SIST EN ISO 4414:2011

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2011
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 983:1998+A1:2008
Fluidna tehnika - Pnevmatika - Splošna pravila in varnostne zahteve za fluidne
sisteme in njihove komponente (ISO 4414:2010)
Pneumatic fluid power - General rules and safety requirements for systems and their
components (ISO 4414:2010)
Fluidtechnik - Allgemeine Regeln und sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen an
Pneumatikanlagen und deren Bauteile (ISO 4414:2010)
Transmissions pneumatiques - Règles générales et exigences de sécurité pour les
systèmes et leurs composants (ISO 4414:2010)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 4414:2010
ICS:
23.100.01 +LGUDYOLþQLVLVWHPLQDVSORãQR Fluid power systems in
general
23.140 .RPSUHVRUMLLQSQHYPDWLþQL Compressors and pneumatic
VWURML machines
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 4414
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2010
ICS 23.100.01 Supersedes EN 983:1996+A1:2008
English Version
Pneumatic fluid power - General rules and safety requirements
for systems and their components (ISO 4414:2010)
Transmissions pneumatiques - Règles générales et Fluidtechnik - Allgemeine Regeln und sicherheitstechnische
exigences de sécurité pour les systèmes et leurs Anforderungen an Pneumatikanlagen und deren Bauteile
composants (ISO 4414:2010) (ISO 4414:2010)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 6 November 2010.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 4414:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3
Annex ZA .4

Foreword
This document (EN ISO 4414:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 131 “Fluid power
systems” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 114 “Safety of machinery” the secretariat of
which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by November 2011.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 983:1996+A1:2008.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive.
For relationship with EU Directive, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 4414:2010 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 4414:2010 without any modification.

Annex ZA
(informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the
New Approach Directive 2006/42/EC on machinery.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive and has been
implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative clauses of
this standard confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the
relevant Essential Requirements, except Essential Requirements 1.5.8 and 1.7.4.2 u), of that Directive and
associated EFTA regulations.
WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling
within the scope of this standard.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4414
Third edition
2010-11-15
Pneumatic fluid power — General rules
and safety requirements for systems and
their components
Transmissions pneumatiques — Règles générales et exigences de
sécurité pour les systèmes et leurs composants

Reference number
ISO 4414:2010(E)
©
ISO 2010
ISO 4414:2010(E)
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ii © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 4414:2010(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 List of significant hazards .2
5 General rules and safety requirements.3
5.1 General .3
5.2 Basic requirements for the design and specification of pneumatic systems.3
5.3 Additional requirements .6
5.4 Specific requirements for components and controls.7
6 Verification of safety requirements and acceptance testing .17
7 Information for use.17
7.1 General requirements .17
7.2 Final information .18
7.3 Maintenance and operating data .18
7.4 Marking and identification.19
8 Identification statement (reference to this International Standard) .23
Annex A (informative) List of significant hazards .24
Annex B (informative) Form for collecting pneumatic system and component data to ensure
conformance with ISO 4414 .26
Bibliography.37

ISO 4414:2010(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 4414 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 131, Fluid power systems, Subcommittee SC 9,
Installations and systems.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4414:1998), which has been technically
revised, specifically with regards to the following:
a) integration of ISO 4414:1998 and EN 983:1996;
b) integration of safety requirements to comply with the European Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC;
c) updating of safety requirements, taking into account International Standards on machine safety.

iv © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 4414:2010(E)
Introduction
This International Standard is a type B standard as defined in ISO 12100. The stipulations of this International
Standard can be supplemented or modified by a type C standard. For machines that are covered by the scope
of a type C standard and that have been designed and built in accordance with the provisions of that standard,
the provisions of that type C standard take precedence over the provisions of this type B standard.
In pneumatic fluid power systems, power is transmitted and controlled through air or a neutral gas under
pressure within a circuit.
The application of pneumatic fluid power systems requires a thorough understanding and precise
communication between the supplier and purchaser. This International Standard was prepared to assist that
understanding and communication and to document many of the good practices learned from experience with
pneumatic systems.
