07.060 - Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology
ICS 07.060 Details
Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology
Geologie. Meteorologie. Hydrologie
Géologie. Météorologie. Hydrologie
Geologija. Meteorologija. Hidrologija
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 07.060 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 358 standards classified under ICS 07.060 (Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document considers liquid atmospheric precipitation (rain) and defines the procedures and equipment to perform laboratory tests, in steady-state conditions, for the calibration, check and metrological confirmation of non-catching rainfall measurement instruments. This document is not applicable to field performance.
It provides a classification of non-catching measurement instruments based on their laboratory performance. The classification does not relate to the physical principle used for the measurement, nor does it refer to the technical characteristics of the instrument assembly but is solely based on the instrument calibration.
Attribution of a given class to an instrument is not intended as a high/low ranking of its quality but rather as a quantitative standardized method to declare the achievable measurement accuracy to provide guidance on the suitability for a particular purpose, while meeting the user’s requirements.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document considers liquid atmospheric precipitation (rain) and defines the procedures and equipment to perform laboratory tests, in steady-state conditions, for the calibration, check and metrological confirmation of non-catching rainfall measurement instruments. This document is not applicable to field performance.
It provides a classification of non-catching measurement instruments based on their laboratory performance. The classification does not relate to the physical principle used for the measurement, nor does it refer to the technical characteristics of the instrument assembly but is solely based on the instrument calibration.
Attribution of a given class to an instrument is not intended as a high/low ranking of its quality but rather as a quantitative standardized method to declare the achievable measurement accuracy to provide guidance on the suitability for a particular purpose, while meeting the user’s requirements.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method in terms of calibration error for radiosonde temperature sensors sampled from a batch of mass production, with varying temperature in laboratory setups at ground level pressure. This document elaborates on: a) the technical requirements for test chamber and reference thermometers as essential laboratory setups to evaluate the calibration errors of radiosonde temperature measurement; b) a test procedure including the installation of radiosondes in the test chamber, the operation of laboratory setups and the comparison between radiosonde and the temperature references for evaluating calibration errors of radiosonde temperature sensors for a temperature range of −85 °C1) to 50 °C at laboratory conditions; at c) a method for evaluating the uncertainties related to the references and the radiosonde sensors for the measured radiosonde temperature calibration error. NOTE Calibration error of radiosonde treated in this document forms only a part of the error in radiosonde sounding measurements. Regarding the errors involved in radiosonde temperature measurement on sounding, it is necessary to consider various errors as shown in Table 2 of Reference [ REF Reference_ref_14 \r \h 7 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310034000000 ]; this document provides only a partial evaluation in laboratory tests. 1) Currently, the lowest possible temperature of commercially-available test chambers is more or less −75 °C. The temperature range can be adjusted depending on the capability of the test chambers.
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This document gives guidelines for the restoration of rivers, including their channels, riparian zones and floodplains. The word ‘river’ is used as a generic term to describe permanently flowing and intermittent watercourses of all sizes, with the exception of artificial water bodies such as canals. Some aspects of landscape restoration beyond the boundaries of what are often considered typical river processes are also considered.
A clear framework of guiding principles to help inform the planning and implementation of river restoration work is provided. These principles are applicable to individuals and organizations wishing to restore rivers, and stress the importance of monitoring and appraisal. This document makes reference to existing techniques and guidance, where these are appropriate and within the scope of this document.
This document gives guidelines on:
- the core principles of restoration;
- aims and overall outcomes of river restoration;
- the spectrum of typical approaches to river restoration with a focus on those that are nature-based and restore both physical and ecological aspects;
- identifying opportunities for restoration and possible constraints, with a focus on physical and natural rather than socio-economic aspects;
- different scales of restoration and how restoration works across different catchments and landscapes;
- the importance of monitoring and appraising restoration work across the range of approaches and scales.
- Draft45 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the minimum requirements and the test methods for meteorological balloons made from natural rubber latex or natural rubber latex compounded with synthetic rubber emulsion. This document applies to two types of balloons: - Type 1: meteorological balloon by dipping process; - Type 2: meteorological balloon by moulding process.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a standard for comparison of rotating type anemometers, specifically cup anemometers and propeller anemometers, of different types. Specifications by regulatory agencies (4-7) and industrial societies have specified performance values. This standard provides an unambiguous method for measuring starting threshold, distance constant, transfer function, and off-axis response.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the starting threshold, distance constant, transfer function, and off-axis response of a cup anemometer or propeller anemometer from direct measurement in a wind tunnel.
1.2 This test method provides for a measurement of cup anemometer or propeller anemometer performance in the environment of wind tunnel airflow. Transference of values determined by these methods to atmospheric flow must be done with an understanding that there is a difference between the two flow systems.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies the terminology and performance requirements for all sensor components of stationary equipment within a Road Weather Information System (RWIS).
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This document specifies the test methods, the experimental set-up and result analysis for the laboratory qualification of stationary equipment within a RWIS.
- Technical specification42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the terminology and performance requirements for all sensor components of stationary equipment within a Road Weather Information System (RWIS).
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the test methods, the experimental set-up and result analysis for the laboratory qualification of stationary equipment within a RWIS.
- Technical specification42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Non-catching type gauges are the emerging class of in situ precipitation measurement instruments. For these instruments, rigorous testing and calibration are more challenging than for traditional gauges. Hydrometeors’ characteristics like particle size, shape, fall velocity and density need to be reproduced in a controlled environment to provide the reference precipitation, instead of the equivalent water flow used for catching-type gauges. They are generally calibrated by the manufacturers using internal procedures developed for the specific technology employed. No agreed methodology exists, and the adopted procedures are rarely traceable to internationally recognized standards. This document describes calibration and accuracy issues of non-catching instruments used for liquid/solid atmospheric precipitation measurement. An overview of the existing models of non-catching type instruments is included, together with an overview and a description of their working principles and the adopted calibration procedures. The literature and technical manuals disclosed by manufacturers are summarized and discussed, while current limitations and metrological requirements are identified.
- Technical report25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Non-catching type gauges are the emerging class of in situ precipitation measurement instruments. For these instruments, rigorous testing and calibration are more challenging than for traditional gauges. Hydrometeors’ characteristics like particle size, shape, fall velocity and density need to be reproduced in a controlled environment to provide the reference precipitation, instead of the equivalent water flow used for catching-type gauges. They are generally calibrated by the manufacturers using internal procedures developed for the specific technology employed. No agreed methodology exists, and the adopted procedures are rarely traceable to internationally recognized standards. This document describes calibration and accuracy issues of non-catching instruments used for liquid/solid atmospheric precipitation measurement. An overview of the existing models of non-catching type instruments is included, together with an overview and a description of their working principles and the adopted calibration procedures. The literature and technical manuals disclosed by manufacturers are summarized and discussed, while current limitations and metrological requirements are identified.
- Technical report25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sonic anemometer/thermometers are used to measure turbulent components of the atmosphere except in confined areas and very close to the ground. These practices apply to the use of these instruments for field measurement of the wind, sonic temperature, and atmospheric turbulence components. The quasi-instantaneous velocity component measurements are averaged over user-selected sampling times to define mean along-axis wind components, mean wind speed and direction, and the variances or covariances, or both, of individual components or component combinations. Covariances are used for eddy correlation studies and for computation of boundary layer heat and momentum fluxes. The sonic anemometer/thermometer provides the data required to characterize the state of the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer.
