KAV - Water quality

This standard specifies a method for the measurement of iron-55 and nickel-63 (55Fe and 63Ni)in all types of waters by liquid scintillation counting (LSC).
The detection limit depends on the sample volume and the instrument used. The test method described in this standard is based on currently available LSC counters.

This standard describes the requirements for rapid testing of water samples under emergency situations in laboratories:
- taking into account a special context for analyses, e.g. an unknown and unusual contamination;
- using or adapting if possible radioactivity measurements methods used in routine to get a result
rapidly or applying specific rapid methods previously tested by the laboratory, e.g. for 89Sr determination ;
- preparing the laboratory to analyse a large number of potentially contaminated samples.
The focus thereby is on cases where rapid radioactivity test methods are applied for all kind of waters. The first steps of the analytical strategy is often based on gross alpha and gross beta as screening methods (adaptation of ISO 10704 and ISO 11704) and gamma spectrometry (adaptation of ISO 10703). Then if necessary, specific radionuclides standards are adapted and applied (for example, Strontium 90 measurement following ISO 13160).
This guideline refers to a number of ISO standards. If appropriate, it will also refer to national or other
publically available standards.
Screening techniques that can be carried out on site are not part of this guide.

This document is focused on the structural features of rivers, on geomorphological and hydrological processes, and on river continuity. It provides guidance on the features and processes to be taken into account when characterizing and assessing the hydromorphology of rivers. It is based on methods developed, tested, and compared in Europe. Its main aim is to improve the comparability of hydromorphological assessment methods, data processing and interpretation. Although it has particular importance for the WFD by providing guidance on assessing hydromorphological quality, it has considerably wider scope for other applications. In addition, while recognizing the important influence of hydromorphology on plant and animal ecology, no attempt is made to provide guidance in this area, but where the biota have an important influence on hydromorphology these influences are included.
NOTE   A case study illustrating the application of this standard is given in Gurnell and Grabowski[1].

This document contains details on the sampling of domestic and industrial waste water, i.e. the design of sampling programmes and techniques for the collection of samples. It covers waste water in all its forms, i.e. industrial waste water, radioactive waste water, cooling water, raw and treated domestic waste water.
It deals with various sampling techniques used and the rules to be applied so as to ensure the samples are representative.
Sampling of accidental spillages is not included, although the methods described in certain cases may also be applicable to spillages.

This document specifies a method for the measurement of 210Po in all types of waters by alpha
spectrometry.
The method is applicable to test samples of supply/drinking water, rainwater, surface and ground
water, marine water, as well as cooling water, industrial water, domestic, and industrial wastewater
after proper sampling and handling, and test sample preparation. Filtration of the test sample may be
required.
The detection limit depends on the sample volume, the instrument used, the counting time, the
background count rate, the detection efficiency and the chemical yield. The method described in
this document, using currently available alpha spectrometry apparatus, has a detection limit of
approximately 5 mBq l−1, which is lower than the WHO criteria for safe consumption of drinking water
(100 mBq l−1). This value can be achieved with a counting time of 24 h for a sample volume of 500 ml.
The method described in this document is also applicable in an emergency situation.
The analysis of 210Po adsorbed to suspended matter in the sample is not covered by this method.
If suspended material has to be removed or analysed, filtration using a 0,45 μm filter is recommended.
The analysis of the insoluble fraction requires a mineralization step that is not covered by this document
[13]. In this case, the measurement is made on the different phases obtained. The final activity is the
sum of all the measured activity concentrations.
It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for the water samples tested.

This procedure specifies a method for the determination of 228Ra activity in drinking waters by radium
extraction, purification and liquid scintillation counting.

