17.120 - Measurement of fluid flow
ICS 17.120 Details
Measurement of fluid flow
Durchflu?messungen
Mesurage de debit des fluides
Merjenje pretoka tekočin
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 17.120 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Measurement of fluid flow". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 545 standards classified under ICS 17.120 (Measurement of fluid flow). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document applies to water meters used to meter the volume of cold potable water and hot water flowing through a fully charged, closed conduit. These water meters incorporate devices which indicate the integrated volume.
This document specifies criteria for the selection of single, combination and concentric water meters, associated fittings, installation, special requirements for meters, and the first operation of new or repaired meters to ensure accurate constant measurement and reliable reading of the meter.
In addition to meters based on mechanical principles, this document also applies to water meters based on electrical or electronic principles, and to water meters based on mechanical principles incorporating electronic devices, used to measure the volume of cold potable water and hot water. It also applies to electronic ancillary devices. Ancillary devices are optional. However, national or international regulations may make some ancillary devices mandatory in relation to the utilization of the water meter.
The recommendations of this document apply to water meters, irrespective of technology, defined as integrating measuring instruments determining the volume of water flowing through them.
NOTE Any national regulations apply in the country of use.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination in a closed conduit of the volume rate of flow of a regular flow a) of a fluid of substantially constant density or corresponding to a Mach number not exceeding 0,25, b) with substantially uniform stagnation temperature across the measuring cross-section, c) running full in the conduit, and d) under steady flow conditions. In particular, it deals with the technology and maintenance of Pitot static tubes, with the calculation of local velocities from measured differential pressures and with the computation of the flow rate by velocity integration.
- Standard63 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard63 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard63 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the metrological and technical requirements for water meters for cold potable water and hot water flowing through a fully charged, closed conduit. These water meters incorporate devices which indicate the accumulated volume.
In addition to water meters based on mechanical principles, this document applies to devices based on electrical or electronic principles, and mechanical principles incorporating electronic devices, used to measure the volume of cold potable water and hot water.
This document also applies to electronic ancillary devices. Ancillary devices are optional. However, it is possible for national or regional regulations to render some ancillary devices mandatory in relation to the utilization of water meters.
NOTE Any national regulations apply in the country of use.
- Standard58 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to the type evaluation and initial verification testing of water meters for cold potable water and hot water as defined in ISO 4064-1:2024|OIML R 49‑1:2024. OIML Certificates of conformity can be issued for water meters under the scope of the OIML Certificate System, provided that this document, ISO 4064-1:2024|OIML R 49‑1:2024 and ISO 4064-3:2024|OIML R 49‑3:2024 are used in accordance with the rules of the system.
This document sets out details of the test programme, principles, equipment and procedures to be used for the type evaluation, and initial verification of a meter type.
The provisions of this document also apply to ancillary devices, if required by national regulations.
The provisions include requirements for testing the complete water meter and for testing the measurement transducer (including the flow or volume sensor) and the calculator (including the indicating device) of a water meter as separate units.
- Standard114 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document applies to water meters used to meter the volume of cold potable water and hot water flowing through a fully charged, closed conduit. These water meters incorporate devices which indicate the integrated volume.
This document specifies technical characteristics and pressure loss requirements for meters for cold potable water and hot water. It applies to water meters which can withstand:
a) a maximum admissible pressure (MAP) equal to at least 1 MPa1) [0,6 MPa for meters for use with pipe nominal diameters (DNs) ≥500 mm];
b) a maximum admissible temperature (MAT) for cold potable water meters of 30 °C;
c) a MAT for hot water meters of up to 180 °C, depending on class.
In addition to meters based on mechanical principles, this document also applies to water meters based on electrical or electronic principles, and to water meters based on mechanical principles incorporating electronic devices, used to meter the volume flow of hot water and cold potable water. It also applies to electronic ancillary devices. As a rule ancillary devices are optional. However, national or international regulations may make some ancillary devices mandatory in relation to the utilization of the water meter.
1) 1 MPa = 10 bar (1 bar = 0,1 MPa =105 Pa; 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2).
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test report format to be used in conjunction with ISO 4064-1:2024|OIML R 49-1:2024 and ISO 4064-2:2024|OIML R 49-2:2024 for water meters for cold potable water and hot water.
- Standard78 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for the measurement of air flow rates on site. It provides a description of the air flow rate measurement methods and how measurements are performed within the margins of stipulated method uncertainties. It gives the necessary measurement conditions (e.g. length of straight duct, uniform velocity profile) to achieve the stipulated measurement uncertainties.
The methods for measuring the air flow rate inside ducts do not apply to:
- ducts that are not circular or rectangular (e.g. oblong ducts);
- flexible ducts.
- Standard62 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for the measurement of air flow rates on site. It provides a description of the air flow rate measurement methods and how measurements are performed within the margins of stipulated method uncertainties. It gives the necessary measurement conditions (e.g. length of straight duct, uniform velocity profile) to achieve the stipulated measurement uncertainties.
The methods for measuring the air flow rate inside ducts do not apply to:
- ducts that are not circular or rectangular (e.g. oblong ducts);
- flexible ducts.
- Standard62 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides guidance on the collation of the measurements required for the management of siltation at river structures. These include structures used by water supply utilities, other major water abstractors, HEP producers, and for flow measurement by environmental protection agencies.
The document is also intended for use when a redundant structure is being removed, or when modifications to a structure are being made to facilitate fish migration or for river restoration. This is to ensure that the impacts of these changes are adequately monitored and recorded.
The document covers the provision of routine measurements, and the checks and requirements that need to be made by the operator so that specific basic information is collated and made readily available. This information is used to inform decision-making by environment management agencies that authorise flushing, sediment clearance or sedimentation removal. This is to ensure minimal environmental impacts, and to compliance with existing environmental legislation.