5.2 The sonic anemometer/thermometer array shall have a sufficiently high structural rigidity and a sufficiently low coefficient of thermal expansion to maintain an internal alignment to within ±0.1°. System electronics must remain stable over its operating temperature range; the time counter oscillator instability must not exceed 0.01 % of frequency. Consult with the sensor manufacturer for an internal alignment verification procedure.
5.3 The calculations and transformations provided in these practices apply to orthogonal arrays. References are also provided for common types of non-orthogonal arrays.
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1.1 These practices cover procedures for measuring one-, two-, or three-dimensional vector wind components and sonic temperature by means of commercially available sonic anemometer/thermometers that employ the inverse time measurement technique. These practices apply to the measurement of wind velocity components over horizontal terrain using instruments mounted on stationary towers. These practices also apply to speed of sound measurements that are converted to sonic temperatures but do not apply to the measurement of temperature using ancillary temperature devices.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice will characterize the distribution of wind with a maximum of utility and a minimum of archive space. Applications of wind data to the fields of air quality, wind engineering, wind energy, agriculture, oceanography, forecasting, aviation, climatology, severe storms, turbulence and diffusion, military, and electrical utilities are satisfied with this practice. When this practice is employed, archive data will be of value to any of these fields of application. The consensus reached for this practice includes representatives of instrument manufacturers which provides a practical acceptance of these theoretical principles used to characterize the wind.
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1.1 This practice covers a method for characterizing surface wind speed, wind direction, peak one-minute speeds, peak three-second and peak one-minute speeds, and standard deviations of fluctuation about the means of speed and direction.
1.2 This practice may be used with other kinds of sensors if the response characteristics of the sensors, including their signal conditioners, are equivalent or faster and the measurement uncertainty of the system is equivalent or better than those specified below.
1.3 The characterization prescribed in this practice will provide information on wind acceptable for a wide variety of applications.
Note 1: This practice builds on a consensus reached by the attendees at a workshop sponsored by the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research in Rockville, MD on Oct. 29–30, 1992.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document provides guidelines for the design, manufacture, installation, and maintenance of a WPR. It describes the following:
— Measurement principle (Clause 5). Scatterers that produce echoes and methods of wind velocity measurement are described. The description of the measurement principle mainly aims at providing the information necessary for describing the guidelines in Clauses 6 to 11.
— Guidelines for WPR system (Clause 6). Frequency, hardware, software, and signal processing are described. They are mainly applied in designing and manufacturing the hardware and software of WPR.
— Guidelines for system performance (Clause 7). Measurement resolution, range sampling, radar sensitivity evaluation, and measurement accuracy are described. They can be used for estimating the measurement performance of a WPR’s system design and operation.
— Guidelines for quality control (QC) in digital signal processing (Clause 8).
— Guidelines for measurement products and data format (Clause 9). Measurement products obtained by a WPR and their data levels are defined. Guidelines for data file formats are also described.
— Guidelines for installation (Clause 10) and maintenance (Clause 11).
This document does not aim at providing a thorough description of the measurement principle, WPR systems, and WPR applications. For further details of these items, users are referred to technical books (e.g. References [1],[2],[3]).
WPRs are referred to by various names (e.g. radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar, or clear-air Doppler radar). Conventional naming for WPRs should be allowed.
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This document specifies general requirements, minimum performance requirements and test procedures for instrumentation used to measure either volumetric flow-rate and/or total volume passed of water in closed conduits. It covers all closed conduit instrument (CCI) technologies intended to operate in closed pressurized pipes and partially filled pipes. Requirements are expressed in volumetric units which may be converted to mass using the density of the water.
It is recognized that for some CCIs certain tests cannot be carried out.
The data obtained from the testing of CCIs in accordance with the requirements of the Measuring Instruments Directive [1] or EN ISO 4064-1 [2] can be used to meet, in part, the requirements specified in this document. However, for the avoidance of doubt, compliance with the requirements of this document does not equate to compliance with the requirements of the Measuring Instruments Directive or EN ISO 4064-1.
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This document specifies general requirements, minimum performance requirements and test procedures for open channel instrumentation used to determine either volumetric flow-rate and/or total volume passed of waters in artificial open channels. It covers the following technology categories:
- Level sensors with associated electronics designed to be used with a conventional gauging structure. (The requirements and test procedures for gauging structures, such as weirs and flumes, are excluded. The stage discharge characteristics for many of these structures are established and published in national and international standards).
- Water velocity sensors.
- Integrated velocity area instruments comprising level and velocity sensors that may be separate or combined in a single assembly.
- Velocity sensors that determine the mean water velocity through a channel.
It is recognized that for some OCIs, certain tests cannot be carried out.
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This document covers standardization in the field of geological and environmental aspects, design, construction, operation, monitoring, maintenance and decommissioning of grouted borehole heat exchangers for uses in geothermal energy systems.
This document is only applicable for backfilled and grouted boreholes, it is not applicable for groundwater-filled boreholes.
Direct expansion and thermal syphon techniques are excluded from this document.
- Standard61 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general requirements, minimum performance requirements and test procedures for open channel instrumentation used to determine either volumetric flow-rate and/or total volume passed of waters in artificial open channels. It covers the following technology categories:
- Level sensors with associated electronics designed to be used with a conventional gauging structure. (The requirements and test procedures for gauging structures, such as weirs and flumes, are excluded. The stage discharge characteristics for many of these structures are established and published in national and international standards).
- Water velocity sensors.
- Integrated velocity area instruments comprising level and velocity sensors that may be separate or combined in a single assembly.
- Velocity sensors that determine the mean water velocity through a channel.
It is recognized that for some OCIs, certain tests cannot be carried out.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general requirements, minimum performance requirements and test procedures for instrumentation used to measure either volumetric flow-rate and/or total volume passed of water in closed conduits. It covers all closed conduit instrument (CCI) technologies intended to operate in closed pressurized pipes and partially filled pipes. Requirements are expressed in volumetric units which may be converted to mass using the density of the water.
It is recognized that for some CCIs certain tests cannot be carried out.
The data obtained from the testing of CCIs in accordance with the requirements of the Measuring Instruments Directive [1] or EN ISO 4064-1 [2] can be used to meet, in part, the requirements specified in this document. However, for the avoidance of doubt, compliance with the requirements of this document does not equate to compliance with the requirements of the Measuring Instruments Directive or EN ISO 4064-1.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document covers standardization in the field of geological and environmental aspects, design, construction, operation, monitoring, maintenance and decommissioning of grouted borehole heat exchangers for uses in geothermal energy systems.
This document is only applicable for backfilled and grouted boreholes, it is not applicable for groundwater-filled boreholes.
Direct expansion and thermal syphon techniques are excluded from this document.
- Standard61 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines the requirements for on-site measurements of snow depth and depth of snowfall. This document provides guidance on manual and automatic measuring techniques, and information about sources of errors and measurement uncertainty.