ISO 13164-3:2013 specifies a test method for the determination of radon-222 activity concentration in a sample of water following its transfer from the aqueous phase to the air phase by degassing and its detection. It gives recommendations for rapid measurements performed within less than 1 h.
The radon-222 activity concentrations, which can be measured by this test method utilizing currently available instruments, range from 0,1 Bq l−1 to several hundred thousand becquerels per litre for a 100 ml test sample.
This test method is used successfully with drinking water samples. The laboratory is responsible for ensuring the validity of this test method for water samples of untested matrices.
This test method can be applied on field sites or in the laboratory.
Annexes A and B give indications on the necessary counting conditions to meet the required sensitivity for drinking water monitoring

ISO 13165-3:2016 specifies the determination of radium-226 (226Ra) activity concentration in all types of water by coprecipitation followed by gamma-spectrometry (see ISO 18589‑3).
The method described is suitable for determination of soluble 226Ra activity concentrations greater than 0,02 Bq l−1 using a sample volume of 1 l to 100 l of any water type.
For water samples smaller than a volume of 1 l, direct gamma-spectrometry can be performed following ISO 10703 with a higher detection limit.
NOTE This test method also allows other isotopes of radium, 223Ra, 224Ra, and 228Ra, to be determined.

ISO 13165-1:2013 specifies the determination of radium-226 (226Ra) activity concentration in non-saline water samples by extraction of its daughter radon-222 (222Rn) and its measurement using liquid scintillation counting.
Radium-226 activity concentrations which can be measured by this test method utilizing currently available liquid scintillation counters goes down to 50 mBq l−1. This method is not applicable to the measurement of other radium isotopes.

ISO 13165-2:2014 specifies the determination of radium-226 (226Ra) activity concentration in all types of water by emanometry. The method specified is suitable for the determination of the soluble, suspended, and total 226Ra activity concentration in all types of water with soluble 226Ra activity concentrations greater than 0,02 Bq l−1. In water containing high activity concentrations of 228Th, interference from 220Rn decay products can lead to overestimation of measured levels.

ISO 13164-4:2015 describes a test method for the determination of radon-222 (222Rn) activity concentration in non-saline waters by extraction and liquid scintillation counting.
The radon-222 activity concentrations, which can be measured by this test method utilizing currently available instruments, are at least above 0,5 Bq l−1 for a 10 ml test sample and a measuring time of 1 h.
This test method can be used successfully with drinking water samples and it is the responsibility of the laboratory to ensure the validity of this test method for water samples of untested matrices.
Annex A gives indication on the necessary counting conditions to meet the required detection limits for drinking water monitoring.

ISO 13164-2:2013 specifies a test method for the determination of radon-222 activity concentration in a sample of water following the measurement of its short-lived decay products by direct gamma-spectrometry of the water sample.
The radon-222 activity concentrations, which can be measured by this test method utilizing currently available gamma-ray instruments, range from a few becquerels per litre to several hundred thousand becquerels per litre for a 1 l test sample.
This test method can be used successfully with drinking water samples. The laboratory is responsible for ensuring the validity of this test method for water samples of untested matrices.
An annex gives indications on the necessary counting conditions to meet the required sensitivity for drinking water monitoring.

ISO 13164-1:2013 gives general guidelines for sampling, packaging, and transporting of all kinds of water samples, for the measurement of the activity concentration of radon-222.
The test methods fall into two categories: a) direct measurement of the water sample without any transfer of phase (see ISO 13164‑2); b) indirect measurement involving the transfer of the radon-222 from the aqueous phase to another phase (see ISO 13164‑3).
The test methods can be applied either in the laboratory or on site.
The laboratory is responsible for ensuring the suitability of the test method for the water samples tested.

This standard specifies a method for the measurement of 99Tc in all types of waters by liquid
scintillation counting (LSC).
The detection limit depends on the sample volume and the instrument used. The method described in
this standard, using currently available LSC counters, has a detection limit of approximately 5 to 20
Bq•kg-1, which is lower than the WHO criteria for safe consumption of drinking water (100 Bq•L-1).
These values can be achieved with a counting time of 30 minutes for a sample volume varying
between 14 to 40 mL. The methods presented in this standard are not intended for the determination of
ultra-trace amount of 99Tc.

This standard specifies a method for the measurement of 99Tc in all types of waters by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
The method described in this standard, using currently available ICP-MS, has a detection limit of approximately 0,2 to 0,5 ng•L-1 (0,1 to 0,3 Bq•kg-1), which is much lower than the WHO criteria for safe consumption of drinking water (100 Bq•L-1). The method presented in this standard is not intended for the determination of ultra-trace amount of 99Tc.

