23.100.01 - Fluid power systems in general
ICS 23.100.01 Details
Fluid power systems in general
Hydrauliksysteme im allgemeinen
Transmissions hydrauliques et pneumatiques en général
Hidravlični sistemi na splošno
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This document defines a test method which enables the determination of the characteristic values of discharge flow rate and thermal losses of gas-loaded accumulators with separators used in fluid power systems.
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This document specifies procedures for the following:
a) primary particle-sizing calibration for particle sizes 1 µm(c) and larger, sensor resolution and counting performance of liquid automatic particle counters that are capable of analysing bottle samples;
b) secondary particle-sizing calibration using suspensions verified with a primary calibrated APC;
c) establishing acceptable operation and performance limits;
d) verifying particle sensor performance using a test dust;
e) determining coincidence and flow rate limits.
This document is applicable for use with hydraulic fluids, aviation and diesel fuels, engine oil and other petroleum-based fluids. This document is not applicable to particle-sizing calibration using NIST SRM 2806b primary calibration suspensions.
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This document describes the procedure for determining the impedance characteristics of hydraulic components by means of measurements from pressure transducers mounted in a pipe. This document is applicable to passive components, irrespective of size, operating under steady-state conditions, over a frequency range from 10 Hz to 3 kHz.
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This document establishes general principles for the measurement of performance parameters under static or steady-state conditions.
This document provides guidance on the sources and magnitudes of uncertainty to be expected in the calibration of and measurements using hydraulic fluid power components. It describes practical requirements for assessing the capability of the measuring system, and hence the level of uncertainty of the measurement system, or for assisting in developing a system which will meet a prescribed level of uncertainty.
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This document establishes procedures for measuring the average steady-state pressure in a hydraulic fluid power conduit.
It is applicable to the measurement of average steady-state pressure in closed conduits with inside diameters greater than 3 mm, transmitting hydraulic fluid power with average fluid velocities less than 25 m/s and average steady-state static pressures less than 70 MPa.
It is not applicable to sensors which are flush mounted with, or an integral part of, the closed fluid conduit wall.
It provides the formulae for estimating the total uncertainty in a given pressure measurement.
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This document establishes general principles for the measurement of performance parameters under static or steady-state conditions. This document provides guidance on the sources and magnitudes of uncertainty to be expected in the calibration of and measurements using hydraulic fluid power components. It describes practical requirements for assessing the capability of the measuring system, and hence the level of uncertainty of the measurement system, or for assisting in developing a system which will meet a prescribed level of uncertainty.
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This document establishes procedures for measuring the average steady-state pressure in a hydraulic fluid power conduit. It is applicable to the measurement of average steady-state pressure in closed conduits with inside diameters greater than 3 mm, transmitting hydraulic fluid power with average fluid velocities less than 25 m/s and average steady-state static pressures less than 70 MPa. It is not applicable to sensors which are flush mounted with, or an integral part of, the closed fluid conduit wall. It provides the formulae for estimating the total uncertainty in a given pressure measurement.
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This document gives advice on how to conceive hydraulic systems that can be operated with increased energy efficiency while maintaining the intended functionality of the machine.
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This document establishes the vocabulary, in English, French and German, for all fluid power systems and components, excluding aerospace applications and compressed air supply installations.
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This document specifies a discharge test and a charge test as alternative methods for testing pneumatic fluid power components that use compressible fluids, i.e. gases, and that have internal flow passages that can be either fixed or variable in size to determine their flow-rate characteristics. However, this document does not apply to components whose flow coefficient is unstable during use, i.e. components that exhibit remarkable hysteretic behaviour (because they can contain flexible parts that deform under the flow) or that have an internal feedback phenomenon (such as regulators), or components that have a cracking pressure such as non-return (check) valves and quick-exhaust valves. In addition, it does not apply to components that exchange energy with the fluid during flow-rate measurement, e.g. cylinders, accumulators. NOTE This document does not provide a method to determine if a component has hysteretic behaviour; ISO 6358‑1 does provide such a method.