- Technical specification16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides guidance on the collation of the measurements required for the management of siltation at river structures. These include structures used by water supply utilities, other major water abstractors, HEP producers, and for flow measurement by environmental protection agencies.
The document is also intended for use when a redundant structure is being removed, or when modifications to a structure are being made to facilitate fish migration or for river restoration. This is to ensure that the impacts of these changes are adequately monitored and recorded.
The document covers the provision of routine measurements, and the checks and requirements that need to be made by the operator so that specific basic information is collated and made readily available. This information is used to inform decision-making by environment management agencies that authorise flushing, sediment clearance or sedimentation removal. This is to ensure minimal environmental impacts, and to compliance with existing environmental legislation.
- Technical specification16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the radiation transmission method for measurement of density of the water-sediment mixture, suspended or deposited, in water bodies such as streams, canals, harbour basins, dams and reservoirs. The method is based on principles of transmission of X or Gamma rays. This document covers brief description of the operating principle of the method and details of some of the instruments used. This document applies to the measurement of water-sediment mixture density in water bodies using radiation transmission method, particularly gamma and X-ray transmission method. The working principles, applications, advantages and associated instruments are elaborated in this document.
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This document specifies how to integrate baffles to aid the passage of fish on the downstream face of triangular profile weirs that conform to ISO 4360 (including Crump weirs) and ISO 4377 (flat-V weirs).
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements and recommendations for non-intrusive (clamp-on) ultrasonic flowmeters (USMs), which use the transit time of ultrasonic signals to measure the volumetric flowrate in closed conduits. Transit time flowmeters are predominantly used on single-phase fluids (liquid and gases) but can also be used where small quantities of additional phases are present. This document specifies performance, calibration, and output characteristics, and deals with installation conditions.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is general and intended as a planning guide. To satisfactorily monitor a specific site, an investigator must sometimes design specific installation structures or modify those given in this guide to meet the requirements of the site in question. Because of the dynamic nature of the sediment transport process, the extent to which characteristics such as mass concentration and particle-size distribution are accurately represented in the monitoring program depends on the type of equipment used and method of collection of the SSC samples used to calibrate the optical readings. Sediment concentration is highly variable in both time and space. Numerous samples must be collected and analyzed with proper equipment and standardized methods for the rating of the optical equipment at a particular site (see Guide D4411 and Practice D3977).
5.2 All optical equipment have an upper limit for valid readings, beyond which the meter will not read properly, commonly referred to as “blacking out.” If upper range of SSC are expected to cause optical instrument black out, then some other means should be devised, such as automatic pumping samplers, to collect samples during this period. See Edwards and Glysson (1)3 and Glysson (2) for information on collection of suspended sediment samples using pumping samplers. It should be noted that other technologies, such as lasers and acoustic dopplers, are also being used to monitor SSC continuously.
5.3 The user of this guide should realize that because different technologies and different models of the same technology of turbidity meters can produce significantly different outputs for the same environmental sample, only one manufacturer and model of the turbidity meter can be used to develop the relationship between the SSC and turbidity readings at a site. If a different manufacturer or a different model type of turbidity meter is used, a new relationship will need to be develop for the site.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the equipment and basic procedures for installation, operation, and calibration of optical equipment as a surrogate for the continuous determination of suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) in open channel flow.
1.2 This guide emphasizes general principles for the application of optical measurements to be used to estimate suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) in water. Only in a few instances are step-by-step instructions given. Continuous monitoring is a field-based operation, methods and equipment are usually modified to suit local conditions. The modification process depends upon the operator skill and judgment.
1.3 This guide covers the use of the output from an optical instrument, such as turbidity and suspended-solids meters, to record data that can be correlated with suspended-sediment concentration. It does not cover the process of collecting data for continuous turbidity record, which would require additional calibration of the turbidity readings to the mean turbidity of the measurement cross section. For the purposes of this method it is assumed that the dependent variable will be mean cross-sectional suspended-sediment concentration data.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cyanide and hydrogen cyanide are highly toxic. Regulations have been established to require the monitoring of cyanide in industrial and domestic wastes and surface waters.3
5.2 This test method is applicable for natural water, saline waters, metallurgical process solutions, and wastewater effluent.
5.3 The method may be used for process control in wastewater treatment facilities.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the concentration of available inorganic cyanide in an aqueous wastewater or effluent. The method detects the cyanides that are free (HCN and CN-) and metal-cyanide complexes that are easily dissociated into free cyanide ions. The method does not detect the less toxic strong metal-cyanide complexes, cyanides that are not “amenable to chlorination.”
1.2 Total cyanide can be determined for samples that have been distilled as described in Test Methods D2036, Test Method A, Total Cyanides after Distillation. The cyanide complexes are dissociated and absorbed into the sodium hydroxide capture solution, which can be analyzed with this test method; therefore, ligand exchange reagents from 8.12 and 8.13 would not be required when determining total cyanide after distillation.
1.3 This procedure is applicable over a range of approximately 2 μg/L to 400 μg/L (parts per billion) available cyanides. Higher concentrations can be analyzed by dilution or lower injection volume.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 8.6 and Section 9.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
Non-catching type gauges are the emerging class of in situ precipitation measurement instruments. For these instruments, rigorous testing and calibration are more challenging than for traditional gauges. Hydrometeors’ characteristics like particle size, shape, fall velocity and density need to be reproduced in a controlled environment to provide the reference precipitation, instead of the equivalent water flow used for catching-type gauges. They are generally calibrated by the manufacturers using internal procedures developed for the specific technology employed. No agreed methodology exists, and the adopted procedures are rarely traceable to internationally recognized standards. This document describes calibration and accuracy issues of non-catching instruments used for liquid/solid atmospheric precipitation measurement. An overview of the existing models of non-catching type instruments is included, together with an overview and a description of their working principles and the adopted calibration procedures. The literature and technical manuals disclosed by manufacturers are summarized and discussed, while current limitations and metrological requirements are identified.
