This practice provides a guideline for proper inclusion of precision of the test method in a rational specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a method of determining rational specification limits by inclusion of the precision of the test method used in the specification.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The sampling procedures described in this practice have been designed to ensure random sampling of Wet Blue and Wet White for physical and chemical tests. Wet Blue and Wet White are natural products and as such are subject to extensive variability. The physical and chemical properties vary considerably depending on location on the hide, side, or skin from which the test sample is taken. Random sampling of specimens from a predefined location and orientation minimizes test bias and variability. This practice defines these parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling and preparation of Wet Blue and Wet White for physical and chemical tests. The product is grouped into lots that are randomly sampled in such a manner as to produce a representative sample of the lot. This sample may be used to determine compliance of the lot with applicable specification requirements, and on the basis of results, the lot may be accepted or rejected in its entirety.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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IEC 60695-11-11:2021 describes a test method used to determine the characteristic heat flux for ignition (CHFI) from a non-contacting flame source for materials used in electrotechnical products, sub-assemblies or their parts. It provides a relationship between ignition time and incident heat flux. A test specimen cut from an end-product or sub-assembly can be tested by this test method. This part of IEC 60695 can be used in the fire hazard assessment and fire safety engineering procedures described in IEC 60695-1-10, IEC 60695-1-11 and IEC 60695-1-12. This basic safety publication is intended for use by technical committees in the preparation of standards in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 104 and ISO/IEC Guide 51. One of the responsibilities of a technical committee is, wherever applicable, to make use of basic safety publications in the preparation of its publications. The requirements, test methods or test conditions of this basic safety publication will not apply unless specifically referred to or included in the relevant publications. This international standard is to be used in conjunction with IEC 60695-11-4. It has the status of a basic safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104 and ISO/IEC Guide 51.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Matrix spiking is commonly used to determine the bias under specific analytical conditions, or the applicability of a test method to a particular sample matrix in that context, by determining the extent to which the spiked analyte or component is recovered from the sample matrix under these conditions. Reactions or interactions of the analyte or component of interest with the sample matrix may cause a significant positive or negative effect on recovery and may render the chosen analytical, or monitoring, process ineffectual for that sample matrix.
5.2 Matrix spiking can also be used to monitor the performance of a laboratory, individual instrument, or analyst as part of a regular quality assurance program. Changes in spike recoveries or recovery limits from the same or similar matrices over time may indicate variations in the quality of analytical results.
5.3 Spiking can be used to compare the recoveries of like spikes from reagent water samples and natural matrix samples (measured with and without spike) to distinguish between (1) unusual interference and (2) inherent method recovery and instability effects. This guide does not attempt to deal with the statistical significance of differences in spike recoveries from different matrices.
5.4 Special precautions shall be observed when nonlaboratory personnel perform spiking in the field. It is recommended that all spike preparation work be performed in a laboratory by experienced analysts so that the field operation consists solely of adding a prepared spiking solution to the sample matrix. Training of field personnel and validation of their spiking techniques are necessary to ensure that spikes are added accurately and reproducibly. Duplicate field spikes can be used to document the reproducibility of the technique. When environmentally labile compounds are used as spikes, the spiking solution shall be protected up to the point of use by appropriate means such as chilling, protection from sunlight and o...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the general technique of “spiking” a broad range of materials into aqueous media. This guide will serve the analyst in preparing spiked samples for quality control purposes. Guidance is also provided to aid the analyst in calculating recoveries and interpreting results. It is the responsibility of the analyst to determine whether the procedures and materials described here are appropriate to the task at hand.
1.2 The procedures in this guide are focused on “matrix spike” preparation, analysis, and interpretation of results. The applicability of these procedures to the preparation of calibration standards, calibration check standards, laboratory control standards, reference materials, and other quality control materials by spiking is incidental. A sample (the matrix) is fortified (spiked) with the analyte of interest for a variety of analytical and quality control purposes. While the spiking of multiple sample portions is discussed, the method of standard additions is not covered.
1.3 This guide is intended for use in conjunction with the individual analytical test method that provides procedures for analysis of the analyte or component of interest. The test method is used to determine an analyte or component’s background level and, again after spiking, its now elevated level. Each test method typically provides procedures not only for samples, but also for calibration standards or analytical control solutions, or both. These procedures include preparation, handling, storage, preservation, and analysis techniques. These procedures are applicable by extension, using the analyst’s judgement on a case-by-case basis, to spiking solutions, and are not reiterated in this guide. See also Practice E200 for preparation and storage information.