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This document specifies a reference dictionary of standardized product properties for the area of pneumatic fluid power on the basis of ISO 18582-1. The properties are determined on the basis of standardized attributes.
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This document gives advice on how to conceive pneumatic systems, which under consideration of functionality and economic efficiency, can be operated with increased energy efficiency. It does not focus on compressed air generation and distribution.
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ISO 18869:2017 specifies methods for testing and evaluating the performance of quick-action couplings for use in hydraulic fluid power applications. This document does not apply to the testing of tube connections, stud ends for ports and flange connections, which are covered by ISO 19879. Test methods covered in this document are independent of each other and outline the method to follow for each test. See the respective connector standard for which tests to conduct and for performance requirements. It is not intended that all tests be carried out for every application; it is up to the user of this document to select the applicable tests. For qualification of the coupling, the minimum number of samples specified in this document is to be tested, unless otherwise specified in the relevant coupling standard or as agreed upon by the manufacturer and the user.
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ISO/TR 16194:2017 provides general procedures for assessing the reliability of pneumatic fluid power components using accelerated life testing and the method for reporting the results. These procedures apply to directional control valves, cylinders with piston rods, pressure regulators, and accessory devices ? the same components covered by the ISO 19973 series of standards. ISO/TR 16194:2017 does not provide specific procedures for accelerated life testing of components. Instead, it explains the variability among methods and provides guidelines for developing an accelerated test method. The methods specified in this document apply to the first failure, without repairs.
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ISO 1219-3:2016 supplements ISO 1219-1 and ISO 1219-2 by specifying rules for the generation and combination of symbols of connectable components in circuit diagrams. Using these symbols, the design envelope and piping can be reduced.
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ISO 18582-1:2016 provides the basis for the preparation of a reference dictionary of standardized product properties for the area of fluid power, and for the provision of this reference dictionary and its entire contents in electronic form. ISO 18582-1:2016, based on ISO 13584‑42 and ISO/IEC Guide 77‑2, specifies a reference dictionary of standardized product properties for the area of fluid power. NOTE The properties are determined on the basis of standardized attributes. To ensure optimum unambiguity, the standardized properties are classified into definition classes, forming a so-called standardized "reference hierarchy".
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ISO 19973-2:2015 provides test procedures for assessing the reliability of pneumatic directional control valves by testing and the methods of reporting the results of testing. General test conditions and the calculation method are provided in ISO 19973-1. The methods specified in ISO 19973-1 apply to the first failure, as obtained with the three-points moving average (3PMA) method, without repairs, but excluding outliers. The lifetime of pneumatic and electro-pneumatic directional control valves is usually given as a number of cycles. Therefore, whenever the term "time" is used in this part of ISO 19973-2:2015, this variable is to be understood as cycles. ISO 19973-2:2015 also specifies test equipment and threshold levels for tests to assess the reliability of pneumatic directional control valves.
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ISO 19973-5:2015 provides test procedures for assessing the reliability of the following types of pneumatic valves: ? non-return (check) valves; ? pilot-operated non-return valves; ? shuttle valves; ? dual pressure valves (AND function); ? one-way adjustable flow control valves; ? quick-exhaust valves by testing and the methods of reporting the results of testing. General test conditions and the calculation method are provided in ISO 19973‑1. The methods specified in ISO 19973‑1 apply to the first failure, as obtained with the three-points moving average (3PMA) method, without repairs, but excluding outliers. The lifetime of these pneumatic valves is usually given as a number of cycles. Therefore, whenever the term "time" is used in this part of ISO 19973-5:2015, this variable is understood as a number of cycles. ISO 19973-5:2015 also specifies test equipment and threshold levels for tests to assess the reliability of these pneumatic valves.