- Technical report25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method yields the flux of water through a saturated GCL specimen that is consolidated, hydrated, and permeated under a prescribed set of conditions.
5.2 This test method can be performed to determine if the flux of a GCL specimen exceeds the maximum value stated by the manufacturer.
5.3 This test method can be used to determine the variation in flux within a sample of GCL by testing a number of different specimens.
5.4 This test method does not provide a flux value to be used directly in design calculations.
Note 1: Flux for in-service conditions depends on a number of factors, including confining pressure, type of hydration fluid, degree of hydration, degree of saturation, type of permeating fluid, and hydraulic gradient. Correlation between flux values obtained with this test method and flux through GCLs subjected to in-service conditions has not been fully investigated.
5.5 This test method does not provide a value of hydraulic conductivity. Although hydraulic conductivity can be determined in a manner similar to the method described in this test method, the thickness of the specimen is needed to calculate hydraulic conductivity. This test method does not include procedures for measuring the thickness of the GCL nor of the clay component within the GCL. Refer to Appendix X2 for calculation of hydraulic conductivity.
5.6 The apparatus used in this test method is commonly used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of soil specimens. However, flux values measured in this test are typically much lower than those commonly measured for most natural soils. It is essential that the leakage rate of the apparatus used in this test be less than 10 % of the flux.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an index test that covers laboratory measurement of flux through saturated geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter.
1.2 This test method is applicable to GCL products having geotextile backing(s). It is not applicable to GCL products with geomembrane backing(s), geofilm backing(s), or polymer coating backing(s).
1.3 This test method provides a measurement of flux under a prescribed set of conditions that can be used for manufacturing quality control. The test method can also be used to check conformance. The flux value determined using this test method is not considered to be representative of the in-service flux of GCLs.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Dissolved Ozone is useful in many industries for water sanitization, TOC reduction, food preservation, cleaning-in-place of food and beverage systems, and pyrogen destruction. It is often necessary to know how much ozone has entered the water, how much remains, and the degree to which it has been removed before process use.
5.2 Some applications require that contact time, DO3 concentration integrated over time, be calculated, to assure disinfection.
5.3 Continuous observation of trends in these measurements are needed for continuous quality monitoring and the measurement may be used for closed loop control of ozonation.
5.4 In many pure water applications and especially where water quality is regulated by the FDA or similar enforcement agencies, ozone removal must be complete before the water is used. This test method is useful for detecting and determining dissolved ozone levels in water at the trace level as well as at process concentrations where sanitization and chemical reactions occur.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the on-line and in-line determination of dissolved ozone (DO3) in low conductivity water in the range from 0.001 mg/L to 5.0 mg/L DO3 and conductivity 3 is detected by correlating the response of a membrane-covered electrochemical sensor to the dissolved ozone concentration.
1.2 This test method provides a more convenient means for continuous measurement than the colorimetric methods typically used for grab sample measurements.
1.3 This test method has the advantage of high sensitivity as well as durability in the process environment and has few interferences.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
Non-catching type gauges are the emerging class of in situ precipitation measurement instruments. For these instruments, rigorous testing and calibration are more challenging than for traditional gauges. Hydrometeors’ characteristics like particle size, shape, fall velocity and density need to be reproduced in a controlled environment to provide the reference precipitation, instead of the equivalent water flow used for catching-type gauges. They are generally calibrated by the manufacturers using internal procedures developed for the specific technology employed. No agreed methodology exists, and the adopted procedures are rarely traceable to internationally recognized standards. This document describes calibration and accuracy issues of non-catching instruments used for liquid/solid atmospheric precipitation measurement. An overview of the existing models of non-catching type instruments is included, together with an overview and a description of their working principles and the adopted calibration procedures. The literature and technical manuals disclosed by manufacturers are summarized and discussed, while current limitations and metrological requirements are identified.
- Technical report25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides guidance on estimating the flowrate when using pressure differential devices constructed or operated outside the scope of ISO 5167 series. Additional tolerances or corrections cannot necessarily compensate for the effects of deviating from ISO 5167 series. The information is given, in the first place, to indicate the degree of care necessary in the manufacture, installation and maintenance of pressure differential devices by describing some of the effects of non-conformity to the requirements; and in the second place, to permit those users who cannot comply fully with the requirements to assess, however roughly, the magnitude and direction of the resulting error in flowrate. Each variation dealt with is treated as though it were the only one present. Where more than one is known to exist, there might be unpredictable interactions and care has to be taken when combining the assessment of these errors. If there is a significant number of errors, means of eliminating some of them have to be considered. The variations included in this document are by no means complete and relate largely to examples with orifice plates. An example with Venturi tubes has been placed at the end of its section. This document does not apply to cone meters or wedge meters. There are, no doubt, many similar examples of installations not conforming to ISO 5167 series for which no comparable data have been published. Such additional information from users, manufacturers and any others can be taken into account in future revisions of this document.
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This document defines the measurement of single phase fluid flow rate in closed conduits using radioactive tracer methods.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The objective of this document is to provide guidance on the use of ISO 5167:2022 series. ISO 5167:2022 is an International Standard for flow measurement based on the differential pressure generated by a constriction introduced into a circular conduit (see ISO 5167-1:2022, 5.1). It presents a set of rules and requirements based on theory and experimental work undertaken in the field of flow measurement. For a more detailed description of the scope, reference is made to ISO 5167-1:2022, Clause 1. Definitions and symbols applicable to this document are given in ISO 5167-1:2022, Clauses 3 and 4. Neither ISO 5167-1:2022 nor this document gives detailed theoretical background, for which reference is made to any general textbook on fluid flow.
