17.120.20 - Flow in open channels
ICS 17.120.20 Details
Flow in open channels
Durchflu?messung in offenen Gerinnen
Débit dans les canaux découverts
Pretok v odprtih kanalih
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 17.120.20 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Flow in open channels". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 274 standards classified under ICS 17.120.20 (Flow in open channels). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document provides guidance on the collation of the measurements required for the management of siltation at river structures. These include structures used by water supply utilities, other major water abstractors, HEP producers, and for flow measurement by environmental protection agencies.
The document is also intended for use when a redundant structure is being removed, or when modifications to a structure are being made to facilitate fish migration or for river restoration. This is to ensure that the impacts of these changes are adequately monitored and recorded.
The document covers the provision of routine measurements, and the checks and requirements that need to be made by the operator so that specific basic information is collated and made readily available. This information is used to inform decision-making by environment management agencies that authorise flushing, sediment clearance or sedimentation removal. This is to ensure minimal environmental impacts, and to compliance with existing environmental legislation.
- Technical specification16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides guidance on the collation of the measurements required for the management of siltation at river structures. These include structures used by water supply utilities, other major water abstractors, HEP producers, and for flow measurement by environmental protection agencies.
The document is also intended for use when a redundant structure is being removed, or when modifications to a structure are being made to facilitate fish migration or for river restoration. This is to ensure that the impacts of these changes are adequately monitored and recorded.
The document covers the provision of routine measurements, and the checks and requirements that need to be made by the operator so that specific basic information is collated and made readily available. This information is used to inform decision-making by environment management agencies that authorise flushing, sediment clearance or sedimentation removal. This is to ensure minimal environmental impacts, and to compliance with existing environmental legislation.
- Technical specification16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the radiation transmission method for measurement of density of the water-sediment mixture, suspended or deposited, in water bodies such as streams, canals, harbour basins, dams and reservoirs. The method is based on principles of transmission of X or Gamma rays. This document covers brief description of the operating principle of the method and details of some of the instruments used. This document applies to the measurement of water-sediment mixture density in water bodies using radiation transmission method, particularly gamma and X-ray transmission method. The working principles, applications, advantages and associated instruments are elaborated in this document.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies how to integrate baffles to aid the passage of fish on the downstream face of triangular profile weirs that conform to ISO 4360 (including Crump weirs) and ISO 4377 (flat-V weirs).
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is general and intended as a planning guide. To satisfactorily monitor a specific site, an investigator must sometimes design specific installation structures or modify those given in this guide to meet the requirements of the site in question. Because of the dynamic nature of the sediment transport process, the extent to which characteristics such as mass concentration and particle-size distribution are accurately represented in the monitoring program depends on the type of equipment used and method of collection of the SSC samples used to calibrate the optical readings. Sediment concentration is highly variable in both time and space. Numerous samples must be collected and analyzed with proper equipment and standardized methods for the rating of the optical equipment at a particular site (see Guide D4411 and Practice D3977).
5.2 All optical equipment have an upper limit for valid readings, beyond which the meter will not read properly, commonly referred to as “blacking out.” If upper range of SSC are expected to cause optical instrument black out, then some other means should be devised, such as automatic pumping samplers, to collect samples during this period. See Edwards and Glysson (1)3 and Glysson (2) for information on collection of suspended sediment samples using pumping samplers. It should be noted that other technologies, such as lasers and acoustic dopplers, are also being used to monitor SSC continuously.
5.3 The user of this guide should realize that because different technologies and different models of the same technology of turbidity meters can produce significantly different outputs for the same environmental sample, only one manufacturer and model of the turbidity meter can be used to develop the relationship between the SSC and turbidity readings at a site. If a different manufacturer or a different model type of turbidity meter is used, a new relationship will need to be develop for the site.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the equipment and basic procedures for installation, operation, and calibration of optical equipment as a surrogate for the continuous determination of suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) in open channel flow.
1.2 This guide emphasizes general principles for the application of optical measurements to be used to estimate suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) in water. Only in a few instances are step-by-step instructions given. Continuous monitoring is a field-based operation, methods and equipment are usually modified to suit local conditions. The modification process depends upon the operator skill and judgment.