This standard specifies a method for the detection, semi-quantitative and quantitative (MPN) enumeration of thermotolerant Campylobacter species. The method can be applied to all kinds of waters including: drinking water, ground water and well water, fresh, brackish and saline surface water, swimming pools, spa and hydrotherapy pools, recreational waters, agricultural waters and runoff, untreated and treated wastewater and also sand and other sediments. This method can be used for the detection of Campylobacter species in a specified sample volume. Clean water samples with low turbidity can be membrane filtered for either a qualitative method, semiquantitative or quantitative (MPN) method. Water samples with higher turbidity, such as primary and secondary wastewater effluents and sediments, are analysed using the same qualitative, semiquantitative or quantitative MPN method by direct inoculation of material into bottles or tubes. Sediments can be suspended in a suitable diluent or inoculated directly into enrichment broths. Users wishing to employ this method are expected to verify its performance for the particular matrix under their own laboratory conditions.

This  document specifies the critical issues to address when developing in a laboratory a method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of numerous organic compounds in water.

This International Standard gives criteria for mass spectrometric identification of target compounds in water. This document is a guideline for the identification of molecules <1 200 Da. For identification of larger molecules additional investigations are recommended.
This standard shall be used in conjunction with standards developed for the determination of the specific compounds. If the standards for analysing specific compounds give criteria for identification, those criteria shall be followed.

This part of ISO 5815 specifies the determination of the biochemical oxygen demand of waters by dilution and seeding with suppression of nitrification after 5 d incubation time.
This part of ISO 5815 is applicable to all waters having biochemical oxygen demands usually between 3 mg/l and 6 000 mg/l. It applies particularly to waste waters. For biochemical oxygen demands greater than 6 000 mg/l of oxygen, the method is still applicable, but the errors caused by the necessary dilutions can influence the analytical quality of the test method. Then the results are to be interpreted
with circumspection.
The results obtained are the product of a combination of biochemical and chemical reactions with participation by living matter which behaves only with occasional reproducibility. They do not have the rigorous and unambiguous character of those resulting from, for example, a single, well-defined, chemical process. Nevertheless, they provide an indication from which the quality of waters can be estimated.

This document specifies a method for the determination of selected perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in non-filtrated waters, for example drinking water, natural water (fresh water and sea water) and waste water containing less than 2 g/l solid particulate material (SPM) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The compounds monitored by this method are typically the linear isomers. The group of compounds determined by this method are representative of a wide variety of PFAS. The analytes specified in Table 1 can be determined by this method. The list can be modified depending on the purpose for which the method is intended. The lower application range of this method can vary depending on the sensitivity of the equipment used and the matrix of the sample. For most compounds to which this document applies ≥0,2 ng/l as limit of quantification can be achieved. Actual levels can depend on the blank levels realized by individual laboratory. The applicability of the method to further substances, not listed in Table 1, or to further types of water is not excluded, but is intended to be validated separately for each individual case.

This document specifies methods used to determine the concentration of plutonium and neptunium
isotopes in water by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (239Pu, 240Pu, 241Pu
and 237Np). The concentrations obtained can be converted into activity concentrations of the different
isotopes[9].
Due to its relatively short half-life and 238U isobaric interference, 238Pu can hardly be measured by
this method. To quantify this isotope, other techniques can be used (ICP-MS with collision-reaction cell,
ICP-MS/MS with collision-reaction cell or chemical separation). Alpha spectrometry measurement, as
described in ISO 13167[10], is currently used[11].
This method is applicable to all types of water having a saline load less than 1 g·l−1. A dilution of the
sample is possible to obtain a solution having a saline load and activity concentrations compatible with
the preparation and the measurement assembly.
A filtration at 0,45 μm is needed for determination of dissolved nuclides. Acidification and chemical
separation of the sample are always needed.
The limit of quantification depends on the chemical separation and the performance of the
measurement device.
This method covers the measurement of those isotopes in water in activity concentrations between
around[12][13]:
— 1 mBq·l−1 to 5 Bq·l−1 for 239Pu, 240Pu and 237Np;
— 1 Bq·l−1 to 5 Bq·l−1 for 241Pu.
In both cases, samples with higher activity concentrations than 5 Bq·l−1 can be measured if a dilution is
performed before the chemical separation.
It is possible to measure 241Pu following a pre-concentration step of at least 1 000.