Use of this International Standard assists in
a) identifying and specifying the requirements for pneumatic systems and components;
b) identifying respective areas of responsibility;
c) designing systems and their components to comply with specific requirements;
d) understanding the safety requirements of a pneumatic system.
Equivalent requirements for hydraulic systems are defined in ISO 4413.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4414:2010(E)

Pneumatic fluid power — General rules and safety requirements
for systems and their components
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies general rules and safety requirements for pneumatic fluid power systems
and components used on machinery as defined by ISO 12100:2010, 3.1. It deals with all significant hazards
associated with pneumatic fluid power systems and specifies principles to apply in order to avoid those
hazards when the systems are put to their intended use.
NOTE 1 See Clause 4 and Annex A.
The significant hazard noise is incompletely dealt with in this International Standard.
NOTE 2 Noise emission depends especially on the installation of pneumatic components or systems into machinery.
This International Standard applies to the design, construction and modification of systems and their
components, also taking into account the following aspects:
a) assembly;
b) installation;
c) adjustment;
d) uninterrupted system operation;
e) ease and economy of maintenance and cleaning;
f) reliable operation in all intended uses;
g) energy efficiency; and
h) environment.
This International Standard does not apply to air compressors and the systems associated with air distribution
as typically installed in a factory, including gas bottles and receivers.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1219-1, Fluid power systems and components — Graphic symbols and circuit diagrams — Part 1:
Graphic symbols for conventional use and data-processing applications
ISO 1219-2, Fluid power systems and components — Graphic symbols and circuit diagrams — Part 2: Circuit
diagrams
ISO 4414:2010(E)
ISO 5598, Fluid power systems and components — Vocabulary
ISO 11727, Pneumatic fluid power — Identification of ports and control mechanisms of control valves and
other components
ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction
ISO 13850, Safety of machinery — Emergency stop — Principles for design
ISO 13851, Safety of machinery — Two-hand control devices — Functional aspects and design principles
ISO 14118, Safety of machinery — Prevention of unexpected start-up
IEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5598 and ISO 12100 and the
following apply.
3.1
commissioning
procedure by which a system is formally accepted by the purchaser
3.2
emergency control
control function that brings a system to a safe condition
3.3
function plate
surface that contains information describing either the performance of a manually operated device (e.g.
ON/OFF, forward/reverse, left/right, up/down) or the status of a function performed by the system (e.g. clamp,
lift, advance)
3.4
neutral gas
non-combustible gas that has properties similar to air and does not react to the effects of pressure and/or
temperature in a manner different from air
3.5
purchaser
party that stipulates the requirements of a machine, equipment, system or component and judges whether the
product satisfies those requirements
3.6
supplier
party that contracts to provide the product(s) to satisfy the purchaser's requirements
4 List of significant hazards
Table A.1 lists significant hazards associated with the use of pneumatic fluid power in a machine.
2 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 4414:2010(E)
5 General rules and safety requirements
5.1 General
5.1.1 When designing pneumatic systems for machinery, all intended operations and use of systems shall
be considered. Risk assessment, e.g. in accordance with ISO 14121-1, shall be carried out to determine the
foreseeable risks associated with systems when they are used as intended. Reasonably foreseeable misuse
shall not cause hazards. The risks identified shall be eliminated by design and, where this is not practicable,
safeguards (first preference) or warnings (second preference) against such risks shall be incorporated, in
accordance with the hierarchy established in ISO 12100.
NOTE This International Standard provides requirements for components of fluid power systems; some of these
requirements are dependent on the hazards associated with the machine in which the system is installed. Therefore, the
final specification and construction of the pneumatic system could need to be based on risk assessment and agreement
between purchaser and supplier.
5.1.2 The control systems shall be designed in accordance with the risk assessment. This requirement is
met when ISO 13849-1 is used.
5.1.3 The prevention of damage to the machine, systems and the environment shall be considered.
5.1.4 Deviations from this International Standard shall be agreed to in writing between the purchaser and
supplier. Attention should be drawn by the purchaser and/or the supplier to applicable national and local
codes or laws.