- Technical report34 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines the requirements for on-site measurements of snow depth and depth of snowfall. This document provides guidance on manual and automatic measuring techniques, and information about sources of errors and measurement uncertainty.
- Technical report34 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide applies to commonly used surface geophysical methods for those applications listed in Table 1. The rating system used in Table 1 is based upon the ability of each method to produce results under average field conditions when compared to other methods applied to the same application. An “A” rating implies a preferred method and a “B” rating implies an alternate method. There may be a single method or multiple methods that can be successfully applied. There may also be a method or methods that will be successful technically at a lower cost. Selection of the most appropriate method(s) must be made based on the scale and setting of the target. The final selection must be made considering site specific conditions and project objectives; therefore, it is critical to have a qualified professional make the final decision as to the method(s) selected.
5.1.1 Benson et al (1) provides one of the earlier guides to the application of geophysics to environmental problems.
5.1.2 Ward (2) is a three-volume compendium that deals with geophysical methods applied to geotechnical and environmental problems.
5.1.3 Butler (3) provides detailed technical explanations of near-surface geophysical methods and includes several detailed case histories.
5.1.4 The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manual (4) provides introductory chapters for the methods of Geophysical Exploration for Engineering and Environmental Investigations. This manual can be downloaded for no charge from the Corps of Engineers website.
5.1.5 Olhoeft (5) provides an expert system for helping select geophysical methods to be used at hazardous waste sites.
5.1.6 The U.S. EPA (6) provides an excellent literature review of the theory and use of geophysical methods for use at contaminated sites.
5.2 An Introduction to Geophysical Measurements:
5.2.1 Geophysical measurements provide a means of mapping lateral and vertical variations of one or more physical properties or monitoring temporal cha...
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1.1 This guide covers the selection of surface geophysical methods, as commonly applied to geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, and environmental site investigations and subsequent site characterization, as well as forensic and archaeological applications. These geophysical methods are rarely the sole method used in the site investigation and are often used for pre-screening to guide how and where drilling, sampling or other targeted in situ testing are conducted. This guide does not describe the specific procedures for conducting geophysical surveys. Individual guides have been developed for many surface geophysical methods.
1.2 Surface geophysical methods yield direct and indirect measurements of the physical properties of soil and rock and pore fluids, as well as buried objects.
1.3 This guide provides an overview of applications for which surface geophysical methods are appropriate. It does not address the details of the theory underlying specific methods, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of this guide be familiar with the references cited (1-27)2 and with Guides D420, D5730, D5753, D5777, D6285, D6430, D6431, D6432, D6820, D7046, and D7128, as well as Practices D5088, D5608, D6235, and Test Methods D4428/D4428M, D7400/D7400M, and G57.
1.4 To obtain detailed information on specific geophysical methods, ASTM standards, other publications, and references cited in this guide, should be consulted.
1.5 The success of a geophysical survey is dependent upon many factors. One of the most important factors is the competence of the person(s) responsible for planning, carrying out the survey, and interpreting the data. An understanding of the method's theory, field procedures, and interpretation along with an understanding of the site geology, is necessary to successful...
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- Guide13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The pyranometer is a radiometer designed to measure the sum of directly solar radiation and sky radiation in such proportions as solar altitude, atmospheric conditions and cloud cover may produce. When tilted to the equator, by an angle β, pyranometers measure only hemispherical radiation falling in the plane of the radiation receptor.
4.2 This test method represents the only practical means for calibration of a reference pyranometer. While the sun-trackers, the shading disk, the number of instantaneous readings, and the electronic display equipment used will vary from laboratory to laboratory, the method provides for the minimum acceptable conditions, procedures and techniques required.
4.3 While, in theory, the choice of tilt angle (β) is unlimited, in practice, satisfactory precision is achieved over a range of tilt angles close to the zenith angles used in the field.
4.4 The at-tilt calibration as performed in the tilted position relates to a specific tilted position and in this position requires no tilt correction. However, a tilt correction may be required to relate the calibration to other orientations, including axis vertical.
Note 1: WMO High Quality pyranometers generally exhibit tilt errors of less than 0.5 %. Tilt error is the percentage deviation from the responsivity at 0° tilt (horizontal) due to change in tilt from 0° to 90° at 1000 W·m23.
4.5 Traceability of calibrations to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR) is achieved through comparison to a reference absolute pyrheliometer that is itself traceable to the WRR through one of the following:
4.5.1 One of the International Pyrheliometric Comparisons (IPC) held in Davos, Switzerland since 1980 (IPC IV). See Refs (3-7).
4.5.2 Any like intercomparison held in the United States, Canada or Mexico and sanctioned by the World Meteorological Organization as a Regional Intercomparison of Absolute Cavity Pyrheliometers.
4.5.3 Intercomparison with any absolute cavity pyrheliometer t...
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1.1 This test method covers an integration of previous Test Method E913 dealing with the calibration of pyranometers with axis vertical and previous Test Method E941 on calibration of pyranometers with axis tilted. This amalgamation of the two methods essentially harmonizes the methodology with ISO 9846.
1.2 This test method is applicable to all pyranometers regardless of the radiation receptor employed, and is applicable to pyranometers in horizontal as well as tilted positions.
1.3 This test method is mandatory for the calibration of all secondary standard pyranometers as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and ISO 9060, and for any pyranometer used as a reference pyranometer in the transfer of calibration using Test Method E842.
1.4 Two types of calibrations are covered: Type I calibrations employ a self-calibrating, absolute pyrheliometer, and Type II calibrations employ a secondary reference pyrheliometer as the reference standard (secondary reference pyrheliometers are defined by WMO and ISO 9060).
1.5 Calibrations of reference pyranometers may be performed by a method that makes use of either an altazimuth or equatorial tracking mount in which the axis of the radiometer's radiation receptor is aligned with the sun during the shading disk test.
1.6 The determination of the dependence of the calibration factor (calibration function) on variable parameters is called characterization. The characterization of pyranometers is not specifically covered by this method.
1.7 This test method is applicable only to calibration procedures using the sun as the light source.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This interna...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The object of this test method is to provide guidelines for the construction of a psychrometer and the techniques required for accurately measuring the humidity in the atmosphere. Only the essential features of the psychrometer are specified.
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1.1 General:
1.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the humidity of atmospheric air by means of wet- and dry-bulb temperature readings.
1.1.2 This test method is applicable for meteorological measurements at the earth's surface, for the purpose of the testing of materials, and for the determination of the relative humidity of most standard atmospheres and test atmospheres.
1.1.3 This test method is also applicable when the temperature of the wet bulb only is required. In this case, the instrument comprises a wet-bulb thermometer only.
1.1.4 Relative humidity (RH) does not denote a unit. Uncertainties in the relative humidity are expressed in the form RH ± rh %, which means that the relative humidity is expected to lie in the range (RH − rh) % to (RH + rh) %, where RH is the observed relative humidity. All uncertainties are at the 95 % confidence level.
