13.060.45 - Examination of water in general
ICS 13.060.45 Details
Examination of water in general
Untersuchung von Wasser im Allgemeinen
Essais des eaux en général
Preiskava vode na splošno
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 13.060.45 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Examination of water in general". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 252 standards classified under ICS 13.060.45 (Examination of water in general). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document establishes key principles for the investigation of microplastics in drinking water and water with low content of natural suspended solids using a microscopy technique coupled with vibrational spectroscopy.
This method is applicable to:
— determine the size of microplastics [which range from 1 µm to 5 000 µm], count them and classify them by size range;
— identify the chemical composition of microplastics, the main ones (most used in industry and most abundant in the environment) being: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamide (PA), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyurethane (PU);
This method is applicable to water with a low content of organic matter and other suspended matter as defined in ISO 6107 (1 mg/l to 100 mg/l or lower when interfering with the determination), i.e.,
— ultrapure water;
— water intended for human consumption;
— raw groundwaters.
Given the very low concentrations of microplastics usually present in these waters, special attention needs to be paid to potential sources of contamination during sample preparation.
This method is intended to determine and characterize large numbers of particles in the sample in automatic mode.
This method can also identify the nature of the other particles that are outside the scope of this document, for example minerals, proteins, cellulose and pigments.
This method does not apply to the characterization of substances intentionally added to or adsorbed on the surface of microplastics. This method does not apply to the determination of the geometric shape of microplastics.
- Standard44 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document establishes key principles for the investigation of microplastics in drinking water and water with low content of natural suspended solids using a microscopy technique coupled with vibrational spectroscopy.
This method is applicable to:
— determine the size of microplastics [which range from 1 µm to 5 000 µm], count them and classify them by size range;
— identify the chemical composition of microplastics, the main ones (most used in industry and most abundant in the environment) being: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamide (PA), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyurethane (PU);
This method is applicable to water with a low content of organic matter and other suspended matter as defined in ISO 6107 (1 mg/l to 100 mg/l or lower when interfering with the determination), i.e.,
— ultrapure water;
— water intended for human consumption;
— raw groundwaters.
Given the very low concentrations of microplastics usually present in these waters, special attention needs to be paid to potential sources of contamination during sample preparation.
This method is intended to determine and characterize large numbers of particles in the sample in automatic mode.
This method can also identify the nature of the other particles that are outside the scope of this document, for example minerals, proteins, cellulose and pigments.
This method does not apply to the characterization of substances intentionally added to or adsorbed on the surface of microplastics. This method does not apply to the determination of the geometric shape of microplastics.
- Standard44 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document establishes key principles for the investigation of microplastics in drinking water and water with low content of natural suspended solids using a microscopy technique coupled with vibrational spectroscopy. This method is applicable to: - determine the size of microplastics [which range from 1 µm to 5 000 µm], count them and classify them by size range; - identify the chemical composition of microplastics, the main ones (most used in industry and most abundant in the environment) being: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamide (PA), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyurethane (PU); This method is applicable to water with a low content of organic matter and other suspended matter as defined in ISO 6107 (1 mg/l to 100 mg/l or lower when interfering with the determination), i.e., - ultrapure water; - water intended for human consumption; - raw groundwaters. Given the very low concentrations of microplastics usually present in these waters, special attention needs to be paid to potential sources of contamination during sample preparation. This method is intended to determine and characterize large numbers of particles in the sample in automatic mode. This method can also identify the nature of the other particles that are outside the scope of this document, for example minerals, proteins, cellulose and pigments. This method does not apply to the characterization of substances intentionally added to or adsorbed on the surface of microplastics. This method does not apply to the determination of the geometric shape of microplastics.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard36 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document provides guidance on characterizing the modifications of river hydromorphological features described in EN 14614:2020. Both standards focus more on morphology than on hydrology and continuity, and include a consideration of sediment and vegetation. This document will enable consistent comparisons of hydromorphological forms and processes between rivers within a country and between different countries in Europe, providing guidance for broad-based characterization across a wide spectrum of hydromorphological modification of river channels, banks, riparian zones and floodplains. Although of lesser focus, it considers the indirect effects of catchment-wide modifications to these river and floodplain environments. Its primary aim is to assess ‘departure from naturalness’ as a result of historical and modern human pressures on river hydromorphology, and it suggests suitable sources of information (see EN 14614:2020, Table A.1) which may contribute to characterizing the modification of hydromorphological properties. In doing so, it does not replace methods that have been developed for local assessment and reporting.
Decisions on river management for individual reaches or catchments require expert local knowledge and vary according to river type.
- Draft26 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies approaches for the estimation of measurement uncertainty of chemical and physicochemical methods in single laboratories based on validation data and quality control data obtained within the field of water analysis. However, this approach can also be used in many other areas of chemical analysis. NOTE 1 The principles of the estimation of uncertainty specified in this document are consistent with the principles described in ISO/IEC Guide 98-3. In this document, the quantification of measurement uncertainty relies on performance characteristics of a measurement procedure obtained from validation and the results of internal and external quality control. NOTE 2 The approaches specified in this document are mainly based on Nordtest TR 537[ REF Reference_ref_4 \r \h 3 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0034000000 ], but also QUAM[ REF Reference_ref_5 \r \h 4 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0035000000 ], and Eurolab TR 1/2007[ REF Reference_ref_3 \r \h 2 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0033000000 ]. NOTE 3 This document only addresses the evaluation of measurement uncertainty for results obtained from quantitative measurement procedures. The uncertainties associated with results obtained from qualitative procedures are not considered.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard39 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the design and execution of an interlaboratory comparison for validation of new standardized analytical methods in the field of water analysis, e.g. the number of participating laboratories and time schedules. This document is based on ISO 5725-1 and ISO 5725-2.
NOTE The scope of other standards in the field of interlaboratory comparison, such as ISO/IEC 17043 and ISO 13528, is proficiency testing of analytical laboratories and not interlaboratory comparison for the validation of analytical methods.
- Technical specification16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the design and execution of an interlaboratory comparison for validation of new standardized analytical methods in the field of water analysis, e.g. the number of participating laboratories and time schedules. This document is based on ISO 5725-1 and ISO 5725-2.