5.2 Basic requirements for the design and specification of pneumatic systems
5.2.1 Component selection
5.2.1.1 All components and piping in the system shall be selected or specified to provide for safety in use,
and they shall operate within their rated limits when the system is put to its intended use. Components and
piping shall be selected or specified so as to ensure that they can operate reliably under all intended uses of
the system. Particular attention shall be paid to the reliability of components and piping that can create a
hazard in the event of their failure or malfunction.
5.2.1.2 Components and piping shall be selected, applied and installed in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations.
5.2.1.3 It is recommended that wherever practicable, components and piping made in accordance with
recognized International Standards should be used.
5.2.2 Unintended pressures
5.2.2.1 All related parts of the system shall be designed or otherwise protected against foreseeable
pressures exceeding the maximum working pressure of the system or the rated pressure of any part of the
system if the excessive pressure can cause a hazard.
5.2.2.2 The preferred means of protection against excessive pressure is one or more pressure-relief
valves located to limit the pressure in all related parts of the system. Other means, such as pressure
regulators, may be used, provided these means satisfy the application requirements.
5.2.2.3 Systems shall be designed, constructed and adjusted to minimize pressure surges and
fluctuations. Pressure surges and fluctuations shall not cause hazards.
5.2.2.4 Loss of pressure or pressure drop shall not expose persons to a hazard and should not damage
the machinery.
ISO 4414:2010(E)
5.2.2.5 All pneumatic components shall vent into a non-hazardous area with a connection to the
atmosphere.
5.2.2.6 Means shall be provided to prevent unacceptable pressure build-up where high external loads are
reflected on actuators.
5.2.3 Mechanical movements
Mechanical movements, whether intended or unintended (e.g. effects from acceleration, deceleration or
lifting/holding of masses), shall not result in a situation hazardous to persons.
5.2.4 Noise
In the design of pneumatic systems, the expected noise shall be taken into account. Depending on the
application, measures shall be taken to minimize the risks caused by noise. Airborne noise and structure-
borne noise shall be considered.
NOTE For the design of low-noise machinery and systems, see ISO/TR 11688-1.
5.2.5 Leakage
Leakage (internal or external) shall not cause hazards.
5.2.6 Operational and functional requirements for pneumatic systems
The following specifications for operation and function shall be defined:
a) working pressure range;
b) working temperature range;
c) type of gas to be used (e.g., air, nitrogen or other neutral gas);
d) cycle rates;
e) duty cycle;
f) service life of components;
g) sequence of events;
h) filtration and lubrication, including identification of components not to be lubricated;
i) lifting provisions;
j) emergency, safety and energy isolation requirements;
k) painting or protective coating;
l) lubricant compatibility with components.
Annex B provides forms and checklists to facilitate the gathering and recording of this information. These
forms and checklists can also be useful to record those specifications that apply to pneumatic systems used in
mobile machinery. The individual forms in Annex B are also available in a separate revisable electronic format.
4 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 4414:2010(E)
5.2.7 Control or energy supply
Whatever the type of control or energy supply used (e.g., electrical, pneumatic), the following actions or
occurrences (whether unexpected or intentional) shall not create a hazard:
a) switching the supply on or off;
b) reducing the supply;
c) cutting off the supply;
d) restoring the supply (unexpectedly or intentionally).
5.2.8 Positive isolation from energy sources
The system shall be designed to facilitate positive isolation from energy sources (see ISO 12100:2010,
6.3.5.4). In pneumatic systems, this can be done, for example, by
⎯ isolating the supply with a suitable shut-off device, which should be lockable, and shall be accessible
without causing a hazard, or isolating and dissipating pressure from the system with a suitable shut-off
device(s) having a pressure-release feature, which can need to be lockable;
⎯ releasing or supporting mechanical loads when the system is depressurized;
⎯ isolating the electrical supply (see IEC 60204-1:2009, 5.3).
The system shall facilitate dissipation of the fluid pressure.
Precautions should be taken when the supply is reinstated after isolation or depressurization.