This European Standard specifies determination of the biochemical oxygen demand of waters of undiluted samples. This standard is applicable to all waters having biochemical oxygen demands greater than or equal to the limit of determination 0,5 mg/l of oxygen and not exceeding 6 mg/l of oxygen.

This document provides guidance for survey design, equipment specification, survey methods, sampling and data handling of macroalgae and marine angiosperms such as Zostera in the intertidal soft bottom environment. It does not include polyeuryhaline terrestrial angiosperms that are found in saltmarshes. Ruppia is a genus of angiosperms that can be found in brackish water. This document can also be applied to the study of Ruppia in these environments.
The document comprises:
-   development of a mapping and sampling programme;
-   requirements for mapping and sampling equipment;
-   procedures for remote sensing data collection;
-   procedures for direct mapping and sampling in the field;
-   recommendations for taxon identification and biomass determination;
-   data handling.

This document specifies representative materials suitable for the determination of the performance
characteristics, including uncertainty, during the initial assessment of a quantitative method, used in a
laboratory, for physico-chemical water analysis.
This document focuses on five main types of water:
— waters intended for consumption (5.2);
— natural waters (5.3);
— waste waters (5.4);
— marine waters (5.5);
— recreational waters (5.6).
NOTE Other more specific or less common types of water can be incorporated in any of the above types
provided appropriate justifications. The characteristics of the standard matrix are compatible with the
characteristics of the samples handled.

This part of ISO 17378 specifies a method for the determination of arsenic and antimony. The method
is applicable to drinking water, surface water, ground water, and rain water. The approximate linear
application range of this part of ISO 17378 for both elements is from 0,5 μg/l to 20 μg/l. Samples
containing higher concentrations than the application range can be analysed following appropriate
dilution.
Generally sea water is outside the scope of this part of ISO 17378. Sea water samples can be analysed
using a standard additions approach providing that this is validated for the samples under test. The
method is unlikely to detect organo-arsenic and organo-antimony compounds.
The sensitivity of this method is dependent on the selected operating conditions.

This document specifies a method for the detection and quantification of Legionella spp. and
L. pneumophila using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). It specifies general
methodological requirements, performance evaluation requirements, and quality control requirements.
Technical details specified in this document are given for information only. Any other technical
solutions complying with the performance requirements are suitable.
NOTE 1 For performance requirements, see Clause 9.
This document is intended to be applied in the bacteriological investigation of all types of water (hot
or cold water, cooling tower water, etc.), unless the nature and/or content of suspended matter and/or
accompanying flora interfere with the determination. This interference can result in an adverse effect
on both the detection limit and the quantification limit.
NOTE 2 For validation requirements, see 9.7.
The results are expressed as the number of genome units of Legionella spp. and/or L. pneumophila per
litre of sample.
The method described in this document is applicable to all types of water. However, some additives, such
as chemicals used for water treatment, can interfere with and/or affect the sensitivity of the method.
The qPCR methods do not give any information about the physiological state of the Legionella.

ISO 13163 specifies the determination of lead-210 (210Pb) activity concentration in samples of all types of water using liquid scintillation counting (LSC). For raw and drinking water, the sample should be degassed in order to minimize the ingrowth of 210Pb from radon-222 (222Rn).
Using currently available liquid scintillation counters, this test method can measure the 210Pb activity concentrations in the range of less than 20 mBq⋅l-1 to 50 mBq⋅l-1. These values can be achieved with a counting time between 180 min and 720 min for a sample volume from 0,5 l to 1,5 l.
Higher 210Pb activity concentrations can be measured by either diluting the sample or using smaller sample aliquots or both.
It is the laboratory's responsibility to ensure the suitability of this test method for the water samples tested.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of gross beta activity concentration in non-saline waters. The method covers non-volatile radionuclides with maximum beta energies of approximately 0,3 MeV or higher. Measurement of low energy beta emitters (e.g. 3H, 228Ra, 210Pb, 14C, 35S and 241Pu) and some gaseous or volatile radionuclides (e.g. radon and radioiodine) might not be included in the gross beta quantification using the test method described in this document.
This test method is applicable to the analysis of raw and drinking waters. The range of application depends on the amount of total soluble salts in the water and on the performance characteristics (background count rate and counting efficiency) of the counter used.
It is the laboratory's responsibility to ensure the suitability of this method for the water samples tested.