1.2 Method A—Psychrometer Ventilated by Aspiration:
1.2.1 This method incorporates the psychrometer ventilated by aspiration. The aspirated psychrometer is more accurate than the sling (whirling) psychrometer (see Method B), and it offers advantages in regard to the space which it requires, the possibility of using alternative types of thermometers (for example, electrical), easier shielding of thermometer bulbs from extraneous radiation, accidental breakage, and convenience.
1.2.2 This method is applicable within the ambient temperature range 5 °C to 80 °C, wet-bulb temperatures not lower than 1 °C, and restricted to ambient pressures not differing from standard atmospheric pressure by more than 30 %.
1.3 Method B—Psychrometer Ventilated by Whirling (Sling Psychrometer):
1.3.1 This method incorporates the psychrometer ventilated by whirling (sling psychrometer).
1.3.2 This method is applicable within the ambient temperature range 5 °C to 50 °C, wet-bulb temperatures not lower than 1 °C and restricted to ambient pressures not differing from standard atmospheric pressure by more than 30 %.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety precautionary statements, see 8.1 and 15.1.)
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General:
5.1.1 Sediment provides habitat for many aquatic organisms and is a major repository for many of the more persistent chemicals that are introduced into surface waters. In the aquatic environment, most anthropogenic chemicals and waste materials including toxic organic and inorganic chemicals eventually accumulate in sediment. Mounting evidences exists of environmental degradation in areas where USEPA Water Quality Criteria (WQC; Stephan et al.(66)) are not exceeded, yet organisms in or near sediments are adversely affected Chapman, 1989 (67). The WQC were developed to protect organisms in the water column and were not directed toward protecting organisms in sediment. Concentrations of contaminants in sediment may be several orders of magnitude higher than in the overlying water; however, whole sediment concentrations have not been strongly correlated to bioavailability Burton, 1991 (68). Partitioning or sorption of a compound between water and sediment may depend on many factors including: aqueous solubility, pH, redox, affinity for sediment organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon, grain size of the sediment, sediment mineral constituents (oxides of iron, manganese, and aluminum), and the quantity of acid volatile sulfides in sediment Di Toro et al. 1991(69) Giesy et al. 1988 (70). Although certain chemicals are highly sorbed to sediment, these compounds may still be available to the biota. Chemicals in sediments may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of chemicals for bioaccumulation in the food chain.
5.1.2 The objective of a sediment test is to determine whether chemicals in sediment are harmful to or are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms. The tests can be used to measure interactive toxic effects of complex chemical mixtures in sediment. Furthermore, knowledge of specific pathways of interactions among sediments and test organisms is not necessary to conduct the tests Kemp et al. 1988, (71). Sediment tests can be used ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing estuarine or marine organisms in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments. Sediments may be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory. General guidance is presented in Sections 1 – 15 for conducting sediment toxicity tests with estuarine or marine amphipods. Specific guidance for conducting 10-d sediment toxicity tests with estuarine or marine amphipods is outlined in Annex A1 and specific guidance for conducting 28-d sediment toxicity tests with Leptocheirus plumulosus is outlined in Annex A2.
1.2 Procedures are described for testing estuarine or marine amphipod crustaceans in 10-d laboratory exposures to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments (Annex A1; USEPA 1994a (1)). Sediments may be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory. A toxicity method is outlined for four species of estuarine or marine sediment-burrowing amphipods found within United States coastal waters. The species are Ampelisca abdita, a marine species that inhabits marine and mesohaline portions of the Atlantic coast, the Gulf of Mexico, and San Francisco Bay; Eohaustorius estuarius, a Pacific coast estuarine species; Leptocheirus plumulosus, an Atlantic coast estuarine species; and Rhepoxynius abronius , a Pacific coast marine species. Generally, the method described may be applied to all four species, although acclimation procedures and some test conditions (that is, temperature and salinity) will be species-specific (Sections 12 and Annex A1). The toxicity test is conducted in 1-L glass chambers containing 175 mL of sediment and 775 mL of overlying seawater. Exposure is static (that is, water is not renewed), and the animals are not fed over the 10-d exposure period. The endpoint in the toxicity test is survival with reburial of surviving amphipods as an additional m...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The uncertainty in outdoor solar irradiance measurement has a significant impact on weathering and durability and the service lifetime of materials systems. Accurate solar irradiance measurement with known uncertainty will assist in determining the performance over time of component materials systems, including polymer encapsulants, mirrors, Photovoltaic modules, coatings, etc. Furthermore, uncertainty estimates in the radiometric data have a significant effect on the uncertainty of the expected electrical output of a solar energy installation.
5.1.1 This influences the economic risk analysis of these systems. Solar irradiance data are widely used, and the economic importance of these data is rapidly growing. For proper risk analysis, a clear indication of measurement uncertainty should therefore be required.
5.2 At present, the tendency is to refer to instrument datasheets only and take the instrument calibration uncertainty as the field measurement uncertainty. This leads to over-optimistic estimates. This guide provides a more realistic approach to this issue and in doing so will also assists users to make a choice as to the instrumentation that should be used and the measurement procedure that should be followed.
5.3 The availability of the adjunct (ADJG021317)5 uncertainty spreadsheet calculator provides real world example, implementation of the GUM method, and assists to understand the contribution of each source of uncertainty to the overall uncertainty estimate. Thus, the spreadsheet assists users or manufacturers to seek methods to mitigate the uncertainty from the main uncertainty contributors to the overall uncertainty.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidance and recommended practices for evaluating uncertainties when calibrating and performing outdoor measurements with pyranometers and pyrheliometers used to measure total hemispherical- and direct solar irradiance. The approach follows the ISO procedure for evaluating uncertainty, the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) JCGM 100:2008 and that of the joint ISO/ASTM standard ISO/ASTM 51707 Standard Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for Radiation Processing, but provides explicit examples of calculations. It is up to the user to modify the guide described here to their specific application, based on measurement equation and known sources of uncertainties. Further, the commonly used concepts of precision and bias are not used in this document. This guide quantifies the uncertainty in measuring the total (all angles of incidence), broadband (all 52 wavelengths of light) irradiance experienced either indoors or outdoors.
1.2 An interactive Excel spreadsheet is provided as adjunct, ADJG021317. The intent is to provide users real world examples and to illustrate the implementation of the GUM method.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides data needed for selection of instrument systems to measure meteorological quantities and to provide an estimate of the precision of measurements made by such systems.
5.2 This practice is based on the assumption that the repeated measurement of a meteorological quantity by a sensor system will vary randomly about the true value plus an unknowable systematic difference. Given infinite resolution, these measurements will have a Gaussian distribution about the systematic difference as defined by the Central Limit Theorem. If it is known or demonstrated that this assumption is invalid for a particular quantity, conclusions based on the characteristics of a normal distribution must be avoided.
SCOPE
1.1 Sensor systems used for making meteorological measurements may be tested for laboratory accuracy in environmental chambers or wind tunnels, but natural exposure cannot be fully simulated. Atmospheric quantities are continuously variable in time and space; therefore, repeated measurements of the same quantities as required by Practice E177 to determine precision are not possible. This practice provides standard procedures for exposure, data sampling, and processing to be used with two measuring systems in determining their operational comparability (1,2).2
1.2 The procedures provided produce measurement samples that can be used for statistical analysis. Comparability is defined in terms of specified statistical parameters. Other statistical parameters may be computed by methods described in other ASTM standards or statistics handbooks (3).