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ISO 19973-3:2015 provides test procedures for assessing the reliability of pneumatic cylinders with piston rod, both single-acting and double-acting, by testing and the methods of reporting the results of testing. General test conditions and the calculation method are provided in ISO 19973‑1. The methods specified in ISO 19973‑1 apply to the first failure, as obtained with the three-point moving average (3PMA) method, without repairs, but excluding outliers. The lifetime of pneumatic cylinders is usually given in number of cycles or in kilometres. Therefore, whenever the term "time" is used in this part of ISO 19973-3:2015, this variable is to be understood as cycles or kilometres. ISO 19973-3:2015 also specifies test equipment and threshold levels for tests to assess the reliability of pneumatic cylinders with piston rods. ISO 19973-3:2015 is intended to be applied to pneumatic piston rod cylinders that conform to ISO 6430, ISO 6432, ISO 15552, and ISO 21287; however, pneumatic piston rod cylinders that do not conform to these International Standards but are used in the same range of operating conditions can be tested in accordance with one of the classes defined in Tables 1 and 2.
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ISO 19973-1:2015 provides general procedures, the calculation method for assessing the reliability of pneumatic fluid power components and the methods of reporting. These procedures are independent of the kinds of components and of their design. ISO 19973-1:2015 also provides general test conditions and a method for data evaluation. NOTE Because the service life of any component is subject to variations, a statistical evaluation assists the interpretation of the test results. The methods specified in this part of ISO 19973 apply to the first failure without repairs (see IEC 60300‑3‑5), but exclude outliers; however, because outliers can be highly significant, information about how to deal with them is given in Annex F.
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ISO 6358-3:2014 specifies a method that uses a simple numerical technique to estimate without measurements the overall flow-rate characteristics of a system of components and piping with known flow-rate characteristics. The formulae used in ISO 6358-3:2014 describe the behaviour of a compressible fluid flow through a component for both subsonic and choked flows. ISO 6358-3:2014 also provides methods to obtain equivalent flow-rate characteristics for components whose flow-rate characteristics differ from those defined in ISO 6358.
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ISO 19973-4:2014 provides test procedures for assessing the reliability of pneumatic pressure regulators by testing and the methods of reporting the results of testing. General test conditions and the calculation method are provided in ISO 19973-1. The methods specified in ISO 19973-1 apply to the first failure, as obtained with the three-points moving average (3PMA) method, without repairs, but excluding outliers. ISO 19973-4:2014 applies to manually adjustable and remote-piloted pressure regulators, both relieving and non-relieving. It does not apply to pressure regulators that have a permanent bleed. ISO 19973-4:2014 also specifies test equipment and failure criteria (threshold levels) for tests to assess the reliability of pneumatic pressure regulators.
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This part of ISO 1219 establishes basic elements for symbols. It specifies rules for devising fluid power symbols for use on components and in circuit diagrams. This part of ISO 1219 is a collective application standard of the ISO 14617 series. In this part of ISO 1219, the symbols are designed in fixed dimensions to be used directly in data processing systems, which might result in different variants.
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This part of ISO 1219 establishes the main rules for drawing hydraulic and pneumatic circuit diagrams using graphical symbols drawn in accordance with ISO 1219-1. This part of ISO 1219 also applies to circuit diagrams relating to cooling systems, lubrication systems, cooling lubricant systems and systems of technical gases used in conjunction with fluid power applications. It also includes examples of circuit diagrams.
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This Standard provides general rules relating to pneumatic systems used in industrial manufacturing processes. It is intended as a guide for both suppliers and purchasers, with a view to ensuring: a) safety; b) uninterrupted system operation; c) ease and economy of maintenance; d) long life of the system. This Standard does not apply to air compressors and the systems associated with air distribution as typically installed in a factory.
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ISO/TR 10686:2013 describes methods that can be used to: relate the cleanliness of a hydraulic system to the cleanliness of its components and the hydraulic fluid belonging to the system; estimate the final cleanliness level of an assembled hydraulic system filled with the hydraulic fluid, upon its release from the manufacturing area (the estimation of the final cleanliness level is based on the cleanliness level of each component in the system and on the cleanliness level of the filling fluid); calculate and manage cleanliness requirements of components and subassemblies that make up a system and of the fluid filling it so as to achieve a required cleanliness level (RCL) for the final system. These methods can apply whatever the particle size considered and can also be used for other types than hydraulic fluid power.