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This document describes the geometry and method of use for conical-entrance orifice plates, quarter-circle orifice plates, eccentric orifice plates and Venturi tubes with 10,5° convergent angles. Information is also given for square-edged orifice plates and nozzles under conditions outside the scope of ISO 5167 series. NOTE The data on which this document is based are limited in some cases.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice can be used to quantify the performance of a process stream analyzer system or its subsystem in terms of precision and bias relative to those of a primary test method for the property of interest.
5.2 This practice provides developers or manufacturers of process stream analyzer systems with useful procedures for evaluating the capability of newly designed systems for industrial applications that require reliable prediction of measurements of a specific property by a primary test method of a flowing component or product.
5.3 This practice provides purchasers of process stream analyzer systems with some reliable options for specifying acceptance test requirements for process stream analyzer systems at the time of commissioning to ensure the system is capable of making the desired property measurement with the appropriate precision or bias specifications, or both.
5.4 PPTMR from Analyzer Systems validated in accordance with this practice can be used to predict, with a specified confidence, what the PTMR would be, to within a specified tolerance, if the actual primary test method was conducted on the materials that are within the validated property range and type.
5.5 This practice provides the user of a process stream analyzer system with useful information from on-going quality control charts to monitor the variation in δ over time, and trigger update of correlation relationship between the analyzer system and primary test method in a timely manner.
5.6 Validation information obtained in the application of this practice is applicable only to the material type and property range of the materials used to perform the validation. Selection of the property levels and the compositional characteristics of the samples must be suitable for the application of the analyzer system. This practice allows the user to write a comprehensive validation statement for the analyzer system including specific limits for the validated range of application. Th...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures and methodologies based on the statistical principles of Practice D6708 to validate whether the degree of agreement between the results produced by a total analyzer system (or its subsystem), versus the results produced by an independent test method that purports to measure the same property, meets user-specified requirements. This is a performance-based validation, to be conducted using a set of materials that are not used a priori in the development of any correlation between the two measurement systems under investigation. A result from the independent test method is herein referred to as a Primary Test Method Result (PTMR).
1.1.1 The degree of agreement described in 1.1 can be either for PPTMRs and PTMRs measured on the same materials, or for PPTMRs measured on basestocks and PTMRs measured on these same basestocks after constant level additivation.
1.1.2 In some cases, a two-step procedure is employed. In the first step, the analyzer and PTM are applied to the measurement of the same blendstock material. If the analyzer employed in Step 1 is a multivariate spectrophotometric analyzer, then Practice D6122 is used to access the agreement between the PPTMRs and the PTMRs for this first step. Otherwise, this practice is used to compare the PPTMRs to the PTMRs measured for this blendstock to determine the degree of agreement. In a second step, the PPTMRs produced in Step 1 are used as inputs to a second model that predicts the results obtained when the PTM is applied to the analysis of the finished blended product. Since this second step does not use analyzer readings, the validation of the second step is done independently. Step 2 is only performed on valid Step 1 results. Note that the second model might accommodate variable levels or multiple material additions to the blendstock.
1.2 This practice assumes any correlation necessary to mitigate systemic biases between the ...
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies general requirements, minimum performance requirements and test procedures for open channel instrumentation used to determine either volumetric flow-rate and/or total volume passed of waters in artificial open channels. It covers the following technology categories:
- Level sensors with associated electronics designed to be used with a conventional gauging structure. (The requirements and test procedures for gauging structures, such as weirs and flumes, are excluded. The stage discharge characteristics for many of these structures are established and published in national and international standards).
- Water velocity sensors.
- Integrated velocity area instruments comprising level and velocity sensors that may be separate or combined in a single assembly.
- Velocity sensors that determine the mean water velocity through a channel.
It is recognized that for some OCIs, certain tests cannot be carried out.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general requirements, minimum performance requirements and test procedures for instrumentation used to measure either volumetric flow-rate and/or total volume passed of water in closed conduits. It covers all closed conduit instrument (CCI) technologies intended to operate in closed pressurized pipes and partially filled pipes. Requirements are expressed in volumetric units which may be converted to mass using the density of the water.
It is recognized that for some CCIs certain tests cannot be carried out.
The data obtained from the testing of CCIs in accordance with the requirements of the Measuring Instruments Directive [1] or EN ISO 4064-1 [2] can be used to meet, in part, the requirements specified in this document. However, for the avoidance of doubt, compliance with the requirements of this document does not equate to compliance with the requirements of the Measuring Instruments Directive or EN ISO 4064-1.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general requirements, minimum performance requirements and test procedures for open channel instrumentation used to determine either volumetric flow-rate and/or total volume passed of waters in artificial open channels. It covers the following technology categories:
- Level sensors with associated electronics designed to be used with a conventional gauging structure. (The requirements and test procedures for gauging structures, such as weirs and flumes, are excluded. The stage discharge characteristics for many of these structures are established and published in national and international standards).
- Water velocity sensors.
- Integrated velocity area instruments comprising level and velocity sensors that may be separate or combined in a single assembly.
- Velocity sensors that determine the mean water velocity through a channel.
It is recognized that for some OCIs, certain tests cannot be carried out.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general requirements, minimum performance requirements and test procedures for instrumentation used to measure either volumetric flow-rate and/or total volume passed of water in closed conduits. It covers all closed conduit instrument (CCI) technologies intended to operate in closed pressurized pipes and partially filled pipes. Requirements are expressed in volumetric units which may be converted to mass using the density of the water.
It is recognized that for some CCIs certain tests cannot be carried out.