1.3 Where the two measuring systems are identical, that is, same make, model, and manufacturer, the operational comparability is called functional precision.
1.4 Meteorological determinations frequently require simultaneous measurements to establish the spatial distribution of atmospheric quantities or periodically repeated measurement to determine the time distribution, or both. In some cases, a number of identical systems may be used, but in others a mixture of instrument systems may be employed. The procedures described herein are used to determine the variability of like or unlike systems for making the same measurement.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 for more specific safety precautionary information.)
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document provides guidelines for the design, manufacture, installation, and maintenance of a WPR. It describes the following: - Measurement principle (Clause 5). Scatterers that produce echoes and methods of wind velocity measurement are described. The description of the measurement principle mainly aims at providing the information necessary for describing the guidelines in Clauses 6 to 11. - Guidelines for WPR system (Clause 6). Frequency, hardware, software, and signal processing are described. They are mainly applied in designing and manufacturing the hardware and software of WPR. - Guidelines for system performance (Clause 7). Measurement resolution, range sampling, radar sensitivity evaluation, and measurement accuracy are described. They can be used for estimating the measurement performance of a WPR’s system design and operation. - Guidelines for quality control (QC) in digital signal processing (Clause 8). - Guidelines for measurement products and data format (Clause 9). Measurement products obtained by a WPR and their data levels are defined. Guidelines for data file formats are also described. - Guidelines for installation (Clause 10) and maintenance (Clause 11). This document does not aim at providing a thorough description of the measurement principle, WPR systems, and WPR applications. For further details of these items, users are referred to technical books (e.g. References [1],[2],[3]). WPRs are referred to by various names (e.g. radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar, or clear-air Doppler radar). Conventional naming for WPRs should be allowed.
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This document describes a rake method with a boat for removing nuisance rooting aquatic plants and for managing their growth. It also describes the requirements for this method, and sets out how work should be carried out in the field.
The rake method can be used for inland waterways with a depth of 0.6 m or more.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes:
5.1.1 To determine the mineralogy of the material that may be observed by petrographic methods (in this method, by use of XRD) and that may have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.
5.1.2 To determine the relative amounts of the constituents of the sample which is essential for proper evaluation of the sample when the constituents may differ significantly in properties that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.
5.1.3 This method helps to evaluate mineral aggregate sources for suitability as a material to be used for construction, renovation, or modification of equine surfaces. The information gathered will allow for the comparison of the composition of new mineral sources with samples of other mineral aggregate from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available.
5.2 This method may be used by a petrographer employed directly by those for whom the examination is made. The employer should tell the petrographer, in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired. Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, should be made available. The petrographer’s advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination.
5.3 This method may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analyses to be made and should record their agreement in writing. The agreement may stipulate specific determinations to be made, observations to be reported, funds to be obligated, or a combination of these or other conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 X-Ray diffraction (XRD) is a tool for identifying minerals, such as quartz and feldspar, and types of clay present in bulk samples of equine surfaces. Determining the mineralogy of a given bulk sample provides insight into surface properties, such as abrasion resistance by comparing the relative differences of hardness of the various mineral fractions such as quartz or feldspar or the plasticity differences in clay minerals such as smectite or kaolinite. XRD techniques are qualitative in nature and only semi-quantitative.
1.2 Particle size distribution analyses methods including hydrometer tests to determine proportions of sand, silt, and clay fractions based upon particle size but are not able to distinguish particles by shape or mineralogy of materials. In addition to a qualitative detection of minerals present in a sample, XRD methods are also semi-quantitative and also yield important data on the relative proportion of particular minerals present.
1.3 XRD techniques are generally semi-quantitative in nature. Even so, such semiquantitative data is useful in determining relative proportions of each mineral type. This method is also semi-qualitative in nature as it is geared for the determination or mineral groups. For example, it will determine the relative amount of alkali feldspars (such as K-feldspar or Nafeldspar) from Plagioclase-feldspar but not necessarily if the Plagioclase-feldspar is albite or anorthite nor whether the K-feldspar is orthoclase of microcline. Likewise, it will differentiate smectite from mica from kaolinite but not whether the smectite is montmorillonite or saponite. More precise determination of mineral species by XRD is possible but involves more advanced preparation and treatment methods than what is within the scope of this standard.
1.4 The XRD method herein primarily makes use of “Glass Slide Method” but may be subject to modification depending on the user’s needs.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety c...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Use of this Standard Guide—This guide addresses issues related solely to adaptation strategies and development of a plan to address extreme weather and related physical changes. This guide does not include specific guidance on risk assessment, however references are provided in Appendix X3. The matrix approach does reflect general risks for certain regions of the country, based upon the frequency of extreme weather and/or conditions such as fires, floods, storms, drought, and extreme temperatures. Adaptation strategies and planning may consist of a wide variety of actions by an individual, community, or organization to prepare for, or respond to, the impacts of extreme weather.
4.1.1 This guide does not address causes of extreme weather.
4.1.2 This guide addresses adjustment strategies and planning that a group of people or ecosystems make to limit negative effects of extreme weather. It also addresses taking advantage of opportunities that long term extreme weather patterns may present.
4.2 Example Users:
4.2.1 Small businesses or enterprises;
4.2.2 Service industries;
4.2.3 Federal, state or municipal facilities and regulators, including departments of health and fire departments;
4.2.4 Financial and insurance institutions;
4.2.5 Public works staff, including water system, stormwater system, wastewater system, solid waste, and other utilities (electrical, telephone, gas, et al) and other waste managers, including liquid and solid waste haulers, treatment, recycling, disposal and transfer;
4.2.6 Consultants, auditors, state, municipal and private inspectors and compliance assistance personnel;
4.2.7 Educational facilities;
4.2.8 Property, buildings and grounds management, including landscaping;
4.2.9 Non-regulatory government agencies, such as the military;
4.2.10 Wildlife management entities including government, tribal and NGOs.
4.3 This guide is a first step in crafting simplified goals for managing and communic...
SCOPE
1.1 Overview—For the purposes of this guide, ‘resiliency’ refers to efforts by entities, organizations, or individuals to prepare for or adjust to future extreme weather and related physical conditions. The primary purpose is to reduce negative economic impacts associated with extreme weather.
1.1.1 This guide presents a generalized, systematic approach to voluntary assessment and risk management of extreme climate related events and conditions. It helps the user structure their understanding of the climate related vulnerabilities and consequences they seek to manage. It helps the user identify adaptive actions of both an institutional (legal), as well as engineering (physical) nature. Options for analysis provide a priority ranking system to address the “worst first” risks of a municipality, local area or facility, addressing practicality and cost-benefit. Users may approach this analysis having initially undertaken a risk assessment to determine what they are seeking to manage, or use the guide to help determine the likely areas of greatest need.
1.1.2 These climate adaptations or adjustments may be either protective (that is, guarding against negative impacts of extreme weather), or opportunistic (that is, taking advantage of any beneficial effects of extreme weather).