5.2.9 Location of components and controls
The system shall be designed and constructed so that components and controls are located where they are
easily accessible for use, adjustment and maintenance without causing hazard.
5.2.10 Unexpected start-up
In order to prevent unexpected start-up, precautions shall be taken in accordance with ISO 14118.
5.2.11 Uncontrolled actuator movement
If rapid opening of the shut-off valve can produce uncontrolled movement of actuators, a soft-start/slow-start
valve shall be incorporated.
5.2.12 Airborne hazardous substances
Systems shall be so designed, constructed and/or equipped that airborne hazardous substances are
minimized.
ISO 4414:2010(E)
5.3 Additional requirements
5.3.1 Site conditions and operating environment
Site conditions and operating environment shall be defined. Annex B provides forms and checklists to facilitate
the gathering and recording of this information, which may include
a) ambient temperature range of the installation;
b) ambient humidity range of the installation;
c) atmospheric pressure;
d) specification of pneumatic supply available, such as pressure, flow capability, pressure dew point,
nominal filtration rating, and oil carry-over;
e) available utilities, e.g. electricity, water, waste;
f) electrical network details, e.g. voltage and its tolerance, frequency, available power (if limited);
g) protection for electrical circuits and devices;
h) sources of contamination;
i) sources of vibration;
j) possible severity of a fire, explosion or other hazard and availability of related emergency resources;
k) unusual environmental or geographical conditions, e.g. altitude, ultraviolet radiation;
l) requirements for safeguarding;
m) space required for access, use and maintenance as well as the location and mounting of components and
systems to ensure their stability and security in use;
n) legal and other environmental limiting factors (e.g. noise emission level);
o) other safety and special requirements.
5.3.2 Installation, use and maintenance of components, piping and assemblies
5.3.2.1 Replacement
Components, piping and assemblies should be installed so that they can be easily replaced without
dismantling other parts of the machine.
5.3.2.2 Lifting provisions
All components, assemblies or piping having a mass greater than 15 kg should have provision(s) for lifting
(see ISO 12100:2010, 6.3.5.5).
5.3.3 Cleaning and painting
5.3.3.1 During external cleaning and painting of machinery, sensitive materials shall be protected from
incompatible liquids.
5.3.3.2 During painting, areas that should not be painted (e.g. piston rods, indicator lights) shall be
covered and the coverings removed afterwards. After painting, all warnings and safety related markings shall
be visible and legible.
6 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 4414:2010(E)
5.3.4 Preparation for transportation
5.3.4.1 Identification of piping
Whenever it is necessary to dismantle pneumatic systems for transportation, the piping and corresponding
connections shall be clearly identified. The identification shall correspond to, and not conflict with, the data on
any appropriate drawings.
5.3.4.2 Packaging
All parts of the pneumatic system shall be packaged for transportation in a manner that preserves their
identification and protects them from damage, distortion, contamination and corrosion.
5.3.4.3 Protection of openings
Exposed openings in pneumatic systems and components, in particular tubes and hoses, shall be protected
during transportation either by being sealed or by being stored in an appropriately clean and closed container.
Male threads shall be protected. Any protective device used shall be of the type that prevents reassembly until
it is removed.
5.4 Specific requirements for components and controls
5.4.1 Air motors and semi-rotary actuators
5.4.1.1 Protection
Air motors and semi-rotary actuators shall be mounted where they are protected from predictable damage, or
be suitably guarded. Rotating shafts and couplings shall be guarded to prevent hazard to personnel.
5.4.1.2 Mounting
The mounting of air motors and semi-rotary actuators on, or related to, their drive assemblies shall be
sufficiently rigid to ensure adequate alignment at all times and to accommodate the applied torque. Protection
against inadvertent damage from end and side forces should be considered.
5.4.1.3 Load and speed considerations
The starting and stall torques, the effect of load variations, and the kinetic energy of the moving load shall be
considered in the application of air motors and semi-rotary actuators.