The data obtained from the testing of CCIs in accordance with the requirements of the Measuring Instruments Directive [1] or EN ISO 4064-1 [2] can be used to meet, in part, the requirements specified in this document. However, for the avoidance of doubt, compliance with the requirements of this document does not equate to compliance with the requirements of the Measuring Instruments Directive or EN ISO 4064-1.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The principal characteristic of geomembranes is their intrinsically low permeability to a broad range of gases, vapors, and liquids, both as single-component fluids and as complex mixtures of many constituents. As low-permeable materials, geomembranes are being used in a wide range of engineering applications in geotechnical, environmental, and transportation areas as barriers to control the migration of mobile fluids and their constituents. The range of potential permeants is broad and the service conditions can differ greatly. This guide shows users test methods available for determining the permeability of geomembranes to various permeants.
5.2 The transmission of various species through a geomembrane is subject to many factors that must be assessed in order to be able to predict its effectiveness for a specific service. Permeability measurements are affected by test conditions, and measurements made by one method cannot be translated from one application to another. A wide variety of permeability tests have been devised to measure the permeability of polymeric materials; however, only a limited number of these procedures have been applied to geomembranes. Test conditions and procedures should be selected to reflect actual service requirements as closely as possible. It should be noted that field conditions may be difficult to model or maintain in the laboratory. This may impact apparent performance of geomembrane samples.
5.3 This guide discusses the mechanism of permeation of mobile chemical species through geomembranes and the permeability tests that are relevant to various types of applications and permeating species. Specific tests for the permeability of geomembranes to both single-component fluids and multicomponent fluids that contain a variety of permeants are described and discussed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers selecting one or more appropriate test methods to assess the permeability of all candidate geomembranes for a proposed specific application to various permeants. The widely different uses of geomembranes as barriers to the transport and migration of different gases, vapors, and liquids under different service conditions require determinations of permeability by test methods that relate to and simulate the service. Geomembranes are nonporous, homogeneous materials that are permeable in varying degrees to gases, vapors, and liquids on a molecular scale in a three-step process by: (1) dissolution in or absorption by the geomembrane on the upstream side, (2) diffusion through the geomembrane, and (3) desorption on the downstream side of the barrier.
1.2 The rate of transmission of a given chemical species, whether as a single permeant or in mixtures, is driven by its chemical potential or in practical terms by its concentration gradient across the geomembrane. Various methods to assess the permeability of geomembranes to single component permeants, such as individual gases, vapors, and liquids are referenced and briefly described.
1.3 Various test methods for the measurement of permeation and transmission through geomembranes of individual species in complex mixtures such as waste liquids are discussed.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies procedures for the following:
a) primary particle-sizing calibration for particle sizes 1 µm(c) and larger, sensor resolution and counting performance of liquid automatic particle counters that are capable of analysing bottle samples;
b) secondary particle-sizing calibration using suspensions verified with a primary calibrated APC;
c) establishing acceptable operation and performance limits;
d) verifying particle sensor performance using a test dust;
e) determining coincidence and flow rate limits.
This document is applicable for use with hydraulic fluids, aviation and diesel fuels, engine oil and other petroleum-based fluids. This document is not applicable to particle-sizing calibration using NIST SRM 2806b primary calibration suspensions.
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This document provides an understanding of the nature of measurement uncertainty and its significance in estimating the "quality" of a measurement or a determination in hydrometry.
This document is applicable to flow measurements in natural and man-made channels. Rainfall measurements are not covered.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The method presented is a “short method” that may be used where contamination levels are less than 5000 ppm by weight or volume, temperatures are between 0 °C (32 °F) and 65 °C (150 °F), and the humidity is not considered. The gas is considered as standard air and the velocity is read directly from the instrument.
5.2 This test method is useful for determining air velocities in HVAC ducts, fume hoods, vent stacks of nuclear power stations, and in performing model studies of pollution control devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the measurement of the average velocity with a thermal anemometer for the purpose of determining gas flow in a stack, duct, or flue (1-5).2 It is limited to those applications where the gas is essentially air at ambient conditions and the temperature, moisture, and contaminant loading are insignificant as sources of error compared to the basic accuracy of the typical field situation.
1.2 The range of the test method is from 1 to 30 m/s (3 to 100 ft/s).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures presented in this test method are available, in part, in Test Methods D3685/D3685M, as well as the ASME Methods (PTC 19.10-1968, PTC 19.10-1981, and PTC 38-1980) given in 2.3 and Footnote 5,5 the 40 CFR Part 60 given in 2.4, and the publication given in Footnote 6.6
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes measurement of the average velocity of a gas stream for the purpose of determining gas flow in a stack, duct, or flue. Although technically complex, it is generally considered the most accurate and often the only practical test method for taking velocity measurements.
1.2 This test method is suitable for measuring gas velocities above 3 m/s (10 ft/s).
1.3 This test method provides procedures for determining stack gas composition and moisture content.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This test method is applicable to conditions where steady-state flow occurs, and for constant fluid conditions, where the direction of flow is normal to the face tube opening of the pitot tube employed in the method. The method cannot be used for direct measurement when cyclonic or swirling flow conditions are present.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document defines terms and symbols and establishes the general principles for methods of measurement and computation of the flow rate of fluid flowing in a conduit by means of pressure differential devices (orifice plates, nozzles, Venturi tubes, cone meters, and wedge meters) when they are inserted into a circular cross-section conduit running full. This document also specifies the general requirements for methods of measurement, installation and determination of the uncertainty of the measurement of flow rate.
ISO 5167 (all parts) is applicable only to flow that remains subsonic throughout the measuring section and where the fluid can be considered as single-phase. It is not applicable to the measurement of pulsating flow.
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This document specifies the geometry and method of use (installation and operating conditions) of orifice plates when they are inserted in a conduit running full to determine the flow rate of the fluid flowing in the conduit.
This document also provides background information for calculating the flow rate and is applicable in conjunction with the requirements given in ISO 5167‑1.