1.3 This guide covers the use of the output from an optical instrument, such as turbidity and suspended-solids meters, to record data that can be correlated with suspended-sediment concentration. It does not cover the process of collecting data for continuous turbidity record, which would require additional calibration of the turbidity readings to the mean turbidity of the measurement cross section. For the purposes of this method it is assumed that the dependent variable will be mean cross-sectional suspended-sediment concentration data.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
Non-catching type gauges are the emerging class of in situ precipitation measurement instruments. For these instruments, rigorous testing and calibration are more challenging than for traditional gauges. Hydrometeors’ characteristics like particle size, shape, fall velocity and density need to be reproduced in a controlled environment to provide the reference precipitation, instead of the equivalent water flow used for catching-type gauges. They are generally calibrated by the manufacturers using internal procedures developed for the specific technology employed. No agreed methodology exists, and the adopted procedures are rarely traceable to internationally recognized standards. This document describes calibration and accuracy issues of non-catching instruments used for liquid/solid atmospheric precipitation measurement. An overview of the existing models of non-catching type instruments is included, together with an overview and a description of their working principles and the adopted calibration procedures. The literature and technical manuals disclosed by manufacturers are summarized and discussed, while current limitations and metrological requirements are identified.
- Technical report25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Non-catching type gauges are the emerging class of in situ precipitation measurement instruments. For these instruments, rigorous testing and calibration are more challenging than for traditional gauges. Hydrometeors’ characteristics like particle size, shape, fall velocity and density need to be reproduced in a controlled environment to provide the reference precipitation, instead of the equivalent water flow used for catching-type gauges. They are generally calibrated by the manufacturers using internal procedures developed for the specific technology employed. No agreed methodology exists, and the adopted procedures are rarely traceable to internationally recognized standards. This document describes calibration and accuracy issues of non-catching instruments used for liquid/solid atmospheric precipitation measurement. An overview of the existing models of non-catching type instruments is included, together with an overview and a description of their working principles and the adopted calibration procedures. The literature and technical manuals disclosed by manufacturers are summarized and discussed, while current limitations and metrological requirements are identified.
- Technical report25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general requirements, minimum performance requirements and test procedures for open channel instrumentation used to determine either volumetric flow-rate and/or total volume passed of waters in artificial open channels. It covers the following technology categories:
- Level sensors with associated electronics designed to be used with a conventional gauging structure. (The requirements and test procedures for gauging structures, such as weirs and flumes, are excluded. The stage discharge characteristics for many of these structures are established and published in national and international standards).
- Water velocity sensors.
- Integrated velocity area instruments comprising level and velocity sensors that may be separate or combined in a single assembly.
- Velocity sensors that determine the mean water velocity through a channel.
It is recognized that for some OCIs, certain tests cannot be carried out.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general requirements, minimum performance requirements and test procedures for instrumentation used to measure either volumetric flow-rate and/or total volume passed of water in closed conduits. It covers all closed conduit instrument (CCI) technologies intended to operate in closed pressurized pipes and partially filled pipes. Requirements are expressed in volumetric units which may be converted to mass using the density of the water.
It is recognized that for some CCIs certain tests cannot be carried out.
The data obtained from the testing of CCIs in accordance with the requirements of the Measuring Instruments Directive [1] or EN ISO 4064-1 [2] can be used to meet, in part, the requirements specified in this document. However, for the avoidance of doubt, compliance with the requirements of this document does not equate to compliance with the requirements of the Measuring Instruments Directive or EN ISO 4064-1.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general requirements, minimum performance requirements and test procedures for open channel instrumentation used to determine either volumetric flow-rate and/or total volume passed of waters in artificial open channels. It covers the following technology categories:
- Level sensors with associated electronics designed to be used with a conventional gauging structure. (The requirements and test procedures for gauging structures, such as weirs and flumes, are excluded. The stage discharge characteristics for many of these structures are established and published in national and international standards).
- Water velocity sensors.
- Integrated velocity area instruments comprising level and velocity sensors that may be separate or combined in a single assembly.
- Velocity sensors that determine the mean water velocity through a channel.
It is recognized that for some OCIs, certain tests cannot be carried out.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides an understanding of the nature of measurement uncertainty and its significance in estimating the "quality" of a measurement or a determination in hydrometry.
This document is applicable to flow measurements in natural and man-made channels. Rainfall measurements are not covered.