1.4 These procedures apply only to analytes that are soluble in water at the concentration of the spike plus any background material, or to analytes soluble in...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Many standards and specifications reference exposure tests performed according to standards that are the responsibility of Committee G03 on Durability of Nonmetallic Materials. In many cases, use of the data generated in these tests fails to consider the ramifications of variability in the exposure test practices. This variability can have a profound effect on the interpretation of results from the exposure tests, and if not taken into consideration in test design and data analysis, can lead to erroneous or misleading conclusions. This guide lists some of the sources for test variability and recommends strategies for executing successful weathering studies. Not all sources of variability in weathering testing are addressed in this guide. Specific materials, sampling procedures, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, and material property measurements can contribute significantly to variability in weathering test results. Many of these concerns are addressed in Guide G147. To reduce the contribution of an instrumental method to test variability, it is essential to follow appropriate calibration procedures and ASTM standards associated with the particular property measurement. Additional sources of variability in test results are listed in Guide D4853, along with methods for identifying probable causes.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information on sources of variability and strategies for its reduction in exposure testing, and for taking variability into consideration in the design, execution, and data analysis of both exterior and laboratory accelerated exposure tests.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The inch-pound values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Volatility of a material is not an equilibrium thermodynamic property but is a characteristic of a material related to a thermodynamic property that is vapor pressure. It is influenced by such factors as surface area, temperature, particle size, and purge gas flow rate; that is, it is diffusion controlled.
5.2 The extent of containment achieved for specimens in these test methods by means of a pinhole opening between 0.33 mm to 0.38 mm allows for measurement circumstances that are relatively insensitive to experimental variables other than temperature. Decreasing the extent of containment by use of pinholes larger than 0.38 mm will increase the magnitude of the observed rate of mass loss but will also reduce the measurement precision by increasing the sensitivity to variations in other experimental variables.
5.3 Results obtained by these test methods are not strictly equivalent to those experienced in processing or handling conditions but may be used to rank materials for their volatility in such circumstances. Therefore, the volatility rates determined by these test methods should be considered as index values only.
5.4 The volatility rate may be used to estimate such quantifiable values as drying interval or the extent of volatile release from a process.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing the volatility of solids and liquids at given temperatures using thermogravimetry under prescribed experimental conditions. Results of these test methods are obtained as volatility rates expressed as mass per unit time. Rates ≥5 μg/min are achievable with these test methods.
1.2 Temperatures typical for these test methods are within the range from 25 °C to 500 °C. This temperature range may differ depending upon the instrumentation used.
1.3 These test methods are intended to provide a value for the volatility rate of a sample using a thermogravimetric analysis measurement on a single representative specimen. It is the responsibility of the user of these test methods to determine the need for and the number of repetitive measurements on fresh specimens necessary to satisfy end use requirements.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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IEC TS 60695-5-2:2021 gives a summary of the test methods that are used in the assessment of the corrosivity of fire effluent. It presents a brief summary of test methods in common use, either as international standards or national or industry standards. It includes special observations on their relevance, for electrotechnical products and their materials, to real fire scenarios and gives recommendations on their use.
One of the responsibilities of a technical committee is, wherever applicable, to make use of basic safety publications in the preparation of its publications. The requirements, test methods or test conditions of this publication will not apply unless specifically referred to or included in the relevant publications.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2002.
The main changes with respect to the previous edition are listed below:
– References to IEC TS 60695-5-3 (withdrawn in 2014) have been removed.
– ISO/TR 9122-1 has been revised by ISO 19706.
– References to ISO 11907-2 and ISO 11907-3 have been removed.
– Terms and definitions have been updated.
– Text in 5.4 has been updated.
– Text in 5.5.8 (5.7.8 in Ed. 2) has been updated.
– Text in Clause 6 (7 in Ed. 2) has been updated.
– Bibliographic references have been updated.
It has the status of a basic safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104 and ISO/IEC Guide 51.
This technical specification is to be read in conjunction with IEC 60695-5-1.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A ruggedness test is a special application of a statistically designed experiment that makes changes in the test method variables, called factors, and then calculates the subsequent effect of those changes upon the test results. Factors are features of the test method or of the laboratory environment that are known to vary across laboratories and are subject to control by the test method.