This document is applicable to primary devices having an orifice plate used with flange pressure tappings, or with corner pressure tappings, or with D and D/2 pressure tappings. Other pressure tappings such as “vena contracta” and pipe tappings are not covered by this document. This document is applicable only to a flow which remains subsonic throughout the measuring section and where the fluid can be considered as single phase. It is not applicable to the measurement of pulsating flow[1]. It does not cover the use of orifice plates in pipe sizes less than 50 mm or more than 1 000 mm, or where the pipe Reynolds numbers are below 5 000.
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This document specifies the geometry and method of use (installation and operating conditions) of Venturi tubes[1] when they are inserted in a conduit running full to determine the flow rate of the fluid flowing in the conduit.
This document also provides background information for calculating the flow rate and is applicable in conjunction with the requirements given in ISO 5167-1.
This document is applicable only to Venturi tubes in which the flow remains subsonic throughout the measuring section and where the fluid can be considered as single-phase. In addition, Venturi tubes can only be used uncalibrated in accordance with this standard within specified limits of pipe size, roughness, diameter ratio and Reynolds number, or alternatively they can be used across their calibrated range. This document is not applicable to the measurement of pulsating flow. It does not cover the use of uncalibrated Venturi tubes in pipes sized less than 50 mm or more than 1 200 mm, or where the pipe Reynolds numbers are below 2 × 105.
This document deals with the three types of classical Venturi tubes:
a) “as cast”;
b) machined;
c) fabricated (also known as “rough-welded sheet-iron”).
A Venturi tube consists of a convergent inlet connected to a cylindrical throat which is in turn connected to a conical expanding section called the divergent section (or alternatively the diffuser). Venturi nozzles (and other nozzles) are dealt with in ISO 5167-3.
NOTE In the USA the classical Venturi tube is sometimes called the Herschel Venturi tube.
[1] In the USA the classical Venturi tube is sometimes called the Herschel Venturi tube.
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This document specifies the geometry and method of use (installation in a system and operating conditions) of critical flow nozzles (CFNs) used to determine the mass flow rate of a gas flowing through a system basically without the need to calibrate the CFN. It also gives the information necessary for calculating the flow rate and its associated uncertainty.
This document is applicable to nozzles in which the gas flow accelerates to the critical velocity at the minimum flowing section, and only where there is steady flow of single-phase gas. When the critical velocity is attained in the nozzle, the mass flow rate of the gas flowing through the nozzle is the maximum possible for the existing inlet condition, while the CFN can only be used within specified limits, e.g. the CFN throat to inlet diameter ratio and Reynolds number. This document deals with the toroidal- and cylindrical-throat CFNs for which direct calibration experiments have been made in sufficient number to enable the resulting coefficients to be used with certain predictable limits of uncertainty.
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This document provides an understanding of the nature of measurement uncertainty and its significance in estimating the "quality" of a measurement or a determination in hydrometry.
This document is applicable to flow measurements in natural and man-made channels. Rainfall measurements are not covered.
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This document specifies methods for the measurement of flow in rivers and artificial channels under steady or slowly varying flow conditions, using certain types of critical-depth flumes (also known as “standing-wave flumes”). A wide variety of flumes has been developed, but only those critical-depth flumes which have received general acceptance after adequate research and field testing, and which therefore do not require in situ calibration, are considered herein. The flow conditions considered are uniquely dependent on the upstream head, i.e. subcritical flow must exist upstream of the flume, after which the flow accelerates through the contraction and passes through its critical depth (see Figure 1). The water level downstream of the structure is low enough to have no influence upon its performance. This document is applicable to three commonly used types of flumes, covering a wide range of applications, namely rectangular-throated, trapezoidal-throated and U-throated. The hydraulic theory behind this document was presented in Reference [7]. This document is not applicable to a form of flume referred to in the literature (sometimes called a “Venturi” flume) in which the flow remains subcritical throughout. NOTE The Venturi form of flume is based on the same principle as a Venturi meter used within a closed conduit system and relies upon gauging the head at two locations and the application of Bernoulli’s energy formula.
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This document specifies the geometry and method of use (installation and operating conditions) of cone meters when they are inserted in a conduit running full to determine the flow rate of the fluid flowing in the conduit.
As the uncertainty of an uncalibrated cone meter might be too high for a particular application, it might be deemed essential to calibrate the flow meter in accordance with Clause 7.
This document also provides background information for calculating the flow rate and is applicable in conjunction with the requirements given in ISO 5167‑1.
This document is applicable only to cone meters in which the flow remains subsonic throughout the measuring section and where the fluid can be considered as single-phase. Uncalibrated cone meters can only be used within specified limits of pipe size, roughness, β, and Reynolds number, Re. This document is not applicable to the measurement of pulsating flow. It does not cover the use of uncalibrated cone meters in pipes sized less than 50 mm or more than 500 mm, or where the pipe Reynolds numbers are below 8 × 104 or greater than 1,2 × 107.
A cone meter is a primary device which consists of a cone-shaped restriction held concentrically in the centre of the pipe with the nose of the cone upstream. The design of cone meter defined in this document has one or more upstream pressure tappings in the wall, and a downstream pressure tapping positioned in the back face of the cone with the connection to a differential pressure transmitter being a hole through the cone to the support bar, and then up through the support bar.
Alternative designs of cone meters are available; however, at the time of writing, there is insufficient data to fully characterize these devices, and therefore, these meters shall be calibrated in accordance with Clause 7.
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This document specifies the geometry and method of use (installation and operating conditions) of nozzles and Venturi nozzles when they are inserted in a conduit running full to determine the flowrate of the fluid flowing in the conduit.
This document also provides background information for calculating the flowrate and is applicable in conjunction with the requirements given in ISO 5167‑1.
This document is applicable to nozzles and Venturi nozzles in which the flow remains subsonic throughout the measuring section and where the fluid can be considered as single-phase. In addition, each of the devices can only be used within specified limits of pipe size and Reynolds number. It is not applicable to the measurement of pulsating flow. It does not cover the use of nozzles and Venturi nozzles in pipe sizes less than 50 mm or more than 630 mm, or where the pipe Reynolds numbers are below 10 000.