NOTE The scope of other standards in the field of interlaboratory comparison, such as ISO/IEC 17043 and ISO 13528, is proficiency testing of analytical laboratories and not interlaboratory comparison for the validation of analytical methods.
- Technical specification16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the basic methods for sampling suspended microplastics in water (domestic water, freshwater, seawater, treated wastewater and untreated wastewater), for their subsequent characterization. Suspended particles can also include synthetic or semi-synthetic polymeric materials (such as rubber). This document does not cover chemical analysis, biological (ecotoxicological) methods or physical methods, nor the pre-treatment or digestion methods intrinsic to such analyses. This document covers general methodologies: - for grab sampling, sampling using a set of successive filters of different pore sizes (cascade filtration), for water samples with low, medium and high content of suspended solids, and - for net sampling using, for example, manta, plankton or neuston nets.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the general requirements for sampling, preservation, handling, transport and storage of all water samples for physicochemical, chemical, hydrobiological and microbiological analyses and determination of radiochemical analytes and activities.
Guidance on the validation of storage times of water samples is provided in ISO/TS 5667-25.
This document is not applicable to water samples intended for ecotoxicological assays, biological assays (which is specified in ISO 5667-16), passive sampling (which is specified in ISO 5667-23) and microplastics (which is specified in ISO 5667-27).
This document is particularly appropriate when samples cannot be analysed on site and have to be transported to a laboratory for analysis.
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the general requirements for sampling, preservation, handling, transport and storage of all water samples for physicochemical, chemical, hydrobiological and microbiological analyses and determination of radiochemical analytes and activities.
Guidance on the validation of storage times of water samples is provided in ISO/TS 5667-25.
This document is not applicable to water samples intended for ecotoxicological assays, biological assays (which is specified in ISO 5667-16), passive sampling (which is specified in ISO 5667-23) and microplastics (which is specified in ISO 5667-27).
This document is particularly appropriate when samples cannot be analysed on site and have to be transported to a laboratory for analysis.
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a general procedure for the solvent extraction of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds from a water matrix. Solvent extraction is used as the initial step in the solvent extraction of organic constituents for the purpose of quantifying extractable organic compounds.
4.2 Typical detection limits that can be achieved using micro-extraction techniques with gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detector (FID), electron capture detector (ECD), or with a mass spectrometer (GC/MS) range from milligrams per litre (mg/L) to nanograms per litre (ng/L). The detection limit, linear concentration range, and sensitivity of the test method for a specific organic compound will depend upon the sample clean-up, injection volume, solvent to sample ratio, solvent concentration methods used, and the determinative technique employed.
4.3 Micro-extraction has the advantage of speed, simple extraction devices, and the use of small amounts of sample and solvents.
4.3.1 Selectivity can be improved by the choice of solvent (usually hexane or pentane) or mixed solvents, extraction time and temperature, and ionic strength of the solution.
4.3.2 Extraction devices can vary from the sample container itself to commercial devices specifically designed for micro-extraction. See 7.1 and 7.2.
4.3.3 A list of chlorinated organic compounds that can be determined by this practice includes both high and low boiling compounds or chemicals (see Table 1). (A) Based on the injection of chlorinated compounds in pentane solution, taking into consideration the 100:1 concentration of a water sample by the microextraction technique.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers standard procedures for extraction of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds from water using small volumes of solvents.
1.2 The compounds of interest must have a greater solubility in the organic solvent than the water phase.
1.3 Not all of the solvents that can be used in micro extraction are addressed in this practice. The applicability of a solvent to extract the compound(s) of interest must be demonstrated before use.
1.4 This practice provides sample extracts suitable for any technique amenable to solvent injection such as gas chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the general requirements for sampling, preservation, handling, transport and storage of all water samples for physicochemical, chemical, hydrobiological and microbiological analyses and determination of radiochemical analytes and activities. Guidance on the validation of storage times of water samples is provided in ISO/TS 5667-25. This document is not applicable to water samples intended for ecotoxicological assays, biological assays (which is specified in ISO 5667-16), passive sampling (which is specified in ISO 5667-23) and microplastics (which is specified in ISO 5667-27). This document is particularly appropriate when samples cannot be analysed on site and have to be transported to a laboratory for analysis.
- Standard66 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard83 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Field QA demonstrates the effectiveness of field quality control procedures. Effective QA facilitates the collection of statistically significant data that is defendable scientifically and in a court of law. QA also involves the use of consistent procedures, increasing the validity of data comparison among sampling locations and events.
4.2 This guide should be used by a professional or technician who has training or experience in groundwater sampling.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the quality assurance (QA) methods that may be used to assure the validity of data obtained during the sampling of a groundwater monitoring well. QA is any action taken to ensure that performance requirements are met by following standards and procedures. Following QA practices becomes even more critical if the data must be validated in a court of law. Under certain conditions, it may be necessary to follow additional or different QA practices from those listed in this guide. QA practices should be based upon data quality objectives, site-specific conditions, and regulatory requirements.
1.2 This standard addresses QA procedures used in the field and does not refer to laboratory QA procedures.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This standard provides guidance for selecting and performing various field QA procedures. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all of the procedures are applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Guide4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document describes the pros and cons for the different methods for reporting the potential release of dangerous substances into soil, groundwater or surface water and indoor air, which are:
— level (or declared values); and
— classes;
as defined in the Construction Products Regulation (CPR).
In addition, the pros and cons of additional methods based on discussion in CEN/TCs and WGs are described, which are:
— categories; and
— manufacturer’s declaration.
- Technical report30 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document describes the pros and cons for the different methods for reporting the potential release of dangerous substances into soil, groundwater or surface water and indoor air, which are:
— level (or declared values); and
— classes;
as defined in the Construction Products Regulation (CPR).
In addition, the pros and cons of additional methods based on discussion in CEN/TCs and WGs are described, which are:
— categories; and
— manufacturer’s declaration.