- Standard80 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures presented in this test method are available, in part, in Test Methods D3685/D3685M, as well as the ASME Methods (PTC 19.10-1968, PTC 19.10-1981, and PTC 38-1980) given in 2.3 and Footnote 5,5 the 40 CFR Part 60 given in 2.4, and the publication given in Footnote 6.6
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes measurement of the average velocity of a gas stream for the purpose of determining gas flow in a stack, duct, or flue. Although technically complex, it is generally considered the most accurate and often the only practical test method for taking velocity measurements.
1.2 This test method is suitable for measuring gas velocities above 3 m/s (10 ft/s).
1.3 This test method provides procedures for determining stack gas composition and moisture content.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This test method is applicable to conditions where steady-state flow occurs, and for constant fluid conditions, where the direction of flow is normal to the face tube opening of the pitot tube employed in the method. The method cannot be used for direct measurement when cyclonic or swirling flow conditions are present.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides an understanding of the nature of measurement uncertainty and its significance in estimating the "quality" of a measurement or a determination in hydrometry.
This document is applicable to flow measurements in natural and man-made channels. Rainfall measurements are not covered.
- Standard80 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for the measurement of flow in rivers and artificial channels under steady or slowly varying flow conditions, using certain types of critical-depth flumes (also known as “standing-wave flumes”). A wide variety of flumes has been developed, but only those critical-depth flumes which have received general acceptance after adequate research and field testing, and which therefore do not require in situ calibration, are considered herein. The flow conditions considered are uniquely dependent on the upstream head, i.e. subcritical flow must exist upstream of the flume, after which the flow accelerates through the contraction and passes through its critical depth (see Figure 1). The water level downstream of the structure is low enough to have no influence upon its performance. This document is applicable to three commonly used types of flumes, covering a wide range of applications, namely rectangular-throated, trapezoidal-throated and U-throated. The hydraulic theory behind this document was presented in Reference [7]. This document is not applicable to a form of flume referred to in the literature (sometimes called a “Venturi” flume) in which the flow remains subcritical throughout. NOTE The Venturi form of flume is based on the same principle as a Venturi meter used within a closed conduit system and relies upon gauging the head at two locations and the application of Bernoulli’s energy formula.
- Standard79 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard80 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the functional requirements of instrumentation for measuring the level of water surface (stage), primarily for the purpose of determining flow rates.
This document is supplemented by Annex A, which provides guidance on the types of automatic water level measurement devices currently available and the measurement uncertainty associated with them. The manually operated measuring devices are described in Annex B.
This document is applicable to both contact and non-contact methods of measurement. The non-contact methods are not in direct material contact with the water surface but measure the height of the water level with ultrasonic or electromagnetic waves.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms and symbols used in standards in the field of hydrometry.
- Standard92 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC 60704-3:2019 is available as IEC 60704-3:2019 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 60704-3:2019 describes procedures for determining and verifying the declared values of the noise emitted by household and similar appliances. It applies to all categories of household and similar electrical appliances covered by IEC 60704-1 and all parts of IEC 60704-2, which include particular requirements for special categories of appliances. It applies to appliances being produced in quantity, such as in batches, series or lots, which are manufactured to the same technical specification and characterized by the same declared value of noise emission. This part of IEC 60704: – considers the term "declaration" to include all means for providing information on the noise emission values to potential users (consumers) of the appliances; this includes labels, brochures, advertisements, commercial and technical information papers, etc.; – considers the declaration for appliances manufactured by mass production; – specifies a simple statistical method for verifying the declared values by investigating a sample of only three appliances. This International Standard is to be used in conjunction with IEC 60704-1:2010 and the latest edition of IEC 60704-2 (all parts). This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2006. This edition constitutes a technical revision. It includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) in Annex A, standard deviations that are now specified for various appliance categories in the parts of IEC 60704-2 have been excluded from Table A.1; b) furthermore, this edition makes reference to new standards and is implementing ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 in a more accurate manner.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for determining the velocity and cross-sectional area of water flowing in open channels and for calculating the discharge employing point velocity measurement devices.
It is applicable to methods using rotating-element current meters, acoustic doppler velocimeters (ADVs), acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) stationary method, surface velocity measurement including floats and other surface velocity systems.
Although some general procedures are discussed, this document does not describe in detail how to use or deploy these systems.
NOTE For detailed procedures, refer to guidelines from instrument manufacturers and the appropriate public agencies.
- Standard50 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the functional requirements of instrumentation for measuring the level of water surface (stage), primarily for the purpose of determining flow rates.