This document specifies a method by liquid scintillation counting for the determination of tritium
activity concentration in samples of marine waters, surface waters, ground waters, rain waters,
drinking waters or of tritiated water ([3H]H2O) in effluents.
The method is not directly applicable to the analysis of organically bound tritium; its determination
requires additional chemical processing of the sample (such as chemical oxidation or combustion).
With suitable technical conditions, the detection limit may be as low as 1 Bq·l−1. Tritium activity
concentrations below 106 Bq·l−1 can be determined without any sample dilution.

This technical report specifies the data and metadata necessary to validate the identity of a diatom barcode along with recommendations for storage of the barcode and metadata to ensure access to this information.

This technical report specifies a method for the field sampling of benthic diatoms which will be then analysed by subsequent metabarcoding techniques for ecological status and water quality assessments. Data produced by this method are suitable for production of taxonomical diatom lists.

This document specifies a method for the sampling of mesozooplankton from marine and brackish waters using mesh.

This European standard specifies a procedure for analysing mesozooplankton in marine and brackish waters. The procedures comprise how to identify and enumerate zooplankton to estimate quantitative information on diversity, abundance and biomass with regard to spatial distribution and long-term temporal trends for a given body of water.

This document specifies a method for the quantitative determination of the sum of short-chain
polychlorinated n-alkanes also known as short-chain polychlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in the carbon
bond range n-C10 to n-C13 inclusive, in mixtures with chlorine mass fractions (“contents”) between
50 % and 67 %, including approximately 6 000 of approximately 8 000 congeners.
This method is applicable to the determination of the sum of SCCPs in unfiltered surface water, ground
water, drinking water and waste water using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron
capture negative ionization (GC-ECNI-MS).
Depending on the capability of the GC-ECNI-MS instrument, the concentration range of the method
is from 0,1 μg/l or lower to 10 μg/l. Depending on the waste water matrix, the lowest detectable
concentration is estimated to be > 0,1 μg/l. The data of the interlaboratory trial concerning this method
are given in Annex I.

This document specifies a method for the determination of gross alpha and gross beta activity
concentration for alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides using liquid scintillation counting (LSC).
The method is applicable to all types of waters with a dry residue of less than 5 g/l and when no
correction for colour quenching is necessary.
Gross alpha and gross beta activity measurement is not intended to give an absolute determination
of the activity concentration of all alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides in a test sample, but is a
screening analysis to ensure particular reference levels of specific alpha and beta emitters have not
been exceeded. This type of determination is also known as gross alpha and beta index. Gross alpha
and beta analysis is not expected to be as accurate nor as precise as specific radionuclide analysis after
radiochemical separations.
The method covers non-volatile radionuclides below 80 °C, since some gaseous or volatile radionuclides
(e.g. radon and radioiodine) can be lost during the source preparation.
The method is applicable to test samples of drinking water, rain water, surface and ground water as
well as cooling water, industrial water, domestic and industrial waste water after proper sampling and
test sample preparation (filtration when necessary and taking into account the amount of dissolved
material in the water).
The method described in this document is applicable in the event of an emergency situation, because
the results can be obtained in less than 4 h by directly measuring water test samples without any
treatment.
It is the laboratory’s responsibility to ensure the suitability of this test method for the water
samples tested.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the dissolved fraction of selected active
pharmaceutical ingredients and transformation products, as well as other organic substances
(see Table 1) in drinking water, ground water, surface water and treated waste water.
The lower application range of this method can vary depending on the sensitivity of the equipment used
and the matrix of the sample. For most compounds to which this document applies, the range is ≥ 0,025 μg/l
for drinking water, ground water and surface water, and ≥ 0,050 μg/l for treated waste water.
The method can be used to determine further organic substances or in other types of water (e.g.
process water) provided that accuracy has been tested and verified for each case, and that storage
conditions of both samples and reference solutions have been validated. Table 1 shows the substances
for which a determination was tested in accordance with the method. Table E.1 provides examples of
the determination of other organic substances.