4.1.1 Statistical design enables more efficient and cost-effective determination of the factor effects than would be achieved if separate experiments were carried out for each factor. The proposed designs are easy to use in developing the information needed for evaluating quantitative test methods.
4.2 In ruggedness testing, the two levels (settings) for each factor are chosen to use moderate separations between the high and low settings. In general, if there is an underlying difference between the levels, then the size of effects will increase with increased separation between the high and low settings of the factors. A run is an execution of the test method under prescribed settings of each of the factors under study. A ruggedness test consists of a set of runs.
4.3 A ruggedness test is usually conducted within a single laboratory on uniform material, so that the effects of changing only the factors are measured. The results may then be used to assist in determining the degree of control required of factors described in the test method.
4.4 Ruggedness testing should precede an interlaboratory (round robin) study to correct any deficiencies in the test method and may also be part of the validation phase of developing a standard test method as described in Guide E1488.
4.5 This standard discusses design and analysis of ruggedness testing in Section 5 and contains an example of a basic eight run design. Some caution must be used in interpretation of results, since interaction effects may be present. These effects are present when a factor effect changes with the ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers conducting ruggedness tests. The purpose of a ruggedness test is to identify those factors that strongly influence the measurements provided by a specific test method and to estimate how closely those factors need to be controlled.
1.2 This practice restricts itself to experimental designs with two levels per factor. The designs require the simultaneous change of the levels of all of the factors, thus permitting the determination of the effects of each of the factors on the measured results.
1.3 The system of units for this practice is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the practice are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This standard includes those statistical items related to the area of design of experiments for which standard definitions appear desirable. It provides definitions, descriptions, discussion, and comparison of terms.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This standard is a subsidiary to Terminology E456.
3.2 It provides definitions, descriptions, discussion, and comparison of terms.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard includes those statistical items related to the area of design of experiments for which standard definitions appear desirable.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Laboratories performing petroleum test methods can use this practice to set an acceptable tolerance zone for infrequent testing of CS or CCS material, based on ε, and a desired Type I error, for the purpose of ascertaining if the test method is being performed without bias.
4.2 This practice can be used to estimate the power of correctly detecting bias of different magnitudes, given the acceptable tolerance zone set in 4.1, and hence, gain insight into the limitation of the true bias detection capability associated with this acceptable tolerance zone. With this insight, trade-offs can be made between desired Type I error versus desired bias detection capability to suit specific business needs.
4.3 The CS testing activities described in this practice are intended to augment and not replace the regular statistical monitoring of test method performance as described in Practice D6299.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a methodology for establishing an acceptable tolerance zone for the difference between a single result obtained for a Check Standard (CS) from a single implementation of a test method using a single measurement system at a laboratory versus its Accepted Reference Value (ARV), based on user-specified Type I error, the user-established measurement system precision for the execution of the test method, the standard error of the ARV, and a presumed hypothesis that the measurement system as operated by the laboratory in the execution of the test method is not biased.
Note 1: Throughout this practice, the term “user” refers to the user of this practice, and the term “laboratory” (see 1.1) refers to the organization or entity that is performing the test method.
1.2 For the tolerance zone established in 1.1, a methodology is presented to estimate the probability that the single test result will fall outside the zone, in the event that the presumed hypothesis is not true and there is a bias (positive or negative) of a user-specified magnitude that is deemed to be of practical concern.
1.3 This practice is intended for ASTM Committee D02 test methods that produce results on a continuous numerical scale.
1.4 This practice assumes that the normal (Gaussian) model is adequate for the description and prediction of measurement system behavior when it is in a state of statistical control.
Note 2: While this practice does not cover scenarios in which multiple results are obtained on the same CS under site precision or repeatability conditions, the statistical concepts presented are applicable. Users wishing to apply these concepts for the scenarios described are advised to consult a statistician and to reference the CS methodology described in Practice D6299.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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IEC 60216-3:2021 is available as IEC 60216-3:2021 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 60216-3:2021 specifies the calculation procedures used for deriving thermal endurance characteristics from experimental data obtained in accordance with the instructions of IEC 60216-1 and IEC 60216-2, using fixed ageing temperatures and variable ageing times. The experimental data can be obtained using non-destructive, destructive or proof tests. Data obtained from non-destructive or proof tests can be incomplete, in that it is possible that measurement of times taken to reach the end-point will have been terminated at some point after the median time but before all specimens have reached end-point. The procedures are illustrated by worked examples, and suitable computer programs are recommended to facilitate the calculations. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - a new computer program has been included; - Annex E " has been completely reworked.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide presents techniques and guidance for evaluating and assuring homogeneity of individual samples or bulk materials and can be used for either interlaboratory or intra-laboratory studies. The types of studies include, but are not limited to, studies to determine precision estimates for test methods, proficiency testing programs, and studies related to quality control of testing within a single laboratory.