- Technical report30 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Turbidity at the levels defined in the scope of this test method are often monitored to help control processes, monitor the health and biology of water environments and determine the impact of changes in response to environmental events (weather events, floods, etc.). Turbidity is often undesirable in drinking water, plant effluent waters, water for food and beverage processing, and for a large number of other water-dependent manufacturing processes. Removal is often accomplished by coagulation, sedimentation, and various levels of filtration. Measurement of turbidity provides an indicator of contamination, and is a vital measurement for monitoring the characteristics and or quality within the sample’s source or process.
5.2 This test method does overlap Test Method D6855 for the range of 1 to 5 TU. If the predominant measurement falls below 1.0 TU with occasional spikes above this value, Test Method D6855 may be more applicable. For measurements that are consistently above 1 TU, this test method is applicable.
5.3 This test method is suitable to turbidity such as that found in all waters that measure above 1 NTU. Examples include environmental waters (streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries), processes associated with water pollution control plants (wastewater treatment plants), and various industrial processes involving water with noticeable turbidity. For measurement of cleaner waters, refer to Test Method D6855.
5.4 The appropriate measurement range for a specific technology or instrument type that should be utilized is at or below 80 % of full-scale capability for the respective instrument or technology. Measurements above this level may not be dependable.
5.4.1 Dilutions of waters are not recommended, especially in the case of samples with rapidly settling particles (that is, sediments). It is recommended that an appropriate instrument design that covers the expected range be selected to avoid the need to perform dilutions.
5.5 Technol...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the static determination of turbidity in water. Static refers to a sample that is removed from its source and tested in an isolated instrument. (See Section 4.)
1.2 This test method is applicable to the measurement of turbidities greater than 1.0 turbidity unit (TU). The upper end of the measurement range was left undefined because different technologies described in this test method can cover very different ranges. The round robin study covered the range of 0 to 4000 turbidity units because instrument verification in this range can typically be covered by standards that can be consistently reproduced.
1.3 Many of the turbidity units and instrument designs covered in this test method are numerically equivalent in calibration when a common calibration standard is applied across those designs listed in Table 1. Measurement of a common calibration standard of a defined value will also produce equivalent results across these technologies.
1.3.1 In this test method calibration standards are often defined in NTU values, but the other assigned turbidity units, such as those in Table 1 are equivalent. For example, a 1 NTU formazin standard is also a 1 FNU, a 1 FAU, a 1 BU, and so forth.
1.4 This test method does not purport to cover all available technologies for high-level turbidity measurement.
1.5 This test method was tested on different natural waters and wastewater, and with standards that will serve as surrogates to samples. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.
1.6 Depending on the constituents within a high-level sample, the proposed sample preparation and measurement methods may or may not be applicable. Those samples with the highest particle densities typically prove to be the most difficult to measure. In these cases, and alternative measurement method such as the process monitoring method can be consi...
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements and recommendations for the design and execution of an interlaboratory comparison for validation of new standardized analytical methods in the field of water analysis, e.g. the number of participating laboratories and time schedules. This document is based on ISO 5725-1 and ISO 5725-2. NOTE The scope of other standards in the field of interlaboratory comparison, such as ISO/IEC 17043[3] and ISO 13528[1], is proficiency testing of analytical laboratories and not interlaboratory comparison for the validation of analytical methods.
- Technical specification8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This European Standard specifies general requirements and performance test procedures for portable and fixed position measuring devices (MDs) that are used in an in-line or online operating position to measure physical and chemical determinands in water. It excludes at-line devices, such as chemical test kits, and off-line devices, such as laboratory analysers.
The general requirements include functional facilities that MDs need to meet users’ applications and information that need to be included in associated documents.
The test procedures specify uniform methods to be used when determining key performance characteristics of MDs. The performance tests comprise testing carried out under laboratory and field conditions.
Statistical procedures are defined for evaluation of the test data. It is recognized that for some devices certain test procedures are not applicable.
Example values for performance characteristics for a selection of MDs for monitoring waste water effluents and receiving waters are detailed in Annex A for guidance.
This European Standard requires the manufacturer of a MD to provide more technical data for verification than does EN ISO 15839:2006 [5]. Consequently, EN ISO 15839 will be of greater assistance to manufacturers wishing to characterize a new device whereas this European Standard is more focussed on user requirements for the verification of manufacturer’s claims.
- Standard69 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document sets out the general principles for, and provides guidance on, the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques for all aspects of sampling of water (including waste waters, sludges, effluents, suspended solids and sediments).
This document does not include detailed instructions for specific sampling situations, which are covered in various other parts of the ISO 5667 series and in ISO 19458.
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general requirements, performance requirements and conformity test procedures for automatic sampling devices (samplers) for water and waste water that:
— sample water and waste water from non-pressurized (i.e. open to atmosphere) channels or vessels;
— sample over extended periods to collect discrete or composite samples based on time, event or flow proportional sampling.
It does not include sampling systems built into online and in-line analysers.
The general requirements include functional facilities that samplers need to meet users’ applications and information that needs to be included in associated documents.
The test procedures specify uniform methods to be used when determining key performance characteristics of samplers at one or more set sample volume. It is for the sampler manufacturer and/or user to decide on the required set sample volume(s). All of the test procedures are to be carried out under laboratory conditions. It is recognized that for some samplers, certain test procedures are not applicable.
Statistical procedures are specified for evaluation of the test data. Some example calculations are provided.
Specific sample integrity requirements are specified for samplers to be used for the collection of samples of final effluent or influent for the purpose of monitoring the performance of urban waste water treatment works. Samplers to be used for other industrial applications do not need to be assessed against these specific sample integrity requirements.
This document does not cover the installation and on-going use of samplers.
- Standard49 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies procedures for sampling, capture and preservation of environmental DNA (eDNA) in aquatic environments, stemming from organisms that are or have recently been present in a waterbody, have visited it or whose DNA has been introduced to the waterbody through some mechanism. This document also covers procedures for avoiding sample contamination and ensuring DNA quality, key properties of the filtering procedure and equipment and reporting standards.
This document does not include the collection of eDNA from biofilms, sediments or similar sample types and does not cover sampling designs.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general requirements, performance requirements and conformity test procedures for automatic sampling devices (samplers) for water and waste water that:
— sample water and waste water from non-pressurized (i.e. open to atmosphere) channels or vessels;
— sample over extended periods to collect discrete or composite samples based on time, event or flow proportional sampling.