1.1.3 This guide addresses adaptation strategies and planning in response to various impacts that may occur to individuals, organizations, human settlements or ecosystems in a broad variety of ways. For example, extreme weather might increase or decrease rainfall, influence agricultural crop yields, affect human health, cause changes to forests and other ecosystems, or impact energy supply or infrastructure.
1.1.4 Climate-related impacts may occur locally within a region or across a country and may affect many sectors of the economy. In order to meet these challenges, this guide provides an organized, uniform approach to prepare for the impa...
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This Technical Report (TR) provides guidance to assist with the planning and design of Hydrometric networks, to ensure a better understanding of the water cycle, and that any data are observed and collated in an effective and appropriate manner. The TR is intended for use when:-
• a new network is being planned and designed;
• the nature, value and extent of an existing network is being reviewed;
• a redundant network is being decommissioned or modified.
This is to ensure that the impacts of these changes are considered objectively, and all changes are adequately monitored and recorded.
This TR covers all aspects that are considered pertinent to the evaluation. The information will be used to inform the decision-making process employed by the network’s owners and operators. The objective nature of the review will ensure that all influential factors, both beneficial and otherwise, are considered. This will ensure that primary and potential alternative uses of the network are considered. It will also ensure compliance with any extant environmental legislation.
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This document provides requirements for the evaluation and use of test method for snow depth sensors. This document is applicable to the following types of automatic snow depth sensors which employ different ranging technologies by which the sensors measure the distance from the snow surface to the sensor: a) Ultrasonic type, also known as sonic ranging depth sensors; b) Optical laser snow depth sensors including single point and multipoint snow depth sensors; c) Other snow depth sensors. This document mainly covers two major tests: a laboratory(indoor) test and a field (outdoor) test. The laboratory test includes the basic performance test and other tests under various environmental changes. The field test is proposed to ensure the performance of the snow depth sensors in field measurement conditions. For the field test, both the natural ground and artificial target surface such as snow plates are considered for the procedures defined in this document.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes:
4.1.1 Determine the physical and chemical characteristics (mineralogy, texture, and composition) of the stone specimen that may be observed by petrographic methods and that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.
4.1.2 Describe and classify the minerals of the specimen.
4.1.3 Classify the stone both commercially and geologically based on Terminology C119, recognizing the differences in nomenclature; and based on the following standards, as appropriate:
Specification C406
Specification C503
Specification C568
Specification C615
Specification C616
Specification C629
Specification C1526
Specification C1527
4.1.4 Determine the relative amounts of the minerals of the specimen and constituents that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.
4.1.5 Compare characteristics of the stone with specimens from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available.
4.2 The petrographer should be told in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired.
4.2.1 Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, such as physical and mechanical testing, should be made available. The petrographer’s advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination. Available physical and mechanical testing may include the following:
Test Methods C97
Test Method C99
Test Method C170
Test Method C880
Test Methods C120
Test Method C121
Test Method C241
Test Method C1353
Test Method C217
4.3 This guide may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analy...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of stone specimen material proposed for use as dimension stone used in construction.
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of petrographic related properties that should be looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of dimension stone.
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Terminology C119 should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in reports prepared in accordance with this guide.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This Technical Report (TR) provides guidance to assist with the planning and design of Hydrometric networks, to ensure a better understanding of the water cycle, and that any data are observed and collated in an effective and appropriate manner. The TR is intended for use when:-
• a new network is being planned and designed;
• the nature, value and extent of an existing network is being reviewed;
• a redundant network is being decommissioned or modified.
This is to ensure that the impacts of these changes are considered objectively, and all changes are adequately monitored and recorded.
This TR covers all aspects that are considered pertinent to the evaluation. The information will be used to inform the decision-making process employed by the network’s owners and operators. The objective nature of the review will ensure that all influential factors, both beneficial and otherwise, are considered. This will ensure that primary and potential alternative uses of the network are considered. It will also ensure compliance with any extant environmental legislation.
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This document provides guidance to potential users for the specification of the global distribution of ionosphere densities and temperatures, as well as the total content of electrons in the height interval from 50 km to 1 500 km. It includes and explains several options for a plasmaspheric extension of the model, embracing the geographical area between latitudes of 80°S and 80°N and longitudes of 0°E to 360°E, for any time of day, any day of year, and various solar and magnetic activity conditions. A brief introduction to ionospheric and plasmaspheric physics is given in Annex A. Annex B provides an overview over physical models, because they are important for understanding and modelling the physical processes that produce the ionospheric plasma.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the basic requirements for equipment to be used for the collection of uncontaminated and representative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid or steam. Sample probes shall be used to extract liquid or steam from the main part of the geothermal flow rather than using a wall-accessing valve and pipe arrangement. Sampling lines shall be as short as practical and of sufficient strength to prevent structural failure. Valves which control access to the sampling point shall have straight throats. The tube through which the sample flows shall be continuous through the cooling location so there will be no possibility of sample contamination or dilution from the cooling water. Liquid sample containers and compatible closures shall not bias the sample components of interest. Devices used to collect and transport the gas component of the samples shall be resistant to chemical reactions and to gaseous diffusion or adsorption. Filters, when used, shall be housed in a pressure-tight container assuring that the full flow passes through the filter. The sampling apparatus shall be kept clean.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the basic requirements for equipment and the techniques to be used for the collection of uncontaminated and representative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid or steam. Geopressured liquids are included.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Using a geohazard netting as a medium to retain rock particles necessitates compatibility between it and the adjacent rock. This test method measures the mass per unit area of a geohazard netting which is often specified by design engineers as an indicator of a geohazard netting’s ability to stabilize and control the movement of loose rocks. Knowing a geohazard netting’s mass per unit area is also important in analyzing the anchoring required to support the mesh at the top of a soil or rock slope.
5.2 This test method may also be used for quality control during the manufacturing process and quality assurance that material meets project or material specifications.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is an index test to determine the mass per unit area of geohazard nettings. The mass per unit area is a characteristic of a geohazard netting that contributes to its ability to stabilize and control the movement of loose rocks. There are many different types of geohazard nettings which necessitates a single standard by which all geohazard nettings may be measured.
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.2.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; the absolute and the gravitational systems. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit of mass. However, the use of balances and scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.2.2 The terms density and unit weight are often used interchangeably. Density is mass per unit volume, whereas, unit weight is force per unit volume. In this standard, density is given only in SI units. After the density has been determined, the unit weight is calculated in SI or inch-pound units, or both.
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practi...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is for the determination of the anions: chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in atmospheric wet deposition.
5.2 Fig. X1.1 in the appendix represents cumulative frequency percentile concentration plots of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate obtained from analyses of over 5000 wet deposition samples. These data may be used as an aid in the selection of appropriate calibration solutions (2).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in atmospheric wet deposition samples (rain, snow, sleet, and hail) by suppressed ion chromatography. For additional applications, see to Test Method D4327.
1.2 The concentration ranges for this test method are as listed below. The range tested was confirmed using the interlaboratory collaborative test (see Table 1 for statistical summary of the collaborative test).