5.2 Because the test results of any laboratory study are affected by the quality of the samples tested, producing homogeneous samples and determining the degree of homogeneity is important for interpreting the results of the study.
5.3 Five techniques are presented in this guide to evaluate sample homogeneity for a range of circumstances and degrees of rigor. The circumstances under which the studies are conducted and the degree of rigor required may differ. The user should consider the circumstances listed in each technique to determine which is appropriate for the study at hand.
5.4 Each of the Techniques 1, 2, and 3 provides a procedure for testing and evaluating sample homogeneity when replicate testing of the samples is possible. Technique 4 provides a plan to evaluate sample homogeneity when replicate testing is not possible. Technique 5 recommends practices for producing homogeneous samples for circumstances when homogeneity testing is not possible.
5.5 When the conditions of adequate within-sample homogeneity and between-sample homogeneity are satisfied, any differences in test results on multiple samples can reasonably be attributed to testing variation and not due to sample variation.
5.6 When differences within or between samples are discovered and the samples are deemed insufficiently homogeneous, the sample preparation process can be improved or corrected and a new set of samples can be prepared. Or, in cases where the sample homogeneity cannot be improved or for other reasons when the samples must be used, the method of eval...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents techniques and guidance for evaluating and assuring homogeneity of individual samples and bulk materials used for interlaboratory and intra-laboratory studies.
1.2 This guide is applicable to samples and reference materials used for proficiency testing programs and for interlaboratory studies to determine precision estimates for test methods. It may also be useful for activities related to quality control of testing within a single laboratory.
1.3 Five techniques are presented for assessing sample homogeneity. The five techniques are not an exhaustive list of available techniques for assessing homogeneity of samples, but the techniques were chosen to cover a range of circumstances (and various degrees of rigor required) for laboratory studies of various types and purposes.
1.4 Each of the first four techniques provides a scheme for testing for homogeneity and a statistical procedure for evaluating the results of the homogeneity testing. The circumstances are described for which each of the techniques is suited.
1.5 For circumstances when homogeneity testing is not possible, the fifth technique provides guidance for producing homogeneous samples.
1.6 The appendixes of this guide provide example spreadsheets for Techniques 1, 2, 3, and 4.
1.7 This guide is not intended for evaluation of certified reference materials (CRMs) or materials used for calibration.
1.8 Units—The system of units for this standard is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the standard are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to ...
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IEC 60216-3:2021 specifies the calculation procedures used for deriving thermal endurance characteristics from experimental data obtained in accordance with the instructions of IEC 60216-1 and IEC 60216-2, using fixed ageing temperatures and variable ageing times. The experimental data can be obtained using non-destructive, destructive or proof tests. Data obtained from non-destructive or proof tests can be incomplete, in that it is possible that measurement of times taken to reach the end-point will have been terminated at some point after the median time but before all specimens have reached end-point. The procedures are illustrated by worked examples, and suitable computer programs are recommended to facilitate the calculations.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- a new computer program has been included;
- Annex E " has been completely reworked.
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IEC 61010-2-202:2020 is available as IEC 61010-2-202:2020 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC 61010-2-202:2020 constitutes Part 2-202 of a planned series of standards on industrial-process measurement, control and automation equipment. Safety terms of general use are defined in IEC 61010-1. More specific terms are defined in each part. This part incorporates the safety related requirements of electrically operated valve ACTUATORs and SOLENOIDs. This document does not cover functional safety aspects of electrically operated ACTUATORs and SOLENOIDs.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Stress-relaxation test data are necessary when designing most mechanically fastened joints to ensure the permanent tightness of bolted or riveted assemblies, press or shrink-fit components, rolled-in tubes, etc. Other applications include predicting the decrease in the tightness of gaskets, in the hoop stress of solderless wrapped connections, in the constraining force of springs, and in the stability of wire tendons in prestressed concrete.