It does not include sampling systems built into online and in-line analysers.
The general requirements include functional facilities that samplers need to meet users’ applications and information that needs to be included in associated documents.
The test procedures specify uniform methods to be used when determining key performance characteristics of samplers at one or more set sample volume. It is for the sampler manufacturer and/or user to decide on the required set sample volume(s). All of the test procedures are to be carried out under laboratory conditions. It is recognized that for some samplers, certain test procedures are not applicable.
Statistical procedures are specified for evaluation of the test data. Some example calculations are provided.
Specific sample integrity requirements are specified for samplers to be used for the collection of samples of final effluent or influent for the purpose of monitoring the performance of urban waste water treatment works. Samplers to be used for other industrial applications do not need to be assessed against these specific sample integrity requirements.
This document does not cover the installation and on-going use of samplers.
- Standard49 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies general requirements and performance test procedures for portable and fixed position measuring devices (MDs) that are used in an in-line or online operating position to measure physical and chemical determinands in water. It excludes at-line devices, such as chemical test kits, and off-line devices, such as laboratory analysers.
The general requirements include functional facilities that MDs need to meet users’ applications and information that need to be included in associated documents.
The test procedures specify uniform methods to be used when determining key performance characteristics of MDs. The performance tests comprise testing carried out under laboratory and field conditions.
Statistical procedures are defined for evaluation of the test data. It is recognized that for some devices certain test procedures are not applicable.
Example values for performance characteristics for a selection of MDs for monitoring waste water effluents and receiving waters are detailed in Annex A for guidance.
This European Standard requires the manufacturer of a MD to provide more technical data for verification than does EN ISO 15839:2006 [5]. Consequently, EN ISO 15839 will be of greater assistance to manufacturers wishing to characterize a new device whereas this European Standard is more focussed on user requirements for the verification of manufacturer’s claims.
- Standard69 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document sets out the general principles for, and provides guidance on, the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques for all aspects of sampling of water (including waste waters, sludges, effluents, suspended solids and sediments).
This document does not include detailed instructions for specific sampling situations, which are covered in various other parts of the ISO 5667 series and in ISO 19458.
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document sets out the general principles for, and provides guidance on, the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques for all aspects of sampling of water (including waste waters, sludges, effluents, suspended solids and sediments). This document does not include detailed instructions for specific sampling situations, which are covered in various other parts of the ISO 5667 series and in ISO 19458.
- Standard39 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The purpose of this document is to describe test plans and different operating methodologies of these test plans to define and verify the acceptable length of stability of a substance in a sample under specified conditions of preservation (temperature, matrix, light, addition of a stabilizer, where appropriate, type of preservation etc.) before starting analytical protocols (chemicals and physico-chemicals analysis). Biological and microbiological methods are excluded.
It is necessary to have an analytical method with performances that have already been characterized (repeatability, intermediate precision, trueness, accuracy and uncertainty) in order to perform the stability study and implement its test plans.
- Technical specification55 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sediment toxicity evaluations are a critical component of environmental quality and ecosystem impact assessments, and are used to meet a variety of research and regulatory objectives. The manner in which the sediments are collected, stored, characterized, and manipulated can influence the results of any sediment quality or process evaluation greatly. Addressing these variables in a systematic and uniform manner will aid the interpretations of sediment toxicity or bioaccumulation results and may allow comparisons between studies.
5.2 Sediment quality assessment is an important component of water quality protection. Sediment assessments commonly include physicochemical characterization, toxicity tests or bioaccumulation tests, as well as benthic community analyses. The use of consistent sediment collection, manipulation, and storage methods will help provide high quality samples with which accurate data can be obtained for the national inventory and for other programs to prevent, remediate, and manage contaminated sediment.
5.3 It is now widely known that the methods used in sample collection, transport, handling, storage, and manipulation of sediments and interstitial waters can influence the physicochemical properties and the results of chemical, toxicity, and bioaccumulation analyses. Addressing these variables in an appropriate and systematic manner will provide more accurate sediment quality data and facilitate comparisons among sediment studies.
5.4 This standard provides current information and recommendations for collecting and handling sediments for physicochemical characterization and biological testing, using procedures that are most likely to maintain in situ conditions, most accurately represent the sediment in question, or satisfy particular needs, to help generate consistent, high quality data collection.
5.5 This standard is intended to provide technical support to those who design or perform sediment quality studies under a variety of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining, storing, characterizing, and manipulating marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments, for use in laboratory sediment toxicity evaluations and describes samplers that can be used to collect sediment and benthic invertebrates (Annex A1). This standard is not meant to provide detailed guidance for all aspects of sediment assessments, such as chemical analyses or monitoring, geophysical characterization, or extractable phase and fractionation analyses. However, some of this information might have applications for some of these activities. A variety of methods are reviewed in this guide. A statement on the consensus approach then follows this review of the methods. This consensus approach has been included in order to foster consistency among studies. It is anticipated that recommended methods and this guide will be updated routinely to reflect progress in our understanding of sediments and how to best study them. This version of the standard is based primarily on a document developed by USEPA (2001 (1))2 and by Environment Canada (1994 (2)) as well as an earlier version of this standard.
1.2 Protecting sediment quality is an important part of restoring and maintaining the biological integrity of our natural resources as well as protecting aquatic life, wildlife, and human health. Sediment is an integral component of aquatic ecosystems, providing habitat, feeding, spawning, and rearing areas for many aquatic organisms (MacDonald and Ingersoll 2002 a, b (3)(4)). Sediment also serves as a reservoir for contaminants in sediment and therefore a potential source of contaminants to the water column, organisms, and ultimately human consumers of those organisms. These contaminants can arise from a number of sources, including municipal and industrial discharges, urban and agricultural runoff, atmospheric deposition, and port operations.