5.4.2 Cylinders
NOTE Many cylinder designs are intended for a specific type of industry or application. These include rotary, rotating,
rodless, cable, welded, foundry, air bag, etc.
5.4.2.1 Resistance to buckling
Attention shall be given to stroke length, loading and cylinder mountings in order to avoid bending or buckling
of the cylinder piston rod in any position.
5.4.2.2 Loading and overrunning
Adequate structural and/or pressure-sustaining strength shall be provided for applications where overrunning
or sustained and/or impact loads are encountered. Cushioning is recommended to avoid impact when using
the cylinder ends as a positive stop.
ISO 4414:2010(E)
5.4.2.3 Mounting ratings
Mounting attachments shall be selected for the required load. Mountings and their supporting structures shall
be designed for the maximum expected loads at any position within the stroke.
5.4.2.4 Resistance to shock and vibration
Any attachment mounted on or connected to a cylinder shall be assembled in such a way that resists
loosening caused by shock, vibration, etc. in use.
5.4.2.5 Mounting fasteners
Mounting fasteners for cylinders and accessories shall be designed and installed to accommodate all
predictable forces. The mounting fasteners shall be adequate to absorb turning moments.
5.4.2.6 Alignment
Mounting surfaces shall be designed to prevent distortion of cylinders when installed. Cylinders shall be
mounted in such a way that avoids unintended side loads during operation.
5.4.2.7 Adjustable stroke end stops
If stroke length is determined by external stroke end stops, means shall be provided for locking adjustable
stroke end stops.
5.4.2.8 Piston rod material, finish and protection
Piston rod material and finish should be selected to minimize wear, corrosion and foreseeable impact damage.
Piston rods should be protected against foreseeable damage from dents, scratches, corrosion, etc. Protective
covers may also be used.
5.4.2.9 Air vent
Single-acting piston-type cylinders shall have air vent ports designed and/or positioned to avoid hazards to
persons when displaced air is exhausted.
5.4.3 Valves
5.4.3.1 Selection
Valve type and method of mounting shall be selected to ensure correct function, adequate leak tightness and
resistance against foreseeable mechanical and environmental influences.
5.4.3.2 Mounting
When mounting valves, the following shall be considered:
a) independent support from their associated piping or connector and ability to remove the valve with a
minimum of disturbance to piping;
b) means of avoiding incorrect mounting on the valve base, e.g. mounting-bolt pattern, port identification or
other identification;
c) effects of gravity, impact and vibration on the main elements of the valve, to minimize the probability of an
inadvertent shift or destruction of parts of the valve;
8 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 4414:2010(E)
d) avoidance of the influence of back pressure, which can affect functioning and safe use when stacked or
manifold valves or common exhaust lines are used;
e) sufficient clearance for wrench and/or bolt access for removal, repair or adjustment of the valve and any
related electrical connections.
5.4.3.3 Manifolds
5.4.3.3.1 Surface flatness and finish
Manifold surface flatness and finish shall be in accordance with valve supplier's recommendations.
5.4.3.3.2 Distortion
Manifolds shall not malfunction due to distortion when operated within the intended range of operating
pressures and temperatures.
5.4.3.3.3 Mounting
Manifolds shall be rigidly and securely mounted.
5.4.3.3.4 Internal passages
Internal passages, including cored and drilled holes, shall be free from detrimental foreign matter, such as
scale, burrs, swarf, etc., that can restrict flow or that can be dislodged and cause malfunction of and/or
damage to any component, including seals and packings.
5.4.3.4 Valve control mechanisms and related operating devices
5.4.3.4.1 Mechanically and manually operated valves
Mechanically and manually operated valves shall be installed so that they cannot be damaged by foreseeable
operating forces.
5.4.3.4.2 Electrically operated valves
5.4.3.4.2.1 Electrical connections
Electrical connections to a supply shall be in accordance with appropriate standards, e.g. IEC 60204-1. For
hazardous operating conditions, the appropriate degree of protection (e.g. explosion-proofing, water-proofing)
shall be employed.