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ISO 6358-1:2013 specifies a steady-state method for testing pneumatic fluid power components that use compressible fluids, i.e. gases, and that have internal flow paths that can be either fixed or variable in size, to determine their flow-rate characteristics. ISO 6358-1:2013 does not apply to components whose flow coefficient is unstable during use, i.e. components that exhibit remarkable hysteretic behaviour (because they can contain flexible parts that deform under the flow) or that have an internal feedback phenomenon (such as regulators). In addition, it does not apply to components that exchange energy with the fluid during flow-rate measurement, e.g. cylinders, accumulators, etc. ISO 6358-1:2013 specifies requirements for the test installation, the test procedure, and the presentation of results for the steady-state method.
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ISO 1219-2:2011 establishes the main rules for drawing hydraulic and pneumatic circuit diagrams using graphical symbols drawn in accordance with ISO 1219-1. ISO 1219-2:2011 also applies to circuit diagrams relating to cooling systems, lubrication systems, cooling lubricant systems and systems of technical gases used in conjunction with fluid power applications.
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ISO 1219-1:2012 establishes basic elements for symbols. It specifies rules for devising fluid power symbols for use on components and in circuit diagrams. ISO 1219-1:2012 is a collective application standard of the ISO 14617 series. In ISO 1219-1:2012, the symbols are designed in fixed dimensions to be used directly in data processing systems, which might result in different variants.
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ISO 4413:2010 specifies general rules and safety requirements for hydraulic fluid power systems and components used on machinery as defined by ISO 12100. ISO 4413:2010 deals with all significant hazards associated with hydraulic fluid power systems and specifies the principles to apply in order to avoid those hazards when the systems are put to their intended use.
ISO 4413:2010 applies to the design, construction and modification of systems and their components, also taking into account the following aspects: assembly, installation, adjustment, uninterrupted system operation, ease and economy of maintenance and cleaning, reliable operation in all intended uses, energy efficiency and environment.
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ISO 4414:2010 specifies general rules and safety requirements for pneumatic fluid power systems and components used on machinery as defined by ISO 12100. ISO 4414:2010 deals with all significant hazards associated with pneumatic fluid power systems and specifies principles to apply in order to avoid those hazards when the systems are put to their intended use.
ISO 4414:2010 applies to the design, construction and modification of systems and their components, also taking into account the following aspects: assembly, installation, adjustment, uninterrupted system operation, ease and economy of maintenance and cleaning, reliable operation in all intended uses, energy efficiency and environment.
ISO 4414:2010 does not apply to air compressors and the systems associated with air distribution as typically installed in a factory, including gas bottles and receivers.
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ISO 6072:2011 specifies test methods for evaluating the effect of hydraulic fluids on standard elastomeric materials that have been manufactured in accordance with specified processes. It allows baseline comparisons of fluids with standard elastomers. The standard provides formulations, mixing procedures and vulcanization procedures for five types of elastomeric composition: acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers (NBR 1 and NBR 2), fluorocarbon rubber (FKM 2), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM 1) and hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (HNBR 1). These procedures evaluate the effect of mineral-based, fire-resistant and biodegradable hydraulic fluids on such compositions by measurement, under controlled conditions, of physical properties of standard test pieces of the elastomer before and after immersion in the fluids. The standard does not provide formulations of elastomeric materials for actual service, although service elastomers may be tested using these compatibility procedures if required.
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This International Standard specifies general rules and safety requirements for hydraulic fluid power systems and components used on machinery as defined by ISO 12100:2010, 3.1. It deals with all significant hazards associated with hydraulic fluid power systems and specifies the principles to apply in order to avoid those hazards when the systems are put to their intended use.
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ISO 4413:2010 specifies general rules and safety requirements for hydraulic fluid power systems and components used on machinery as defined by ISO 12100. ISO 4413:2010 deals with all significant hazards associated with hydraulic fluid power systems and specifies the principles to apply in order to avoid those hazards when the systems are put to their intended use. ISO 4413:2010 applies to the design, construction and modification of systems and their components, also taking into account the following aspects: assembly, installation, adjustment, uninterrupted system operation, ease and economy of maintenance and cleaning, reliable operation in all intended uses, energy efficiency and environment.