1.3 Contaminated sediment can cause lethal ...
- Guide94 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies how to collect discrete seawater samples, from a Niskin or other water sampler, that are suitable for the analysis of the four measurable inorganic carbon parameters: total dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH and CO2 fugacity.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In order to be certain that the end user of analytical results obtained from using an ASTM Committee D19 test method can be confident that the values have been obtained through a competent application of the test method, a demonstration of the proficiency of the analytical system shall be performed. Appropriate proficiency is demonstrated by achievement of performance criteria derived from results of the test method collaborative study. The QC measures specified in this practice shall be included in each ASTM test method, as applicable, to ensure the quality of measurements.
5.2 In order for users of D19 test methods to achieve consistently valid results, a minimum level of QC shall be performed. This minimum level of QC is stipulated in this practice and by the task groups developing D19 test methods. If the specific requirements outlined in this practice are not applicable to the test method, alternative QC shall be defined in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides specific, mandatory requirements for incorporating quality control (QC) procedures into all test methods under the jurisdiction of Committee D19.
1.2 ASTM International has adopted the following:
Policy on implementation of requirements for a quality control section in standard test methods generated by Committee D19 on Water.
GENERAL—By July 29, 1998, or at the next reapproval or revision, whichever is later, every D19 Standard Test Method shall contain a QC section that is in full compliance with the requirements of this practice.
NEW COLLABORATIVE TESTING—As of July 29, 1998, each collaborative study design shall include a QC section as part of the method to be tested. Prior to approval of the study design, the Results Advisor or equivalent shall ascertain the appropriateness of the QC section in meeting the requirements of this practice and Practice D2777, and shall advise the designer of the study of any changes needed to fulfill the requirements of these practices. Before a collaborative study may be conducted, approval of the study design by the Results Advisor or equivalent shall be obtained.
OLDER VALIDATED METHODS—Standard test methods that were validated using Practices D2777 – 77, D2777 – 86, or D2777 – 94, when balloted for reapproval or revision, shall contain a QC section based upon the best information from the historical record. Where appropriate, information derived from the record of the collaborative study shall be utilized for this purpose. The introduction of the QC section into these standard test methods shall not be construed as a requirement for a new collaborative study, though the Subcommittee may opt for such a study. Any information available regarding QC or precision/bias testing shall be included in the appropriate sections of the published test method.
1.3 Required QC sections in all applicable test methods are intended to achieve two goals. First, users of Committee D19 test methods will be able to demonstrate a minimum competency in the performance of these test methods by comparison with collaborative study data. Second, all users of test methods will be required to perform a minimum level of QC as part of proper implementation of these test methods to ensure ongoing competency.
1.4 This practice contains the primary requirements for QC of a specific test method. In many cases, it may be desirable to implement additional QC requirements to assure the desired quality of data.
1.5 The specific requirements in this practice may not be applicable to all test methods. These requirements may vary depending on the type of test method used as well as the analyte being determined and the sample matrix being analyzed.
1.5.1 If there are compelling reasons why any of the specific QC requirements listed in this practice are not applicable to a specific test method, these reaso...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The chemical analysis of sediments, collected from such locations as streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and oceans can provide information of environmental significance.
5.2 Sediment samples are inherently heterogeneous in that they contain occluded water in varying and unpredictable amounts and may contain foreign objects or material not ordinarily considered as sediment, the inclusion of which would result in inaccurate analysis.
5.3 Standard methods for separating foreign objects to facilitate homogenization will minimize errors due to poor mixing and inclusion of extraneous material.
5.4 Standardized procedures for drying provide a means for reporting analytical values to a common dry weight basis.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes standard procedures for preparation of test samples (including the removal of occluded water and moisture) of field samples collected from locations such as streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and oceans.
1.2 These procedures are applicable to the determination of volatile, semivolatile, and nonvolatile constituents of sediments.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see Note 3.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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The purpose of this document is to describe test plans and different operating methodologies of these test plans to define and verify the acceptable length of stability of a substance in a sample under specified conditions of preservation (temperature, matrix, light, addition of a stabilizer, where appropriate, type of preservation etc.) before starting analytical protocols (chemicals and physico-chemicals analysis). Biological and microbiological methods are excluded. It is necessary to have an analytical method with performances that have already been characterized (repeatability, intermediate precision, trueness, accuracy and uncertainty) in order to perform the stability study and implement its test plans.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test provides an easy and reliable method for the detection of L. pneumophila in potable and non-potable waters in 7 days.
5.2 Routine monitoring for L. pneumophila determines whether implemented control measures are effective, such as those outlined in a water safety program (2).
5.2.1 Water system management is necessary to maintain L. pneumophila concentrations below hazardous levels. Through routine measurement of L. pneumophila levels, a monitoring program can ensure that control measures are effective and implemented when necessary in response to increasing levels. Water samples may be examined for L. pneumophila during epidemiological investigations as part of local authority, industrial, or hospital programs, or in order to validate treatment control methods. Routine sampling could also be carried out based on risk assessments or on local, state, or federal requirements or guidelines.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a simple procedure for the detection of Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) in potable water and non-potable waters (cooling towers, for example). This procedure describes a liquid culture method based on a bacterial enzyme technology. The detection of L. pneumophila is signaled through the utilization of a substrate present in the Legiolert reagent. L. pneumophila cells grow rapidly and reproduce using the rich supply of amino acids, vitamins and other nutrients present in the Legiolert reagent. Actively growing strains of L. pneumophila use the added substrate to produce a brown color indicator or produce turbid growth with or without brown coloration. Legiolert can detect this bacterial species at the following minimum concentrations based on the protocol employed:
1.1.1 Potable Water:
1.1.1.1 ≥1 organism / 100 mL at 7 days for 100 mL potable protocol.
1.1.1.2 ≥1 organism / 10 mL at 7 days for 10 mL potable protocol.
1.1.2 Non-potable Water:
1.1.2.1 ≥1 organism / 1.0 mL at 7 days for 1.0 mL non-potable protocol.
1.1.2.2 ≥1 organism / 0.1 mL at 7 days for 0.1 mL non-potable protocol.
1.1.3 This test method can be used for potable (drinking) waters and non-potable waters such as cooling tower waters (1).3 It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The transport of any suspended solids or corrosion products from the preboiler cycle has been shown to be detrimental to all types of steam generating equipment. Corrosion product transport as low as 10 ppb can have significant impact on steam generators performance.