5.4.3.4.2.2 Terminal block housing
Where terminal blocks and housings are specified on the valves, the terminal block housings shall be
constructed with the following:
a) appropriate degree of protection, in accordance with IEC 60529;
b) adequate space for permanently located terminals and the terminal cable, including an additional length
of cable;
c) captive fasteners for the electrical access cover to prevent loss, e.g. screws with retaining washers;
d) suitable securing device for the electrical access cover, e.g. a chain;
e) cable connections with strain relief.
ISO 4414:2010(E)
5.4.3.4.2.3 Solenoids
Solenoids shall be selected (e.g., cyclic rate, temperature rating) so that they are capable of operating the
valves reliably at minimum and maximum voltage, including the appropriate degree of protection in
accordance with IEC 60529.
The temperature rise on the surface of the solenoid shall be considered. Measures, by location or guarding,
shall be taken to protect persons from surfaces when temperatures exceed touchable limits. If this is not
possible, warning labels shall be used; see ISO 13732-1.
5.4.3.4.2.4 Manual override
If it is necessary to operate an electrically operated valve for safety or other reasons when electrical control is
not available, then it should be fitted with manual override facilities. These shall be designed or selected so
that they cannot be operated inadvertently, and they shall reset when manual control is removed unless
otherwise specified.
5.4.3.5 Pressure-relief valves
Pressure relief valves shall be located near a component or piping whenever pressures in excess of the rated
pressure of that component or piping are possible.
5.4.3.6 Quick-exhaust valves
Quick-exhaust valves shall be installed such that exhausting air does not cause a hazard to personnel.
5.4.3.7 Flow-control valves
Flow-control valves should be located on or near the cylinder ports.
5.4.3.8 Three-position valves
Systems that use three-position valves, particularly those with a closed centre position, should be analyzed to
determine if leakage from the system and/or leakage through a valve can result in undesired effects, such as
unexpected cylinder movement.
5.4.4 Air-preparation components
5.4.4.1 General
To ensure required air quality, an air-preparation unit shall be installed at the entry point of the pneumatic
system. Additional air-preparation units may be installed in sub-systems as necessary.
Air preparation units should be located as close as practicable to the device being protected and shall be
readily accessible for maintenance.
NOTE The selection of air-preparation units depends on flow and pressure requirements at the point of use.
5.4.4.2 Filtration
5.4.4.2.1 General
Means shall be provided to remove detrimental solid, liquid and gaseous materials from the system.
10 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 4414:2010(E)
5.4.4.2.2 Nominal filtration rating
The degree of filtration shall be consistent with the requirements for the components and environmental
conditions.
5.4.4.2.3 Deterioration of filter performance
If deterioration of filter performance, which is sometimes indicated by increasing pressure drop across a filter,
can lead to a hazardous situation, clear indication of such deterioration shall be given.
5.4.4.2.4 Provisions for maintenance
Filters and separators shall be capable of being cleaned and drained or replaced without disturbing the piping.
Filters with removable or replacement elements shall be provided, where applicable. The filter element rating
shall be identifiable if more than one rating is available.
5.4.4.2.5 Drains
Water drains should be used to drain air-line filters and separators, preferably of the automatic type. Where
required, drains shall be protected from damage caused by freezing. Environmental and safety issues shall be
considered when collecting and disposing waste fluids.
5.4.4.3 Lubrication
5.4.4.3.1 Application
Lubricants shall not be supplied to any component that does not require additional lubrication.
5.4.4.3.2 Compatibility of lubricating fluids
Where necessary, appropriate lubricating fluids shall be specified for use in systems. Such fluids shall be
compatible with all components, elastomers, plastic tubing and flexible hoses in the system.
5.4.4.3.3 Lubricators
When lubrication is required, a lubricator(s) should be located close to and above the device being lubricated.
Where it is not practicable to locate the lubricator above the device being lubricated, recirculating or injection
type lubricators should be used. Lubricators shall be located to allow easy access for filling.
When necessary, lubricators shall have drains to remove water that has collected in the bottom of the
lubricator bowl.