This document deals with
a) three types of standard nozzles:
1) ISA 1932[1] nozzle;
2) the long radius nozzle[2];
3) the throat-tapped nozzle
b) the Venturi nozzle.
The three types of standard nozzle are fundamentally different and are described separately in this document. The Venturi nozzle has the same upstream face as the ISA 1932 nozzle, but has a divergent section and, therefore, a different location for the downstream pressure tappings, and is described separately. This design has a lower pressure loss than a similar nozzle. For all of these nozzles and for the Venturi nozzle direct calibration experiments have been made, sufficient in number, spread and quality to enable coherent systems of application to be based on their results and coefficients to be given with certain predictable limits of uncertainty.
[1] ISA is the abbreviation for the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations, which was superseded by ISO in 1946.
[2] The long radius nozzle differs from the ISA 1932 nozzle in shape and in the position of the pressure tappings.
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This document specifies the geometry and method of use (installation and operating conditions) of wedge meters when they are inserted in a conduit running full to determine the flow rate of the fluid flowing in the conduit.
NOTE 1 As the uncertainty of an uncalibrated wedge meter can be too large for a particular application, it could be deemed essential to calibrate the flow meter according to Clause 7.
This document gives requirements for calibration which, if applied, are for use over the calibrated Reynolds number range. Clause 7 could also be useful guidance for calibration of meters of similar design but which fall outside the scope of this document.
It also provides background information for calculating the flow rate and is applicable in conjunction with the requirements given in ISO 5167‑1.
This document is applicable only to wedge meters in which the flow remains subsonic throughout the measuring section and where the fluid can be considered as single-phase. Uncalibrated wedge meters can only be used within specified limits of pipe size, roughness, β (or wedge ratio) and Reynolds number. It is not applicable to the measurement of pulsating flow. It does not cover the use of uncalibrated wedge meters in pipes whose internal diameter is less than 50 mm or more than 600 mm, or where the pipe Reynolds numbers are below 1 × 104.
NOTE 2 A wedge meter has a primary element which consists of a wedge-shaped restriction of a specific geometry. Alternative designs of wedge meters are available; however, at the time of writing there is insufficient data to fully characterize these devices, and therefore these meters are calibrated in accordance with Clause 7.
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This document specifies the geometry and method of use (installation and operating conditions) of wedge meters when they are inserted in a conduit running full to determine the flow rate of the fluid flowing in the conduit.
NOTE 1 As the uncertainty of an uncalibrated wedge meter can be too large for a particular application, it could be deemed essential to calibrate the flow meter according to Clause 7.
This document gives requirements for calibration which, if applied, are for use over the calibrated Reynolds number range. Clause 7 could also be useful guidance for calibration of meters of similar design but which fall outside the scope of this document.
It also provides background information for calculating the flow rate and is applicable in conjunction with the requirements given in ISO 5167‑1.
This document is applicable only to wedge meters in which the flow remains subsonic throughout the measuring section and where the fluid can be considered as single-phase. Uncalibrated wedge meters can only be used within specified limits of pipe size, roughness, β (or wedge ratio) and Reynolds number. It is not applicable to the measurement of pulsating flow. It does not cover the use of uncalibrated wedge meters in pipes whose internal diameter is less than 50 mm or more than 600 mm, or where the pipe Reynolds numbers are below 1 × 104.
NOTE 2 A wedge meter has a primary element which consists of a wedge-shaped restriction of a specific geometry. Alternative designs of wedge meters are available; however, at the time of writing there is insufficient data to fully characterize these devices, and therefore these meters are calibrated in accordance with Clause 7.
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This document specifies the geometry and method of use (installation and operating conditions) of cone meters when they are inserted in a conduit running full to determine the flow rate of the fluid flowing in the conduit.
As the uncertainty of an uncalibrated cone meter might be too high for a particular application, it might be deemed essential to calibrate the flow meter in accordance with Clause 7.
This document also provides background information for calculating the flow rate and is applicable in conjunction with the requirements given in ISO 5167‑1.
This document is applicable only to cone meters in which the flow remains subsonic throughout the measuring section and where the fluid can be considered as single-phase. Uncalibrated cone meters can only be used within specified limits of pipe size, roughness, β, and Reynolds number, Re. This document is not applicable to the measurement of pulsating flow. It does not cover the use of uncalibrated cone meters in pipes sized less than 50 mm or more than 500 mm, or where the pipe Reynolds numbers are below 8 × 104 or greater than 1,2 × 107.
A cone meter is a primary device which consists of a cone-shaped restriction held concentrically in the centre of the pipe with the nose of the cone upstream. The design of cone meter defined in this document has one or more upstream pressure tappings in the wall, and a downstream pressure tapping positioned in the back face of the cone with the connection to a differential pressure transmitter being a hole through the cone to the support bar, and then up through the support bar.
Alternative designs of cone meters are available; however, at the time of writing, there is insufficient data to fully characterize these devices, and therefore, these meters shall be calibrated in accordance with Clause 7.
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This document specifies the geometry and method of use (installation and operating conditions) of nozzles and Venturi nozzles when they are inserted in a conduit running full to determine the flowrate of the fluid flowing in the conduit.
This document also provides background information for calculating the flowrate and is applicable in conjunction with the requirements given in ISO 5167‑1.
This document is applicable to nozzles and Venturi nozzles in which the flow remains subsonic throughout the measuring section and where the fluid can be considered as single-phase. In addition, each of the devices can only be used within specified limits of pipe size and Reynolds number. It is not applicable to the measurement of pulsating flow. It does not cover the use of nozzles and Venturi nozzles in pipe sizes less than 50 mm or more than 630 mm, or where the pipe Reynolds numbers are below 10 000.