5.2 Deposited corrosion products on pressurized water reactor (PWR) steam generator tubes can reduce heat transfer, and, if the deposit is sufficiently thick, can provide a local area for impurities in the bulk water to concentrate, resulting in a corrosive environment. In boiling water reactor (BWR) plants, the transport of corrosion products can cause fuel failure, out of core radiation problems from activation reactions, and other material related problems.
5.3 In fossil plants, the transport of corrosion products can reduce heat transfer in the boilers leading to tube failures from overheating. The removal of these corrosion products by chemical cleaning is expensive and potentially harmful to the boiler tubes.
5.4 Normally, grab samples are not sensitive enough to detect changes in the level of corrosion product transport. Also, system transients may be missed by only taking grab samples. An integrated sample over time will increase the sensitivity for detecting the corrosion products and provide a better understanding of the total corrosion product transport to steam generators.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is applicable for sampling condensed steam or water, such as boiler feedwater, for the collection of suspended solids and (optional) ionic solids using a 0.45-μm membrane filter (suspended solids) and ion exchange media (ionic solids). As the major suspended component found in most boiler feedwaters is some form of corrosion product from the preboiler system, the device used for this practice is commonly called a corrosion product sampler.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document contains details on the sampling of domestic and industrial waste water, i.e. the design of sampling programmes and techniques for the collection of samples. It covers waste water in all its forms, i.e. industrial waste water, radioactive waste water, cooling water, raw and treated domestic waste water.
It deals with various sampling techniques used and the rules to be applied so as to ensure the samples are representative.
Sampling of accidental spillages is not included, although the methods described in certain cases may also be applicable to spillages.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Appropriate application of this practice should result in an estimate of the test-method’s uncertainty (at any concentration within the working range), which can be compared with data-quality objectives to see if the uncertainty is acceptable.
5.2 With data sets that compare recovered concentration with true concentration, the resulting regression plot allows the correction of the recovery data to true values. Reporting of such corrections is at the discretion of the user.
5.3 This practice should be used to estimate the measurement uncertainty for any application of a test method where measurement uncertainty is important to data use.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes a standard for computing the measurement uncertainty for applicable test methods in Committee D19 on Water. The practice does not provide a single-point estimate for the entire working range, but rather relates the uncertainty to concentration. The statistical technique of regression is employed during data analysis.
1.2 Applicable test methods are those whose results come from regression-based methods and whose data are intra-laboratory (not inter-laboratory data, such as result from round-robin studies). For each analysis conducted using such a method, it is assumed that a fixed, reproducible amount of sample is introduced.
1.3 Calculation of the measurement uncertainty involves the analysis of data collected to help characterize the analytical method over an appropriate concentration range. Example sources of data include: (1) calibration studies (which may or may not be conducted in pure solvent), (2) recovery studies (which typically are conducted in matrix and include all sample-preparation steps), and (3) collections of data obtained as part of the method’s ongoing Quality Control program. Use of multiple instruments, multiple operators, or both, and field-sampling protocols may or may not be reflected in the data.
1.4 In any designed study whose data are to be used to calculate method uncertainty, the user should think carefully about what the study is trying to accomplish and much variation should be incorporated into the study. General guidance on designing studies (for example, calibration, recovery) is given in Appendix X1. Detailed guidelines on sources of variation are outside the scope of this practice, but general points to consider are included in Appendix X2, which is not intended to be exhaustive. With any study, the user must think carefully about the factors involved with conducting the analysis, and must realize that the computed measurement uncertainty will reflect the quality of the input data.
1.5 Associated with the measurement uncertainty is a user-chosen level of statistical confidence.
1.6 At any concentration in the working range, the measurement uncertainty is plus-or-minus the half-width of the prediction interval associated with the regression line.
1.7 It is assumed that the user has access to a statistical software package for performing regression. A statistician should be consulted if assistance is needed in selecting such a program.
1.8 A statistician also should be consulted if data transformations are being considered.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of this practice is to provide guidelines for the preparation of samples for use in collaborative tests, to evaluate methods during their development, and for the evaluation of the precision and bias of proposed test methods.
5.2 Statements of the precision and bias are a mandatory part of ASTM test methods. Such an evaluation is necessary to provide guidance to the user as to the reliability of measurements that can be expected by its use. The statements are developed on the basis of user experience (ordinarily collaborative tests) with the test method.
5.3 The availability of test samples is a key requirement for collaborative evaluation of test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes uniform general procedures for the development (preparation) and use of samples in the collaborative testing of methods for chemical analysis of sediments and similar materials.
1.2 The principles of this practice are applicable to aqueous samples with suitable technical modifications.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides persons responsible for designing and implementing wastewater sampling programs with a summary of the types of automatic wastewater samplers, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of samplers, and addresses recommended procedures for their use. The field settings are primarily, but not limited to, open channel flows in enclosed (e.g., sewer) systems or open (e.g., streams or open ditches, and sampling pressure lines) systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of automatic wastewater samplers, including procedures for their use in obtaining representative samples. Automatic wastewater samplers are intended for the unattended collection of samples that are representative of the parameters of interest in the wastewater body. While this guide primarily addresses the sampling of wastewater, the same automatic samplers may be used to sample process streams and natural water bodies.
1.2 The guide does not address general guidelines for planning waste sampling activities (see Guide D4687), development of data quality objectives (see Practice D5792), the design of monitoring systems and determination of the number of samples to collect (see Guide D6311), operational details of any specific type of sampler, in-situ measurement of parameters of interest, data assessment and statistical interpretation of resultant data (see Guide D6233), or sampling and field quality assurance (see Guide D5612). It also does not address sampling groundwater.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies requirements and gives guidance for performing the manipulations common to each culture technique for the microbiological examination of water, particularly the preparation of samples, culture media, and general apparatus and glassware, unless otherwise required in the specific standard. It also describes the various techniques available for detection and enumeration by culture and the criteria for determining which technique is appropriate.