This document is supplemented by Annex A, which provides guidance on the types of automatic water level measurement devices currently available and the measurement uncertainty associated with them. The manually operated measuring devices are described in Annex B.
This document is applicable to both contact and non-contact methods of measurement. The non-contact methods are not in direct material contact with the water surface but measure the height of the water level with ultrasonic or electromagnetic waves.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is useful when a systematic record of water surface elevation or discharge is required at a specific location. Some gaging stations may be operated for only a few months; however, many have been operated for a century.
5.2 Gaging station records are used for many purposes:
5.2.1 Resource appraisal of long-term records to determine the maximum, minimum, and variability of flows of a particular stream. These data can be used for the planning and design of a variety of surface water-related projects such as water supply, flood control, hydroelectric developments, irrigation, recreation, and waste assimilation.
5.2.2 Management, where flow data are required for the operation of a surface-water structure or other management decision.
SCOPE
1.1 The guide covers procedures used commonly for the systematic collection of streamflow information. Continuous streamflow information is necessary for understanding the amount and variability of water for many uses, including water supply, waste dilution, irrigation, hydropower, and reservoir design.
1.2 The procedures described in this guide are used widely by those responsible for the collection of streamflow data, for example, the U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Water Survey Canada, and many state and provincial agencies. The procedures are generally from internal documents of the preceding agencies, which have become the defacto standards used in North America.
1.3 It is the responsibility of the user of the guide to determine the acceptability of a specific device or procedure to meet operational requirements. Compatibility between sensors, recorders, retrieval equipment, and operational systems is necessary, and data requirements and environmental operating conditions must be considered in equipment selection.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the functional requirements of instrumentation for measuring the level of water surface (stage), primarily for the purpose of determining flow rates. This document is supplemented by Annex A, which provides guidance on the types of automatic water level measurement devices currently available and the measurement uncertainty associated with them. The manually operated measuring devices are described in Annex B. This document is applicable to both contact and non-contact methods of measurement. The non-contact methods are not in direct material contact with the water surface but measure the height of the water level with ultrasonic or electromagnetic waves.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard29 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document defines terms and symbols used in standards in the field of hydrometry.
- Standard92 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines terms and symbols used in standards in the field of hydrometry.
- Standard84 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard86 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thin-plate weirs are reliable and simple devices that have the potential for highly accurate flow measurements. With proper selection of the shape of the overflow section a wide range of discharges can be covered; the recommendations in this test method are based on experiments with flow rates from about 0.008 ft 3/s (0.00023 m 3/s) to about 50 ft 3/s (1.4 m 3/s).
5.2 Thin-plate weirs are particularly suitable for use in water and wastewater without significant amounts of solids and in locations where a head loss is affordable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the volumetric flow rate of water and wastewater in channels with thin-plate weirs. Information related to this test method can be found in Rantz (1)2 and Ackers (2).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies methods for determining the velocity and cross-sectional area of water flowing in open channels and for calculating the discharge employing point velocity measurement devices.
It is applicable to methods using rotating-element current meters, acoustic doppler velocimeters (ADVs), acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) stationary method, surface velocity measurement including floats and other surface velocity systems.
Although some general procedures are discussed, this document does not describe in detail how to use or deploy these systems.
NOTE For detailed procedures, refer to guidelines from instrument manufacturers and the appropriate public agencies.
- Standard50 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for determining the velocity and cross-sectional area of water flowing in open channels and for calculating the discharge employing point velocity measurement devices. It is applicable to methods using rotating-element current meters, acoustic doppler velocimeters (ADVs), acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) stationary method, surface velocity measurement including floats and other surface velocity systems. Although some general procedures are discussed, this document does not describe in detail how to use or deploy these systems. NOTE For detailed procedures, refer to guidelines from instrument manufacturers and the appropriate public agencies.
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard44 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Although Palmer-Bowlus flumes can be used in many types of open channels, they are particularly adaptable for permanent or temporary installation in circular sewers. Commercial flumes are available for use in sewers from 4 in. to 6 ft (0.1 to 1.8 m) in diameter.