5.2 The ability of a material to relax at high-stress concentrations such as are present at notches, inclusions, cracks, holes, and fillets can be predicted from stress-relaxation data. Such test data are also useful to judge the heat-treatment condition necessary for the thermal relief of residual internal stresses in forgings, castings, weldments, machined or cold-worked surfaces, etc. The tests outlined in these methods are limited to conditions of approximately constant constraint and test environment.
5.3 The general stress-relaxation test is performed by isothermally applying a force to a specimen with fixed value of constraint. The constraint is maintained constant, and the constraining force is determined as a function of time. The major problem in the stress-relaxation test is that constant constraint can be very difficult to maintain. The effects on test results are very significant, and considerable attention shall be given to minimize the constraint variation. Also, experimenters should determine and report the extent of variation in each stress-relaxation test so that this factor can be taken into consideration.
5.4 There are many methods of performing the stress-relaxation test, each with a different starting procedure. However, the constraint is usually obtained initially by the application of an external force at either a specific force-application rate or a specific strain rate. The two methods will produce the characteristic behavior shown in Fig. 1 when the initial stress, σ0, exceeds the proporti...
SCOPE
Note 1: The method of testing for the stress relaxation of plastics has been withdrawn from this standard, and the responsibility has been transferred to Practice D2991.
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the time dependence of stress (stress relaxation) in materials and structures under conditions of approximately constant constraint, constant test environment, and negligible vibration. In the procedures, the material or structure is initially constrained by externally applied forces, and the change in the external force necessary to maintain this constraint is determined as a function of time.
1.2 Specific methods for conducting stress-relaxation tests on materials subjected to tension, compression, bending and torsion stresses are described in Parts A, B, C, and D, respectively. These test methods also include recommendations for the necessary testing equipment and for the analysis of the test data.
1.3 Bending stress-relaxation tests to determine relaxation properties by using ring-shaped specimens machined from bulk material have been thoroughly developed and widely used to determine stress-relaxation properties (1).2 These tests are outside the scope of these test methods.
1.4 The long time periods required for these types of tests are often unsuited for routine testing or for specification in the purchase of material. However, these tests are valuable tools in obtaining practical design information on the stress relaxation of materials subjected to constant constraint, constant test environment, and negligible vibration, and in investigations of the fundamental behavior of materials.
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if a...
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IEC 61010-2-202:2020 is available as IEC 61010-2-202:2020 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 61010-2-202:2020 constitutes Part 2-202 of a planned series of standards on industrial-process measurement, control and automation equipment. Safety terms of general use are defined in IEC 61010-1. More specific terms are defined in each part. This part incorporates the safety related requirements of electrically operated valve ACTUATORs and SOLENOIDs. This document does not cover functional safety aspects of electrically operated ACTUATORs and SOLENOIDs.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance and preference are the key measurements taken in consumer product testing as either a new product idea is developed into testable prototypes or existing products are evaluated for potential improvements, cost reductions, or other business reasons. Developing products that are preferred overall, or liked as well as, or better, on average, compared to a standard or a competitor, among a defined target consumer group, is usually the main goal of the product development process. Thus, it is necessary to test the consumer acceptability or the preference of a product or prototype compared to other prototypes or potential products, a standard product, or other products in the market. The researcher, with input from her/his stakeholders, has the responsibility to choose appropriate comparison products and scaling or test methods to evaluate them. In the case of a new-to-the-world product, there may or may not be a relevant product for comparison. In this case, a benchmark score or rating may be used to determine acceptability. A product or prototype that is acceptable to the target consumer is one that meets a minimum criterion for liking, and a product that is preferred over an existing product has the potential to be chosen more often than the less-preferred product by the consumer in the marketplace, when all other factors are equal.
5.2 The external validity (the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized) of both acceptance and preference measures to manage decision risk at all stages of the development cycle is dependent on the ability of the researcher to generalize the results from the respondent sample to the target population at large. This depends both upon the sample of respondents and the way the test is constructed. Within the context of a single test, acceptance measures tell the relative hedonic status of the two samples, quantitatively, as well as where on the hedonic continuum each of the samples falls, that is, “disliked,”...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers acceptance and preference measures when each is used in an unbranded, two-sample, product test. Each measure, acceptance, and preference, may be used alone or together in a single test or separated by time. This guide covers how to establish a product’s hedonic or choice status based on sensory attributes alone, rather than brand, positioning, imagery, packaging, pricing, emotional-cultural responses, or other nonsensory aspects of the product. The most commonly used measures of acceptance and preference will be covered, that is, product liking overall as measured by the nine-point hedonic scale and preference measured by choice, either two-alternative forced choice or two-alternative with a “no preference” option.