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ISO 4414:2010 specifies general rules and safety requirements for pneumatic fluid power systems and components used on machinery as defined by ISO 12100. ISO 4414:2010 deals with all significant hazards associated with pneumatic fluid power systems and specifies principles to apply in order to avoid those hazards when the systems are put to their intended use. ISO 4414:2010 applies to the design, construction and modification of systems and their components, also taking into account the following aspects: assembly, installation, adjustment, uninterrupted system operation, ease and economy of maintenance and cleaning, reliable operation in all intended uses, energy efficiency and environment. ISO 4414:2010 does not apply to air compressors and the systems associated with air distribution as typically installed in a factory, including gas bottles and receivers.
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ISO/TR 19972-1:2009 provides a means for determining the reliability of hydraulic fluid power components using: estimates from a design analysis; analysis of laboratory testing to failure or suspension; analysis of field data; analysis of a substantiation test. These methods apply to the first failures without repairs, but exclude certain infant mortality failures. Specific component test procedures and exclusions are provided in subsequent parts of ISO/TR 19972. ISO/TR 19972-1:2009 also provides calculation methods, reporting descriptions and examples of reliability calculations.
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ISO 8778:2003 specifies a standard atmospheric reference value to be used in pneumatic fluid power technology for stating the performance data of components and systems.
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ISO 8778:2003 specifies a standard atmospheric reference value to be used in pneumatic fluid power technology for stating the performance data of components and systems.
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This part of ISO 14617 specifies graphical symbols for fluid power conversion units (such as pumps and motors) in diagrams.
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This document specifies procedures for the following:
a) primary particle-sizing calibration for particle sizes 1 µm(c) and larger, sensor resolution and counting performance of liquid automatic particle counters that are capable of analysing bottle samples;
b) secondary particle-sizing calibration using suspensions verified with a primary calibrated APC;
c) establishing acceptable operation and performance limits;
d) verifying particle sensor performance using a test dust;
e) determining coincidence and flow rate limits.
This document is applicable for use with hydraulic fluids, aviation and diesel fuels, engine oil and other petroleum-based fluids. This document is not applicable to particle-sizing calibration using NIST SRM 2806b primary calibration suspensions.
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This Guide serves to:
a) present data on particle abrasion rates on several combinations of water quality, operating conditions, component materials, and component properties collected from a variety of hydro sites;
b) develop guidelines for the methods of minimizing particle abrasion by modifications to hydraulic design for clean water. These guidelines do not include details such as hydraulic profile shapes which should be determined by the hydraulic design experts for a given site;
c) develop guidelines based on “experience data” concerning the relative resistance of materials faced with particle abrasion problems;
d) develop guidelines concerning the maintainability of abrasion resistant materials and hard facing coatings;
e) develop guidelines on a recommended approach, which owners could and should take to ensure that specifications communicate the need for particular attention to this aspect of hydraulic design at their sites without establishing criteria which cannot be satisfied because the means are beyond the control of the manufacturers;
f) develop guidelines concerning operation mode of the hydro turbines in water with particle materials to increase the operation life; It is assumed in this Guide that the water is not chemically aggressive. Since chemical
aggressiveness is dependent upon so many possible chemical compositions, and the materials of the machine, it is beyond the scope of this Guide to address these issues. It is assumed in this Guide that cavitation is not present in the turbine. Cavitation and abrasion may reinforce each other so that the resulting erosion is larger than the sum of cavitation erosion plus abrasion erosion. The quantitative relationship of the resulting
abrasion is not known and it is beyond the scope of this guide to assess it, except to recommend that special efforts be made in the turbine design phase to minimize cavitation. Large solids (e.g. stones, wood, ice, metal objects, etc.) traveling with the water may impact turbine components and produce damage. This damage may in turn increase the flow turbulence thereby accelerating wear by both cavitation and abrasion. Abrasion resistant coatings can also be damaged locally by impact of large solids. It is beyond the scope of this Guide to address these issues. This guide focuses mainly on hydroelectric powerplant equipment. Certain portions may also be applicable to other hydraulic machines.
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