Method
Detection
L (mg/L) (1)
Range of
Method
(mg/L)
Range
Tested
(mg/L)
Chloride
0.03
0.09–2.0
0.15–1.36
Nitrate
0.03
0.09–5.0
0.15–4.92
Sulfate
0.03
0.09–8.0
0.15–6.52
1.3 The method detection limit (MDL) is based on single operator precision (1)2 and may be higher or lower for other operators and laboratories. The precision and bias data presented are insufficient to justify use at this low level; however, it has been reported that this test method is reliable at lower levels than those that were tested. The MDLs listed above were determined following the guidance in 40 CFR Part 136 Appendix B. Other approaches to the determination of MDLs may yield different MDLs.
1.4 Method Detection Limits will vary depending on the type and length of column(s) used, the composition and strength of eluent used, the bore size of the instrumentation (that is, microbore or standard bore), eluent flow rate and other variables between instruments. The method detection limits listed above are those used in determining the Precision and Bias of this method as given in Table 1.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 9.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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present document specifies technical characteristics and methods of measurements for S band meteorological radar
systems intended for the surveillance and classification of hydrometeors with the following characteristics:
• Operating in the following frequency range:
- 2 700 MHz to 2 900 MHz.
• Utilizing unmodulated pulses or phase/frequency modulated pulses also known as pulse compression.
• The maximum output power (PEP) does not exceed 1 MW (i.e. 90 dBm).
• The transceiver antenna connection and its feeding RF line use a hollow metallic rectangular waveguide.
• The antenna rotates and can be changed in elevation.
• The used waveguide is WR284/WG10 waveguide according to IEC 60153-2 [i.2] with a minimum length
between the output of the transmitter and the input of the antenna of 2 886 mm (20 times the wavelength of the
waveguide cut-off frequency).
• The antenna feed is waveguide based and the antenna is passive.
• The orientation of the transmitted field from the antenna can be vertical or horizontal polarized or it can be
both simultaneously.
• At the transceiver output an RF circulator is used.
NOTE 1: Since at the transceiver output an RF circulator is used, it is assumed that the transceiver characteristics
remain independent from the antenna.
NOTE 2: According to provision 5.423 of the ITU Radio Regulations [i.7], ground-based radars used for
meteorological purposes in the band 2 700 MHz to 2 900 MHz are authorized to operate on a basis of
equality with stations of the aeronautical radio navigation service.
NOTE 3: Further technical and operational characteristics of meteorological radar systems can be found in
Recommendation ITU-R M.1849-1 [i.3].
NOTE 4: The relationship between the present document and essential requirements of article 3.2 of Directive
2014/53/EU [i.1] is given in Annex A.
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The present document specifies technical characteristics and methods of measurements for C band meteorological radar
systems intended for the surveillance and classification of hydrometeors with the following characteristics:
• Operating in the following frequency range:
- 5 250 MHz to 5 850 MHz.
• Utilizing unmodulated pulses or phase/frequency modulated pulses also known as pulse compression.
• The maximum output power (PEP) does not exceed 1 MW (i.e. 90 dBm).
• The transceiver antenna connection and its feeding RF line use a hollow metallic rectangular waveguide.
• The antenna rotates and can be changed in elevation.
• The used waveguide is WR187/WG12 waveguide according to IEC 60153-2 [i.2] with a minimum length
between the output of the transmitter and the input of the antenna of 1 902 mm (20 times the wavelength of the
waveguide cut-off frequency).
• The antenna feed is waveguide based and the antenna is passive.
• The orientation of the transmitted field from the antenna can be vertical or horizontal polarized or it can be
both simultaneously.
• At the transceiver output an RF circulator is used.
NOTE 1: Since at the transceiver output an RF circulator is used, it is assumed that the transceiver characteristics
remain independent from the antenna.
NOTE 2: According to provision 5.452 of the ITU Radio Regulations [i.7], ground-based radars used for
meteorological purposes in the band 5 600 MHz to 5 650 MHz are authorized to operate on a basis of
equality with stations of the maritime radio navigation service.
NOTE 3: Further technical and operational characteristics of meteorological radar systems can be found in
Recommendation ITU-R M.1849-1 [i.3].
NOTE 4: The relationship between the present document and essential requirements of article 3.2 of Directive
2014/53/EU [i.1] is given in Annex A.
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The present document specifies technical characteristics and methods of measurements for X band meteorological radar
systems intended for the surveillance and classification of hydrometeors with the following characteristics:
• Operating in the following frequency range:
- 9 300 MHz to 9 500 MHz.
• Utilizing unmodulated pulses or phase/frequency modulated pulses also known as pulse compression.
• The maximum output power (PEP) is not greater than 250 kW (i.e. 84 dBm).
• The transceiver antenna connection and its feeding RF line use a hollow metallic rectangular waveguide.
• The antenna rotates and can be changed in elevation.
• The used waveguide is WR90/WG16 waveguide according to IEC 60153-2 [i.2] with a minimum length
between the output of the transmitter and the input of the antenna of 915 mm (20 times the wavelength of the
waveguide cut-off frequency).
• The antenna feed is waveguide based and the antenna is passive.
• The orientation of the transmitted field from the antenna can be vertical or horizontal polarized or it can be
both simultaneously.
• At the transceiver output an RF circulator is used.
NOTE 1: Since at the transceiver output an RF circulator is used, it is assumed that the transceiver characteristics
remain independent from the antenna.
NOTE 2: According to provision 5.475B of the ITU Radio Regulations [i.7], ground-based radars used for
meteorological purposes in the band 9 300 MHz to 9 500 MHz have priority over other radiolocation
uses.
NOTE 3: Further technical and operational characteristics of meteorological radar systems can be found in
Recommendation ITU-R M.1849-1 [i.3].
NOTE 4: The relationship between the present document and essential requirements of article 3.2 of Directive
2014/53/EU [i.1] is given in Annex A.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Thermal efficiency and heat rate are frequently utilized to evaluate the thermodynamic quality of fossil fuel-fired power plants.2 Evaluation of geothermal systems using similar definitions of thermal efficiency and heat rate is inappropriate, except for plants which operate on a cycle, such as binary plants. A utilization efficiency, defined as the ratio of net work output to the ideal work available from the geofluid, provides a more equitable basis for evaluation of the thermodynamic excellence of geothermal systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers power plant performance terms and criteria for use in evaluation and comparison of geothermal energy conversion and power generation systems. The special nature of these geothermal systems makes performance criteria commonly used to evaluate conventional fossil fuel-fired systems of limited value. This guide identifies the limitations of the less useful criteria and defines an equitable basis for measuring the quality of differing thermal cycles and plant equipment for geothermal resources.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document is focused on the structural features of rivers, on geomorphological and hydrological processes, and on river continuity. This document is focused on the structural features of rivers, on geomorphological and hydrological processes, and on river continuity. It provides guidance on the features and processes to be taken into account when characterizing and assessing the hydromorphology of rivers. The word ‘river’ is used as a generic term to describe flowing watercourses of all sizes, with the exception of artificial water bodies such as canals. The document is based on methods developed, tested, and compared in Europe, including the pan-European REFORM project (https://reformrivers.eu/). Its main aim is to improve the comparability of hydromorphological assessment methods, data processing and interpretation. It provides broad recommendations for the types of parameters that should be assessed, and the methods for doing this, within a framework that offers the flexibility to plan programmes of work that are affordable. Although this document does not constitute CIS guidance for the WFD, relevant references provided by the CIS expert group on hydromorphology have been included in the Bibliography.