This document is mainly intended for examinations for bacteria, yeasts and moulds, but some aspects are also applicable to bacteriophages, viruses and parasites. It excludes techniques not based on culturing microorganisms, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The USEPA's policy for whole-effluent monitoring stresses, an integrated approach to toxicity testing (1, 5) tests and other measures of toxicity, should be systematically employed and should be related to certain aquatic-system factors, such as the type of habitats available (benthic and water column), flow regime, and physicochemical quality of the site water and sediment. The determination of toxicity is generally accomplished with a few surrogate species for four major reasons: a regulatory agency can compare test results between sites and over time in order to help prioritize enforcement efforts, tests using these species are relatively inexpensive since the organisms can be cultured year-round under laboratory conditions, the reliability of test methods utilizing surrogate species is better established than for other species, and surrogate species are better integrated into toxicity identification evaluations than other species. For regulatory purposes, under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), USEPA considers it unnecessary to conduct whole effluent toxicity tests with resident or indigenous species (6). An alternate testing procedure protocol is provided by USEPA for validating toxicity methods using species not already approved (6,7). In systems where surrogate species are not found, erroneous predictions might be obtained of environmental impact or water and sediment quality impairment based on toxicity tests using surrogate species (8).
5.2 This guide is intended to assist researchers and managers in selecting appropriate resident species for site-specific toxicity assessments. This guide could be used to select a resident species for use in predicting the potential toxic effects of a substance in certain types of aquatic environments. Another use might be for selecting a number of indigenous species from the aquatic community, that when tested, might indicate potential toxic effects of the test substance or material on the...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide along with Guide E1192 and guidance from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1,2)2 covers the use of resident species in toxicity testing, particularly if site-specific information is desired. For example, in those systems where particular species are considered to be economically or aesthetically important, it might be more appropriate to utilize resident species for testing (3). For this reason, the USEPA allows development of site-specific chemical standards, using resident species, in order to reflect local conditions (1). This guide is designed to guide the selection of resident species for use as test organisms in aquatic and sediment toxicity tests. It presupposes that the user is familiar with the taxonomy of aquatic and benthic species and has some field experience.
1.2 Because toxicological information is often limited for many aquatic species, it is assumed that the majority of testing applications will be acute tests. Therefore, much of the guidance presented in this guide pertaining to the species selection process is applicable when acute toxicity testing is the desired goal. However, the principles discussed in this guide pertain to chronic toxicity test applications as well, although it should be clearly understood that such testing requires substantially greater effort, time, and resources than acute testing.
1.3 The procedures for selecting resident species in toxicity testing are necessarily general at this time because information is often lacking for specific taxa or groups of taxa. This guide attempts to give specific information when appropriate.
1.4 This guide is not intended to be inclusive. References listed provide a starting point from which to approach the literature. This guide deals solely with aquatic toxicity test situations. Terrestrial, arboreal, or atmospheric species are not considered in this guide.
1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:
Sec...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is designed to assist suppliers and users of reference materials by identifying the information necessary on the certificate of analysis of materials designated for use in ASTM test methods. This practice is specifically designed to ensure that materials suitable for use as either calibration or quality control standards are available. This practice does not define a specific certification protocol, but rather provides guidance in the development of adequate data to support the use of the material as either a calibration or quality control standard. Suppliers are referred to ISO Guide 35 for guidelines on acceptable certification protocols. End users are referred to ISO Guide 31 for a more complete description of the elements of typical certificates of analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the information that must be provided on certificates of analysis of reference materials designated to support ASTM methods. It provides end users of these materials with a defined set of data that is required to be on a certificate of analysis and provides information to assist the end user in evaluating the independence of the material. Similarly, it provides the suppliers of reference materials with a consistent format for the presentation of certification data.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes basic requirements which should be met by water and environmental laboratories that generate and report test chemical analyses which the laboratory client desires to be traceable to SI units (Note 1) or certified reference materials traceable to SI units. Traceability of chemical analyses is important because it provides a uniform basis for the comparison of results from different measurement systems and because it relates those results to our current knowledge of physical laws (Note 2).
Note 1: A certified reference material traceable to SI units is a certified reference material whose value can be related with a stated uncertainty through an unbroken change of comparisons to stated references (usually national or international standards) in SI units, such as a primary measurement made in SI units or a national standard certified in SI units.
Note 2: Not all chemical analysis results can be traceable to SI units or to certified reference material’s traceable to SI units, such as turbidity and or total suspended solids.
4.2 Many waters-related laboratories comply with ISO Guide 17025 and participate in Proficiency Testing Programs. Laboratories that are connected to the same accreditation bodies and Proficiency Test providers can be expected to report statistically similar results on the same sample. However, some test methods and some certified reference materials are not supported with data traceable to SI units. Therefore, fully compliant laboratories that are not connected to the same providers may report statistically different chemical analysis results if they used the same nontraceable test method on the same sample. This problem could be minimized if they used test methods, measurement devices, and certified reference materials that are traceable to SI units, where available.
4.3 Although some standard test methods and certified reference materials provide evidence of traceability to SI units, many others do not. Therefor...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide sets a protocol for generating and reporting chemical analyses that are traceable to SI units or to certified reference materials in laboratories that serve the water and environmental industry.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The proper use of analytical data requires adequate documentation of all inputs, that is, the source and history of the sample, laboratory performing the analysis, method of analysis, date of analysis, precision and bias of the measurements, and related quality assurance information.
4.2 In order to have defensible data, the report must be complete and accurate, providing adequate information to evaluate the quality of the data and contain supporting information that documents sampling and analysis procedures.
4.3 This guide contains some of the common data qualifiers or “flags” commonly used by laboratories following the good laboratory practices, the government contract program, or found in the commercial laboratories. Examples of these qualifiers are the use of (E) for estimated value, (U) for analyzed for but not detected, and (B) for analyte was found in the blank (see 8.11). The qualifiers included in this guide should help the laboratory and its customers to better understand each other by using standardized qualifiers.
4.4 Practice D933 is a comprehensive practice for reporting water-formed constituents such as metal oxides, acid anhydrides, and others.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidelines for reporting inorganic and organic results of analyses of drinking water, waste water, process water, ground water, and surface water, and so forth, to laboratory clients in a complete and systematic fashion.
1.2 The reporting of bacterial and radiological data are not addressed in this guide.
1.3 The commonly used data qualifiers for reviewing and reporting information are listed and defined. Client and laboratory specific requirements may make use of other qualifiers. This guide does not preclude the use of other data qualifiers.