5.2 A properly designed and operated Palmer-Bowlus is capable of providing accurate flow measurements while introducing a relatively small head loss and exhibiting good sediment and debris-passing characteristics.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the volumetric flow rate of water and wastewater in sewers and other open channels with Palmer-Bowlus flumes.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the functional requirements and characteristics of the different types of suspended-sediment samplers used for collecting water-sediment mixtures from streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs. This document does not include equipment for collecting samples in closed conduits and wastewater discharges. NOTE The units of measurement used in this document are SI units.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the typical requirements of instrumentation for measuring liquid precipitation, primarily for the purpose of hydrological and meteorological observation. This document is applicable to both non-recording and recording catching-type precipitation gauges for the measurement of liquid precipitation. This document covers design criteria for the gauges and elements to be considered in their construction. This document does not include specification, design and installation conditions. NOTE Since the measurement of solid precipitation is outside the scope, the disadvantages of solid precipitation apply to all gauges listed in Annex A. The measurement of solid precipitation and associated disadvantages are well documented in Reference [1].
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a calibration method for mechanical type, electromagnetic type and acoustic type hydrometric current-meters used for point velocity measurement of flowing water. The method requires towing the instrument through still water in a straight open tank. It includes measuring apparatus, the calibration procedure, the method of presenting the results and the uncertainties associated with the method.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document gives guidelines for the use of boat-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) for determining flow in open channels. It describes a number of methods of deploying ADCPs to determine flow. Although, in some cases, these measurements are intended to determine the stage-discharge relationship of a gauging station, this document deals only with single determination of discharge. ADCPs can be used to measure a variety of parameters, such as current or stream flow, water velocity fields, and channel bathymetry. As a potential application, an idea of bedload discharge can be obtained applying the bottom track velocity, while suspended sediment flow can be obtained applying the acoustic backscatter and the sonar equation. This document is generic in form and contains no operational details specific to particular ADCP makes and models.
- Standard49 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard51 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a calibration method for mechanical type, electromagnetic type and acoustic type hydrometric current-meters used for point velocity measurement of flowing water. The method requires towing the instrument through still water in a straight open tank. It includes measuring apparatus, the calibration procedure, the method of presenting the results and the uncertainties associated with the method.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides an understanding of the nature of measurement uncertainty and its significance in estimating the "quality" of a measurement or a determination in hydrometry. This document is applicable to flow measurements in natural and man-made channels. Rainfall measurements are not covered.
- Standard70 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard73 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies methods of determining the stage?discharge relationship for gauging stations. It specifies an accuracy for defining the stage?discharge relationship based on a sufficient number of discharge measurements, complete with corresponding stage measurements. This document considers stable and unstable channels and includes brief descriptions of the effects on the stage?discharge relationship of the transition from inbank to overbank flows, shifting controls, variable backwater and hysteresis. Methods of determining discharge for twin-gauge stations, ultrasonic velocity-measurement stations and other complex rating curves are not described in detail. NOTE These types of rating curves are described separately in other International Standards, Technical Specifications and Technical Reports, which are listed in the Bibliography.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard48 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies methods for the measurement of the flow of water in open channels under steady flow conditions using triangular profile weirs. The flow conditions considered are steady flows which are uniquely dependent on the upstream head and non-modular (drowned) flows which depend on downstream as well as upstream levels.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document gives guidelines for selecting a particular type of flow measuring structure for measuring liquid flow in an open channel. It describes how the individual structures function in simple non-technical terms, and sets out the factors and parameters to take into account in order to make an informed decision on which type of structure to use. Values of the relevant parameters describing the limitations and uncertainty involved in the use of these structures are given in this document. More definitive details of a particular type of structure are given in the individual standards listed in Table 1, which cover each type of structure.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is limited to the description of test methods typical for measurement of ground water discharge from a control well.
4.1.1 Controlled field tests are the primary means of determining aquifer properties. Most mathematical equations developed for analyzing field tests require measurement of control well discharge.
4.1.2 Discharge may be needed for evaluation of well design and efficiency.
4.1.3 For aquifer tests, a conceptual model should be prepared to evaluate the proper test method and physical test requirements, such as well placement and design (see Guide D4043). Review the site data for consistency with the conceptual model. Revise the conceptual model as appropriate and consider the implications on the planned activities.
4.1.4 For aquifer tests, the discharge rate should be sufficient to cause significant stress of the aquifer without violating test assumptions. Conditions that may violate test assumptions include conversion of the aquifer from confined to unconfined conditions, lowering the water level in the control well to below the top of the well screen, causing a well screen entrance velocity that promotes well development during the test, or decreasing the filter pack permeability characteristics.