This document specifies continuous flow analysis (CFA) methods for the determination of
orthophosphate in the mass concentration range from 0,01 mg/l to 1,00 mg/l P, and total phosphorus
in the mass concentration range from 0,10 mg/l to 10,0 mg/l P. The method includes the digestion of
organic phosphorus compounds and the hydrolysis of inorganic polyphosphate compounds, performed
either manually, as described in ISO 6878 and in References [4], [5] and [7], or with an integrated
ultraviolet (UV) digestion and hydrolysis unit.
This document is applicable to various types of water, such as ground, drinking, surface, leachate and
waste water. The range of application can be changed by varying the operating conditions.
This method is also applicable to the analysis of seawater, but with changes in sensitivity by adapting
the carrier and calibration solutions to the salinity of the samples.
It is also applicable to analysis using 10 mm to 50 mm cuvettes depending on the desired range. For
extreme sensitivity, 250 mm and 500 mm long way capillary flow cells (LCFCs) can be used. However,
the method is not validated for these two uses. Changes in sensitivity and calibration solutions could be
required.
Annex A provides examples of a CFA system. Annex B gives performance data from interlaboratory
trials. Annex C gives information of determining orthophosphate-P and total-P by CFA and tin(II)
chloride reduction.

This document specifies a method for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved
organic carbon (DOC), total bound nitrogen (TNb) and dissolved bound nitrogen (DNb) in the form of
free ammonia, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and organic compounds capable of conversion to nitrogen
oxides under the conditions described. The procedure is carried out instrumentally.
NOTE Generally the method can be applied for the determination of total carbon (TC) and total inorganic
carbon (TIC), see Annex A.
The method is applicable to water samples (e.g. drinking water, raw water, ground water, surface water,
sea water, waste water, leachates).
The method allows a determination of TOC and DOC ≥ 1 mg/l and TNb and DNb ≥ 1 mg/l. The upper
working range is restricted by instrument-dependent conditions (e.g. injection volume). Higher
concentrations can be determined after appropriate dilution of the sample.
For samples containing volatile organic compounds (e.g. industrial waste water), the difference method
is used, see Annex A.
Cyanide, cyanate and particles of elemental carbon (soot), when present in the sample, can be
determined together with the organic carbon.
The method is not appropriate for the determination of volatile, or purgeable, organic carbon under the
conditions described by this method.
Dissolved nitrogen gas (N2) is not determined.

This document specifies a method for the enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water. The
method is based on the growth of target organisms in a liquid medium and calculation of the most
probable number (MPN) of organisms by reference to MPN tables.
This document is applicable to a range of types of water. For example, hospital waters, drinking water
and non‐carbonated bottled waters intended for human consumption, groundwater, swimming pool
and spa pool waters including those containing high background counts of heterotrophic bacteria.
This document does not apply to carbonated bottled waters, flavoured bottle waters, cooling tower
waters or marine waters, for which the method has not been validated. These waters are, therefore,
outside the scope of this document. Laboratories can employ the method presented in this document
for these matrices by undertaking appropriate validation of performance of this method prior to use.
The test is based on a bacterial enzyme detection technology that signals the presence of P. aeruginosa
through the hydrolysis of a 7‐amino‐4‐methylcoumarin aminopeptidase substrate present in a special
reagent. P. aeruginosa cells rapidly grow and reproduce using the rich supply of amino acids, vitamins
and other nutrients present in the reagent. Actively growing strains of P. aeruginosa have an enzyme
that cleaves the 7‐amido‐coumarin aminopeptidase substrate releasing a product which fluoresces
under ultraviolet (UV) light. The test described in this document provides a confirmed result within
24 h with no requirement for further confirmation of positive wells.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of gross beta activity concentration in
non-saline waters. The method covers non-volatile radionuclides with maximum beta energies of
approximately 0,3 MeV or higher. Measurement of low energy beta emitters (e.g. 3H, 228Ra, 210Pb, 14C,
35S and 241Pu) and some gaseous or volatile radionuclides (e.g. radon and radioiodine) might not be
included in the gross beta quantification using the test method described in this document.
This test method is applicable to the analysis of raw and drinking waters. The range of application
depends on the amount of total soluble salts in the water and on the performance characteristics
(background count rate and counting efficiency) of the counter used.
It is the laboratory’s responsibility to ensure the suitability of this method for the water samples tested.