1.2 Three of the biggest challenges in measuring a product’s hedonic (overall liking or acceptability) or choice status (preference selection) are determining how many respondents and who to include in the respondent sample, setting up the questioning sequence, and interpreting the data to make product decisions.
1.3 This guide covers:
1.3.1 Definition of each type of measure,
1.3.2 Discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each,
1.3.3 When to use each,
1.3.4 Practical considerations in test execution,
1.3.5 Risks associated with each,
1.3.6 Relationship between the two when administered in the same test, and
1.3.7 Recommended interpretations of results for product decisions.
1.4 The intended audience for this guide is the sensory consumer professional or marketing research professional (“the researcher”) who is designing, executing, and interpreting data from product tests with acceptance or choice measures, or both.
1.5 Only two-sample product tests will be covered in this guide. However, the issues and recommended practices raised in this guide often apply to multi-sample tests as well. Detailed coverage of execution tactics, optional types of s...
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ISO/IEC 17025:2017 specifies the general requirements for the competence, impartiality and consistent operation of laboratories.
ISO/IEC 17025:2017 is applicable to all organizations performing laboratory activities, regardless of the number of personnel.
Laboratory customers, regulatory authorities, organizations and schemes using peer-assessment, accreditation bodies, and others use ISO/IEC 17025:2017 in confirming or recognizing the competence of laboratories.
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IEC 61010-2-202:2020 constitutes Part 2-202 of a planned series of standards on industrial-process measurement, control and automation equipment. Safety terms of general use are defined in IEC 61010-1. More specific terms are defined in each part. This part incorporates the safety related requirements of electrically operated valve ACTUATORs and SOLENOIDs. This document does not cover functional safety aspects of electrically operated ACTUATORs and SOLENOIDs.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Organic coatings on exterior exposure are subjected to attack by degrading elements of the weather, particularly ultraviolet light, oxygen, and water. This practice may be used for evaluating the protective behavior of polish film applied to a coating. This polish-coated coating is then exposed in an apparatus that produces ultraviolet radiation, temperature variation, and water condensation for a given time period.
3.2 No single light exposure apparatus, with or without water, can be specified as a direct simulation of natural exposure. This practice does not imply a specific correlation with outdoor exposure. It is, however, useful in screening the relative protective qualities of a polish within the test parameter.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the selection of test conditions from Practice G53 to be employed for exposure testing of polish-coated paint, related coatings, and materials. This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for using fluorescent ultraviolet (UV) and condensation apparatus to simulate the deterioration caused by sunlight and water as rain or dew.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this practice is to present concepts necessary to the understanding of the terms “precision” and “bias” as used in quantitative test methods. This practice also describes methods of expressing precision and bias and, in a final section, gives examples of how statements on precision and bias may be written for ASTM test methods. A statement of precision allows potential users of a test method to assess in general terms the test method’s usefulness with respect to variability in proposed applications.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Part A of the “Blue Book,” Form and Style for ASTM Standards, requires that all test methods include statements of precision and bias. This practice discusses these two concepts and provides guidance for their use in statements about test methods.
4.2 Precision—A statement of precision allows potential users of a test method to assess in general terms the test method’s usefulness with respect to variability in proposed applications. A statement of precision is not intended to exhibit values that can be exactly duplicated in every user’s laboratory. Instead, the statement provides guidelines as to the magnitude of variability that can be expected between test results when the method is used in one, or in two or more, reasonably competent laboratories. For a discussion of precision, see 8.1.
4.3 Bias—A statement of bias furnishes guidelines on the relationship between a set of typical test results produced by the test method under specific test conditions and a related set of accepted reference values (see 9.1).
4.3.1 An alternative term for bias is trueness, which has a positive connotation, in that greater bias is associated with less favorable trueness. Trueness is the systematic component of accuracy.
4.4 Accuracy—The term “accuracy,” used in earlier editions of Practice E177, embraces both precision and bias (see 9.3).
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to present concepts necessary to the understanding of the terms “precision” and “bias” as used in quantitative test methods. This practice also describes methods of expressing precision and bias and, in a final section, gives examples of how statements on precision and bias may be written for ASTM test methods.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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