5.4.4.4 Air drying
5.4.4.4.1 Where a reduction of water-vapour content is required, an air dryer shall be used. The type of air
dryer used depends on the environment and system requirements.
5.4.4.4.2 The air dryer shall be sized to deliver the required air flow rates at the specified pressure dew
point.
5.4.4.5 Shielding of air preparation components
5.4.4.5.1 To protect personnel from the hazard of non-metallic bowl failures on filters, separators, filter-
regulators and lubricators when the product of the rated pressure and the volume of the empty bowl is greater
than 100 kPa⋅l (1 bar⋅l), the bowl should be capable of being shielded.
ISO 4414:2010(E)
5.4.4.5.2 To avoid the possible failure of plastic bowls in certain environments, or where shielding is not
being used, metal bowls shall be used.
5.4.5 Piping and fluid passages
5.4.5.1 General requirements
5.4.5.1.1 The design and selection of piping materials shall take into account site conditions.
5.4.5.1.2 The flow rate through piping should not create hazards due to temperature change or pressure
drop.
5.4.5.1.3 Variations in the flow rate should be minimized by avoiding sudden changes in internal diameters
of piping.
5.4.5.1.4 In order to optimize response time, the length of the piping between actuators and their directional
control valves should be kept to a minimum.
5.4.5.1.5 To minimize energy losses, the number of connections should be kept to a minimum.
5.4.5.2 Piping layout
5.4.5.2.1 Piping should be designed to discourage its use as a step or ladder. External loads should not be
imposed upon the piping.
5.4.5.2.2 Piping shall not be used to support components where they can impose undue loads on the
piping. Undue loads can arise from component mass, shock, vibration and pressure surges.
5.4.5.3 Piping identification, location and mounting
5.4.5.3.1 Piping should be mounted to minimize installation stresses, should be located to protect against
foreseeable damage, and should not restrict access for adjustment, repairs or replacement of components.
5.4.5.3.2 Piping should be identified or located in such a manner that it is not possible to make an incorrect
connection that can cause a hazard or malfunction.
5.4.5.4 Foreign matter
Conductors, connectors, and fluid passages, including cored and drilled holes, shall be free from detrimental
foreign matter, such as scale, burrs, swarf, etc., that can restrict flow or can be dislodged and cause
malfunction of and/or damage to any component, including seals and packing.
5.4.5.5 Support of tubes
5.4.5.5.1 Tubes shall be securely supported.
5.4.5.5.2 Supports shall not damage the tubes or reduce the flow.
5.4.5.5.3 Table 1 gives recommendations for the maximum distance between tube supports.
12 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 4414:2010(E)
Table 1 — Recommended maximum distance between tube supports
Nominal tube outside diameter Recommended maximum distance
between tube supports
mm m
u 10 1
> 10 and u 25 1,5
> 25 and u 50 2
> 50 3
5.4.5.6 Piping between assemblies
Where the machine is constructed of separated assemblies, a rigidly mounted bulkhead-type terminal device
or terminal manifold should be used to support the piping and provide connection for each end of the piping
lengths between assemblies.
5.4.5.7 Piping across access ways
Piping runs across access ways shall not interfere with the normal use of the access way. They should be
located either below or well above the floor level, and in accordance with site conditions. These piping runs
shall be readily accessible, rigidly supported, and where necessary, protected from external damage.
5.4.5.8 Quick-action couplings
Quick-action (quick-release) couplings shall be selected and installed so that when they are being coupled or
uncoupled,
a) the coupling shall not couple or uncouple in a hazardous manner;
b) compressed air or particles shall not be expelled in a hazardous manner;
c) a controlled pressure-release system shall be provided where a hazard may exist.
5.4.5.9 Hose assemblies
5.4.5.9.1 General requirements
Hose assemblies shall
a) be constructed from hoses that have not been previously used in operation as part of another hose
assembly;
b) be provided with a recommendation on the maximum storage time and storage conditions supplied by the
hose manufacturer;
c) be used within the hose manufacturer's recommended pressure ratings;
d) be selected for its electrical conductivity or non-conductivity in applications where this characteristic can
lead to a hazard.
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