This document deals with
a) three types of standard nozzles:
1) ISA 1932[1] nozzle;
2) the long radius nozzle[2];
3) the throat-tapped nozzle
b) the Venturi nozzle.
The three types of standard nozzle are fundamentally different and are described separately in this document. The Venturi nozzle has the same upstream face as the ISA 1932 nozzle, but has a divergent section and, therefore, a different location for the downstream pressure tappings, and is described separately. This design has a lower pressure loss than a similar nozzle. For all of these nozzles and for the Venturi nozzle direct calibration experiments have been made, sufficient in number, spread and quality to enable coherent systems of application to be based on their results and coefficients to be given with certain predictable limits of uncertainty.
[1] ISA is the abbreviation for the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations, which was superseded by ISO in 1946.
[2] The long radius nozzle differs from the ISA 1932 nozzle in shape and in the position of the pressure tappings.
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This document specifies the functional requirements of instrumentation for measuring the level of water surface (stage), primarily for the purpose of determining flow rates.
This document is supplemented by Annex A, which provides guidance on the types of automatic water level measurement devices currently available and the measurement uncertainty associated with them. The manually operated measuring devices are described in Annex B.
This document is applicable to both contact and non-contact methods of measurement. The non-contact methods are not in direct material contact with the water surface but measure the height of the water level with ultrasonic or electromagnetic waves.
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This document specifies the geometry and method of use (installation and operating conditions) of wedge meters when they are inserted in a conduit running full to determine the flow rate of the fluid flowing in the conduit. NOTE 1 As the uncertainty of an uncalibrated wedge meter can be too large for a particular application, it could be deemed essential to calibrate the flow meter according to Clause 7. This document gives requirements for calibration which, if applied, are for use over the calibrated Reynolds number range. Clause 7 could also be useful guidance for calibration of meters of similar design but which fall outside the scope of this document. It also provides background information for calculating the flow rate and is applicable in conjunction with the requirements given in ISO 5167‑1. This document is applicable only to wedge meters in which the flow remains subsonic throughout the measuring section and where the fluid can be considered as single-phase. Uncalibrated wedge meters can only be used within specified limits of pipe size, roughness, β (or wedge ratio) and Reynolds number. It is not applicable to the measurement of pulsating flow. It does not cover the use of uncalibrated wedge meters in pipes whose internal diameter is less than 50 mm or more than 600 mm, or where the pipe Reynolds numbers are below 1 × 104. NOTE 2 A wedge meter has a primary element which consists of a wedge-shaped restriction of a specific geometry. Alternative designs of wedge meters are available; however, at the time of writing there is insufficient data to fully characterize these devices, and therefore these meters are calibrated in accordance with Clause 7.
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This document specifies the geometry and method of use (installation and operating conditions) of cone meters when they are inserted in a conduit running full to determine the flow rate of the fluid flowing in the conduit. As the uncertainty of an uncalibrated cone meter might be too high for a particular application, it might be deemed essential to calibrate the flow meter in accordance with Clause 7. This document also provides background information for calculating the flow rate and is applicable in conjunction with the requirements given in ISO 5167‑1. This document is applicable only to cone meters in which the flow remains subsonic throughout the measuring section and where the fluid can be considered as single-phase. Uncalibrated cone meters can only be used within specified limits of pipe size, roughness, β, and Reynolds number, Re. This document is not applicable to the measurement of pulsating flow. It does not cover the use of uncalibrated cone meters in pipes sized less than 50 mm or more than 500 mm, or where the pipe Reynolds numbers are below 8 × 104 or greater than 1,2 × 107. A cone meter is a primary device which consists of a cone-shaped restriction held concentrically in the centre of the pipe with the nose of the cone upstream. The design of cone meter defined in this document has one or more upstream pressure tappings in the wall, and a downstream pressure tapping positioned in the back face of the cone with the connection to a differential pressure transmitter being a hole through the cone to the support bar, and then up through the support bar. Alternative designs of cone meters are available; however, at the time of writing, there is insufficient data to fully characterize these devices, and therefore, these meters shall be calibrated in accordance with Clause 7.
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This document specifies the geometry and method of use (installation and operating conditions) of nozzles and Venturi nozzles when they are inserted in a conduit running full to determine the flowrate of the fluid flowing in the conduit. This document also provides background information for calculating the flowrate and is applicable in conjunction with the requirements given in ISO 5167‑1. This document is applicable to nozzles and Venturi nozzles in which the flow remains subsonic throughout the measuring section and where the fluid can be considered as single-phase. In addition, each of the devices can only be used within specified limits of pipe size and Reynolds number. It is not applicable to the measurement of pulsating flow. It does not cover the use of nozzles and Venturi nozzles in pipe sizes less than 50 mm or more than 630 mm, or where the pipe Reynolds numbers are below 10 000. This document deals with a) three types of standard nozzles: 1) ISA 1932[1] nozzle; 2) the long radius nozzle[2]; 3) the throat-tapped nozzle b) the Venturi nozzle. The three types of standard nozzle are fundamentally different and are described separately in this document. The Venturi nozzle has the same upstream face as the ISA 1932 nozzle, but has a divergent section and, therefore, a different location for the downstream pressure tappings, and is described separately. This design has a lower pressure loss than a similar nozzle. For all of these nozzles and for the Venturi nozzle direct calibration experiments have been made, sufficient in number, spread and quality to enable coherent systems of application to be based on their results and coefficients to be given with certain predictable limits of uncertainty. [1] ISA is the abbreviation for the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations, which was superseded by ISO in 1946. [2] The long radius nozzle differs from the ISA 1932 nozzle in shape and in the position of the pressure tappings.
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This document defines terms and symbols used in standards in the field of hydrometry.
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