Although it has particular importance for the WFD by providing guidance on assessing hydromorphological quality, this document has considerably wider scope for other applications. It does not attempt either to describe methods for defining high status for hydromorphology under the WFD, or to link broadscale hydromorphological classification to assessments of ecological status. In addition, while recognizing the important influence of hydromorphology on plant and animal ecology, no attempt is made to provide guidance in this area, but where the biota have an important influence on hydromorphology, these influences are included.
NOTE A case study illustrating the application of this document is given in Gurnell and Grabowski[1].
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This document is focused on the structural features of rivers, on geomorphological and hydrological processes, and on river continuity. This document is focused on the structural features of rivers, on geomorphological and hydrological processes, and on river continuity. It provides guidance on the features and processes to be taken into account when characterizing and assessing the hydromorphology of rivers. The word ‘river’ is used as a generic term to describe flowing watercourses of all sizes, with the exception of artificial water bodies such as canals. The document is based on methods developed, tested, and compared in Europe, including the pan-European REFORM project (https://reformrivers.eu/). Its main aim is to improve the comparability of hydromorphological assessment methods, data processing and interpretation. It provides broad recommendations for the types of parameters that should be assessed, and the methods for doing this, within a framework that offers the flexibility to plan programmes of work that are affordable. Although this document does not constitute CIS guidance for the WFD, relevant references provided by the CIS expert group on hydromorphology have been included in the Bibliography.
Although it has particular importance for the WFD by providing guidance on assessing hydromorphological quality, this document has considerably wider scope for other applications. It does not attempt either to describe methods for defining high status for hydromorphology under the WFD, or to link broadscale hydromorphological classification to assessments of ecological status. In addition, while recognizing the important influence of hydromorphology on plant and animal ecology, no attempt is made to provide guidance in this area, but where the biota have an important influence on hydromorphology, these influences are included.
NOTE A case study illustrating the application of this document is given in Gurnell and Grabowski[1].
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Protection of a species requires the prevention of detrimental effects of chemicals on the survival, growth, reproduction, and health of that species. Behavioral toxicity provides information concerning sublethal effects of chemicals and signals the presence of toxic test substances.
5.1.1 The behavioral responses of all organisms are adaptive and essential to survival. Major changes in the behavioral responses of fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates may result in a diminished ability to survive, grow, or reproduce and cause significant changes in the natural population (8).
5.2 The results from behavioral toxicity tests may be useful for measuring injury in the assessment of damages resulting from the release of hazardous materials (9) .
5.3 Behavioral toxicity test methods may be useful for long-term monitoring of effluents (10) .
5.4 The results from behavioral toxicity data can be used to predict the effects of exposure on fish, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates likely to occur in field situations as a result of exposure under similar conditions, including the avoidance of exposure by motile organisms (11).
5.5 The results from behavioral toxicity tests might be an important consideration for assessing the hazard of materials to aquatic organisms. Such results might also be used when deriving water quality criteria for fish and aquatic invertebrate organisms.
5.6 The results from behavioral toxicity tests can be used to compare the sensitivities of different species, relative toxicity of different chemical substances on the same organism, or effect of various environmental variables on the toxicity of a chemical substance.
5.7 The results from behavioral toxicity tests can be used to predict the effects of long-term exposure.
5.8 The results of behavioral toxicity tests can be useful for guiding decisions regarding the extent of remedial action needed for contaminated aquatic and terrestrial sites.
5.9 The behavioral charac...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers some general information on the selection and application of behavioral methods useful for determining the sublethal effects of chemicals to fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates.
1.2 Behavioral toxicity occurs when chemical or other stressful conditions, such as changes in water quality or temperature, induce a behavioral change that exceeds the normal range of variability (1).2 Behavior includes all observable, recordable, or measurable activities of a living organism and reflects genetic, neurobiological, physiological, and environmental determinants (2).
1.3 Behavioral methods can be used in biomonitoring, the determination of no-observed-effect and lowest-observed-effect concentrations, and the prediction of hazardous chemical impacts on natural populations (3).
1.4 Behavioral methods can be applied to fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates in standard laboratory toxicity tests, tests of effluents, and sediment toxicity tests.
1.5 The various behavioral methods included in this guide are categorized with respect to seven interdependent, functional responses that fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates must perform in order to survive. These functional responses include respiration, locomotion, habitat selection, feeding, predator avoidance, competition, and reproduction (4). These responses can be documented visually or through video or acoustic imagery. Electronically recorded information can be derived through manual techniques or through the use of digital image analysis software (5, 6, 7).
1.5.1 The functional responses are not necessarily mutually exclusive categories. For instance, locomotion, of some form of movement, is important to all behavioral functions.
1.6 Additional behavioral methods for any category may be added when new tests are developed as well as when methods are adapted to different species or different life stages of an organism.
1.7 This gui...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The guide consolidates into one document, siting criteria and sampling strategies used routinely in various North American atmospheric deposition monitoring programs.
4.2 The guide leads the user through the steps of site selection, sampling frequency and sampling equipment selection, and presents quality assurance techniques and other considerations necessary to obtain a representative deposition sample for subsequent chemical analysis.
4.3 The guide extends Practice D1357 to include specific guidelines for sampling atmospheric deposition including acidic deposition.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide assists individuals or agencies in identifying suitable locations and choosing appropriate sampling strategies for monitoring atmospheric deposition at non-urban locations. It does not purport to discuss all aspects of designing atmospheric deposition monitoring networks.
1.2 The guide is suitable for use in obtaining estimates of the dominant inorganic constituents and trace metals found in acidic deposition. It addresses both wet and dry deposition and includes cloud water, fog and snow.
1.3 The guide is best used to determine estimates of atmospheric deposition in non-urban areas although many of the sampling methods presented can be applied to urban environments.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Some chemical constituents of AWD are not stable and must be preserved before chemical analysis. Without sample preservation, it is possible that analytes can be lost through decomposition or sorption to the storage bottles.
4.2 Contamination of AWD samples can occur during both sample preservation and sample storage. Proper selection and cleaning of sampling containers are required to reduce the possibility of contamination of AWD samples.
4.3 The natural sponge and talc-free plastic gloves used in the following procedures should be recognized as potential sources of contamination. Individual experience should be used to select products that minimize contamination.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice presents recommendations for the cleaning of plastic or glass materials used for collection of atmospheric wet deposition (AWD). This practice also presents recommendations for the preservation of samples collected for chemical analysis.
1.2 The materials used to collect AWD for the analysis of its inorganic constituents and trace elements should be plastic. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is most widely used and is acceptable for most samples including samples for the determination of the anions of acetic, citric, and formic acids. Borosilicate glass is a collection alternative for the determination of the anions from acetic, citric, and formic acid; it is recommended for samples for the determination of other organic compounds.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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