1.4 This guide discusses procedures for and specific problems in the reporting of low level data, potential errors (Type I and Type II), and reporting data that are below the calculated method detection limit and above the analyte.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Ambient marine waters generally contain very low concentrations of toxic metals that require sensitive analytical methods, such as ICP-MS, to detect and measure the metal's concentrations.
5.2 Due to the high dissolved salt concentrations present in seawater, sample pretreatment is required to remove signal suppression and significant polyatomic interferences due to the matrix both of which compromise detection limits.
SCOPE
1.1 Toxic elements may be present in ambient waters and may enter the food chain via uptake by plants and animals; the actual concentrations of toxic metals are usually sub-ng/mL. The U.S. EPA has published its Water Quality Standards in the U.S. Federal Register 40 CFR 131.36, Minimum requirements for water quality standards submission, Ch. I (7-1-00 Edition), see Annex, Table A1.1. The U.S. EPA has also developed Method 1640 to meet these requirements, see Annex, Table A1.2.
1.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) is a technique with sufficient sensitivity to routinely measure toxic elements in ambient waters, both fresh and saline (Test Method D5673). However saline and hard water matrices pose analytical challenges for direct multielement analysis by ICP-MS at the required sub-ng/mL levels.
1.3 This practice describes a method used to prepare water samples for subsequent multielement analysis using ICP-MS. The practice is applicable to seawater and fresh water matrices, which may be filtered or digested. Samples prepared by this method have been analyzed by ICP-MS for the elements listed in Annex, Table A1.3).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ISO 5667-4:2016 gives guidelines for the design of sampling programmes, techniques and the handling and preservation of samples of water, from natural and man-made lakes during open-water and ice-covered conditions. It is applicable to lakes with and without aquatic vegetation.
Guidance on sampling for microbiological examination is not included.
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ISO 5667-24:2016 provides an audit protocol to monitor conformity with declared, or assumed, practices in all areas of water quality sampling. Specifically, this part of ISO 5667 provides guidance on the systematic assessment of sampling practices and procedures in the field, and assessing conformity with those given in the organization's sampling manual. It is applicable to the audit of sampling activities from the development of a sampling manual through to the delivery of samples to the laboratory.
NOTE 1 The design of the sampling manual is the prerogative of the data user and this part of ISO 5667 is not intended to deliver criticism of a manual's structure.
ISO 5667-24:2016 is applicable to sampling practices associated with wastewaters, including discharges to water bodies, environmental monitoring, potable water supplies from source to tap, commercial and industrial uses of water, and power generation.
ISO 5667-24:2016 is applicable to the auditing of sampling practices relevant to the management of water stored in containers, such as temporary supply tanks and bottled supplies. However, it is not applicable for the auditing (or calibration and maintenance) of on-site test equipment or kits.
NOTE 2 BS 1427 covers water test kits used "in the field".
The following sampling occasions are excluded from both the field- and desk-audit procedures set out in this part of ISO 5667:
a) chemical and microbiological incidents, which are investigated by agencies such as the emergency services, e.g. where an immediate risk to the health of the sampling practitioner/operative is evident;
b) radiochemical sampling of water quality, other than that specified as a routine requirement under the UK Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations,[9][10][11][12] i.e. radiochemical incidents which are investigated by agencies such as the emergency services.
Informative Annex A contains a series of forms to assist with auditing. These are for guidance only. Informative Annex B gives procedures for monitoring temperature control, while Informative Annex C provides guidance on measuring the uncertainty associated with sampling practices.
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ISO 5667-12:2017 provides guidance on the sampling of unconsolidated sediments for the determination of their geological, physical and chemical properties, as well as the determination of biological, microbiological and chemical properties at the water and sediment interface. Guidance on achieving sediment cores is given specifically for the measurement of rates of deposition and detailed strata delineation. The main emphasis of this document is to provide methods that achieve sediment samples.
The environments considered are
- limnic (rivers, streams and lakes, natural and man-made), and
- estuarine, including harbours.
Industrial and sewage works for sludges, paleolimnological sampling and sampling of open ocean sediments are specifically excluded from this document (and are addressed in ISO 5667-15), although some techniques may apply to these situations. Sampling of suspended solids is outside the scope of this document and reference can be made to ISO 5667-17 for such guidance.
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This document aims to serve as technical guidelines for the assessment and management of the health risks associated with pathogens contained in reclaimed water, which are expected to be caused by the use of reclaimed water, and/or by the production, storage, and transportation of reclaimed water. This document is applicable to the use of reclaimed water made from any source water (i.e. raw sanitary sewage; treated municipal wastewater; industrial wastewater; stormwater potentially influenced by sewage) and for non-potable water reuse. NOTE The approach described in this document can be applied to chemical contaminant, if applicable.
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ISO 5667-16:2017 gives practical guidance on sampling, pre-treatment, performance and evaluation of environmental samples in the context of performing biological tests. Information is given on how to cope with the problems of biotesting arising from the sample and the suitability of the test design.
It is intended to convey practical experience concerning precautions to be taken by describing methods successfully proven to solve or to circumvent some of the experimental problems of biotesting of, for example, waters.
Primarily dealt with are substance-related problems concerning sampling and pre-treatment of environmental samples (e.g. waste water samples) for the performance of biotests.
This guidance is on ecotoxicological testing with organisms (single-species biotests; in vivo and in vitro). Some features addressed in this document also apply to biotests using single-cell systems (in vitro bioassays) and biodegradation studies as far as sampling and sample preparations are concerned. Testing of substances in the water solubility range is also addressed.
Reference has been made as far as possible to existing International Standards and guidelines. Information taken from published papers or oral communication has been utilized as well.
ISO 5667-16:2017 is applicable to biological tests for determining the effect of environmental samples like treated communal and industrial waste water, groundwater, fresh water, aqueous extracts (e.g. leachates, eluates), pore water of sediments and whole sediments. This document is also applicable to chemical substances.
ISO 5667-16:2017 is not applicable to bacteriological examination of water. Appropriate methods for bacteriological examination are described in other documents (see ISO 19458[17]).
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