4.1.5 Some test methods described here are not applicable to injection well tests.
4.2 This guide does not apply to test methods used in measurement of flow of other fluids used in industrial operations, such as waste water, sludge, oil, and chemicals.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an overview of methods to measure well discharge. This guide is an integral part of a series of standards prepared on the in-situ determination of hydraulic properties of aquifer systems by single- or multiple-well tests. Measurement of well discharge is a common requirement to the determination of aquifer and well hydraulic properties.
1.2 This guide does not establish a fixed procedure for any method described. Rather, it describes different methods for measuring discharge from a pumping or flowing well. A pumping well is one type of control well. A control well can also be an injection well or a well in which slug tests are conducted.
1.3 This guide does not address borehole flow meters that are designed for measuring vertical or horizontal flow within a borehole.
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus ...
- Guide4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Guide4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used where high accuracy of velocity or continuous discharge measurement over a long period of time is required and other test methods of measurement are not feasible due to low velocities in the channel, variable stage-discharge relations, complex stage-discharge relations, or the presence of marine traffic. It has the additional advantages of requiring no moving parts, introducing no head loss, and providing virtually instantaneous readings (1 to 100 readings per second).
5.2 The test method may require a relatively large amount of site work and survey effort and is therefore most suitable for permanent or semi-permanent installations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of flow rate of water in open channels, streams, and closed conduits with a free water surface.
1.2 The test method covers the use of acoustic transmissions to measure the average water velocity along a line between one or more opposing sets of transducers—by the time difference or frequency difference techniques.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is particularly useful to determine the discharge when it cannot be measured directly with some type of current meter to obtain velocities and sounding equipment to determine the cross section. See Test Method D3858.
5.2 Even under the best of conditions, the personnel available cannot cover all points of interest during a major flood. The engineer or technician cannot always obtain reliable results by direct methods if the stage is rising or falling very rapidly, if flowing ice or debris interferes with depth or velocity measurements, or if the cross section of an alluvial channel is scouring or filling significantly.
5.3 Under flood conditions, access roads may be blocked, cableways and bridges may be washed out, and knowledge of the flood frequently comes too late. Therefore, some type of indirect measurement is necessary. The use of culverts to determine discharges is a commonly used practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the computation of discharge (the volume rate of flow) of water in open channels or streams using culverts as metering devices. In general, this test method does not apply to culverts with drop inlets, and applies only to a limited degree to culverts with tapered inlets. Information related to this test method can be found in ISO 748 and ISO 1070.
1.2 This test method produces the discharge for a flood event if high-water marks are used. However, a complete stage-discharge relation may be obtained, either manually or by using a computer program, for a gauge located at the approach section to a culvert.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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IEC 60704-3:2019 is available as IEC 60704-3:2019 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC 60704-3:2019 describes procedures for determining and verifying the declared values of the noise emitted by household and similar appliances. It applies to all categories of household and similar electrical appliances covered by IEC 60704-1 and all parts of IEC 60704-2, which include particular requirements for special categories of appliances. It applies to appliances being produced in quantity, such as in batches, series or lots, which are manufactured to the same technical specification and characterized by the same declared value of noise emission. This part of IEC 60704:
– considers the term "declaration" to include all means for providing information on the noise emission values to potential users (consumers) of the appliances; this includes labels, brochures, advertisements, commercial and technical information papers, etc.;
– considers the declaration for appliances manufactured by mass production;
– specifies a simple statistical method for verifying the declared values by investigating a sample of only three appliances.
This International Standard is to be used in conjunction with IEC 60704-1:2010 and the latest edition of IEC 60704-2 (all parts).
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2006. This edition constitutes a technical revision. It includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) in Annex A, standard deviations that are now specified for various appliance categories in the parts of IEC 60704-2 have been excluded from Table A.1;
b) furthermore, this edition makes reference to new standards and is implementing ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 in a more accurate manner.
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This document specifies a method of determining discharge in open channels from observations of the surface slope and cross-sectional area of the channel. It is applicable to use under special conditions when direct measurement of discharge by typically more accurate methods, such as the velocity-area method, is not possible. Generally, the method can be used to determine discharge a) for a peak flow that left high-water marks along the stream banks, b) for a peak flow that left marks on a series of water-level gauges or where peak stages were recorded by that series of gauges, and c) for flow observed at the time of determining gauge heights from a series of gauges. The method is commonly used to undertake the extension of stage?discharge relationships above the highest gauged flows. It does not apply to determining discharges in tidal reaches.