This document specifies techniques for preparing poorly water-soluble organic compounds (i.e. liquid
and solid compounds) with a solubility in water of less than approximately 100 mg/l and introducing
them into test vessels for a subsequent biodegradability test in an aqueous medium using standard
methods.
The subsequent tests on biodegradability are primarily methods using the analysis of the released
carbon dioxide described in ISO 9439 and the determination of the oxygen described in ISO 9408 and
following the usual precautions for ISO 10707. Thus, one can notice that the methods measuring the
removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are not appropriate.
This document does not specify the biodegradation test methods. It is restricted to describing
techniques for introducing the test compounds into the test medium and to keeping them in a dispersed
state[4]. These techniques are implemented while observing the experimental conditions described
in the standardized methods for evaluating biodegradability. ISO 9439, based on CO2 evolution, is not
suitable for testing volatile compounds.
Some of the preparation methods described in this document might not be accepted by regulators for
making conclusions on the ready biodegradability of tested compounds.
Examples of biodegradability curves are given in Annex A.
2 Normative

This document specifies the following semi-quantitative methods for the assessment of transparency
of waters:
a) measurement of visual range using the transparency testing tube (applicable to transparent and
slightly cloudy water), see Clause 4;
b) measurement of visual range in the upper water layers using the transparency testing disc
(especially applicable to surface, bathing water, waste water and often used in marine monitoring),
see 5.1;
c) measurement of visibility by divers in a destined depth, see 5.2.
NOTE The quantitative methods using optical turbidimeters or nephelometers are described in ISO 7027-1.

This standard gives guidance on the estimation of abundance and identification of macro-invertebrates in samples taken from inland waters. The procedure deals with pre-treatment (cleaning), sub-sampling, sorting and final identification of organisms from preserved and live samples originating from natural habitats or artificial substrates.

This document specifies a method for the determination of gross alpha and gross beta activity
concentration for alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides. Gross alpha and gross beta activity
measurement is not intended to give an absolute determination of the activity concentration of all
alpha and beta emitting radionuclides in a test sample, but is a screening analysis to ensure particular
reference levels of specific alpha and beta emitters have not been exceeded. This type of determination
is also known as gross alpha and gross beta index. Gross alpha and gross beta analysis is not expected
to be as accurate nor as precise as specific radionuclide analysis after radiochemical separations.
Maximum beta energies of approximately 0,1 MeV or higher are well measured. It is possible that low
energy beta emitters can not detected (e.g. 3H, 55Fe, 241Pu) or can only be partially detected (e.g. 14C,
35S, 63Ni, 210Pb, 228Ra).
The method covers non-volatile radionuclides, since some gaseous or volatile radionuclides (e.g. radon
and radioiodine) can be lost during the source preparation.
The method is applicable to test samples of drinking water, rainwater, surface and ground water as well
as cooling water, industrial water, domestic and industrial wastewater after proper sampling, sample
handling, and test sample preparation (filtration when necessary and taking into account the amount of
dissolved material in the water).
The method described in this document is applicable in the event of an emergency situation, because
the results can be obtained in less than 1 h. Detection limits reached for gross alpha and gross beta are
less than 10 Bq/l and 20 Bq/l respectively. The evaporation of 10 ml sample is carried out in 20 min
followed by 10 min counting with window-proportional counters.
It is the laboratory’s responsibility to ensure the suitability of this test method for the water
samples tested.

This document specifies requirements and gives guidance for performing the manipulations common
to each culture technique for the microbiological examination of water, particularly the preparation of
samples, culture media, and general apparatus and glassware, unless otherwise required in the specific
standard. It also describes the various techniques available for detection and enumeration by culture
and the criteria for determining which technique is appropriate.
This document is mainly intended for examinations for bacteria, yeasts and moulds, but some aspects
are also applicable to bacteriophages, viruses and parasites. It excludes techniques not based on
culturing microorganisms, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods.

This document gives guidances on determining the degree of modification of the hydromorphological features of transitional and coastal waters