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ISO 6416 describes the establishment and operation of an ultrasonic (transit-time) gauging station for the continuous measurement of discharge in a river, an open channel or a closed conduit. It also describes the basic principles on which the method is based, the operation and performance of associated instrumentation and procedures for commissioning.
It is limited to the "transit time of ultrasonic pulses" technique, and is not applicable to systems that make use of the "Doppler shift" or "correlation" or "level-to-flow" techniques.
ISO 6416 is not applicable to measurement in rivers with ice.
NOTE ISO 6416 focuses on open channel flow measurement. IEC 60041 covers the use of the technique for full pipe flow measurement.
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ISO 1438:2017 defines the requirements for the use of rectangular and triangular (V-notch) thin-plate weirs for the measurement of flow of clear water in open channels under free flow conditions. It includes the requirements for the use of full-width rectangular thin-plate weirs in submerged (drowned) flow conditions.
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ISO 6416 describes the establishment and operation of an ultrasonic (transit-time) gauging station for the continuous measurement of discharge in a river, an open channel or a closed conduit. It also describes the basic principles on which the method is based, the operation and performance of associated instrumentation and procedures for commissioning.
It is limited to the "transit time of ultrasonic pulses" technique, and is not applicable to systems that make use of the "Doppler shift" or "correlation" or "level-to-flow" techniques.
ISO 6416 is not applicable to measurement in rivers with ice.
NOTE ISO 6416 focuses on open channel flow measurement. IEC 60041 covers the use of the technique for full pipe flow measurement.
- Standard66 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ISO 18481:2017 specifies a method for the estimation of the sub-critical flow of clear water in a smooth, essentially horizontal channel (or a gently sloping channel), abruptly discontinued at bottom by a hydraulic structure, with a vertical drop and discharging freely. Such an overfall forms a control section and offers a means for the estimation of flow using the end depth measurement method. A wide variety of channel cross-sections with overfall have been studied, but only those which have received general acceptance after adequate research and testing, and therefore do not require in situ calibration, are considered. This document covers channels with the following types of cross-sections: a) rectangular with confined and unconfined nappe; b) trapezoidal; c) triangular; d) circular; e) parabolic. The flow at the brink is curvilinear; therefore, the measured depth at the drop is not equal to the critical depth as computed by the principle based on assumption of parallel flow. However, the end depth and the critical depth (as in the case of the assumption of parallel flow) have unique relation, which is used to estimate the flow through these structures.
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ISO/TR 9210:2017 provides guidelines for discharge measurements in meandering and braided rivers, and from bridges, following the provisions of ISO 748.
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ISO 9123:2017 specifies methods for determining stage-fall-discharge relationships for a stream reach where variable backwater occurs either intermittently or continuously. Two gauging stations, a base reference gauge and an auxiliary gauge are required for gauge height measurements. A number of discharge measurements are required in order to calibrate the rating to the accuracy required by this document. The preparation of rating curves is not described in detail in this document. NOTE For a more detailed description of preparing rating curves, see the methods described in ISO 1100‑2.
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ISO 6416 describes the establishment and operation of an ultrasonic (transit-time) gauging station for the continuous measurement of discharge in a river, an open channel or a closed conduit. It also describes the basic principles on which the method is based, the operation and performance of associated instrumentation and procedures for commissioning. It is limited to the "transit time of ultrasonic pulses" technique, and is not applicable to systems that make use of the "Doppler shift" or "correlation" or "level-to-flow" techniques. ISO 6416 is not applicable to measurement in rivers with ice. NOTE ISO 6416 focuses on open channel flow measurement. IEC 60041 covers the use of the technique for full pipe flow measurement.
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ISO 1438:2017 defines the requirements for the use of rectangular and triangular (V-notch) thin-plate weirs for the measurement of flow of clear water in open channels under free flow conditions. It includes the requirements for the use of full-width rectangular thin-plate weirs in submerged (drowned) flow conditions.
- Standard65 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
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ISO 6420:2016 specifies methods of determining the position of hydrometric boats based on satellite navigation systems and/or with respect to known points on the banks of rivers, estuaries or lakes. It applies to electronic positioning equipment and conventional surveying techniques.
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